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PH LC 2

BO CO CC TRNG HP NGHIN CU TI CH RC THI HU C TI TNH BNH NH Li ni u Ti Vit Nam, chi ph cho bi rc ngy cng tng cao mt cch nhanh chng. l cc chi ph cho phn t ai, phn nn ca dn c v quang cnh thnh ph. Cc cng ngh ti ch khc nhau, nh phn compost hay phn hy ym kh, cho thy mt vi du hiu tim nng cho vic ti ch gi tr rc hu c bng cch sn xut phn sinh hc b sung t v biogas trong trng hp phn hy ym kh. Chnh v vy, phn hy ym kh v phn compost c coi l con ng kh quan trong vic x l cc phn c th phn hy sinh hc ca cht thi rn th, v vic s dng chng c mong i s nhn rng trong nhng nm ti. y l mt vic rt ph bin nhiu quc gia nhng c tnh rc thi th Vit Nam li rt khc bit. Rc thi th khng c phn loi lm cho vic phn hy sinh hc hay compost tr nn kh khn. Vic la chn danh sch cc trng hp phc v nghin cu kh thi ti ch rc hu c ti Bnh nh c thc hin theo phn tch trn, y l cc trng hp thc tin trong vic ti ch v qun l rc hu c ti Vit Nam. Bo co ny c th c coi l minh chng rng vn cn c hi cho vic sn xut phn compost, ti s dng lm thc n chn nui, phn hy rc hu c th ph hp vi k hoch chin lc ca tnh/vng/quc gia. Bng 1 cho thy mt ci nhn tng th v cc k thut hin ang c p dng ti ch rc hu c th ti cc trng hp la chn. Rc thi t bp, nh hng, cng tin c miu t cc m hnh cn li cho thy chng c s dng lm thc n chn nui, cn cht thi gia sc c ti ch phn hoc nui trn.

Bng 1: Tng quan cc phng php x l rc ca cc trng hp nghin cu


a im ST T u vo Cng sut (tn/ng y) 120-150 0.6 80 Phng php x l hin ti nhmy/khu vc Phn loi Nghin p nh ti Ti Ti ngun nh my Khng C Khng Khng Khng C C C C C Khng Khng Khng Khng C Sng Trn vi ph gia C C C hiu kh Thng gi cng bc C Khng C o , trn C C C Ti s dng nc r C Khng C him kh t

Vit Tr H Ni

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Hu HiAn Bnh nh Lt

TP Vit Tr C Bi Gia Lm Hng Ky1 PHT2 Thy Phng Tr Qu Nhn Ph Xun Hng Xun Hng Ch Tri Hng Trung*3 Rc bp4

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C Khng Khng

200 0.3 1.5 1.7 0.0006 25 15

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C Khng C C

Khng

Khng

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Khng Khng Khng C Khng

Khng Khng Khng C C

Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng

C C C C C

C C C C C

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TP HCM

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Xem phn ni dung ca trng hp nghin cu ti H Ni Xem phn ni dung ca trng hp nghin cu ti H Ni 3 Xem phn ni dung ca trng hp nghin cu ti TP H Ch Minh 4 Xem phn ni dung ca trng hp nghin cu ti TP H Ch Minh 2

1. Ph Th
Ngy 9-11/11/2010, Vit Tr, Ph Th, H Ni, Vit Nam Thnh phn: Thy, H, Dng a im: Cng ty X l v Ch bin cht thi Ph Th, TP Vit Tr, tnh Ph Th Hp vi ng Trn Xun To (Trng phng kinh doanh) v ng Bi Thng (Gim c) Cng ty URENCO Vit Tr ch o Cng ty X l v Ch bin cht thi Ph Th x l ton b cht thi rn trong thnh ph. Nh my c thnh lp t nm 1998 vi cng sut 60 tn/ngy v hin ti ang x l 120 tn cht thi th /ngy. Rc ti c phn loi bng tay (xem hnh nh), m /nhit v thng gi cng bc c kim sot bi nhit bn trong ca compost, h thng sng c kh v cng thm ch phm E.M (vi sinh vt hu hiu)

Hnh 1. Phn loi rc th ti ti nh my

60% rc c thu gom v vn chuyn n nh my l rc hu c c th dng compost. Mi ngy nh my sn xut c khong 30 tn phn compost vi 3 mc cht lng khc nhau, gi dao ng t 80.000 n 300.000/tn. C 80 nhn cng lm vic trong nh my, trong c 60 ngi l lao ng trc tip. Vi mi tn rc ti, nh my phi chi tr 100.000 x l (bao gm tin in phun nc, nc r, thng gi cng bc) Quy trnh thc hin c th hin trong s sau. Ton b qu trnh kim sot t ng v nhit , thng gi cng bc v phun nc hoc nc r tiu th ht 30.000 n 40.000kW in mi thng.

Rc hn hp Phn loi bng tay (ngoi tri) Rc v c t

Rc hu c a vo cc b compost (20 b * 130-180m3) (trn vi ch phm E.M, kim sot m v nhit (50-530C)) o trn mi tun/ln + phun nc r ln compost ti s dng cht dinh dng Thng kh cng bc t di sn 25-30 ngy chn (30 ngy), chuyn sang dng my nh ti Phn loi sau (sng) Phn mn ng gi Phn th Bi rc (ngay ti nh my)

Hnh 2. X l rc thi hu c ti Cng ty X l v Ch bin cht thi Ph Th

Hnh 3. Sng trc khi ng gi

Mc d c mt khi lng ln compost b lu kho, nhng Gim c nh my chia s vi nhm chuyn gia rng ch c di 10% rc v c phi thi ra bi rc. Cht lng phn tch compost cho thy phn trm Ntng, P2O5, K2O ln lt l 2,0%, 0,4%, 1,3%, l mc cht lng compost chp nhn c (CoFQ s 11, 2009). Nhng phn compost km cht lng (b ln ct, th, to) c bn cho doanh tri qun i ri lm sn nn v ci to t trong doanh tri. Cng ty c k hoch gia tng gi tr cho compost hin ti tng cht dinh dng. Mt m hnh qun l tt v sn xut/cng ngh v marketing s mang n li nhun cao cho cng ty, ng thi gip nng dn trng trt sn xut sn phm tt hn.

Ngun thu: URENCO (10USD/tn), ti ch (ht nha, gch), compost (50,000 n 300,000VND/tn).

Chi ph: in hot ng (20 triu ng/thng), nc, nhn cng (85 ngi * 1,5 triu ng/thng)

Vo thi im ny, compost cha c coi l ti sn. Nh my tng bn compost cho khu vc cao nguyn Ty Nam thng qua mt trung gian Nam nh. Tuy nhin, hp ng kt thc do bn trung gian khng cn hot ng na. iu ny cho thy, chin lc marketing tt l mt yu t rt quan trng cho doanh nghip. Tuy nhin, mt hp ng mi c k em li mt vin cnh mi (1.000 tn cho nm 2011). Hp ng ca nm 2011 ang c thc hin vi chin lc mi l bn cho khu vc min ni phi Bc. Mt lu quan trng cho trng hp ny l nhn thc v gi tr compost ca nhng ngi trc tip thc hin cha cao c th c gng hn v u t thm sn xut ra compost cht lng cao d bn hn.

2. H Ni:
2.1. Qun l cht thi hu c theo m hnh trang tri tng hp quy m nh: h nui b sa Hng K, Sc Sn, H Ni, Vit Nam. y l in hnh ca chn nui Vn ao chung quy m nh Vit Nam, trong dng cht thi khp kn, u vo ca phn ny l u ra ca phn khc. Nhn vo s di y, cht thi hu c c sn xut t vic nui b, nu vic chn nui tt, thu nhp ca nng h s tng ln ng k.
Mt iu rt quan trng n mi trng cn phi cn nhc: Nu mt mt xch trong chui qun l cht thi hu c nng h b hng (v d nh h thng biogas khng hot ng do vn bo tr nh thy trong chuyn thm quan), cn phi c phng n d phng tn dng phn t b v nga, v d nh c mt h thng phn hy sinh hc d tr m cc ng ng dng thu gom phn c th d dng chuyn t h thng biogas ny sang h thng biogas khc. i vi vic cn bng cht dinh dng cho t, lng cht thi lng dng ti c cn c kim sot, t ng mc dinh dng cn thit ch khng b d tha.

