0

TRNG I HC DUY TN
KHOA KHOA HC T NHIN

B MN - VT L








GIO TRNH


VT L I CNG A2









Dng cho sinh vin h i hc
cc nghnh k thut


nng, nm 2008

1



GII THIU
Vt l hc l mn hc nghin cu v tt c cc dng vn ng ca vt cht t
v m n vi m. Nhng thnh tu vt l hc ngy hm nay chng ta s dng v ang
hiu c c l sn phm t duy ca loi ngi v c cc nh bc hc ln. Chng
trnh vt l i cng c mc tiu truyn t n cho cc bn sinh vin chng ta mt
cch nhn tng qut nht v cc dng vn ng ca vt cht, cc hin tng, cc l
thuyt vt l m l c s trong vic nm bt c s vn ng ca vt cht. Song
song vi th chng trnh ny cng l c s cho hot ng nghin cu khoa hc v
ng dng trong khoa hc, k thut v i sng. Ta bit rng, trong phn vt l i
cng A1, i tng nghin cu l nhng vn c bn v c hc v nhit hc.
Trong phn vt l i cng A2 chng ta s tm hiu thm v dao ng - sng, trng
tnh in, t trng, quang sng, quang lng t v c hc lng t. Tuy nhin, vic
bin son ni dung bi ging ny nm trong cng v thi gian c phn b cho
mn hc nn khng th chuyn ti ht tt c cc vn ca vt l hc m l nhng
vn tng quan nht cho tng i tng c nghin cu. Trn c s tp bi ging
ny cc bn sinh vin tm c thm cc ti liu tham kho, cc gio trnh vt l ca
cc tc gi khc trong v ngoi nc h tr cho vic hc tp v nghin cu ca
mnh. y l gio trnh ln u tin cung cp cho sinh vin ti trng i Hc Duy
Tn s dng nn khng th trnh ht nhng thiu st. Mong qu ng nghip, cc c
gi v cc bn sinh vin gp tp bi ging ny c hon thin hn.



2
MC LC
CHNG 1 ..........................................................................................................7
TRNG TNH IN ........................................................................................7
I. MC CH - YU CU .....................................................................7
II. NI DUNG...........................................................................................7
1. TNG TC IN - NH LUT COULOMB ............................7
1. Tng tc in ..................................................................................7
2. Thuyt in t - nh lut bo ton in tch...................................7
3. nh lut Coulomb ...........................................................................8
4. Nguyn l chng cht cc lc in...................................................9
2. IN TRNG...............................................................................10
1. Khi nim in trng....................................................................10
2. Vect cng in trng...........................................................10
3. Vect cng in trng gy ra bi mt in tch im..........12
4. Vct cng in trng gy ra bi mt h vt mang in -
Nguyn l chng cht in trng .....................................................13
3. IN THNG..................................................................................16
1. ng sc in trng...................................................................16
2. Vct cm ng in........................................................................17
3. in thng.......................................................................................18
5. NH L XTRGRATXKI - GAUSS (O - G)............................20
1. Thit lp nh l..............................................................................20
2. Pht biu nh l .............................................................................21
3. ng dng nh l O-G....................................................................21
4. Dng vi phn ca nh l O G.....................................................23
6. CNG CA LC TNH IN - IN TH .................................24
1. Cng ca lc tnh in....................................................................24
2. Th nng ca in tch trong in trng.......................................25
3. in th Hiu in th .................................................................26
CU HI L THUYT ............................................................................28
BI TP.....................................................................................................29
CHNG 2 .......................................................................................................35
T TRNG.....................................................................................................35
I. MC CH - YU CU........................................................................35
II. NI DUNG............................................................................................35
1. TNG TC T CA DNG IN - NH LUT AMPRE .35
1. Th nghim v tng tc t.............................................................35
2. nh lut Ampe (Ampre) v tng tc gia hai dng in..........36

3
2. VECT CM NG T, VECT CNG T TRNG....38
1. Khi nim t trng........................................................................38
2. Cc i lng c trng cho t trng...........................................39
3. Xc nh vect cm ng t v vect cng t trng..............40
3. T THNG - NH L XTRGRATSKI-GAUSS I VI T
TRNG................................................................................................40
1. ng cm ng t..........................................................................40
2. T thng..........................................................................................45
3. nh l Oxtrogratxki - Gauss i vi t trng.............................47
4. NH L AMPRE V DNG IN TON PHN...................48
1. Lu s ca vect cng t trng.............................................48
2. nh l Ampre v dng in ton phn........................................49
3. ng dng nh l Ampre ..............................................................52
5. TC DNG CA T TRNG LN DNG IN....................53
1. Lc Ampre ....................................................................................53
2. Tng tc gia hai dng in thng song song di v hn ............54
3. Tc dng ca t trng u ln mch in kn ..............................55
4. Cng ca lc t...............................................................................56
6 TC DNG CA T TRNG LN HT IN CHUYN
NG.....................................................................................................57
1. Lc Lorentz.....................................................................................57
2. Chuyn ng ca ht in trong t trng u ..............................58
CU HI L THUYT ............................................................................60
BI TP.....................................................................................................61
CHNG 3 ........................................................................................................67
DAO NG.......................................................................................................67
I. MC CH - YU CU........................................................................67
II. NI DUNG............................................................................................67
1. DAO NG C IU HA.........................................................68
1. Hin tng .....................................................................................68
2. Phng trnh dao ng iu ha....................................................68
3. Kho st dao ng iu ha...........................................................69
4. Nng lng dao ng iu ha......................................................70
2. DAO NG C TT DN..........................................................71
1. Hin tng .....................................................................................71
2. Phng trnh dao ng tt dn.......................................................72
3. Kho st dao ng tt dn..............................................................72
3. DAO NG C CNG BC.....................................................73
1. Hin tng .....................................................................................73
4. DAO NG IN T IU HA...............................................75

4
1. Mch dao ng in t LC.............................................................75
2. Thit lp phng trnh dao ng in t iu ha .........................76
2. DAO NG IN T TT DN .................................................77
1. Mch dao ng in t RLC ..........................................................77
2. Phng trnh dao ng in t tt dn ...........................................77
6 DAO NG IN T CNG BC.......................................79
1. Hin tng ......................................................................................79
2. Phng trnh dao ng in t cng bc ....................................79
7 . TNG HP DAO NG..............................................................81
1. Biu din dao ng iu ha bng vect quay..............................81
2. Tng hp hai dao ng iu ha cng phng cng tn s...........81
CU HI L THUYT ............................................................................82
BI TP.....................................................................................................82
CHNG 4 ........................................................................................................87
THUYT TNG I HP EINSTEIN .......................................................888
I. MC CH - YU CU........................................................................88
II. NI DUNG............................................................................................88
1. CC TIN EINSTEIN...............................................................88
1. Nguyn l tng i ........................................................................88
2. Nguyn l v s bt bin ca vn tc nh sng...............................89
2. NG HC TNG I TNH PHP BIN I LORENTZ89
1. S mu thun ca php bin i Galileo vi thuyt tng i
Einstein ...............................................................................................89
2. Php bin i Lorentz.....................................................................90
3. CC H QU CA PHP BIN I LORENTZ........................92
1. Khi nim v tnh ng thi v quan h nhn qu .........................92
2. S co li ca di (s co ngn Lorentz) ......................................93
3. S gin ca thi gian ......................................................................94
4. Php bin i vn tc......................................................................94
4. NG LC HC TNG I....................................................95
1. Phng trnh c bn ca chuyn ng cht im...........................95
2. ng lng v nng lng.............................................................96
3. Cc h qu.......................................................................................97
CU HI L THUYT..............................................................................98
BI TP.....................................................................................................98
CHNG 5 ......................................................................................................101
GIAO THOA NH SNG - NHIU X NH SNG ..................................101
I. MC CH - YU CU..................................................................... 101
II. NI DUNG......................................................................................... 101
1. C S CA QUANG HC SNG............................................. 102

5
1. Mt s khi nim c bn v sng ................................................ 102
2. Thuyt in t v nh sng ca Maxwell .................................... 102
3. Quang l....................................................................................... 103
4. nh l Malus v quang l ........................................................... 103
5. Hm sng nh sng...................................................................... 104
6. Cng sng ..................................................................... 104
7. Nguyn l chng cht cc sng.................................................... 104
8. Nguyn l Huygens ...................................................................... 105
2. GIAO THOA NH SNG............................................................ 105
1. nh ngha.................................................................................... 105
2. Kho st hin tng giao thoa ..................................................... 106
3. GIAO THOA DO PHN X - TH NGHIM Loyd................... 108
4. NG DNG HIN TNG GIAO THOA................................. 109
1. Kh phn x cc mt knh ........................................................... 109
2. Giao thoa k Rayleigh (Rly) .................................................... 110
3. Giao thoa k Michelson (Maikenxn)......................................... 110
CU HI L THUYT........................................................................... 111
BI TP.................................................................................................. 112
5. HIN TNG NHIU X NH SNG..................................... 113
1. Hin tng nhiu x nh sng ................................................... 1133
2. Nguyn l Huygens - Fresnel ....................................................... 113
6. NHIU X NH SNG CA SNG PHNG.......................... 114
1. Nhiu x ca sng phng qua mt khe hp ................................. 114
2. Nhiu x ca sng phng truyn qua cch t phng ................... 116
3. Nhiu x trn tinh th .................................................................. 117
CU HI L THUYT........................................................................... 118
BI TP.................................................................................................. 118
CHNG 6 ......................................................................................................123
QUANG HC LNG T.............................................................................123
I. MC CH - YU CU..................................................................... 123
II. NI DUNG......................................................................................... 123
1. BC X NHIT........................................................................... 124
1. Bc x nhit l g ? ...................................................................... 124
2. Cc i lng c trng ca bc x nhit cn bng.................... 124
3. nh lut Kirchhoff...................................................................... 125
2. CC NH LUT PHT X CA VT EN TUYT I.... 127
1. nh lut Stephan-Boltzmann ..................................................... 127
2. nh lut Wien............................................................................. 127
3. S khng hong vng t ngoi................................................. 127

6
3. THUYT LNG T PLANCK & THUYT PHOTON CA
EINSTEIN ......................................................................................... 1289
1. Thuyt lng t ca Planck....................................................... 1289
2. Thnh cng ca thuyt lng t nng lng............................... 129
3. Thuyt photon ca Einstein ......................................................... 130
4. ng lc hc photon.................................................................... 130
4. HIN TNG QUANG IN ................................................ 131
1. nh ngha.................................................................................... 131
2. Cc nh lut quang in v gii thch ........................................ 132
5. HIU NG COMPTON............................................................... 134
1. Hiu ng Compton....................................................................... 134
2. Gii thch bng thuyt lng t nh sng.................................... 135
CU HI L THUYT......................................................................... 1367
BI TP.................................................................................................. 137
CHNG 7 ......................................................................................................143
C HC LNG T......................................................................................143
I. MC CH - YU CU..................................................................... 143
II. NI DUNG......................................................................................... 143
1. LNG TNH SNG HT CA VI HT ................................. 144
1. Lng tnh sng ht ca nh sng ............................................... 144
2. Gi thuyt de Broglie (bri) ................................................... 145
3. Thc nghim xc nhn tnh cht sng ca cc ht vi m............ 145
2. NGUYN L BT NH HEISENBERG.................................. 147
3. HM SNG.................................................................................. 149
1. Hm sng..................................................................................... 149
2. ngha thng k ca hm sng................................................... 149
3. iu kin ca hm sng............................................................... 150
4. PHNG TRNH SCHRODINGER............................................ 150
5. NG DNG CA PHNG TRNH SCHRODINGER............ 152
1. Ht trong ging th nng.............................................................. 152
2. Hiu ng ng ngm................................................................. 155
3. Dao ng t iu ha lng t.................................................... 158
CU HI L THUYT........................................................................... 159
BI TP.................................................................................................. 160
TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................... 160


7

Equation Chapter 1 Section 1
CHNG 1
TRNG TNH IN

I. MC CH - YU CU
1. Nm vng nh ngha v hiu c ngha vt l cng n v o ca cc i
lng: vct cng in trng, in th, hiu in th, in thng.
2. Hiu v vn dng c nh lut Coulomb, nh l xtrgratxki Gauss,
nguyn l chng cht in trng gii cc bi ton tnh in.
3. Nh v vn dng c biu thc m t mi quan h gia vct cng
in trng v in th.

II. NI DUNG

1. TNG TC IN - NH LUT COULOMB

1. Tng tc in

Cho n ngy nay, tt c chng ta u cng nhn rng trong t nhin tn ti hai
loi in tch, in tch dng v in tch m. Thc nghim xc nhn rng gia cc
in tch c tn ti tng tc, c gi l tng tc in. Cc in tch cng du th
y nhau, cc in tch tri du th ht nhau.


8
2. Thuyt in t - nh lut bo ton in tch

T th k th 6 trc cng nguyn, ngi ta thy rng h phch c xt vo
lng th, c kh nng ht c cc vt nh. Cui th k 16, Gilbert (ngi Anh)
nghin cu chi tit hn v nhn thy rng nhiu cht khc nh thy tinh, lu hunh,
nha cy v v... cng c tnh cht ging nh h phch v gi nhng vt c kh nng
ht c cc vt khc sau khi c xt vo nhau, l nhng vt nhim in hay vt tch
in. Cc vt c in tch.
Ta cng c th lm cho mt vt nhim in bng cch t n tip xc vi mt
vt khc nhim in. V d ta treo hai vt nh ln hai si dy mnh, ri cho chng
tip xc vi thanh bnt c c xt vo da, th chng s y nhau. Nu mt vt
c nhim in bi thanh bnt, mt vt c nhim in bi thanh thy tinh,
chng s ht nhau. iu chng t in tch xut hin trn thanh bnit v trn
thanh thy tinh l cc loi in tch khc nhau. Bng cch th nghim vi nhiu vt
khc nhau ta thy ch c hai loi in tch. Ngi ta qui c gi loi in tch xut
hin trn thanh thy tinh sau khi c xt vo la l in tch dng, cn loi kia l
in tch m. Gia cc vt nhim in c s tng tc in: nhng vt nhim cng
loi in th y nhau, nhng vt nhim in khc loi th ht nhau.
Thuyt in t
in tch trn mt vt bt k c cu to gin on, ln ca n lun bng
mt s nguyn ln in tch nguyn t. in tch nguyn t l in tch nh nht trong
t nhin. in tch nguyn t m l in tch ca electron (in t) c gi tr bng
19
1, 6.10 e C

= , khi lng ca electron bng

31
9,1.10
e
m kg

= .
Nguyn t ca mi nguyn t u gm mt ht nhn v nhng lectrn chuyn
ng xung quanh ht nhn. Ht nhn nguyn t gm nhng proton mang in dng
v nhng notron khng mang in. trng thi bnh thng, s proton v s lectrn
trong nguyn t l bng nhau. Do nguyn t trung ha v in. Nu nguyn t mt
mt hay vi lectrn, n s mang in dng v tr thnh ion dng. Nu nguyn t
thu thm lectrn, n s tch in m v tr thnh ion m. Qu trnh nhim in ca
cc vt th chnh l qu trnh cc vt th y thu thm hay mt i mt s lectn hoc
ion.
Thuyt da vo s chuyn di ca electron gii thch cc hin tng in
c gi l thuyt in t. Theo thuyt ny, qu trnh nhim in ca thanh thy tinh
khi xt vo la chnh l qu trnh electron chuyn di t thy tinh sang la: thy tinh
mt electron, do mang in dng; ngc li la nhn thm electron t thy tinh
chuyn sang nn la mang in m, ln ca in tch trn hai vt lun bng nhau
nu trc c hai vt u cha mang in.
n v o in tch l Coulomb, k hiu l C . ln ca in tch c gi l
in lng.

nh lut bo ton in tch. Cc in tch khng t sinh ra m cng khng t mt
i, chng ch c th truyn t vt ny sang vt khc hoc dch chuyn bn trong mt

9
vt m thi. Ni mt cch khc: Tng i s cc in tch trong mt h c lp l
khng i.

3. nh lut Coulomb

Khi kho st tng tc gia cc in tch, nu ch quan tm n s tng tc
m khng quan tm n kch thc ca in tch , xem in tch tng tc nh cc
in tch im, th lc tng tc ny tun theo nh lut Coulomb:
Lc tng tc gia hai in tch im ng yn trong chn khng c phng
nm trn ng thng ni hai in tch, c chiu hng xa nhau nu hai in tch
cng du v hng vo nhau nu hai in tch tri du, c ln t l thun vi tch
ln ca hai in tch v t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch gia chng.

1 2 1 2
2 2
. .
4
o
o
q q q q
F k
r r
= = (1.1)
Trong :
12 2 2
8, 86.10 C /Nm
o

= (hay F/m): hng s in.

9 2 2
1
9.10 Nm /C
4
o
k

= : h s t l.








Khi vit di dng vct, ta qui c gi vct khong cch gia hai in tch l r

c
phng nm trn ng thng ni hai in tch , c chiu hng v in tch m ta
mun xc nh lc tc dng ln in tch y v c ln bng khong cch gia hai
in tch im. Khi lc tng tc gia hai in tch
1 2
, q q c biu din trn Hnh
1 v cng thc vct sau y:

1 2 1 2
2 3
. .
o
q q q q
r
F k k r
r r r
= =

(1.2)
Nu hai in tch im
1 2
, q q c t trong mt mi trng bt k th lc tng tc
gia chng gim i ln so vi lc tng tc gia chng trong chn khng:

1 2
3
.
o
q q
F k r
r
=

(1.3)
Hnh 1.1 Lc tng tc gia cc in tch im.
Hai in tch cng du

q
2 q
1
21
F

12
F

r
Hai in tch tri du
q
2 q
1
12
F

21
F

r
r

10
l mt i lng khng th nguyn c trng cho tnh cht in ca mi trng v
c gi l thm in mi t i (hay hng s in mi) ca mi trng. Trong
chn khng th 1 = , cn trong khng kh 1 .

4. Nguyn l chng cht cc lc in
Xt mt h in tch im
1 2
, ,
n
q q q c phn b ri rc trong khng gian
v mt in tch im
o
q t trong khng gian . Gi
1 2
, , ,
n
F F F

ln lt l cc
lc tc dng ca
1 2
, ,
n
q q q ln in tch
o
q th tng hp cc lc tc dng ln
o
q l :

1 2
1
n
n i
i
F F F F F
=
= + + + =

(1.4)
trong , cc lc
i
F

c xc nh theo (1.3).
i vi hai vt mang in c dng bt k, xc nh lc tng tc tnh in
gia chng, ngi ta xem mi vt mang in nh mt h v s cc in tch im
c phn b ri rc. Nu in tch c phn b lin tc trong vt th vic ly tng
trong (1.4) c thay bng php tch phn theo ton b vt:
F dF =

foan vaf
(1.5)

V d: Hai in tch im dng c in lng
2 1
9 q q = t c nh cch nhau mt
khong a trong mi trng bt k. Hi phi t mt in tch im Q u, c du
v ln nh th no Q trng thi cn bng? Q phi mang du g trng thi
cn bng l bn?
Bi gii

Lc do
1
q tc dng ln Q l:
1
1 1 3
1
. q Q
F k r
r
=

Lc do
2
q tc dng ln Q l:
2
2 2 3
2
. q Q
F k r
r
=

Hp lc tc dng ln Q l:
1 2
1 2 1 2 3 3
1 2
. . q Q q Q
F F F k r k r
r r
= + = +



iu kin Q ng yn (cn bng) l 0 F =

hay
1 2
0 F F + =

, tc l:

1 2
F F =

hay
1 2
1 2 3 3
1 2
. . q Q q Q
k r k r
r r
=



11
V
1
q v
2
q cng du nn
1
r

v
2
r

phi ngc chiu nhau (vi mi Q), ngha

l in tch im Q phi t ti im M nm trn on thng ni
1
q v
2
q v nm
gia hai in tch y.
Nu 0 Q > : n cng b
1
q ,
2
q y; nu 0 Q < n cng b
1
q ,
2
q ht. T iu
kin cn bng ta c:

1 2
2 2
1 2
. . q Q q Q
k k
r r
=
Suy ra:
2
2 2 2 2
2
1 1 1 1
9 3
r q r q
q r q r
= = = =
T
1 2
r r a + = v
2
1
3
r
r
= , ta tm c
1
4
a
r = v
2
3
4
a
r = .
Kt lun: in tch Q c th dng, m v c ln ty .
- Nu 0 Q < : Khi lch khi M, hp lc ko n tr li (trng thi cn bng bn).
- Nu 0 Q > : Khi lch khi M, hp lc y n i tip (trng thi cn bng khng bn).
Ngoi ra, nu
1 2
0, 0 q q < < mun c trng thi cn bng bn th Q phi l
in tch dng v nu
1 2
q q = th
1 2
r r = .

2. IN TRNG

1. Khi nim in trng

Cc in tch tuy cch xa nhau, khng tip xc vi nhau nhng vn tng tc
c vi nhau l v khng gian xung quanh mi in tch tn ti mt mi trng vt
cht c bit gi l in trng. in trng c vai tr truyn dn tng tc gia cc
ht mang in. Khi c in tch th xung quanh in tch xut hin in trng. in
trng c nhn bit bng cch khi t bt k mt in tch no vo in trng th
in tch u b tc dng ca mt lc in.

2. Vect cng in trng

a. nh ngha

c trng cho mnh yu ca in trng
c v phng, chiu v ln ti mt im trong in
trng, ngi ta a ra mt i lng gi l vect
cng in trng, k hiu l E

:
Hnh 1.2 Lc in trng
tc dng ln in tch q.

12

F
E
q
=

(1.6)
T biu thc ta thy nu chn 1 q = + th E F =

. Do ta c nh ngha
vect cng in trng.
nh ngha: Vect cng in trng ti mt im l mt i lng c
trng cho in trng v phng din tc dng lc, c gi tr bng lc tc dng ln
mt n v in tch dng t ti im v c hng l hng ca lc ny.
Trong h n v SI, cng in trng c n v o l Vn/mt: (V/m).

b. Lc in trng tc dng ln in tch im

Nu bit cng in trng E

ti mt im M trong in trng th khi t

mt in tch q vo im , n b in trng tc dng mt lc:
F qE =

(1.7)
- Nu 0 q > th F

cng chiu vi E

.
- Nu 0 q < th F

ngc chiu vi E

3. Vect cng in trng gy ra bi mt in tch im

Xt mt in tch im c tr i s Q. Trong khng gian bao quanh n s xut
hin in trng. Ta hy xc nh vct cng in trng E

ti mt im M
cch in tch Q mt khong r . Mun vy ti im M ta t mt in tch im q c
tr s nh. Khi theo nh lut Coulomb, lc tc dng ca in tch Q ln in
tch q bng:

3
Qq
F k r
r
=

Hnh 1.3 Cng in trng gy bi mt in tch im.
Kt hp vi biu thc (1.6), ta c vect cng in trng do in tch im Q
gy ra ti im A l:

13

3
Q
E k r
r
=

(1.8)
vi r

l bn knh vect hng t in tch Q n im A.

Nhn xt:
- Nu 0 Q > th E r

: E

hng ra xa in tch Q.
- Nu 0 Q < th E r

: E

hng vo in tch Q.
- V ln:
2
Q
E k
r
= : Cng in trng ti im A t l thun vi
ln ca in tch Q v t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch t im ang xt
n in tch Q.

4. Vct cng in trng gy ra bi mt h vt mang in - Nguyn
l chng cht in trng

a. Cng in trng gy ra bi h in tch im phn b ri rc

Xt h in tch im
1 2
, , ,
n
Q Q Q c phn b ri rc trong khng gian.
xc nh vct cng in trng tng hp E

ti mt im M no ca
khng gian, ta t ti M mt in tch q . Khi theo (1.4) lc tng hp tc dng ln
in tch q bng:

1 2
1
n
n i
i
F F F F F
=
= + + =

trong
i
F

l lc tc dng ca in tch
i
Q ln in tch q . Kt hp biu thc (1.6),
vect cng in trng tng hp ti M bng:

1 1
1
n n
i
i
i i
F
F
E F
q q q
= =
= = =

Cng theo (1.6) th mi s hng
i
i
F
E
q
=

chnh l vct cng in trng

do in tch
i
Q gy ra ti M nn:

1
n
i
i
E E
=
=

(1.9)
Biu thc (1.9) l biu thc ton hc ca nguyn l chng cht in trng c pht
biu nh sau:

14
Vct cng in trng gy ra bi mt h in tch im bng tng cc
vct cng in trng gy ra bi tng in tch im ca h.

b. Cng in trng gy bi h in tch im phn b lin tc

Xt mt vt mang in c kch thc bt k v in tch phn b lin tc trn
vt ny. R rng ta c th xem vt nh mt h in tch im c phn b lin tc
trong khng gian. Do tnh cng in trng gy bi vt ny ta tng tng
chia vt thnh nhiu phn nh sao cho in tch dQ trn mi phn c th xem l
in tch im. Nu gi dE

l vct cng in trng gy ra bi in tch dQ

ti im M cch dQ mt khong r th vct cng in trng do vt mang in
gy ra ti im M c xc nh tng t theo cng thc
(1.5)
.