M hnh qun l cht thi tng hp ny ph hp vi 70% nng h chn nui Vit Nam. Vic x l cht thi ca trang tri (gm cht thi ca vt nui v cht thi t bp) s gip tit kim chi ph cho vic x l cht thi ti nh my (gim chi ph thu gom, vn chuyn v x l). Ngoi ra, cht thi nng h nu thi ra mi trng s gy nhim ngun nc (b mt nc v ngun nc ngm)

Hnh 1. Chung b v b cha phn trc khi a vo h thng biogas

Ti trang tri ny, cht thi hu c c c t cc hot ng hng ngy ca nng h c th a thm vo vic nui trn (sau khi c nghin nh). 2.2. Ti ch phn hu c trong phn gia sc nui trn qu quy m nh: Tri nui trn qu PHT (Sc Sn, H Ni, Vit Nam) www.traigiunquePHT.com.vn. y l mt h thng n gin rng 400m2, nui trn trong cc h nui bng xi mng. Ngun thc n nui trn l phn gia sc mua li t ngi thu gom. Khong cch thu gom n tri t 3,4 km n 20km.
Phn (b, ln) Ngi thu gom/Nng dn Pha nc ( t 4 n 24 ting) + phun ch phm E.M Nn xi mng (cao 20cm, chiu di ty chn), ri nn bng l, rm + b trn cn li. Mi che bng l da, tm ph nha Ti phn pha nc trn lp trn Thu gom Trn Phn trn B trn Trn ti (ra, ch) Trn sy kh (b sung cht dinh dng cho con ngi) Phn trn (phn bn) B trn (lm nn trn mi, phn bn)

Vi mt thc t l phn ln cc nng h ca Vit Nam l quy m nh, c bit l tnh Bnh nh, m hnh ny a ra mt gii php n gin nhng hiu qu v chi ph x l cht thi hu c t chn nui t gip tng thu nhp ca nng h.

Vi 100m2 t, nng h nui trn c th c: 1. 250 300kg trn ti 30kg trn sy kh (400,000VND/kg) 2. 3 tn b trn/thng (1.200/kg) u t: 1. t 2. Nhn cng (4 ngi * 2 triu/thng) 3. Phn gia sc * 7.000/bao 30kg 4. Ch phm E.M (2.000/lt)

2.3. Hp tc x Dch v Nng nghip v Mi trng x C Bi, Gia Lm, H Ni, Vit Nam. HTX c 1.200 h gia nh, trong c 700 h lm nng nghip. Rc c mt nhm gm 10 ngi ca HTX thu gom. Rc hu c c thu gom vo cc ngy th 2, 4, 6, Ch nht, rc v c c thu gom vo cc ngy cn li. Thu nhp ca h bao gm ph thu gom 2.000/ngi/thng, lng do nh nc tr v tin thu c do bn cc phn ti ch v phn compost. u ra c phn rc thu gom, rc ti phn loi v phn compost. Phn rc cn li khng ti ch c s chuyn n Urenco (98.000/tn).

Hinh 5. Phn compost sau 1 thng v Biomix, hn hp ca E.M (dng bt) v enzyme

Phn rc ny sau s c ra bi rc Gia Lm. Cc h dn chu trch nhim phn loi rc hu c, tuy nhin, ngi thu gom cng rt chu kh phn loi li. L do thu gom rc 2 ngy khc nhau l trnh vic lm ln rc trong qu trnh thu gom v vn chuyn. Xe thu gom rc cng c nh du bng 2 mu khc bit. M hnh t chc c miu t trong s di y:

1,200 h dn (tr tin thu gom rc 2.000/ngi/thng) Rc Hu c V c Thu gom vo Th 2, 4, 6, CN Thu gom vo Th 3, 5, 7 (phng tin v thit b thu gom c UBND Gia Lm trang b) Nh my phn compost im thu gom rc Phun Biomix pha vi nc (1kg/1 tn rc) Urenco (98.000/tn) Trn u (1 ln/tun) (60ngy) Phn compost (thnh vin HTX s dng)

ng Thng, Ch nhim HTX, cho bit mt vi nhc im ca quy trnh ny: cht lng phn loi thp do nhn thc ca ngi dn v thi ca ngi thu gom km, (h ch mun lm cng nhanh cng tt, khng ch trng vo vic tng cng nhn thc v khng c ch ti thng/pht) Gii php cho cht lng phn loi c thc hin ti im thu gom gn nh my sn xut phn compost. Nu rc b ln th ngi thu gom s b cnh co, nu vi phm lp li s b pht. Theo ch nhim HTX, iu ny khng nhng gip ngi thu gom nng ng nhit tnh hn m cn gip h tng cng nhn thc. Khng phi rc hu c lc no cng c sn xut ti nh my ca HTX do b nh hng bi ma gieo trng. Ti nhng thi im m cy trng khng cn dng n phn compost (nh ma ma), vic phn loi c chuyn giao cho Nh my x l rc thuc Urenco Gia Lm. 2.4. X l rc th - Nh my sn xut compost ca Urenco Gia Lam, x Kiu K, Gia Lm, H Ni, Vit Nam. Nh my (bao gm c bi rc) rng 14ha, trong 7ha dng x l rc thi v phn compost, phn cn li l bi rc c trang b thit b v sinh. Nh my sn xut compost i vo hot ng t nm 2007-2008, gm 22 b cha dung tch 200m3/b. Tng u t l 20 t, phn c kh c sn xut hon ton bi cc nh my ca Vit Nam. Rc c thu gom ln lt t cc x, rc hu c c gom bng xe ti 4 ln/tun (Th 2, 4, 6, Ch Nht).

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Hnh 6. Hnh nh t trn xung di, t tri sang phi: rc hu c ti c phn loi (ang ch compost, nhng t rc c phn loi tt s cho sn phm compost cht lng cao), dy chuyn phn loi ti nh my, xe ti khc mu cho rc hu c v rc v c, h thng thng kh cng bc, b compost, sn phm compost lm t rc khng c phn loi, sn phm cui cng trc khi ng gi, h thng ym kh x l nc r t bi rc, bi rc gn nh my compost.

Trung bnh c 8 n 10 tn rc hu c c thu gom mi ca. Bn cnh , rc tp trung nh my cn c c rc hn hp (khong 70 tn/ngy), phn rc ny s c a vo dy chuyn phn loi bng tay do cng nhn nh my thc hin. Nh my c 18 cng nhn (bao gm c cng nhn trc tip). Ngoi phn rc hu c (chim 55%) v phn ti ch c, phn rc khng th phn hy sinh hc c ra bi rc gn , chim khong 50-60%. Trong mt c gng gim n ti a lng hu c b ra bi rc to ra nc r, tt c rc c thu gom (sau khi phn loi nhanh bng cch loi i cc phn rc kch thc ln, v rc c bit gom t cc lng ngh m 100% l khng phn hy c) c compost. Phng php ny gip gim vic phn loi bng tay ban u, gim c rt nhiu nc r bi rc, to ra compost c mn rt cao, tuy nhin, lng rc qu ln vt qua cng sut ca nh my.