3
r
E dE k dQ
r
= =

ca vaf ca vaf
(1.10)

Ta xt mt s trng hp c th sau y:

Nu vt l si dy (L) vi mt in tch di (C/m) th in tch trn mt vi
phn di dl l dQ dl = . Khi :

3
L L
dl
E dE k r
r

= =



(1.11)
Nu vt mang in l mt mt S vi mt in tch mt (C/m
2
) th
in tch trn mt vi phn din tch dS l dQ dS = . Khi :

3
S S
dS
E dE k r
r

= =



(1.12)
Nu vt mang in l mt
khi c th tch V vi mt in
tch khi (C/m
3
) th in tch
trong mt th tch vi phn dV l
dQ dV = . Khi :

3
V V
dV
E dE k r
r

= =



(1.13)
V d: Mt vng trn lm bng mt
dy dn mnh bn knh R mang in
tch dng Q phn b u trn dy.
Hy xc nh cng in trng ti
Hnh 1.4 in trng gy bi vng dy
trn tch in u.

15
im M nm trn trc ca vng dy, cch tm mt on h .

Bi gii

Cng in trng do vng dy gy ra ti mt im no bng tng cc cng
in trng dE

do cc phn t in tch dQ nm trn vng dy gy ra. Ti im

M cng in trng do phn t in tch dQ gy ra l:

3
dQ
dE k r
r
=

Theo nguyn l chng cht, cng in trng ti M bng:

3 M
dQ
E dE k r
r
= =



vong vong

Phn tch vect dE

thnh hai thnh phn

t
dE

v
n
dE

. V cc in tch dQ
phn b i xng qua im O nn tng cc thnh phn
t
dE

bng khng. Do ta c:

M n
E dE =

vong

V cc vect
n
dE

cng phng, chiu nn

M
E

c im t ti M, c phng
trng vi trc vng dy v chiu hng ra xa vng dy. V ln th:
M n
E dE =

vong
.
Theo hnh 1.4 ta c cos
n
dE dE = ( l gc gia dE

v OM

). in
trng gy bi dQ ti M bng:

2
dQ
dE k
r
=
v
2 2
cos
h h
r
R h
= =
+
nn:
2 2 3/2
( )
n
h
dE k dQ
R h
=
+
.
Do :

2 2 3/2
( )
M n
h
E dE k dQ
R h
= =
+

vo ng vong

hay

2 2 3/2
( )
M
hQ
E k
R h
=
+

Nhn xt:

16
Ti tm vng dy: 0 h = , do 0
O
E = .
ni kh xa vng dy: h R : r h ,
2 M
Q
E k
h
= .
Nu vng dy tch in m ( 0 Q < ) th
M
E

c chiu hng vo tm O ca vng

dy v c ln:
2 2 3/2
( )
M
hQ
E k
R h
=
+
.


3. IN THNG

1. ng sc in trng

m t dng hnh hc ca in trng
ngi ta dng ng sc in trng. Theo
nh ngha, ng sc in trng l mt
ng cong m tip tuyn ti mi im ca n
trng vi phng ca vct cng in
trng E

ti im , cn chiu ca n l
chiu ca vct cng in trng (hnh
1.5).

Ngi ta qui c v s ng sc in trng qua mt n v din tch t
vung gc vi ng sc t l vi ln ca cng in trng ti im ang xt.
Tp hp cc ng sc in trng c gi l ph ng sc in trng hay in
ph. Vi qui c , qua in ph nu ch no mt ng sc ln (dy) th ni
in trng mnh, cn ni no mt ng sc nh (tha) th ni y in trng
yu.




E

(a) (b) (c)
Hnh 1.5 ng sc in trng.

17













Hnh biu din in ph ca mt in tch im dng (hnh a), in ph ca
mt in tch im m (hnh b), in ph ca in trng u (hnh c), in ph ca
mt h hai in tch im m bng nhau nhng tri du (hnh d) v in ph ca mt
h hai in tch im dng bng nhau (hnh e).

Nhn xt:
ng sc in trng xut pht t in tnh dng, tn cng trn in tch
m.
ng sc ca in trng tnh l nhng ng cong h.
Cc ng sc in trng khng ct nhau v ti mi im trong in trng
vct E

ch c mt hng xc nh.


2. Vct cm ng in

S gin on ca ng sc in trng

Ta bit rng cng in trng E

ph thuc vo mi trng (t l nghch

vi hng s in mi ). Do khi i qua mt phn cch ca hai mi trng, cng
in trng E

bin thin t ngt nn in ph b gin on b mt phn cch

hai mi trng.

Hnh 1.7 S gin on ca in ph.

18
Trn hnh 1.7 l in ph ca mt in tch im q + t tm mt mt cu S,
bn trong S l chn khng ( 1 = ), cn bn ngoi S l mi trng c hng s in
mi 2 = . Ta thy qua mt phn cch S, s ng sc gim i 2 ln, tc l in ph
b gin on trn mt S. S gin on ny khng thun li cho cc php tnh v in
trng. khc phc iu ny, ngi ta kh s gin on bng cch a vo mt
i lng vt l khc khng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca mi trng c gi l vct
cm ng in D

.

Trong mi trng l ng nht, i lng:

o
D E =

(1.14)
c gi l vct cm ng in.
V d vect cm ng in D

do in tch im q gy ra ti mt im cch q
mt khong r c xc nh bi:

3
4
q
D r
r
=

Ti mi im trong in trng, gi tr D ch ph thuc vo q , tc l ngun sinh ra
in trng m khng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca mi trng.
Tng t ng sc in trng, ngi ta nh ngha v m t in trng
bng ng cm ng in. Khi , ph cc ng cm ng in l lin tc trn mt
phn cch gia cc mi trng (hnh 1.8).

Hnh 1.8 S lin tc ca ph ng cm ng in.

3. in thng

a. nh ngha

in thng qua mt in tch S t trong in trng chnh l thng lng ca
vct cm ng in gi qua din tch S .

b. Biu thc in thng

19

Hnh 1.9 in thng ca in trng u.
Xt din tch phng S t trong in trng u c cc ng cm ng in
thng song song cch u nhau (hnh 1.9). Gi n

l vect php tuyn ca mt S, n

hp vi vct cm ng in mt gc . Theo nh ngha, in thng
e
gi qua mt
S l i lng c tr s bng s ng cm ng in gi qua mt S .
Gi S
n
l hnh chiu ca S ln phng vung gc vi cc ng cm ng in.
T hnh Hnh9 ta thy s ng cm ng in gi qua hai mt S v S
n
l nh nhau,
nn in thng gi qua S cng chnh l in thng gi qua S
n
. Do :

e n
DS =
(1.15)

Gi
n
D l hnh chiu ca D

ln phng n

v cos
n
S S = nn:
cos
e n
DS D S DS = = =

(1.16)
trong S

l vect din tch hng theo php tuyn n

ca S v c ln bng din
tch S .
Nu in trng l bt k v mt S c hnh dng ty (hnh 10) th ta chia din
tch S thnh nhng din tch v cng nh dS sao cho vect cm ng in D

ti mi
im trn din tch dS c th xem l bng nhau. Khi in thng vi phn gi qua
dS c tnh theo (1.16) l:

e
d DdS =

(1.17)


in thng gi qua ton mt S l:

e e
S S
d DdS = =


(1.18)

Hnh 1.10 in thng qua din tch dS.

20
Ch : in thng l mt i lng i s, du ca n ph thuc vo tr s ca gc
(nhn hay t).


5. NH L XTRGRATXKI - GAUSS (O - G)


1. Thit lp nh l

Hnh 1.11 in thng qua mt kn S.
Xt mt in tch im dng q t c nh ti im O. in tch q to ra mt
trng tnh in xung quanh n. Tng tng mt mt cu S (tm O, bao quanh q )
c bn knh r . Qui c chiu dng ca php tuyn n

trn mt cu hng ra ngoi.

V l do i xng nn:
Vect D

c ln nh nhau ti mi im trn mt cu S.
D n

nn
n
D D = .
in thng qua mt cu S l:

( ) ( ) ( )
. .
e n
S S S
DdS D dS D dS DS = = = =



(1.19)
Vi
2
4 S r = ;
0 2
4
q
D E
r

= = . Do :

2
2
.4 0
4
e
q
r q
r

= = >
Ta thy rng in thng l dng khi ng sc i ra khi mt kn S. Khi
0 q < th D dS

nn:
2
2
. .4 0
4
e
q
DS r q q
r

= = = = <
in thng l m v ng sc i vo mt kn S.


21
Nhn xt:

e
khng ph thuc vo r , ngha l in thng l nh nhau i vi cc mt cu c
bn knh khc nhau.
Nu S l mt kn c hnh dng bt k bao quanh in tch q th kt qu thu c
vn khng i.
Nu S khng bao quanh q th 0
e
= v s ng cm ng in i vo S bng
vi s ng cm ng in i ra khi S.
Nu bn trong S c nhiu in tch th in thng qua S bng tng i s cc in
thng thnh phn:

( )
.
i
i
S
DdS q =

2. Pht biu nh l

in thng qua mt mt kn bng tng i s cc in tch nm trong mt kn .

( )
.
e i
i
S
DdS q = =

(1.20)
3. ng dng nh l O-G

Khi gp cc bi ton m in trng c tnh i xng cao nh: i xng cu, i
xng tr, i xng phng, tnh E

hoc D

ta s dng nh l O-G theo trnh t

sau:
Xc nh cc yu t i xng ca h t c th suy ra c hng ca vect
E

(hoc D

) mi im v s bin thin ca n.
Chn mt mt kn gi l mt Gauss cha im m ta cn xc nh vect
E

(hoc D

). Ch chn mt kn sao cho n c tnh i xng cao.

Tnh in thng
e
qua mt Gauss theo cng thc (1.19), sau p dng cng
thc ca nh l Ostrogradski Gauss, ta s c biu thc lin h gia cng
in trng E v in tch ca h.

Bi ton v d 1:
Xc nh cng in trng E

gy bi
mt khi cu rng tm O, bn knh R, tch in
u vi mt in khi 0 > ti mt im
bn ngoi v ti mt im bn trong khi cu
.

Bi gii
N
M
r
r
R
Hnh 1.12 Khi cu tch in.

22
c th p dng nh l O-G, ta thc hin theo trnh t nh nu trn:
- V khi cu c tnh i xng tm nn cc vect D

s c phng xuyn tm
v vung gc vi mt cu ti mi im. Do ta c
n
D D const = = .
- Chn mt mt cu S i qua im cn tnh cng in trng v ng tm
vi khi cu tch in.
- Tnh in thng theo cng thc (1.19):

2
. .4
e n n
S S
DdS D dS D r = = =




p dng nh l O G:
e i
i
q =

, ta c:

2
.4
n i
i
D r q Q = =

+ Trng hp r R < : trong mt S khng c cha in tch, do 0 Q = nn:
0 0
n
D E = =
+ Trng hp r R > :

2 3
4
.4
3
n i
i
D r q Q R = = =

Suy ra:

3
2
3
R
D
r
= (1.21)
v:

3
2
3
o o
D R
E
r

= = (1.22)
Kt lun: i vi nhng im bn trong mt cu mang in u, in trng ti
bng khng. Cn i vi nhng im bn ngoi mt cu, in trng ti ging ht
in trng gy bi mt in tch im q t ti tm
mt cu .

Bi ton v d 2:
Xc nh in trng ca mt mt phng v hn tch
in u vi mt in mt 0 > .

Bi gii
- V tnh cht v hn ca mt tch in v s phn
b u in tch nn in trng do n gy ra l in
trng u; c vect cm ng in vung gc vi mt
tch in.

1
n

2
n

S
+
M
Hnh 1.13 Mt phng v
hn tch in.