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Rc hu c c phn loi thu gom t cc x Cn

Rc tng hp do cng nhn Urenco thu gom

Dy chuyn phn loi th nht Sng dng trng (5cm2) Phn loi rc hu c ln 2 (c ln) B compost (21 25ngy) (phun ch phm E.M, nc r, thng gi cng bc, o trn) chn (19ngy), o trn Sng (2mm2) ng gi

i vi trng hp ca Gia Lm, H Ni, biu sau th hin m hnh qun l rc:

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3. Hu: Nh my x l rc th v sn xut phn compost Thy Phng, Cng ty Tm Sinh Ngha.


c chuyn giao t Urenco Hu nm 2006, nh my ci tin v p dng cc cng ngh mi sn xut trong nc. Nh my c trch nhim x l rc th ca thnh ph Hu (200 tn/ngy), tuy nhin, c khong 30-50% rc cha c thu gom. Tt c rc vo nh my u cha c phn loi ti ngun. Tng lng rc hu c chim khong 60-65%, trong , sn phm compost chim 20-25%. Hot ng ca nh my gm 3 cng on: phn loi, ti ch v phn, c 180 nhn cng (bao gm c nhn vin vn phng). Ti thi im ny, nh my ngng sn xut ng nha t rc nha ti ch, nhn cng lm vic ny c chuyn sang lm b phn khc. Trang thit b ca nh my bao gm dy chuyn phn loi, trc ln nam chm ( ht kim loi), a sng, trng sng, my thi rc nha v nh, l t rc, h thng sy, b , my gi m ( iu chnh m ca sn phm compost cui cng), ng gi. Quy trnh thi kh cng bc hot ng 24/7 vi b thng gi hot ng 4 ting chy 4 ting ngng. Vo cui chu trnh x l, rc thi ra bi rc ch cn di 10%. H thng ng nht ny gip nh my sn xut ra compost c kch thc nh (2mm2) vi mn cao.

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Hnh 7.Hnh nh t trn xung di, t tri sang phi: dy chuyn phn loi bng tay, sng trng, lng cha lm bng li cha ti nha b thi vo , ng ln nam chm dng phn loi kim loi, rc phn loi vo b , l t vi l sy k bn, ngn cha sn phm cui cng, h thng b sung m cho sn phm cui cng, sn phm c ng gi.

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Rc hn hp c Urenco Hu thu gom Phn loi bng tay Nghin nh thnh kch thc 10cm2 B tnh thng gi (15 b, kch thc: 6m*18m*2,5m cao) Trn thm vi ch phm E.M, r mt, v N (trong vng 30 ngy, o trn 10 ngy/ln, thng gi cng bc) Vo lc cui, compost s t m t 30-35% Sng mn (vn b ln loi kch thc ln) Sy kh bng cch s dng nhit ca l t (cng sut ca my sy l 100 tn/ngy) chn (60 ngy) (7 b, kch thc 6m*18m*2,5m cao) Ti giai on ny, kch thc ca compost khong 20mm2 Sng ly loi kch thc 3mm2 Ti giai on ny, compost t m 17% Ch bin compost tng cht lng (thm cht ph gia, ure, m) ng gi

L rc h thng sy: l t rc hot ng qua 2 giai on, rc cho vo l c t nhit t 700-8000C, khng kh nng v bi c lc (ng ln hnh trc, than, nc), kh nng i qua trng sy sy 100 tn bn compost hng ngy.
L t rc thi qu nhiu nhit v bi ra mi trng

Theo thng tin t chi nhnh ca cng ty Tm Sinh Ngha chuyn v marketing, cc sn phm compost sn xut ti nh my hin ang c bn rt tt cho cc trang tri cy trng v cy cng nghip vng cao nguyn Ty Nam , tuy nhin, hot ng kinh doanh vn ang b thua l. iu ny cho thy cn c mt chin lc qung b cho nng dn trng trt s dng compost nh mt loi sn phm gip ci to t. Trong thi gian ti (nm 2011), gi compost s tng. Hin ti, gi l 1.000/kg, nhng v th trng chnh l khu vc cao nguyn Ty Nam nn khi vn chuyn n ni th gi tng ln 2.000/kg. Ban Gim c nh my d nh thnh lp cng ty sn xut phn bn, mua li compost t cc nh my khc, ch bin compost ny ci thin cht lng, cho thm ph gia sn xut phn bn hu c cht lng cao, phn bn compost mi ny c th sn xut di dng vin.

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Hnh 8. Ban Gim c v nhm chuyn gia nhn thy cc im hn ch v mt vi gii php tim nng.

Nc r hin ang c x l bng cch pha vi nc/ha cht/ch phm E.M v thi ra mi trng (sau khi phn no c s dng lm tng m cho compost). gii quyt vn ny, chuyn gia quc t khuyn, trong qu trnh sn xut nn trn thm mt phn compost tng vt cht kh v gim nc r. Ph Gim c nh my ghi nhn li khuyn ny. ci thin h thng gip gim mi v bi, ban gim c v nhm chuyn gia bn n vic s dng tm ph/thng compost. Hai bn vn cn tip tc trao i thm sau ny.

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4. UBND Hi An, phn loi v rc c bn ti h gia nh, TP Hi An.


4.1. o Tn Hip. Phn loi - ti h gia nh. K hoch thm quan o Tn Hip b hy do bin ng nh hng n giao thng ng bin (o cch t lin 20km). Thay vo , chng ti c mt bui hp rt c ngha vi Phng mi trng ca UBND TP Hi An. Hnh thnh vo nm 2005, d n phn loi rc ti ngun trn o Tn Hip c thc hin lng Cm Hng (c 94 h dn). Cc h dn rc bng thng sau khi phn loi ngay ti nh. Tuy nhin, do din tch t s dng trn o c hn, ch c 3 thng (dung tch 40 lt) c t 3 im cng cng. Vi dung tch nh nh vy, vic khng p ng c ht phn rc thi ra. D n tht bi v nhanh chng kt thc. Hin ti mi ngy c 2 tn rc c phn loi (rc xy dng cn d trn o), ton b rc khng c phn loi c vn chuyn bng thuyn (do UBND Hi An ti tr) v ra bi rc ca thnh ph (bi rc Cm H).

Hnh 9. Nguyn nhn tht bi ca UBND TP Hi An v D n Tn Hip

Sau bi hc , ti o C Lao Chm (Vng sinh quyn th gii) (bao gm c o Tn Hip), Chnh ph an Mc ti tr thnh lp mt nh my ch bin rc, nh my compost v bi rc. D n tr gi 9 t ng. Mc tiu ca nh my l x l rc ca 660 h dn (khong 3.000 ngi) v rc du lch (khong 10 tn/ngy). Sau khi nh my c xy dng xong, tt c cc sn phm compost s c dng cy 10ha t trn o (hin ti, do du lch pht trin qu nhanh, hu ht din tch t trng la c chuyn sang trng rau) 4.2. TP Hi An hin ang c mt d n phn loi rc v sn xut compost ti ngun. C 30 h dn tham gia vo giai on 1, mi h u c tham gia vo hi tho khi ng, c gii thiu m hnh k thut v c cp 3 thng (cht liu hn hp, 300.000/thng, 3 mu khc nhau th hin 3 giai on khc nhau). Giai on 2 ca d n s c 400 h tham gia. Giai on ban u thc hin xong v ang trin khai giai on 2. Thng c lm t cht liu tng hp, khi lng 40 lt (mi h c trung bnh 5 ngi * 1,35kg rc hu c thi ra mi ngy * 30 ngy). di y thng c 4 l, ng knh 0,5cm thot nc r. Trn mt thng c che ph bo v thng v rc bn trong trnh tri ma, nng v chut. C th s dng cc cht liu khc nh s, t st lm thng nhng cn phi tun th thit k thng.

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Chun b : ri ln trn nn thng mt lp l, bn, t, tro, cao bng 1/8 cao thng. Rc cho vo cn c o trn hng ngy. gim m cho thm l (kh), tro, bn kh; v gim kh th ti thm nc. Compost trong mi thng cn c gi trong vng 1 thng, sau , compost c chn. Tng cng cn 3 thng c c sn phm cui cng.

Hnh 10. Hnh nh t trn xung di, t tri sang phi: 3 thng compost ti nh do UBND TP Hi An cung cp, ngi s dng compost (vn rau hu c), to bin do nng dn gom c min ph, chun b t, dng to bin lm nn.

Nhm chuyn gia nhn thy nng dn trong vng dng to bin bn t khi trng rau hu c. Nng dn khng phi tr tin cho to bin, h ri mt lp to bin ri mt lp t mng ln trn trc khi cy. Xt trn kha cnh qun l rc hu c, y l mt phng php tt tn dng phn hu c t nhin sn xut. C mt vn l nu to bin b ln vi kim loi nng m khng pht hin ra th phn kim loi nng ny s ph hy rau hu c.

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5. Bnh nh
5.1. Hp tc x Dch v Nng nghip v Mi trng Nhn Ph, TP Quy Nhn, tnh Bnh nh. M hnh t chc c th hin nh sau:
Ban qun l Hp tc x Nhn Ph 3 ngi

Hot ng nng nghip


C 2.884 thnh vin

Dch v mi trng
6 ngi Thu gom rc cha phn loi t 600 h dn, 1 bnh vin, 1 cng ty v 1 cn tin trng hc (3 ln/tun) Vn chuyn n nh my compost Phn loi ti nh my compost

Nng h trng trt 300ha Sn xut ging 20ha

c khi xng t mt d n ca Php, nh my sn xut compost c thnh lp vo nm 2005 vi 50% vn ca Php v 50% vn ca UBND TP Quy Nhn. Hot ng ca d n bao gm 1) tng cng nhn thc, 2) tng cng nng lc v 3) phn compost t rc h gia nh ti mt nh my nh. T nm 2007, HTX tip qun trang thit b v hot ng kh c lp.
Trong chuyn thm lng rau hu c Tr Qu, bt chp vic tham gia vo d n bng 3 thng cho cht lng compost nh nhau, mt h nng dn trng rau cho bit, ng mun quay li phng thc c in sn nh, ng tnh thng gi. L do chnh l phng thc ny cho ng compost cht lng ph hp vi nhu cu trng rau theo ma v. Bn cnh , h nng dn cng nhc ti vic bn rau hu c bng to bin. Rc bp c cc h chn nui thu gom.

Rc c thu gom 3 ln/tun (t 2h n 5h sng) t 600 h dn, 1 trng hc, 1 cng ty v 1 bnh vin. Rc thi t bnh vin l phn rc khng gy nguy hi. Rc c chuyn ch bng xe th s gn my n nh my. im x l c t ti khu vc trung tm ca khu vc thu gom.

Hnh 11. Xe ba bnh dng thu gom rc th trong khong cch 2km, khi lng 1,5 tn/ngy, rc c thu gom ti nh my v phn loi bng tay.

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im thu gom rc h gia nh

EM + lc

1 Hu c 2 Phn loi bng tay

ng tnh thng gi

Sau sy

ng vin

Lu kho & bn

Vn chuyn

V c 600+

Thu gom + dn bi Urenco

Hnh 12. M hnh hot ng dch v mi trng ti HTX Nhn Ph

Ti nh my, sau khi loi ra cc phn c th ti ch (mt ngun thu nhp tng thm cho nhn cng trc tip) v phn khng th phn hy sinh hc (Urenco chuyn i), rc hu c c phn loi v trn vi ch phm E.M (pha 1 lt E.M vi 50 lt nc) theo nguyn tc tnh thng gi ti cc b (8 b * 10m3/b). Dc theo phn trung tm ca cc b , khong 4 n 5 ng nha c l (ng knh l 0,2cm) c cm vo ng . Do nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh , kh nng thot ra theo l ca ng to iu kin nhit ti u trn ng . Khng kh t nhin len vo ng theo cc khe tng gch ca b . Qu trnh kt thc sau 40 n 45 ngy, phn compost sau c chuyn ra khu vc m o trn trc khi s dng.

Hnh 13. Rc hu c ti trong b , ng nha c l thng kh cm vo gia ng to lu thng khng kh trong ng

Khu hao khng c tnh trong chi ph trang thit b. Nu khng tnh n phn khu hao th nh my c cho l hot ng c tnh kinh t (cn bng chi ph hot ng, bao gm c chi ph nhn cng v thu nhp), tuy nhin, khng c vn cho vic bo tr v m rng.

y b c thit k nghing v pha mng lc gia hai b . Mng lc c ni vi mt b b tng di y (su 2m *3m *4m) cha nc r v khi cn thit s bm v ti ln ng cung cp dinh dng (cha t l C:N). Ngoi khu vc phn loi, nh my c trang b mi bng st trnh ma. Nhit trong long ng c qun
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l hng ngy. Trong iu kin l tng, nhit tng t 300C ban u ln khong 700C trong qu trnh . Khi nhit gim li xung 300C (qu trnh kt thc), sn phm cui cng s c sy kh t 10-15 ngy, trong thi gian ny s lin tc c o trn. Sau , compost c sng lc phn loi phn mn nh vi mn to. Phn nh s c ng gi v em bn.

Hnh 14. ng ng dn nc r n b cha di t.

Sn lng sn xut khong 3 tn/thng, gi compost 7.000/kg bn ch yu cho thnh vin HTX.
Kh nng ci thin: Nn s dng my nghin nghin nh rc hu c ( nhanh hn v to sn lng cao hn) Xem xt li vic s dng ch phm E.M Cho thm cht dinh dng vo compost tng gi tr phn bn v gi tr kinh t Gim mi bng cch s dng tm ph ln mt b m khng lm nh hng n cc ng tnh thng gi.

Hnh 15. Sn phm cui cng

Cc loi rc khng phn hy c s do Urenco ch ra bi rc Long M, 300.000/xe 7m3. Hin nay, UBND TP Quy Nhn ang h tr 7 xe (mi tun nh my cho ch i 2-3 xe rc v c)

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6. TP Lt, tnh Lm ng
Lt l mt thnh ph cao nguyn, nng nghip l ngnh quan trng nht em li ngun thu nhp. Theo s liu ca Urenco Lt, thnh ph thi ra 130 tn rc/ngy t nhiu ngun khc nhau nh ch (ch t v ch rau bn s), h gia nh, nng tri, ng vt cht trn ng, ni ng gi. Rc thu c t 195.365 ngi dn (40.760 h dn) l 56 tn/ngy (0,29kg rc/ngi dn/ngy). Theo mt nghin cu ca i hc Lt, c khong 85,41% rc hu c, tng ng vi 48 tn rc c th compost. Phng Mi trng th, thuc Urenco Lt, c trch nhim thu gom, vn chuyn v x l rc th. n v ny c 231 nhn vin (170 ph n).

Hnh 16. Thu gom rc th ti thnh ph Lt. Ngun: PACMO PMU

Rc thu gom (khong 60%) c chuyn ra bi rc t nhin rng 12ha qun 5, TP Lt. Ti bi rc ny, khng c bt c bin php qun l nhim nh nc r, mi hi v bi rc cng ngp rc thnh ph qua rt nhiu nm. 6.1. D n PACMO Bn cnh hot ng qun l rc thi do Urenco Lt iu hnh, c mt d n ni bt ti thnh ph: PACMO. Mc tiu ca d n l thu nh din tch bi rc ti TP Lt, t rc hu c c ti s dng. C cu ca d n c th hin nh sau: Ph Ch tch UBND TP: Gim c d n Ph phng Kinh t: iu phi vin d n, Qun l d n Tr l d n (nhn vin ca UBND) Cng ty Organik: n v trin khai Tri Langbian Urenco: i tc d n Cng ty mi trng xanh Lt: i tc d n D n PACMO do ADEME ti tr (C quan Mi trng v Nng lng Php) vi 30% vn do UBND Lt ti tr. n v trin khai c cc n v t nhn nh Cng ty Organik, Cng ty Mi trng xanh. D n nghin cu 3 m hnh qun l v rc hu c: ti h gia nh, ti nng trng (rau qu) v ch.

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6.1.1. H gia nh: X Xun Th l ni cc h gia nh x rc ra mi trng t nhin (rng, sn, ng ph, v dng nc chy trong vng) v Urenco khng hot ng khu vc ny. Tt c cc hot ng ca d n trong x c th c miu t nh sau: Giai on bt u: Hi tho: d n t chc mt ngy hi thi gii thiu mc tiu v hot ng ca d n cho tt c cc i tng (i din h gia nh, cn b a phng, gio vin tiu hc, thnh vin d n); ni dung ca bui hi tho l gip cc i tng bit cch phn loi rc hu c v v c, gii thiu tm quan trng ca vic phn loi hai loi rc ny trong qu trnh x l, La chn h gia nh trong d n: trong hi tho, cc h gia nh quan tm c la chn da theo s t nguyn, nhn thc tt v hot ng d n; ph hp vi cc m hnh (c t v khng c t) Th im ti ch: ngy hm sau, nhn vin d n lp t cc thng compost v trang thit b cho cc h gia nh.