23
- xc nh vct cm ng in D

ti mt im M, ta v mt kn S (mt Gauss)
nh sau: V qua M mt mt tr kn m im M thuc vo mt trong hai mt y c
din tch l S , c hai mt y cng song song v cch u mt phng tch in, cn
cc ng sinh th vung gc vi mt phng (hnh 1.13).
- p dng cng thc (1.19):

( )
. . .
n n
S
DdS D dS D dS = +



maf bon haI day

Vi hai mt y, ta c
1
D n

nn
n
D D const = = ; cn vi mt bn th
2
D n

, 0
n
D = . Do :

( )
. . .2
n
S
DdS D dS D S = =



haI day

in tch trong mt tr l : .
i
i
q S =

. Theo nh l O-G ta c:
.2 . D S S =
Suy ra:

2
D

= v
2
o o
D
E


= = (1.23)

Nhn xt:
Cc vect D

v E

khng ph thuc vo khong cch t im M n mt phng

nn in trng y l in trng u: E const =

.
in trng do mt phng hu hn tch in u to ra nhng v tr rt gn mt
cng c xem nh l u. Nu mt phng tch in m th kt qu thu c
cng nh vy song cc vect D

v E

li hng vo mt phng tch in.

4. Dng vi phn ca nh l O G
nh l O-G c biu din theo cng thc (1.20) nu ln mi quan h gia
cm ng in D

ti nhng im trn mt kn S vi cc in tch

i
q phn b ri rc
trong th tch V gii hn bi mt kn S .
Nu in tch trong th tch V c phn b lin tc vi mt in tch khi
( , , ) x y z th mi lin h gia vect D

ti mt im bt k ( , , ) x y z trong in
trng vi mt in tch khi cng ti im c m t bng nh l O G
dng vi phn l:
divD =

(1.24)
vi ton t div c biu din trong h ta cc nh sau:

24
div
y
x z
D
D D
D
x y z

= + +

6. CNG CA LC TNH IN - IN TH

1. Cng ca lc tnh in


Xt in tch im q + t trong in trng tnh gy bi in tch im Q +
ng yn. Di tc dng ca lc tnh in (lc
Coulomb) in tch q + di chuyn theo mt ng
cong MN (hnh 1.14). Ta s tnh cng ca lc tnh
in sinh ra trong qu trnh dch chuyn ny.
Gi s thi im t in tch q + c v tr l
im A trn qu o MN. Ti vct cng
in trng ca trng tnh in (do in tch Q +
to ra) xc nh bi
3
Q
E k r
r
=

, cn lc tnh in
tc dng ln in tch q + s l:

3
qQ
F qE k r
r
= + =



Sau thi gian dt , in tch q + thc hin
chuyn di v cng nh ti im B trn qu o. Vct dch chuyn ds AB

. Trn
chuyn di v cng nh ny c th xem nh E const =

, do cng nguyn t ca
lc tnh in F

trong chuyn di vi phn ny c tnh l:

3 3
. . . . . . cos
qQ qQ
dA F ds qE ds k r ds k r ds
r r


= = = =



hay:

2
. cos
qQ
dA k ds
r

=
Mt khc, t hnh v ta c th xem BB = dr AA = .cos ds , nn
2
qQ
dA k dr
r
= . Vy cng ca lc tnh in trong s dch chuyn ca in tch q t
M n N s bng:

2
N N
MN
M M
qQ dr
A dA k
r
= =


Hnh 1. 14 in tch im
+q dch chuyn trong in
trng ca in tch im

25
hay:

1 1
MN
M N
qQ
A k
r r

(1.25)
Thay v in tch Q + , by gi to ra trng tnh in l mt h in tch im
ng yn
1 2
, , ,
n
Q Q Q . Bng cch p dng nguyn l chng cht in trng v
cch tnh tng t nh trn, ta s thu c kt qu:

1
1 1
n
i
MN
i
iM iN
qQ
A k
r r
=

(1.26)
Vy: Cng ca lc tnh in trong s dch chuyn in tch im q
0
trong mt
in trng bt k khng ph thuc vo dng ca ng cong dch chuyn m
ch ph thuc vo im u v im cui ca chuyn di.

Nhn xt:
Cng
MN
A khng ph thuc vo dng ng cong MN m ch ph thuc vo v tr
,
M N
r r ca in tch q + so vi in tch Q + .
Nu q dch chuyn theo mt ng cong kn (
M N
r r = ) th cng ca lc tnh in
. 0 A q E dS = =

hay . 0 E dS =

.

Kt lun:
Trng tnh in l trng th, lc tnh in l lc th.
Lu s ca vct cng in trng (tnh) dc theo mt ng cong kn bng
khng.

2. Th nng ca in tch trong in trng

Ta bit trong c hc, khi dch chuyn mt cht im gia hai v tr trong
trng th th cng ca lc th s bng bin thin th nng gia hai im .
Trong in hc cng vy, khi dch chuyn mt in tch im q trong in
trng gy bi in tch im Q gia hai im M v N v v trng tnh in l
trng th nn cng ca lc tnh in cng bng bin thin th nng gia hai im
M, N:
.
N
MN M N
M
A qE ds W W = =

(1.27)
Kt hp vi (1.25), ta c:

26

1 1
M N
M N
qQ
W W k
r r

(1.28)
V
M
W ch ph thuc vo ta im M, khng ph thuc ta im N;
N
W ch ph thuc ta im N nn (1.28) c th c vit li:

M N o o
M N
qQ qQ
W W k W k W
r r




= + +






Suy ra:

M o
M
N o
N
qQ
W k W
r
qQ
W k W
r

= +

= +

; vi
o
W l hng s ty .
Tng qut, th nng tng tc ca in tch q vi in tch Q bng:

o
qQ
W k W
r
= + (1.29)
Chn gc th nng ca in tch q sao cho th nng ca n bng khng khi q xa
v cng so vi in tch Q. Lc 0
o
W = . Suy ra:

qQ
W k
r
= (1.30)
Nhn xt:
Nu q v Q cng du: th nng tng tc ca chng l dng, cn nu khc du,
th nng tng tc ca chng l m.
Th nng tng tc ca in tch q khi trong in trng ca h n in tch im
1 2
, , ,
n
Q Q Q (qui c th nng v cng bng khng 0 W

= ) l:

1
n
i
i
i
qQ
W k
r
=
=

(1.31)

3. in th Hiu in th

a. in th

27
Cc biu thc (1.30) v (1.31) cho thy t s
W
q
khng ph thuc vo ln
ca in tch q m ch ph thuc vo cc in tch gy ra in trng v vo v tr ca
im ang xt trong in trng. T ta nh ngha:

nh ngha: in th ca in trng ti mt im bng t s gia th nng
ca in tch im q ti im ang xt v in tch q .

W
V
q
= (1.32)
gi l in th ca in trng ti im ang xt. n v in th l Vn (V).

Biu thc tnh in th ca in trng cho mt s trng hp:
in trng do mt in tch im Q to ra:

Q
V k
r
= (1.33)
in trng do mt h in tch im to ra:

i
i
i i
i
Q
V V k
r
= =

(1.34)
in trng bt k:
.
g
M
M
V E ds =

(1.35)
trong , g l im c chn lm gc th nng.

b. Hiu in th

Thay cc biu thc (1.30), (1.32) vo (1.25) ta c:
( )
MN M N
A q V V = (1.36)
Vy: Cng ca lc tnh in trong s dch chuyn in tch im q t im M
ti im N trong in trng bng tch s ca in tch q vi hiu in th gia hai
im M v N .
T (1.36) suy ra:

MN
M N
A
V V
q
= (1.37)
Nu ly 1 q = + n v in tch th:

M N MN
V V A = (1.38)

28
ngha l: Hiu in th gia hai im M v N trong in trng l mt i lng
bng cng ca lc tnh in trong s dch chuyn mt n v in tch dng t
im M n im N.
Mt khc, nu ly 1 q = + n v in tch v chn im N xa v cc th
M M
V V A

= , m qui c 0 0
N
W V

= = nn
M M
V A

= , ngha l:
in th ti mt im trong in trng l mt i lng v tr s bng cng
ca lc tnh in trong s dch chuyn mt n v in tch dng t im ra
xa v cng.

Ch :

* Trong k thut, i lng hiu in th c s dng nhiu hn i lng in th.
V gi tr ca hiu in th khng ph thuc vo cch chn gc tnh in th (hoc
th nng). Do vy ngi ta thng chn in th ca t hoc ca nhng vt ni t
bng khng. Khi ni in th ca mt im no chnh l ni v hiu in th
gia im vi t.
* Mt vt tch in Q c phn b lin tc, khi mun tnh in th ti mt im
no trong in trng do Q to ra th thay cho cng thc (1.34) ta s dng cng
thc sau y:

k dQ
V
r
=

foan bo vaf
(1.39)
Mt dng khc ca cng thc (1.36) l:

.
N
M N
M
V V E ds =

CU HI L THUYT


1. Nu cc electron trong mt kim loi nh ng c th chuyn ng t do, chng
thng b chn li b mt kim loi. Ti sao chng khng chuyn ng tip v ri
khi kim loi?
2. Mt in tch im chuyn ng vung gc vi ng sc trong mt in trng.
C lc tnh in no tc dng ln n khng?
3. Hai in tch im cha bit ln v du cch nhau mt khong d. in trng
bng khng mt im nm trn ng thng ni chng. Ta c th kt lun nh th
no v cc in tch?
4. Bn quay mt lng cc in sao cho hai u ca n hon v cho nhau trong mt
in trng u. Cng m bn thc hin ph thuc nh th no vo s nh hng
ban u ca lng cc i vi in trng.

29
5. Mt mt bao trn mt lng cc in. in thng qua mt ny bng bao nhiu?
6. Mt qu bng cao su hnh cu c mt in tch c phn b u trn mt ca n.
Khi qu bng c bm ln, cng in trng thay i nh th no cho cc im
(a) bn trong qu bng, (b) b mt qu bng v (c) ngoi qu bng?
7. Electron c xu hng chuyn ng n ni c in th cao hay in th thp?
8. Hai mt ng th khc nhau c th ct nhau khng?
9. Phn bit gia hiu in th v hiu th nng. Cho cc pht biu trong mi thut
ng c dng mt cch chnh xc.
10. Lm th no anh (ch) c th khng nh in th trong mt min cho trc ca
khng gian c cng mt gi tr trong ton min ?


BI TP

Bi tp 1: Ti cc nh A, B, C ca mt hnh tam gic ngi ta ln lt t cc in
tch im:
8
1
3.10 q C

= ,
8
2
5.10 q C

= ,
8
3
10.10 q C

= . Cho bit AC = 3cm, AB

= 4cm, BC = 5cm. Cc in tch u c
t trong khng kh.
Xc nh lc tc dng tng hp ln
in tch t ti A.

Bi gii

Theo , ta nhn thy: BC
2
= AC
2
+ AB
2
,
suy ra ABC vung ti A. Lc tnh in do
cc in tch
2
q v
3
q tc ng ln
1
q c phng chiu nh hnh v v c ln:

8 8
2 1 9 3
21 2 2 2
5.10 .3.10
9.10 8, 44.10
. (4.10 )
q q
F k N
AB

= = =

8 8
3 1 9 2
31 2 2 2
10.10 .3.10
9.10 3.10
. (3.10 )
q q
F k N
AC

= = =

Tng hp lc:
21 31
F F F = +

c phng chiu nh
hnh v v c ln:
A
B
C
q
3
q
2
q
1
21
F

31
F

dq dx =

r
x
N
dE
E

dE

30

2 2 3 2 2 2 2
21 31
(8, 44.10 ) (3.10 ) 3,1.10 F F F N

= + = + =
Bi tp 2: Cho mt dy dn thng di v hn tch in u q t trong khng kh.
Tnh cng in trng ti mt im M cch dy mt khong l r .
Bi gii

Gi s dy tch in dng. Gi mt in di l
( )
0 > . Trn dy, xt on
dx rt nh cch H mt khong x . in tch trn on dy dx l:
dq dx =
in tch ny c th coi l in tch im v n gy ra ti M mt in trng
c vect cng l dE

c phng chiu nh hnh v, c ln:

2 2
0
1
4 ( )
dq
dE
r x
=
+

Cng in trng tng hp ti M l: E dE =

Do tnh i xng nn vect cng in trng tng hp c phng vung
gc vi dy in, tc l trng vi phng HM. Chiu biu thc ca E

ln phng
ny, ta c:
. cos
n
E dE dE = =

vi
2 2
cos
r
r x
=
+

Khi :

3
2
1 cos
4
o
E dE dq
r

= =


Mt khc: dq dx = ; . x r tg = , suy ra
d
dx r
c

=
2
os
. Cui cng, ta c:

/2
/2
cos .
4 2
o o
E d
r r

= =

Trng hp tng qut, do c th m hay dng nn:

| |
2
o
E
r

=


31
Bi tp t gii
1. Tm lc ht gia ht nhn v electron trong nguyn t hydro. Bit rng bn knh
nguyn t hydro l 0,5.10
-8
cm, in tch ca electron e = -1,6.10
-19
C.
p s
8
9, 23.10 F N