Cng ngh: phn loi v ti ngun s dng thng , rui lnh en, trn v qu trnh t nhin. Phn loi ti h gia nh: trung bnh mi h dn x Xun Th thi ra 1,19kg rc hu c/ngy (433kg/nm). Thng c dung tch (80cm*60cm) ln lu rc h gia nh cho c nm. Thng : y l mt sng ch ca mt chuyn gia quc t (Paul Olivier). Thng cao 80cm v ng knh 60cm c lm bng b tng, c cc l thong bn thnh thng v 2 np y pha trn. Np nh dng rc vo cn np ln c m 10 ngy/ln o trn phn bn trong.

Hnh 17. Thng compost khng y. Ngun: PACMO PMU

Hnh 18. Thng compost c y. Ngun: PACMO PMU

Thng c thit k t 3 mnh b tng lp li bng cc si st, mc ch dng b tng lm cht liu l : chng trm cp, trnh vic ch bi rc, chng oxy ha, r (300.000/thng), sn xut ti a phng (to thu nhp cho ngi a phng).

23

Ty vo din tch t c th dng 2 loi thng: thng c y dng cho nh c t hn ch/t d b lt (hnh 8) v thng khng y dng cho t c sn ti h gia nh. trnh nc r (mc d rt nhiu cht dinh dng cho cy) t thng khng y, ngi ta khuyn khch trng mt s cy non xung quanh khu vc t thng (v d nh chui). i vi thng c y, ngi ta c mt l di y nc r ra mt ci x nha, y l mt ngun phn bn rt tt.
Hnh 19. Thng compost ang c s dng ti x Xun Thanh, huyn Xun Th.

Rui lnh en c coi l mt loi nhng phm n nht trong th gii t nhin. Trong mt ngy, rui lnh en c th gip gim khi lng rc tng ng 20 ng rc bp. Trong 1m2, nhng rui lnh en c th n 40kg thc n tha mi ngy. Trong 2 tun l nhng, chng ch n.

Sau , trng, u trng tm ch kh, ti trung thng hay bn ngoi thng. y l giai on tt cho vic thu hoch nhng. ng Paul Olivier cho bit nhng rui lnh en rt giu dinh dng v c th dng thay th cho bt c trong thnh phn thc n gia sc vi gi th trng l 1.000USD/tn.
Hnh 20. Rui lnh en trng thnh, nhng rui lnh en, trn trong thng . Ngun: PACMO PMU

Trn : i vi cc phn rc nhiu ng m rui lnh en b li, trn li d dng tiu ha. Bn thn trn v sn phm khc to ra t n l nhng loi phn bn hu c tt nht cng nh l loi thc n thy sn hay nui gia cm. Khng phi chi ph cho vic qun l rc th Nhng/trn cho phn bn cht lng cao cho cy trng Nhng/trn cho m cht lng cao lm thc n gia sc Khng mi Phn compost cho vn/cy cnh
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u ra -

Qun l v gim st Qun l o Cc h gia nh trong d n c nhn thng min ph o H gia nh trong d n phi p dng quy trnh mt cch cht ch nh loi rc, trn rc (t ngoi vo trong, t trn xung di) o Mi h gia nh nhn 100.000/thng trong sut 5 thng u tin thc hin d n. o Cc h gia nh cam kt trin khai m hnh trnh din. o Cc h gia nh cam kt khng ln rc v c trong thng (c xut thng pht nu tm thy rc v c trong thng, ph pht dao ng t 100.000 n 1.000.000 nu ln pin) Gim st: Cc h gia nh s b pht nu ln rc v c trong thng .

6.1.2. Nng trng: trong qu trnh thc hin nhim v, nhm chuyn gia n thm nng trng Organik x Xun Th, cch trung tm thnh ph Lt 10km. Nng trng sn xut rau cht lng cao nh c chua bi, rau rng h (rucola), rau dip, x lch v cung cp cho 5 nh hng TP H Ch Minh. Ch nhim nng trng cng chnh l ngi thc hin d n PACMO. Tm lip compost hin ti c coi nh mt th nghim, trong c hai yu t th nghim c nghin cu: 1) t l gia rc xanh v phn ph gia (x da, v c ph, rm); 2) s dng tm ph toptex.
Hnh 21. Rc ang c gom li nng trng Organik. Ngun: PACMO PMU

u vo ly t ch Nng sn Lt; rau t trang tr, nh my ch bin xut khu, ch t. Sn phm compost ti thi im ny c dng bn cho cy c ph v tr ca nng trng. Cng ngh: im hn ch ca quy trnh truyn thng l mt thi gian. Chnh v vy, gim thi gian l mt trong cc mc tiu ca d n. Vic dng tm ph toptex trong iu kin hiu nhit gip gim thi gian xung cn 45 n 60 ngy (phng thc truyn thng mt 100 nu nhit bn ngoi n nh). Bn cnh , rc hu c ti cha 80% nc, nc hp thu c dng trong qu trnh sy kh compost th, vic ny gip gim lng ln nc r t compost cng nh mi do n gy ra. Toptex l mt vt liu lm t nha PP (polupropylene), n cung cp hiu kh, trnh ma v gi c nhit n nh bn trong cho cc hot ng vi sinh vt phn hiu kh. Cht x ph ln trn gip gim m trong qu trnh bay hi v gip gim nc r ra b mt t. Toptex l mt vt liu nh (200gr/m2) vi bn t 4 n 10 nm. Gi bn cho nng dn Lt l 10.000/m2 (0,55USD) (thng tin c nhn).

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Trn compost theo t l 80:20 (y l t l tt nht thu c t th nghim) gia rc v ph gia (b da kh, rm, v c ph, mn ca, li ng). Hn hp ny trn vi ph gia nhm mc ch ht m t rau ti. Nghin Cht ng (cao 2,5m, chiu di ty chn) Kim tra v iu chnh iu khin mi trng bn trong Ph tm Toptex, chn hai bn v pha cui ng bng thanh//gch g trnh b thm nc C 6 n 10 ngy o trn 1 ln Kim tra cht lng compost sau 60 ngy Trong qu trnh , cn gim st cc iu kin v m (50-60%), nhit (650C), pH<8, tuyt i khng c l hng, t l C:N l 30:1 v iu kin khc (CO220%; O2>5%; Ni t 100-300ppm; mc khng pht hin Nitrite). Kt qu kim sot cht lng compost: nh s gip ca D n PACMO Lt, nhm chuyn gia so snh kt qu ny vi tiu chun ca B NN&PTNT.

Hnh 22. ng v nht cc phn rc khng th phn hy sinh hc khu vc . Ngun: PACMO PMU

Hnh 23. Trn thm cht ph gia (vi sinh vt hiu qu v CaCO3). Ngun: PACMO PMU

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Bng 2. So snh n gin gia tiu chun nng nghip cho cc cht lng sn phm compost t rc th TCVN 562-2002 ca B NN&PTNT (2002) v cht lng compost ca nng trng Organik (Ngun PACMO PMU, 2010)

Tham s m pH VSV hiu kh Carbon N P K Salmonella (mt loi vi khun gram m) Pb Cad Cr Cu Ni Zn Hg Thi gian lu kho

n v % CFU/g % % % % CFU mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg thng

Chun 35 6,0 8,0 106 13 2,5 2,5 1,5 0 250 2,5 200 200 100 750 2 6

Phn compost Lt 57.4 5.3*106 35 1.1 1.75 1.8 0 0.36 0.0069 5.86 0.61 21.53 0.054

Do thnh phn N:P:K trong phn compost thp nn cn phi trn vi phn d mua trong vng. Hn hp c trn vi t l 1:1, gi phn d l 25.000/bao trn vi compost gi 18.000/bao (tng ng vi 18kg) Theo ng Nguyn, ngi trin khai d n, cng ngh compost p dng Lt ng vai tr ln trong mc tiu ca d n: 1) gim vic rc hu c ra bi rc; 2) cung cp ti xp ci to t; 3) phn quyn trong vic x l rc hu c; 4) tng cng nhn thc ca cng ng/ngnh.
Hnh 24. Sn phm compost hon thin (45 ngy)

C mt vi gii php n gim gip tng gi tr ca phn compost.