=

2. a. Tm t s gia lc ht tnh in v lc hp dn gia ht nhn v electron trong
nguyn t hydro. Bit rng bn knh nguyn t hydro l r = 0,5.10
-8
cm; in tch
ca electron l e = -1,6.10
-19
C, ca proton l 1,6.10
-19
C; khi lng ca electron l
m
e
= 9,1.10
-31
kg, ca proton l m
p
= 1,67.10
-27
kg.
b. Xc nh vn tc chuyn ng ca electron trn qu o bn knh r.
p s
a. 2,2.10
39
ln.
b.
6
2, 3.10 v = m/s
3. Hai qu cu t trong chn khng c cng bn knh v cng khi lng c treo
hai u si dy sao cho mt ngoi ca chng tip xc nhau. Sau khi truyn cho
mi qu cu mt in tch q
o
= 4.10
-7
C, chng y nhau v gc gia hai si dy
by gi bng 60
o
.
a. Tnh khi lng ca cc qu cu nu khong cch t im treo n tm qu
cu bng l = 20cm.
b. Nhng ton b h thng trn vo du ha c 2 = . Gc ca hai s dy by
gi ch bng 54
o
. Tm khi lng ring ca du.
p s
a.
3
1, 7.10 m kg

=
b.
1
2550 = kg/m
3

4. Hai vin bi nh ging ht nhau, c in tch q
1
= 2.10
-6
C v q
2
= 4.10
-6
C t cch
nhau mt khong r trong chn khng th chng ht nhau mt lc F = 0,8N.
a. Tnh khong cch r.
b. Gi cho chng tip xc nhau ri a v v tr c th chng s y nhau hay
ht nhau vi lc F bng bao nhiu?
p s
a. 30 r cm =
b. ' 0,1 F N =

5. t 4 in tch +q ging nhau bn nh ca mt hnh vung cnh a. Hi phi t
in tch im Q u, c ln v du nh th no c 5 in tch u
ng yn?
p s:
2 2 1
4
Q q
+
= ti tm hnh vung.


32
6. Mt electron in tch e, khi lng m chuyn ng u trn mt qu o trn bn
knh r quanh ht nhn nguyn t hydro. Xc nh vn tc chuyn ng ca
electron trn qu o. Cho e = -1,6.10
-19
C, m = 9,1.10
-31
kg, khong cch trung
bnh t electron n ht nhn l r = 10
-8
m.
p s
6
1, 6.10 v = m/s.
7. C hai in tch im q
1
= 8.10
-8
C v q
2
= -3.10
-8
C
t cch nhau mt khong d = 10cm trong khng kh
(hnh v).
a. Tnh cng in trng gy bi cc in
tch ti cc im A, B, C. Cho bit: MN = d =
10cm, MA = 4cm, MB = 5cm, MC = 9cm, NC = 7cm.
b. Tnh lc tc dng ln in tch q = -5.10
-10
C t ti C.
p s
a.
4
52, 5.10
A
E = V/m;
4
27, 6.10
B
E = V/m;
4
9, 34.10
C
E

= V/m
b.
4
1, 42.10
C C
F qE N

= =
8. Trn hnh bn AA l mt mt phng v hn tch in u vi mt
in mt
9
4.10

= C/cm
2
v B l mt qu cu tch in cng du vi
in tch trn mt phng. Khi lng ca qu cu m = 1g, in tch ca n bng q
= 10
-9
C.
Hi si dy treo qu cu lch i mt gc bng bao nhiu so vi phng thng
ng.
p s
13
o
=

9. Mt vng trn bn knh R = 5cm lm bng mt dy dn mnh mang in tch q =
5.10
-8
C v c phn b u trn dy.
a. Xc in cng in trng ti:
+ Tm vng dy.
+ Mt im M nm trn trc ca vng dy cch tm mt on h =
10cm.
b. Ti im no trn trc ca vng dy cng in trng c tr s cc i?
Tnh tr s cc i .
p s

a. 0 E =
fam
;
4
2 2 3/2
1, 6.10
( )
M
qh
E k
R h
= =
+
V/m
C
N
A M B
q
1
q
A
A

33
b.
2 4
max
2
2
3, 5.10 7, 06.10
2 3 3
R q
h m E k
R

= = = = V/m
10. Tm lc tc dng ln mt in tch im
9
5
.10
3
q C

= t tm na vng
xuyn bn knh r
o
= 5cm tch in u vi in tch Q = 3.10
-7
C. Coi nh h t
trong chn khng.

p s
3
2
1,14.10
2
o o
qQ
F N
r

= =
.
11. Mt a trn bn knh a = 8cm tch in u vi mt in mt
3 2
10 / C m

= .
a. Xc nh cng in trng ti mt im trn trc ca a v cch tm
a mt on b = 6cm.
b. Chng minh rng nu b 0 th biu thc thu c s chuyn thnh biu
thc tnh cng in trng gy bi mt mt phng v hn tch in u.
c. Chng minh rng nu b a th biu thc thi c chuyn thnh biu thc
tnh cng in trng gy bi mt in tch im.
p s

a.
2 2
1
1 226
2
1 / o
E
a b

= =

+

V/m
b. Khi 0 b th
2
o
E


=
c. Khi b a , p dng cng thc gn ng:
2
2
2 2
1
1
2
1 /
a
b
a b

+
, ta
c:
2 2
2 2 2
. . .
4 . 4 . 4
o o o
a a q
E
b b b


= = = .
12. Xc nh vect cm ng in D

do mt dy thng di v hn, tch in u, mt

in di 0 > gy ra ti im cch dy mt khong x.
p s
2
D
x

=

34
13. Tnh cng cn thit dch chuyn mt in tch
7
1
.10
3
q C

= t mt im M
cch qu cu tch in bn knh r = 1cm mt khong R = 10cm ra xa v cc. Bit
qu cu c mt in mt
11
10 = C/cm
2
.
p s
( )
M N
A q V V = ;
2
4
4 ( ) 4 ( )
M
o o
Q r
V
r R r R


= =
+ +
; 0
N
V V

= = . Do
:
2
7
3, 24.10
( )
o
qr
A J
r R

= =
+
.

14. Ba in tch im q
1
= +12.10
-9
C, q
2
= -6.10
-9
C, q
3
= +5.10
-9
t ti ba nh ca
mt tam gic u c cnh a = 20cm trong khng kh. Xc nh in th ti tm ca
tam gic .
p s
857, 2 V = (V).
15. Mt vng dy bn knh 4cm tch in u vi in tch Q =
8
1
.10
9

C. Tnh in
th ti:
a. Tm vng dy.
b. Mt im M trn trc vng dy, cch tm vng dy mt on h = 3cm.
p s
a. 250
O
V = V/m
b. 200
M
V = V/m



35
CHNG 2 Equation Chapter 2 Section 1
T TRNG

I. MC CH - YU CU
1. Nm c cc khi nim ca cc i lng: vect cm ng t, vect cng
t trng, t thng...
2. Hiu v ng dng c nh lut Ampe, nh l O G i vi t trng,
nh l v dng in ton phn.
3. Xc nh c lc tng tc gia cc dng in.
II. NI DUNG

1. TNG TC T CA DNG IN - NH LUT AMPRE

1. Th nghim v tng tc t

a. Tng tc t gia cc nam chm

Hai thanh nam chm c t gn nhau th chng c th ht hoc y nhau ty
theo v tr tng i gia cc cc. Nu hai cc cng du th chng s y nhau v
ngc li nu hai cc tri du th chng s ht
nhau. Ngoi ra cc thanh nam chm cn c
th ht c vn st. Cc tnh cht ca
nam chm c gi l t tnh. Tng tc gia
cc nam chm c gi l tng tc t.

b. Tng tc gia dng in vi nam chm

t mt kim nam chm gn mt dy dn,
Hnh 2.1 Tc dng ca dng
in ln kim nam chm.

36
song song vi dy dn cha c dng in (a). Khi cho dng in chy qua, kim nam
chm quay lch i so vi phng ban u (b). Nu i chiu dng in, kim nam
chm cng lch nhng theo chiu ngc li (c).

Nh vy, th nghim chng t dng in cng c t tnh nh nam chm, ngha
l dng in c th ht hoc y nam chm v ngc li nam chm cng c th ht
hoc y dng in.
Thay dy dn bng mt cun dy dn c dng in chy qua, ta cng thu c
kt qu tng t (hnh 2.2a).

Hnh 2.2
Hai dy dn thng song song nhau, gn nhau, khi trong chng c dng in
cng chiu chy qua th chng ht nhau (hnh 2.2b), khi trong chng c dng in
chy ngc chiu nhau th chng y nhau (hnh 2.2c).
Hai ng dy in cng ht nhau hoc y nhau tu theo dng in hai u
ca chng cng chiu hay ngc chiu nhau. Mi cun dy nh vy tng ng vi
mt nam chm: u cun dy no m khi nhn vo, ta thy c dng in chy ngc
chiu quay ca kim ng h th l cc bc (N) ca nam chm (hnh 2.2d), cn
ngc li th l cc nam S (hnh 2.2e). V th ngi ta gi ng dy c dng in l
nam chm in.

Kt lun: Tng tc gia cc dng in cng l tng tc t.

2. nh lut Ampe (Ampre) v tng tc gia hai dng in

thun li cho vic xc nh lc t, Ampre a ra khi nim phn t dng
in, gi tt l phn t dng. Phn t dng in l mt on rt ngn ca dng in.
V mt ton hc, ngi ta biu din n bng mt vect Idl

nm ngay trn phn t

dy dn, c phng chiu l phng chiu ca dng in, v c ln Idl (hinh
2.3).

I
dl

37
Hnh 2.3 Phn t dng in.
Gi s xt hai dng in hnh dng bt k, c cng ln lt l
1
I v
2
I .
Trn hai dng in , ta ly hai phn t dng bt k
1 1
I dl

v
2 2
I dl

(Hnh 2.4) c v
tr tng ng l O v M.

Hnh 2.4 Tng tc gia phn t dng
1 1
I dl

v phn t dng
2 2
I dl

.
T gc O ca
1 1
I dl

, v vect OM r =

n gc ca
2 2
I dl

. Gi gc gia
1 1
I dl

v r

l
1
. V mt phng (P) cha
1 1
I dl

v im M, ti M v vect php tuyn n

ca (P) v gi gc gia n

v
2 2
I dl

l
2
. Lc tng tc gia
1 1
I dl

v
2 2
I dl

c xc
nh bng nh lut Ampere:
nh lut: Lc t dF

do phn t dng in
1 1
I dl

tc dng ln phn t dng

in
2 2
I dl

cng t trong chn khng c:

+ Phng vung gc vi mt phng cha n

v
2 2
I dl

.
+ Chiu l chiu sao cho 3 vect
2 2
I dl

, n

v dF

theo th t lp thnh tam

din thun.
+ ln:

1 1 1 2 2 2
2
. sin . . sin I dl I dl
dF k
r

= (2.1)
trong
4
o
k

= gi l h s t l;
7
4 .10
o
H
m


= : hng s t.
Do , (2.1) c th c vit:

1 1 1 2 2 2
2
. sin . . sin
4
o
I dl I dl
dF
r

= (2.2)

38
Nu hai dng in c t trong mi trng th lc t tng tc gia chng s
tng ln ln:

1 1 1 2 2 2
2
. sin . . sin
.
4
o
I dl I dl
dF
r

= (2.3)
trong , l mt s khng th nguyn, ph thuc vo tnh cht ca mi trng bao
quanh cc phn t dng, c gi l t thm ca mi trng hay l t thm t
i ca mi trng so vi chn khng. n gin, ta gi l t thm ca mi
trng. Vi chn khng 1 = , vi khng kh 1 .
V
( )
1 1 1 1 1
. . sin I dl r n I dl =

;
2 2
( ) I d n dF

, do c th vit li h
thc ca nh lut di dng vect:

( )
2 2 1 1
3
4
o
I dl I d r
dF
r

(2.4)
Mt cch tng t, lc ' dF

do phn t
2 2
I dl

tc dng ln phn t dng

1 1
I dl

l:

( )
1 1 2 2
3
'
'
4
o
I dl I d r
dF
r

(2.5)
Trong cng thc ny, vect ' r r =

, cng ln nhng ngc chiu vi r

.
Nhn xt:
Trong nh lut Ampre, phn t dng ng vai tr tng t nh in tch
im trong nh lut Coulomb.