Mt phng n kh thi compost ti ch: Gi s nng dn Bnh nh c th thu gom c lng rc xanh ng di 10m v rng 2m. Anh ta s cn mt tm ph toptex di 18m, (10m + 2*2 + 4m tha chn cc bn ca ng ). Kch c tiu chun ca tm ph vi chiu rng 5m l 90m2. Gi vo thi im hin ti ca tm ph ny l 10.000/m2, tc l ngi ny cn chi 900.000 dng trong 4 n 10 nm. Loi tm ph 18m ny s bao ph gn 20m3 cho mi loi nguyn liu compost. Vic s hon thnh sau 40 ngy. Trong vng 1 nm, ngi nng dn ny c th c 180m3 rc xanh m khng mt tin vn chuyn. Vic phn quyn trong vn x l rc thi l mt yu t rt quan trng bt c tnh thnh no ca Vit Nam (theo ng Paul Olivier bi thuyt trnh ti hi tho gii thiu ca d n PACMO)

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Gia tng gi tr ca sn phm ti tri: sn phm compost c gia tng gi tr s dng cho vn v tri trng rau ti TP Lt, kt qu cho thy mc tng trng tt v chng chu vi bnh cao. Mt kt qu kinh ngc t vic theo phng php hiu nhit toptex l gip gim ng k tn d thuc tr su. Tt nhin s cn phi c nghin cu su hn, nhng theo TS. Nguyn, nhm vi sinh vt ng vai tr quan trng trong vic gim cu trc ha hc ca tn d thuc tr su.

Hnh 25. phn compost bng phng php hiu nhit Toptex ti tri. Ngun: PACMO PMU

6.1.3. Ch Nng sn: nhm chuyn gia n thm ch nng sn Lt ti Tri mt, cch trung tm Lt 12km. Hng ngy ch thi ra 40 tn rau qu ti. p ng nhu cu ca khch hng, rau tha c thu gom, mang li 25% rc ti xanh. Khong 10% phn rc ny c dng cho ln, th, c, gia sc v nga n. Hng ngy, phn rc hu c ca ch c compost: Gom rc vo khu vc nh my sn xut compost (50m pha cui ch) Nghin (my t ch trong nc, thit k cho hai loi rc: l / r) p nc nh ti (sau qu trnh p thnh bnh, my nh ti gip ph v hnh dng, tr thnh rc ti kh, nh) Trn (trong my ny, rc mm kh c trn vi CaCO3 2,5kg/1 tn rc) ng ngoi tri (c 2 n 3 ngy li o trn 1 ln cung cp hiu kh cho ng ) Phn compost (sau 60 ngy)

Hnh 27. L bp ci ti ch nng sn Lt

Hnh 26. Nng dn nui ln ly l bp ci cho gia sc,

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100kg/ngy nui 30 con gia sc.

Hnh 29. Hnh nh nh my ch bin compost ti ch lt

Hnh 28. rc vo my nghin

Hnh 30. Rc xanh sau khi p

Hnh 31. Compost sau 7 ngy (ng mu nu); compost sau 3 tun (ng mu ti)

im yu v mt vi gii php Nc r: ti thi im ny, nh my thi ra 8m3 nc sau qu trnh p. Lng nc ny c vo mt b cha sau chuyn vo trung tm x l rc lng ca thnh ph, vi chi ph 50.000/m 3. Mt i mt lng cht lng c gi tr dinh dng cao, Nh my phn bn Bnh in s tr cho Cng ty mi trng Xanh 400/kg mua li phn cht lng ny, hp ng s c k trong tng lai gn. C th xy mt h thng knh dn nc r ny n cc trang tri gn nh my C th xy dng ph phn lc phn cn c gi tr dinh dng cao cn b mt nc sch c th thi ra t nhin.

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Nhn xt M hnh h gia nh 1. y l mt m hnh v cng thnh cng cho vic qun l rc ti h gia nh ni chung v vic qun l rc hu c ni ring. 2. Cc h gia nh mc tiu chun ca Vit Nam c kh nng trang b thng (300.000/thng) 3. Thu hoch 2 ln/nm, tnh v hiu qu kinh t, h gia nh tit kim c mt khon nh t sn xut compost trong khi gi compost ti Lt l 200.000 n 250.000/m3. 4. Theo kha cnh sinh thi hc, m hnh ny a ra mt gii php tng th x l rc hu c ti ngun m khng nh hng n mi trng sinh thi. M hnh nng tri. 5. L m hnh ln hn h gia nh, phn ti tri mang li mt gii php thnh cng trong vic gim rc xanh thi ra mi trng trong qu kh v vn ang din ra Lt. 6. Bn phm compost gip ti cu trc t 7. Phng php bng tm toptex gip gim thi gian v cng ngh chi ph r 8. Vi cc cht ph gia c c ti a phng, compost c th tr thnh phn bn gi tr thay th phn ha hc. 9. phn ti tri gip gim nguy c truyn bnh cy trng t tri ny sang tri khc. M hnh ch. 10. ti ch gip gim ph thu gom v vn chuyn rc. 11. My mc t sn xut trong nc gip gim chi ph u t n mc ti a c th Nhn xt chung: I. R rng l TP Lt ang thc hin vic x l rc ti ngun, c bit l x l rc thi hu c. Chin lc ny gip gim mt cch ng k vic duy tr mt trung tm compost tn km, tp trung v khng hiu qu. II. Vn mu cht nm ch: 1) tng cng thc ca ngi dn, chnh quyn, ngnh v tr em; 2) s ht lng v ng lc ca thnh vin d n; 3) h tr tt t chnh quyn a phng, nh khoa hc (trong nc v quc t); 4) nhng ngi tham gia d n hiu bit v gi tr compost (ci to t). III. Vi quy m sn xut nh th no i chng na th u c cc phng n ph hp v kh thi, do , nhiu ngi chp nhn cng ngh ny. IV. Mi m hnh Lt chc chn kh thi vi vic qun l rc hu c ca Bnh nh.

Qun l rc th trn thc t

Hnh 32. Rc sau 1 ngy thu gom c phn loi v , ngay ti ch

Hnh 33. Rc hn hp ti H Xun Hng, im en l con ln cht.

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Ti thng ngun h Xun Hng, cc x thng rc xung nc, rc chy theo dng nc xung h Xun Hng vi khi lng khong 300m3/ngy trong ma ma (6 thng/nm). Rc bao gm rc vn, bp, nha, chai rng (thc n, thuc tr su, thuc dit c), gia sc cht, Hin ti, Cng ty Mi trng xanh l n v chnh chu trch nhim thu gom, phn loi v rc thu c ti h Xun Hng. Hng ngy, rc thu c t h c gom li ti khu vc pha cui h, c 4 n 5 cng nhn phn loi v cht ng ty theo tng loi. i vi rc hu c, vic ti ch c thc hin hng ngy. Cng ngh p dng y tng t nh ti ch nng sn Lt (Nghin, p, nh ti, trn v ng).