2. VECT CM NG T, VECT CNG T TRNG


1. Khi nim t trng

Khi xt s tng tc gia cc dng in, chng ta t ra mt s cu hi nh sau:
khi mt dy dn c dng in c t gn mt dng in khc th gia chng c lc
tng tc; nhng ti sao li c lc tng tc ? Lc tng tc truyn t dng in
ny sang dng in khc nh th no v khi ch c mt dng in th trong khng
gian quanh n c g bin i khng? Cu tr li cng ging nh vi tng tc tnh
in. S d gia hai dng in c tng tc t v xung quanh mi dng in u c t
trng. Khi c mt dng in t trong t trng th dng in chu tc dng lc
ca t trng v thng qua t trng; lc t c truyn i vi vn tc hu hn.

39
T trng xut hin xung quanh dng in ngay c khi khng c mt nhng
dng in khc. Khi trong khng gian xung quanh dng in c nhng bin i
nht nh.
Vy: T trng l mt dng vt cht m biu hin c th ca n l tc
dng ca lc t ln dng in hay nam chm t trong n.

2. Cc i lng c trng cho t trng

a. Vect cm ng t nh lut Biot Savart Laplace

Hnh 2.5 Cm ng t gy bi phn t dng.
Xt t trng do phn t dng Idl

gy ra ti mt im M cch n mt on r (Hnh
2.5). T biu thc nh lut Ampre v tng tc gia hai phn t dng in, ta c
nhn xt: vect:

3
.
4
o
Idl r
dB
r

(2.6)
ch ph thuc vo:
Phn t dng in Idl

, l phn t gy ra t trng.
Bn knh vect r

v , tc l vo v tr im M trong t trng ca Idl

.
Nh vy, vect dB

c xc nh theo (2.6) l vect c trng v mt tc

dng lc cho t trng ti im M gy bi phn t dng Idl

, v c gi l vect
cm ng t do phn t dng Idl

gy ra ti M. (2.6) c gi l nh lut Biot

Savart Laplace, c pht biu nh sau:
nh lut: Vect cm ng t dB

do phn t dng in Idl

gy ra ti im M
cch im t ca phn t dng in mt bn knh vect r

l:

3
.
4
o
Idl r
dB
r

(2.7)
Vect ny c:+ im t ti M.
+ Phng vung gc vi mt phng ( , ) r dl

.
+ Chiu sao cho cc vect
dl

,
r

,
dB

th t to thnh tam din

thun.

40
+ ln:

2
. sin( , )
.
4
o
Idl r dl
dB
r

(2.8)
n v ca cm ng t l Tesla (T).
Ngi ta cng c th xc nh chiu ca vect dB

bng qui tc vn nt chai

nh sau: t ci vn nt chai theo phng ca dng in, nu quay ci vn nt chai
sao cho n tin theo chiu ca dng in th chiu quay ca n s ch chiu ca vect
cm ng t ti im (Hnh 2.6).

Hnh 2.6 Xc nh dB

theo quy tc vn nt chai.

b. Nguyn l chng cht t trng

Vect cm ng t B

do mt dng in chy trong mt dy dn di hu hn

gy ra ti mt im M bng tng hp cc vect cm ng t dB

do tt c cc phn t
dng ca dng in gy ra ti im c xt:
B dB =

ca dong
(2.9)
Nu t trng do nhiu dng in gy ra th theo nguyn l chng cht t
trng: Vect cm ng t ti mt im M trong t trng do nhiu dng in gy ra
bng tng hp cc vct cm ng t do tt c cc dng in gy ra ti im .

1 2
1
n
n i
i
B B B B B
=
= + + =

(2.10)
c. Vect cng t trng
Ngi ta nh ngha vect cng t trng H

nh sau:

o
B
H

=

(2.11)
Vect H

khng ph thuc vo , ngha l vect cng t trng c

trng cho t trng do ring dng in gy ra v khng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca

41
mi trng cha dng in. Do cng t trng khng bin i t ngt khi
chuyn t mi trng ny sang mi trng khc.
Trong h n v SI, n v cng t trng l Ampe/met (A/m).

3. Xc nh vect cm ng t v vect cng t trng

a. T trng ca dng in thng

Bi ton: Cho mt dy dn thng di tit din nh c dng in I chy qua. Xc
nh cm ng t gy bi dy dn ti mt im M cch dy mt khong R.
Bi gii

Hnh 2.7 Xc nh vect cm ng t ca dng in thng.
Theo nh lut Biot-Savart-Laplace, vect cm ng t dB

do phn t dng in Idl

gy ra ti im M c phng vung gc vi mt phng cha M v Idl

v c ln:

2
. sin
.
4
o
Idl
dB
r

=
Theo nguyn l chng cht t trng, vect B

do dng in trong on mch

gy ra ti M bng tng hp cc vect dB

do tt c cc phn t dng in gy ra:

B dB =

ca dong
(2.12)
Trong trng hp ny, tt c cc vect dB

c cng phng chiu (vung gc

vi mt phng hnh v v hng vo), nn B

cng c phng chiu nh dB

v c
ln:

2
. sin
4
o
I
dl
B dB
r

= =

2

O
M
B

I
l
dl

1

R
r

42
Ta li c:
2
cotg
sin
R
l R dl d

= = ; v
sin
R
r

= . Thay vo biu thc

cm ng t tng hp, ta c:


2
1
sin .
4
o
I
B d
R

hay:

1 2
(cos cos )
4
o
B
R

= (2.13)
trong
1
v
2
l gc gia cc bn knh vect t hai u dng in n im M.
Nu dng in thng di v hn th:
1
0 = ,
2
= . Do ta c:

2
o
I
B
R

= (2.14)
Suy ra:

2
I
H
R
= (2.15)
Trong h n v SI, ngi ta da vo cng thc (2.15) nh ngha n v ca
cng t trng l A/m. Trong cng thc (2.15), nu cho 1 I A = , chu vi ng
trn bn knh R bng 2 1 R = mt th:

1
1
1
Ampe A
H
met m
= =
Vy: Ampe trn mt l cng t trng sinh ra trong chn khng bi
mt dng in c cng 1 ampe, chy qua mt dy dn thng di v hn, tit
din trn, ti cc im ca mt ng trn ng trc vi dy v c chu vi
bng 1 mt.

b. Dng in trn
Bi ton: Xc nh t trng ca mt dng in khng i chy qua mt dy dn c
dng mt ng trn bn knh R ti im M trn trc ca ng trn v cch tm
vng trn mt khong h .
Bi gii

43

Hnh 2.8 Dng in trn.
Theo cng thc (2.12) vect cm ng t B

:

3
4
o
Idl r
B dB
r

= =

Phn t dng in Idl

vung gc vi r

nn 90
o
= . V tnh cht i xng
nn ta lun tm c mt cp hai phn t dng in i xng qua tm gy ra cc cm
ng t c cng ln, ng phng v i xng qua trc ca vng dy. Kt qu vect
cm ng t tng hp ca tng cp phn t l mt vect nm trn trc ca vng dy v
vect cm ng t B

do c dng in trn gy ra ti M cng nm trn trc , c

ln:

n
B dB =

ca dong dIon

Cm ng t do Idl

gy ra ti M l:

2 2
. sin
. .
4 4
o o
Idl Idl
dB
r r

= =
Gi
n
dB l hnh chiu ca vect dB

ln trc ca dng in v l gc hp
bi dB

vi trc v cos
R
r
= , ta c:

3
. cos .
4
o
n
IR
dB dB dl
r

= =
Ly tch phn cho c dng in hai v biu thc trn vi ch
2
0 c dng in

R
dl dl

=

, ta c:

2
3
( ).
2
o
R I
B
r

=
R

dB

n
dB

O
r
M
h
I
dl

44
Thay
2
R S = v
2 2 1/2
( ) r R h = + vo biu thc trn, ta c:

2 2 3/2
2 ( )
o
IS
B
R h

=
+

Gi . S n S =

l vect nm trn trc dng in trn c chiu tin ca vn nt
chai khi quay n theo chiu dng in, c ln bng din tch S dng in. Khi
n B

. Suy ra:

2 2 3/2
2 ( )
o
IS
B n
R h

=
+

t .
m
P I S =

. Vect
m
P

c gi l mmen t ca dng in trn c

ln .
m
P I S = . Vy,

2 2 3/2
.
2 ( )
o m
P
B
R h

=
+

(2.16)

Khi nim vect mmen t vn p dng ng cho mt dng in kn bt k.


3. T THNG - NH L XTRGRATSKI-GAUSS
I VI T TRNG


1. ng cm ng t

Trong t trng, vect cm ng t thay i theo v tr, c mt hnh nh khi
qut nhng c th v t trng, ngi ta a ra khi nim v ng cm ng t.

nh ngha: ng cm ng t l ng cong v ra trong t trng sao cho tip
tuyn ti mi im ca n trng vi phng ca vect cm ng t ti nhng im y,
chiu ca ng cm ng t l chiu ca vect cm ng t.

Tnh cht:
Cc ng cm ng t khng ct nhau. Ging nh vi ng sc in trng, ta
c th v cc ng cm ng t sao cho mt ca chng cho bit ln ca cm
ng t ti mi im.

45

Hnh 2.9 T ph: a) ca dng in thng, b) ca dng in trn,
c) ca ng dy in.

K
hc vi ng sc in, cc ng cm ng t l nhng ng cong kn, ngha l
khng c im xut pht v khng c im tn cng. V vy, t trng c gi l
mt trng xoy.
Ngi ta qui c v s ng cm ng t qua mt n v din tch vung gc
vi phng ca vect cm ng t c tr s t l vi ln B ca vect B

. Nu gi
d s ng cm ng qua din tch
n
dS vung gc vi vect cm ng t B

th theo
qui c trn ta vit c:
.
n
d BdS = (2.17)
Tp hp cc ng cm ng t ca mt t trng c gi l t ph. c t
ph ca mt dng in thng, ta rc vn st nh ln trn mt tm ba cng c dng
in xuyn qua vung gc vi ba. Di tc dng ca t trng do dng in gy ra,
cc vn st s tr thnh nhng thanh nam chm nh. G nh vo tm ba, cc nam
chm nh s sp xp li theo phng ca vect cm ng t v cho ta hnh nh ca t
ph. T ph cho ta bit mt cch khi qut nhng cng tng i y s bin i
ca t trng t im ny qua im khc. Hnh 2.10 cho ta t ph ca mt s dng
in: thng, trn, ng dy in.
T trng u l t trng trong vect B

c phng chiu v ln nh
nhau ti mi im trong t trng. Nh vy, theo qui c v cch v ng cm ng
t, t trng u c cc ng cm ng t song song v cch u nhau.

2. T thng

Ta gi s xt mt din tch rt nh dS sao cho c th coi vect cm ng t
B

ti mi im ca din tch y l khng i (t trng u).

Theo nh ngha: T thng gi qua din tch dS l i lng c tr s t l
vi s ng cm ng t gi qua din tch y.
Theo qui c (2.17) v theo nh ngha ca t thng, ta c th vit biu thc t
thng gi qua din tch dS:
.
m n
d BdS = (2.18)

46

Hnh 2.10 nh ngha t thng qua din tch dS.
T Hnh 2.10 ta thy
n
dS cng chnh l hnh chiu ca din tch dS ln
phng vung gc vi vect B

, do :
. cos
n
dS dS = (2.19)
Gi n

l vect php tuyn n v ca din tch dS , gc ( , ) B n =

cng
bng gc gia din tch dS v hnh chiu
n
dS ca n ln phng vung gc vi cc
ng cm t B

. T (2.18) v (2.19) ta c:
. . cos .
m
d BdS BdS = =

(2.20)
Nh vy, t thng c th dng v cng c th m hoc bng khng tu theo
gc gia B

v dS

:
Nu 90
o
< th 0
m
d >
Nu 90
o
> th 0
m
d <
Nu 90
o
= th 0
m
d =
Mt khc, . cos
n
B B = l hnh chiu ca vect B

ln phng ca php
tuyn n

, do (2.20) cng c th vit li:

. . cos . .
m n
d BdS B dS BdS = = =

(2.21)
T thng ton phn qua ton b din tch S l:

( )
.
m
S
BdS =

(2.22)
Nu S l mt mt phng vung gc vi cc ng cm ng t ( 0) = v t
trng l u ( ) B const =

th ta c:

( ) ( )
. .
m
S S
BdS B dS BS = = =

(2.23)

47
Trong h n v SI, n v ca t thng l Vbe, k hiu l Wb. T n v
Vbe, ngi ta nh ngha n v cm ng t Tesla nh sau: nu 1
m
Wb = ,
2
1 S m = , 0 = th:

2 2
1
1 1
1
m
n
Wb Wb
B Tesla
S m m

= = = =
Vy: Tesla (T) l cm ng t ca mt t trng u gi qua mi mt vung
din tch phng vung gc vi cc ng sc ca n mt t thng u 1Wb.



3. nh l Oxtrogratxki - Gauss i vi t trng

tm nh l Oxtrogratxki - Gauss i vi t trng, ngi ta tnh t thng
qua mt mt kn S bt k t trong t trng (hnh 2.11).

Hnh 2.11 Xc nh t thng gi qua mt mt kn.
Ngi ta qui c, i vi mt kn, chiu dng ca php tuyn l chiu hng ra
ngoi mt . Do , t thng ng vi ng cm ng t i vo mt kn l m
( 90
o
> nn cos 0 < ); t thng ng vi ng cm ng i ra khi mt kn l
dng ( 90
o
< nn cos 0 > ). Do cc ng cm ng khp kn nn s ng i
vo mt kn S bng s ng ra khi mt kn. Nh vy t thng i vo S c tr s
bng t thng ra khi mt S nhng ngc du nhau, nn:

T thng ton phn gi qua mt kn bt k lun lun bng khng.

( )
. 0
S
BdS =

(2.24)
nh l O-G ni ln tnh cht xoy ca t trng, cc ng cm ng t l
nhng ng cong kn. Nh vy trong thin nhin khng tn ti cc ht "t tch".
Trong gii tch ton, ngi ta chng minh c rng:

48

( ) ( )
. div .
S V
BdS BdV =


(2.25)
trong V l th tch gii hn bi mt kn S. T (2.24) v (2.25) ta suy ra:

( )
div . 0
V
BdV =

V th tch V c chn bt k nn:
div 0 B =

(2.26)
y l biu thc vi phn ca nh l O G i vi t trng.



4. NH L AMPRE V DNG IN TON PHN


1. Lu s ca vect cng t trng

Xt mt ng cong (C) nm trong mt t trng bt k. Ly trn ng cong
mt on v cng nh dl , lp mt vect dl

c di bng dl , c phng trng

vi phng ca on dl , c chiu trng vi chiu dch chuyn trn ng cong (C)
(Hnh 2.13). Ngi ta gi dl

l vect dch chuyn. Lu s ca vect cng t

trng, k hiu l
m
C c nh ngha nh sau:
nh ngha: Lu s ca vect cng t trng dc theo ng cong kn
(C) l i lng v gi tr bng tch phn ca . H dl

dc theo ton b ng cong :

( ) ( )
. . . cos
m
C C
C H dl H dl = =


(2.27)
trong l gc hp bi hai vect H

v dl

.

Hnh 2.12 Xc nh lu s ca vect cng t trng.
Khi gc l gc nhn, tc l nu chiu dch chuyn trn ng cong (C) thun
vi chiu ca cc ng sc th lu s c gi tr dng (hnh 2.12a).

49
Khi gc l gc t, tc l chiu dch chuyn trn ng cong (C) ngc chiu
vi cc ng sc t th lu s c gi tr m (hnh 2.12b).


2. nh l Ampre v dng in ton phn

Xt t trng gy bi mt dng in thng di v hn c cng I . Ly mt
ng sc nm trong mt phng (P) vung gc vi dng in v mt ng cong (C)
(ng lin nt) c dng bt k cng nm trong mt phng (P) (hnh 2.13).

Hnh 2.13 Chng minh nh l v dng in ton phn.
Ti im M bt k trn ng cong (C), cch dng in mt khong r , vect
cng t trng ti M c tr s:

2
I
H
r
=
Lu s ca vct cng t trng dc theo (C) l:

( ) ( ) ( )
. cos
. . . cos
2
C C C
I dl
H dl H dl
r

= =




Nhng . cos . dl MK r d = , thay vo biu thc trn, ta c:

( ) ( )
.
2
C C
I
H dl d

=



(2.28)
Nhn xt:
Nu (C) l ng cong bao quanh dng in, theo biu thc (2.28) ta c:

( ) ( )
. .2
2 2
C C
I I
H dl d I

= = =



(2.29)
- Kt qu s l I + nu chiu ly tch phn trn ng cong (C) cng chiu ng
sc t.

50
- Kt qu s l I nu chiu ly tch phn trn ng cong (C) ngc chiu
ng sc t.
Nu ng cong (C) khng bao quanh dng in, ta chia ng cong thnh hai
phn 1a2 v on 2b1 bng hai tip tuyn O1 v O2 vch t dng in n ng
cong. Gc gia O1 v O2 l (hnh 2.15).

Hnh 2.14 ng cong khng kn bao quanh dng in.
Trn on 1a2, gc gia H

v dl

l gc nhn, ta c:

1 2 0 a
d d

= =


Trn on 2b1, gc gia H

v dl

l gc t, ta c:

0
2 1 b
d d

= =


Kt qu lu s ca vect cng t trng dc theo ng cong kn khng
bao quanh dng in l:

( ) 1 2 2 1
. ( ) ( ) 0
2 2
C a b
I I
H dl d d

= + = =

Vy:

( )
. 0
C
H dl =

(2.30)
Khi t trng gy bi mt dng in c hnh dng bt k v ng cong kn
(C) c hnh dng tu , cc cng thc (2.29) v (2.30) vn nghim ng.
Trng hp t trng gy bi nhiu dng in, c cng ln lt l
1 2
, , ,
n
I I I ,
th theo nguyn l chng cht t trng, ta c th vit:

1 2 n
H H H H = + + +


Thay tng ny vo biu thc tch phn (2.29), ta c:

1 2
1
( ) ( )
. ( )
n
n i
i
C C
H dl H H H dl I
=
= + + + =

Biu thc ny l nh l v dng in ton phn (nh l Ampre) pht biu
nh sau:

51
nh l: Lu s ca vect cng t trng dc theo mt vng ca ng
cong kn (C) bt k bng tng i s cng ca cc dng in xuyn qua din tch
gii hn bi ng cong :

1
( )
.
n
i
i
C
H dl I
=
=

(2.31)
trong
i
I s c du dng nu n c chiu sao cho ng sc t trng do n gy
ra cng chiu vi chiu dch chuyn ca ng cong (C), nu ngc li th
i
I s c
du m.

ngha ca nh l:

Trong in trng tnh, tch phn
( )
. 0
C
E dl =

, cc ng sc in trng l
nhng ng cong khng kn, in trng l trng th.
Trong t trng tch phn
1
( )
.
n
i
i
C
H dl I
=
=

ni chung l khc khng. iu ny

c ngha l t trng khng phi l trng th, m l mt trng xoy.

Ch :

Trong tng cc dng in, khng cn ch n nhng dng in khng xuyn
qua din tch gii hn bi ng cong kn.


V d (Hnh 2.16) xuyn qua ng cong (C) c cc dng in: I
1
= 4A, I
2
= 2A, I
3
=
3A, I
4
= 5A. p dng nh l Ampre ta tnh c:

( )
. 4 2 3 3
C
H dl A = + =

Hnh 2.15 Th d tnh lu s ca vect cng t trng.

52
Nu ng cong kn bao quanh dng in nhiu ln th phi ch n du ca
cng dng in i vi mi vng dch chuyn trn ng cong .

Hnh 2.16 ng cong bao quanh dng in nhiu ln.
V d hnh 2.16a,
( )
. 2 .
C
H dl I =

V d hnh 2.16b,
( )
. 0.
C
H dl =

3. ng dng nh l Ampre

nh l v dng in ton phn cho php ta tnh c mt cch nhanh chng
cng trng H v cm ng t B ca mt s dng in. Mun vy, ta thc hin
theo trnh t cc bc sau:
Chn mt ng cong kn (C) v tnh lu s ca vect cng t trng H

dc
theo (C).
Tm tng s cng dng xuyn qua (C).
Cn bng hai biu thc rt ra H v t c th tnh c B .

a. Cun dy hnh xuyn

Hnh 2.17 Cun dy hnh xuyn.

53
p dng nh l v dng in ton phn ta tnh c cng t trng ti mt im
trn ng trn tm O bn knh R (
1 2
R R R < < ) ca cun dy hnh xuyn c n
vng (Hnh 2.17) qun st nhau, dng in c cng I , s bng:

2
nI
H
R
= (2.32)
v cm ng t B :

2
o
nI
B
R

= (2.33)
b. ng dy thng di v hn

Hnh 2.18 ng dy in thng di v hn.
T biu thc (2.32) v (2.33) c th suy ra cng t trng ti mi im bn trong
ng dy thng di v hn (Hnh 2.18) u bng nhau v bng:

o
H n I = (2.34)
v cm ng t B :

o o
B n I = (2.35)
trong
o
n l s vng dy trn mt n v di ca ng dy. Trong thc t, nhng ng
dy c chiu di ln hn mi ln ng knh ca n u c th coi gn ng l ng
dy di v hn, v c th coi t trng trong n l u.



5. TC DNG CA T TRNG LN DNG IN

1. Lc Ampre

Mt phn t dng in Idl

t im M trong t trng c cm ng t B

,
theo nh lut Ampe n s chu tc dng mt lc:
dF Idl B =



54

Hnh 2.19 Lc t tc dng ln phn t dng in.
T lc ny gi l lc Ampe c:
+ im t: ti phn t Idl

.
+ Phng: vung gc vi mt phng (Idl

, B

).
+ Chiu: sao cho ba vect dl

, B

, dF

theo th t hp thnh mt tam din

thun.
+ ln:
. . .sin dF I dl B = (2.36)
xc nh chiu ca lc Ampre ngi ta cn dng qui tc bn tay tri nh
sau: t bn tay tri sao cho cc ng sc t xuyn vo lng bn tay, dng in i
t c tay n u cc ngn tay, th chiu ca ngn tay ci choi ra ch chiu ca t
lc.

2. Tng tc gia hai dng in thng song
song di v hn

Cho hai dng in thng song song di v
hn nm cch nhau mt khong d , c cng
ln lt l
1 2
, I I cng chiu chy qua. Dng in
1
I gy ra mt t trng
1
B

.

Theo cng thc (2.14), ti v tr t dng
2
I vect cm ng t do
1
I gy ra c phng
vung gc vi mt phng cha hai dy dn, c chiu tun theo qui tc vn nt chai, c
ln bng:

1 1
2
o
B I
d

=
T trng B

tc dng ln mt on dy c chiu di l ca dng in

2
I mt
lc:

2 2 1
F I l B =



B

Idl

dF

Hnh 2.20 Tng tc gia hai dng
in song song.

55
Lc
2
F

c phng vung gc vi dng

2
I , c chiu hng v
1
I v c tr s:

2 1 2
. .
2
o
F I I l
d

= (2.37)
Nh vy dng
1
I ht dng
2
I v l lun tng t ta s thy dng
2
I ht dng
1
I mt lc cng phng ngc chiu vi
1
F

vi
1 2
F F = . Nu hai dng in ngc
chiu th chng s y nhau.

3. Tc dng ca t trng u ln mch in kn

Xt mt khung dy dn kn hnh ch nht ABCD c cc cnh l a v b . Dng
in chy trong khung c cng I . Khung c t trong t trng u B

c
phng vung gc vi cc cnh AB,CD. Gi s khung khng b bin dng v ch c
th quay xung quanh trc i xng ca n. Ban u, mt khung khng vung gc
vi t trng, vect mmen t ca n hp vi vect B

mt gc (2.21a).

Hnh 2.21 T trng tc dng ln khung dy in kn.