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7. TP H Ch Minh
7.1. Ti s dng cht thi t bp lm thc n chn nui ti Phng Tn To, Qun Bnh Tn. 7.1.1. Chn nui ln Vic nu ra tnh cht ca rc bp l mt vic kh quan trng, trong mt nghin cu quc gia v kh nng phn hy rc bp thc hin ti Anh (Southampton UR v Greenfinch Ltd., 2003), c 17% l rc bp trong tng lng rc h gia nh, trong 60% c t hoa qu cha nu. Trng v tht sng chim t l thp, ln lt l 1,3% v 1,4%; 12% l tht qua ch bin. Trong mt nghin cu khc, theo cc nh nghin cu ca Thi Lan (Jayalakshmi, et al., 2007) (gi s bp Thi Lan v Vit Nam tng t nh nhau), tnh cht ca rc bp c gi tr nh sau:
pH Cht rn d bay hi (% VCK) Cc bon hu c (% VCK) Tng cht rn (%VCK) m (%) Tng Kjeladal Nitrogen (% VCK) 5.5 86.0 48.1 16.14 83.86 2.26

Ti i Lon, khong 20-30% T rc bp n nng lng: (khi lng) rc h gia nh l Phn loi ti ngun cc thnh phn hu c ca rc th thu c rc bp, bao gm cc phn d 2,9kg/h gia nh/tun vi di 2,5% vy nhim. Trong tng s, tha ca ba n, l rau, v hoa c 23,2 tn rc bp c ra bi rc. m trung bnh ca rc qu v vn thc n. Rc bp c bp phn loi l 78,4%, v phn cht rn bay hi l 92,4%. 0 thnh phn hu c v m Phn hy hiu nhit (56 C) ca rc bp c coi l t n nh hn l phn hy di iu kin nhit cao. Phn hy di iu kin cao, vic t rc bp l mt vn nhit cao trung bnh (36,50C) to mi trng m ln hn, mnh do m v mn; nu thi hn thay i hay tch ly nhng ha cht c ch. Biogas ra bi rc, mi kh chu v trong c 2 trng hp cha 58% metan. H thng phn hy nhit 3 lng ln nc r l mt mi lo sn xut ra 164m /tn, trong khi phn hy hiu kh sn xut ra 3 khc. Mt khc, do t l hu c 157m /tn. v m cao, rc bp c th c dng ti ch v ti s dng, gip khng ch gim p lc ln h thng x l rc m cn ph hp vi xu th qun l ti nguyn n nh ca th k 21. Nm 2009, tng lng rc bp thu c v ti s dng l 721.472 tn. Chnh ph i Loan d bo n nm 2012, tng lng rc bp ti s dng l 769.000 tn (Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan, 2010). Do vy, d n nghin cu ti ch rc hu c Bnh nh cn cn nhc cc gii php quan trng ny gim lng rc h gia nh (thnh phn cht rn bay hi cao) thi ra bi rc hoc x l bng cc cng ngh phc tp.

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Hnh 34. Phng tin thu gom rc bp (xe my), thng cha nc ti s dng (khi lng 300 lt) nu rc bp, ln 4 thng tui c n thc n nu li t rc bp, ao c trng hoa bm bm.

Thc t l, sau khi c BQLDA Bnh nh ng la chn cc trng hp nghin cu, nhm chuyn gia thm quan mt tri tng hp nui 70 con ln t ln ni n ln con, phn ln l nui ly tht (khong 65kg trng lng c th), phn ln c gom vo mt ci thng nha phn hy sinh hc, cht thi sau khi dng cho h thng biogas c ti ni bm bm v nui c ao. Hng ngy, lng rc bp thu c t 12-13 nh hng v cng tin cch nng h khong 5km c gom trong mt ci can n gin (khi lng khong 20lit). Ti nng h ny, rc bp c nu li (kh trng nhit cao) khong 2 ting trc khi cho n. Thc n cho ln gm c bnh u nnh v b bia, phn rc bp c nu li, v 1-2% thc n tinh. Gi tr dinh dng ca thc n nu li t rc bp l khng r rng, v h nng dn ny cng khng c nh tm hiu thm.

33

H gia nh, nh hng, cng tin

Rc bp/nc go Ngi thu gom (nng dn chn nui, li bun)

Ln

Nu li (2-3 ting)

Cho n trc tip

n thm vi 1-2% thc n tinh, b bia/b u nnh

Cho n

Cho ln n bng rc bp nu li gip gim chi ph thc n t 60-70% so vi vic cho n bng thc n tinh. Do lng thu c hng ngy thp nn nu cho n bng rc bp nu li, chu trnh v bo ko di t 5-7 thng, trong khi nu nui bng thc n tinh th ch mt 4 thng. Nu so snh vi thc n tinh, cht lng thc n t bp c hp th gp 3 ln v khi lng.

Phn biogas d tha v mt l thuyt s c chuyn cho hng xm un nu, nhng trn thc t li thi ra mi trng ( tng c la chn: mua mt loi my sn xut ra nc nng n gin, v d nh tm. Cn phi nh rng vic thi kh biogas ra mi trng l mt vic lm khng mang tnh n nh)

Trong chn nui, thc n thng chim 70% chi ph. Hy xem chi ph thc n nu nu li t rc bp cho trang tri nui ln 70 con u vo: 13 thng cha (20lt) * 10,000VND/thng = 2 bao bnh u nnh (20 lt) * 15,000VND/bao = 10 bao b bia * 2,500VND/bao= 2 lt du ha /d * 17,500VND/lt = 1 kg thc n tinh * u ra: V bo 100kg trong 5 thng * gi th trng = Biogas dung tch 8m3 C * gi th trng = Cy bm bm = Gi tr mi trng gia tng: Gii php n nh trong vic qun l rc thi trong vng

Tt c phn gia sc (phn cht lng st sau qu trnh x l biogas) c thi trc tip vo mt b cha bng nha (h phn ng phn hy), t ao gn tri, ni chy biogas. H phn ng phn hy ny c dung tch 8m3 v hot ng lin tc. Phn cht lng c a n y h

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phn hy bng mt pha v cht thi c a ra phn trn ca pha kia. Cht thi c chuyn ra ao nui c v rau (cy bm bm). Biogas sn xut ra c dng un nu trong nh v nu li rc bp. H phn hy c dn dp 2 nm/ln (dn sch phn cn rn). Trong vng c 60 m hnh trang tri vi 5.000 con ln hot ng tng t. 7.2. Nui trng thy sn, Hip hi nng dn Bnh Tn Tng lng rc bp (bao gm khong 100kg c d tha) c ti s dng hng ngy trang tri nui thy sn ny l 20 thng cng vi 25kg thc n tinh. Rc bp do mi li thu gom t cc nh hng, cm bnh dn, cng tin (khu cng nghip) xung quanh bn li. H ch thng cha bng xe my (xem nh).

Hnh 35. Cn, cho n v ton cnh vic cho thy sn n rc bp nu li, c ang n (phn mu nu vng l phn d ca thc n nu t rc bp)

Ti tri, rc bp v c d tha c cn v cho c trong ao n trc tip (xem nh). Trn mt nc rng 1ha nui 3 loi c: c n trn b mt nc, c n tm trung v c n di y. Mi loi c c chc nng ring v s n ht ton b thc n. Ngi ch h chia s, mc d c nui trong 1ha nhng nu dng lng ngn th t l tng trng s nhanh hn rt nhiu. C trong cc lng (4m*8m*2,5m su) n c nhiu thc n hn m khng tn nhiu

H gia nh, Nh hng, cng tin, ch c

Rc bp, c tha Ngi thu gom (h chn nui, li bun)

Cho n thm 1-2% thc n tinh Cho n ti

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cng sc. C nui trong lng c th bn sau 4 thng. T l tng trng/kinh t ca c c n thc n nu t rc bp v thc n cng nghip l: 1. Rc bp: 15kg c ging 4 thng = 800 c tht (trng lng 300-400gr/con *17.000 20.000 /kg) 2. Thc n tinh: 15kg c ging 3 thng = 800 c tht (cng trng lng/gi) Ti qun Bnh Tn, c 17ha nui trng thy sn ca 10 trang tri nui c bng lng v 36 trang tri nui c t do, tt c rc thi t bp c s dng lm thc n. Ni tm li, li nhun t mt m hnh tt ca vic s dng rc thi bp c th c miu t nh sau:
Nng tri c 5.000 con ln * 6,5kg rc bp/ngy = 32,5 tn/ngy

+
Nng tri c 5.000 con ln * 6,5kg rc bp/ngy = 32,5 tn/ngy Mi trng x hi n nh

+
Nng tri c 5.000 con ln * 6,5kg rc bp/ngy = 32,5 tn/ngy
Hnh 36. Mt trng hp cho thy li ch i vi nng dn, h gia nh v chnh quyn v vic ti s dng rc bp

7.2. Rc hu c t vic qun l chn nui: phn trn qu Hng Trung v Hp tc x chn nui ln Tin Phong. Ti HTX ny, c 14 trang tri thnh vin vi tng s 3.500 ln ni v 30.000 ln tht. Trc y, con s ny cao hn nhng do dch ln tai xanh, nng dn kim sot li s lng n. Cht thi rn t trang tri c trn vi nm Tricoderma trong 45 ngy. Sn phm ny c dng lm phn bn cho cao su, tr v c ph vng cao nguyn Ty Nam. Mt phn phn khc c dng cho trn n. Trn c nui di gc cy cao su rng 10ha. Din tch thu hoch trn gim 1/5 so vi nm 2007, vic gim sn lng trn l do th trng cn hn ch. Thay vo , nng h ny sn xut phn bn dng lng bn l. Phn cng trong cht thi biogas c trn vi phn rn trong qu trnh sn xut ra sn phm cho cy trng c gi tr dinh dng cao. Quy trnh qun l phn ca HTX:

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Ln ni Ln tht Phn loi phn lng v phn rn Lng Rn Phn hy sinh hc Trn vi nm trichoderma Nui trn compost Pht in Phn bn cy trng Trn Phn trn B trn

Trn c nui theo lung, nn xi mng (cao 20m), t gia cc hng cao su, c ri mt lp nn (hn hp 1 phn phn ln v 3 phn phn b). iu ny m bo iu kin tt nht ( lan ta nhit thp, c bng mt, tc gi chm) cho vic nui trn qu v cho 80 nhn cng.

Hnh 37. Quang cnh nui trn qu ti rng cao su 10ha (di tm ph xanh l ni nui trn), cc im cho n trn b mt, chia phn (hn hp ca phn ln/b vi nc), mung cho n di d vi ti gia lung trn, nh my ch bin trn, sn phm trn ti gc v ti l.

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Lung nui trn c kch thc 1,5m rng * chiu di ty chn * 0,2m cao, c ri mt lp nn bng l cao su v mt lp mng b trn cn li t ln thu hoch trc, sau ri trn ln lp nn, trn c cho n 2 ln/ngy bng cch hn hp phn lng ln b mt thnh tng ng. Trn bt u n phn, ln v sn xut. Cc ng phn ti trn (ng knh khong 30cm) c ri u trn b mt phn. lm c iu , ngi ta dng 2 ci mung nha gn vo gy bng tre v thc n lng ln lung trn. Trn s di chuyn n vng c phn ti. Trung bnh c 1 kg trn s n ht 1kg thc n/ngy. Gi ca phn ln dao ng t 5.000 10.000/bao 20kg (ty thuc vo phn ca ln ni hay ln tht); phn b gi t 4-5 triu ng/xe 10m3. Vic thu hoch trn v phn trn c thc hin hng thng, c mi 1m2 t s cho 2kg trn v 60kg phn trn. Trc y trn ti c bn cho tri nui tm vi gi tt, tuy nhin, ti thi im hin ti, vic nui tm ang gim dn, chnh v vy, th trng ny rt hn ch dn n vic sn xut trn gim. Trong sut 4 nm, lng trn sn xut c vn cn tn d. H nng dn dng trn tn kho sn xut phn bn cht lng cao bng cch gia tng cht lng vi nm tricoderma v khong vi sinh. T , ng thnh lp nh my ch bin v bn phn vi gi 2.000 2.500 /kg (thng thng gi phn bn l 1.500 /kg), cng sut nh my l 50 tn/ngy, ti thi im ny, mi sn phm sn xut ra u c bn ht. Phn bn c bn cho cc trang tri trng rau, tr, vn Lt, tri trng hoa lan, m v cao su ca hip hi c ph Chu Se, tnh Ty Ninh, nng dn trng la ng bng sng Mekong. i vi phn bn cht lng cao, trn ang c dng ch bin (nghin v li tm ly cht chit) phn bn lng bn l hoc r cho cy vn v cy cng nghip (can 5 lt hoc 1 lt). Nhm lm vic cng trao i vic s dng cht nn khc (v d nh rc bp) trn qu v thy cn c thm nghin cu v vn ny. H nng dn ny thu mt vin nghin cu sn xut loi ph gia ph hp tng cng cht lng loi phn trn qu hin ti vi gi 100 triu ng. Ti thi im ny, vic ci tin em li s t tin ln i vi sn phm mi, mt loi phn bn cht lng cao ch bin t compost tn kho.

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(La chn: dinh dng) 1 2 n giun ban u Phn ln phn trn qu 14 Thu gom & trn n Trn Phn b Cht c c chiu xut t xay trn Nghin & ly tm ng gi & bn Phn bn t trn Ri nn Phn trn qu (giu dinh dng)

ng gi & bn

2 1

Ri hng ngy

Cc yu t kinh t v k thut: Sn lng trn hng thng: Sn lng phn trn hng ngy: Sn lng trn hng ngy: Gi tr kinh t ca phn compost: Gi tr kinh t ca b trn: 2kg/m2 2kg/m2 1kg phn/1kg trn 2.500 /kg 10.000 /kg

T trng hp ny, c th thy l c nhiu la chn trong vic qun l rc thi hu c Vit Nam. M hnh di y phn tch mt cch ngn gn cc im khc nhau gia qun l rc thi tp trung v qun l rc thi x hi ha theo cc trng hp nghin cu chng minh nhn nh trn.

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C th a ra gii php tt nht cho vic ti ch rc th, nhng trn thc t, gii php no cng i hi c s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan (chnh quyn, ngnh cng nghip, x hi v cc nh khoa hc). Vic tng cng nhn thc l mt im mu chu thnh cng trong trin khai qun l rc thi, c bit l vic phn loi rc ti ngun.

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Li cm n Nhm chuyn gia xin trn trng cm n Ban qun l D n PACMO, ng Minh Ngc, ng Nguyn Trng Hong Vng, ng Nguyn Ha, TS. Nguyn B Hng, ng Hip (Gim c Cng ty phn bn Bnh in), ng Trn Xun To, ng Thng (Cng ty X l v Ch bin cht thi Ph Th, Vit Tr), ng Hng K, B Lin (Trang tri nui giun qu PHT), ng Ha (Gim c Urenco H Ni), ng Tn, ng Phong (Nh my ch bin v sn xut phn compost Nam Ha), B Kim (Lin minh HTX Vit Nam COSTE), ng Thng (HTX nng nghip v mi trng C Bi), B Lin, ng Lc (Nh my ch bin rc v sn xut phn compost Urenco Gia Lm), ng Tun (Ph Gim c nh my x l rc v sn xut phn compost Thy Phng Hu), ng By, B Hin (UBND TP Hi An phng mi trng v ti nguyn t nhin), ng Bi (Ch nhim HTX Nng nghip v Dch v Mi trng Nhn Ph), B Hng (Hip hi Nng dn Bnh nh), ng Tui, B Diu, ng Tin, ng Lc, ng Vit (Hip hi nng dn Tn To, qun Bnh Tn) gip chng ti hon thnh nhim v, cc ng b khng ch nhit tnh cung cp thng tin m cn chia s kinh nghim v gp rt c ngha.

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Danh mc ti liu tham kho


CoFQ No. 11. 2009. Phiu kt qu phn tch mu N,P,K, T Lim H Ni. Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan, R. O. C. 2010. The Current Status for Kitchen Waste Recycling and Reuse. http://www.epa.gov.tw/en/epashow.aspx?list=125&path=9105&guid=2d105564-911d-4536ae70-798eb75b345c&lang=en-us. Jayalakshmi, S., V. Sukumaran, and K. Joseph. 2007. Hydrogen Production from Kitchen Waste using Heat Treated Anaerobic Biogas Plant Slurry. International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, Chennai, India:356-362. Southampton UR and Greenfinch Ltd. 2003. Biodigestion of Kitchen Refuse - A comparative evaluation of mesophilic and thermophilic biodigestion for the stabilisation and sanitisation of kitchen waste. Funded by BIFFAWARD and South Shropshire District Council through the Landfill Tax Credit Scheme.

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