Nh qui tc bn tay tri ta xc nh c:
- Cc t lc tc dng ln hai cnh AD v BC trit tiu nhau.
- T lc F

tc dng ln cnh thng ng AB hng v pha trc, cn

lc ' F

tc dng ln cnh thng ng CD hng ra pha sau. Hai lc

ny lun vung gc vi cc cnh AB, CD v vi vect B

, hp vi cc
cnh AD, BC mt gc , c ln ' . . F F I a B = = .
Cc lc ny to thnh mt ngu lc c mmen

M lm khung quay quanh trc

cho n khi 0 = , lc mt khung vung gc vi B

, vect mmen t
m
p

ca
dng in cng phng chiu vi vect B

.
xt tc dng ca cc lc ny, trn hnh 2.21b ta ghp u A ca cnh AD vi u
B ca cnh BC, u C ca cnh BC vi u D ca cnh AD. Gi d l khong cch
gia hai lc:

56
. sin d b =
Mmen ngu lc i vi trc quay c ln bng: . F d = M . Ta suy ra:

. . sin . . . . sin . . . sin
. . sin
m
F b I a Bb I S B
p B

= = =
=
M

trong .
m
p I S = l ln ca vect mmen t ca khung dy. Vect mmen ngu
lc

M c phng vung gc vi hai vect B

v
m
p

, c chiu hng ln trn. Do

ta c th vit:

m
p B =

M (2.38)
Cng ca mmen ngu lc khi quay i mt gc d:
. . . sin .
m
dA d p B d = = M (2.39)
Du tr - th hin ngu lc thc hin cng dng ( 0) dA > khi gim
( 0) d < ; cn khi ngu lc lm cho gc tng ( 0) d > th n sinh cng cn
( 0) dA < . Do , cng ca mmen ngu lc thc hin khi lm cho khung trng
thi ng vi gc lch v v tr cn bng ( 0) = l:

( )
0
0
. . sin . . . cos . 1 cos
m m m
A p B d p B p B

= = ==

(2.40)
Cng ny bng gim nng lng (th nng) ca khung dy in trong t
trng:

( ) ( )
0
. . cos . . cos 0
m m m m
W W p B p B

=
Ta suy ra nng lng ca khung dy in ng vi gc l:
. . cos .
m m m
W p B p B = =

(2.41)
Ngi ta chng minh c rng cc kt qu thu c trn ng i vi mt
mch in kn c hnh dng bt k.

4. Cng ca lc t

Khi dng in chuyn ng trong t trng, t lc tc dng ln dng in s
thc hin cng. tnh cng ny, ta xt mt thanh kim loi AB, di l c th trt
trn hai dy kim loi song song ca mt mch in. Gi s mch in ny nm trong
mt t trng u v vung gc vi vct cm ng t B

ca t trng (Hnh 2.22).

57

Hnh 2.22 Dng in dch chuyn trong t trng.
Lc t tc dng ln thanh AB c ln:
. . F I l B =
Khi thanh dch chuyn mt on nh dr , cng ca lc Ampere l:
. . . . . . dA F dr I l Bdr I BdS = = =
Mt khc: .
m
BdS d = l t thng gi qua din tch b qut. V vy ta c:
.
m
dA I d =
Gi s thanh AB dch chuyn mt on hu hn n AB v coi nh dng
in qua thanh khng i th cng ca lc Ampere l:

( )
2 2
2 1
1 1
.
m m m m
A I d I d I = = =


trong
1 m
,
2 m
l t thng gi qua din tch lc u v lc cui ca on dch
chuyn.
Vy:

( )
2 1 m m
A I = (2.42)
Ngi ta chng minh c rng cc cng thc trn cng ng cho mch in bt
k dch chuyn trong mt t trng bt k. Do :
Cng ca lc t trong s dch chuyn mt mch in bt k trong t
trng bng tch gia cng dng in trong mch v bin thin ca t
thng gi qua din tch mch .


6 TC DNG CA T TRNG LN HT IN
CHUYN NG

1. Lc Lorentz

Mt in tch q chuyn ng trong t trng B

vi vn tc l v

s chu tc
dng bi lc Lorentz c nh ngha nh sau:
F qv B =

(2.43)
B

I
I
+
-
A
B
A
B

58
Lc ny c:
+ im t: ti in tch q .
+ Phng: vung gc vi mt phng to bi hai vect , B v

.
+ Chiu: sao cho ba vect , , B v F

to thnh mt tam din thun.

+ ln:
. . .sin F q v B = (2.44)
trong l gc hp bi hai vect v

v B

.

Hnh 2.23 Lc Lorentz.
T (2.44) ta thy lc Lorentz vung gc vi vn tc chuyn ng ca ht nn
cng thc hin bi lc ny lun bng khng.

2. Chuyn ng ca ht in trong t trng u

Xt chuyn ng ca ht chuyn ng vi vn tc v

c khi lng m, in
tch q ( 0) q > trong t trng u khng i, c cm ng t B

. V lc Lorentz lun
vung gc vi vect vn tc v

v khng thc hin cng nn ng nng ca ht khng

bin i, ln ca vn tc cng khng i, n ch lm cho phng ca vect vn tc
thay i. Nh vy, lc Lorentz ng vai tr ca lc hng tm:

2
. . . sin
L
v
F q v B m
R
= = (2.45)
Ta xt hai trng hp sau y.

a. Vn tc ca ht vung gc vi cm ng t

Trong trng hp ny, v v B

nn Lorentz lm cho ht chuyn ng trong

mt phng vung gc vi vect cm ng t B

vi qu o trn bn knh R.
Theo (2.45), ta c:

2
L
v
F qvB m
R
= =
Suy ra:

59

mv
R
qB
= (2.46)
Chu k quay ca ht:

2 2 R m
T
v qB

= = (2.47)
Tn s quay:

2 qB
T m

= = (2.48)

Hnh 2.24 Chuyn ng ca ht in trong t trng, v B

.
a) trng hp q > 0; b) trng hp q < 0.

Nhn xt:
Cc biu thc (2.47) v (2.48) cho thy chu k v tn s quay khng ph thuc
vo bn knh R v vn tc v ca ht.

b. Vn tc ca ht hp vi cm ng t mt gc

Trong trng hp ny, c th phn tch vect v

thnh hai thnh phn: v

vung gc
vi B

v
//
v

song song vi B

:

//
v v v

= +

(2.49)
Thnh phn vung gc buc ht in chuyn ng theo qu o trn vi bn
knh:

mv
R
qB

= (2.50)
Cn thnh phn song song
//
v

lm cho ht chuyn ng theo phng ca cm

ng t B

vi vn tc
//
v .

60

Hnh 2.25 Chuyn ng ca ht in trong t trng, trng hp ( , ) v B =

.
Vy ht tham gia ng thi hai chuyn ng, kt qu l qu o ca ht l
ng xon c, c bn knh nh (2.50), bc ca qu o xon c bng:

//
. h v T = (2.51)
Thc t, chuyn ng ca ht in trong t trng c nhiu ng dng: to ra
vn tc rt ln ca ht in trong cc my gia tc ht (cyclotron) trong vic nghin
cu ht nhn nguyn t v cc ht c bn v cc ng dng khc; My chn vn tc
o t s e/m ca electron m Joseph Jonh Thomson to ra nm 1897 da trn s
chuyn ng trong t trng ca cc ht in c vn tc khc nhau; Da trn hin
tng chuyn ng ca ht in trong t trng, nm 1879, Edwin H.Hall ln u
tin dng du ca hiu in th Hall xc nh du ca ht in chuyn ng to
nn dng in v ng chng t rng cc ht in chuyn ng to nn dng in
trong kim loi l cc ht mang in m. v.v...


CU HI L THUYT

1. Nu th nghim minh ho tng tc gia dng in v nam chm, gia dng
in v dng in.
2. Pht biu nh lut Ampre, vit biu thc dB

gy bi phn t dng Idl

ti mt
im trong t trng ca n. Nu r phng chiu v ln ca dB

.
3. Pht biu nguyn l chng cht t trng. p dng nguyn l ny nh th no
tnh t trng gy bi cc dng in.
4. Tnh cm ng t B v cng t trng H gy bi dng in thng ni chung,
dng in thng di v hn, bi dng in trn.
5. Xc nh cm ng t B gy bi in tch q chuyn ng vi vn tc v.
6. nh ngha ng sc t v t ph. Nu tnh cht ca ph ng sc t. V ph
cc ng sc ca t trng gy bi mt vi dng in.
7. nh ngha t thng, rt ra nh l O-G i vi t trng.
8. Ti sao ni t trng c tnh cht xoy? Vit biu thc ton hc th hin
tnh cht xoy ca t trng.
9. nh ngha lu s ca vect cng t trng H

. Thit lp nh l Ampre. Cho

v d minh ho nh l ny.

61
10. ng dng nh l Ampre v dng in ton phn tnh cng t trng H
(v tnh B) ti mt im bn trong cun dy hnh xuyn. T suy ra biu thc ca
cng t trng H v cm ng t B gy bi ng dy in thng di v hn.
11. Vit biu thc lc Ampre ca t trng B tc dng ln phn t dng in Idl

.
Nu r phng chiu ln ca lc ny.
12. Tm lc tc dng gia hai dng in thng song song di v hn cng chiu v
ngc chiu nhau.
13. Tnh cng ca t lc khi lm di chuyn mt mch in kn trong t trng.
14. Tm t lc tc dng ln ht in q chuyn ng trong t trng (lc Lorentz).
15. Ht in q chuyn ng vi vn tc v c qu o nh th no trong t trng
B const =

? Xt trng hp v B

, v trng hp v

hp vi B

mt gc .

BI TP

Th d 1: Hai dng in thng di v hn c cng dng
in I
1
= I
2
= 5A c t vung gc nhau v cch nhau mt
on AB = 2cm. Chiu cc dng in nh hnh v.
Xc nh vect cng t trng ti M nm trong
mt phng cha I
1
v vung gc vi I
2
, cch dng in I
1
mt
on MA = 1cm.
Bi gii
xc nh vect cng t trng tng hp ti M, trc ht ta xc nh vect
cng t trng do tng dng in gy ra ti M.
Vect cng t trng
1
H

do
1
I gy ra ti M c:
- im t: ti M.
- Phng: vung gc vi mt phng
1
( , ) I MA .
- Chiu: hnh v.
- ln:

1
1 2
5
79, 6
2 . 2 .10
I
H
MA

= = = A/m
Vect cng t trng
2
H

do
2
I gy ra ti M c:
- im t: ti M.
- Phng: vung gc vi mt phng
2
( , ) I MA .
- Chiu: hnh v.
- ln:

2
2 2
5
26, 5
2 . 2 .3.10
I
H
MB

= = = A/m
M A
B
I
2
I
1
M
A
B
I
2
I
1
1
H

2
H

62
Cng t trng tng hp H

c:
- im t: ti M.
- Phng: hp vi
1
H

1 gc
2
1
tg 0, 33
H
H
= = .
- Chiu: nh hnh v.
- ln:

2 2
1 2
83, 9 H H H = + = A/m
Th d 2: Xc nh cng t trng ti cc im nm bn trong v bn ngoi ca
mt dy dn hnh tr c di v hn c dng in v cng I chy qua. Cho bit
bn knh tit din vung gc ca hnh tr l R.

Bi gii
Dng in c tnh i xng tr nn ng cm ng l nhng ng trn nm trong
mt phng vung gc vi dng in c tm trn trc dy dn. Vect cm ng t B

ti mi im tip tuyn vi ng cm ng v c ln nh nhau.
Chn ng cong kn (C) trng vi mt ng sc t v i qua im cn tnh
cng t trng. Vi cch chn vy nn H

v dl

cng phng cng chiu. Mt

khc, do tnh i xng trc ca t trng nn H const = dc theo ng cong (C).


Theo nh l Ampe ta c:

( )
.
i
i
C
H dl I =

vi
i
i
I

l tng i s cc cng dng in nm trong din tch gii hn bi

ng cong (C).
V tri ca biu thc trn c gi tr:

( ) ( ) ( )
. . .2
C C C
H dl H dl H dl H r = = =




V phi bng:

i r
i
I I =

Suy ra:
A
B

I
r
R
H

2
H

1
H

M
H

63

2
r
I
H
r
=
a) Trng hp mt im A nm bn ngoi dng in I (thuc (C)) cch trc dy dn
mt on r R > .
Vi cch chn nh vy, ton b dng in I xuyn qua (C) nn:
r
I I = . Ta
suy ra:

2
I
H
r
= v
2
o
I
B
r

=
Vy, bn ngoi dy dn, cm ng t t l nghch vi khong cch n trc.
b) Trng hp mt im A nm bn trong dng in I (thuc (C)) cch trc dy dn
mt on r R < .
Vi cch chn nh vy, ch mt phn dng in I xuyn qua (C). Gi s dng
in l phn b u trn tit din dy, ta c mt dng l:

2
I
J
R
=
Do , cng dng in bn trong din tch gii hn bi ng cong (C) l:

2
2
2 2
' . .
I r
I J S r I
R R

= = =
Suy ra:
2
2
.2 '
r
H r I I
R
= =
hay

2
2
Ir
H
R
= v
2
2
o
Ir
B
R

=
Vy, bn trong dy dn, cm ng t t l thun vi khong cch n trc.

Bi tp t gii
1. Tnh cng t trng ca mt dng in di v hn ti mt im cch dng
in 2cm, bit cng dng in I = 5A.
p s: H = 39,8A/m

2. Hai dy dn thng di v hn vung gc nhau v nm
trong hai mt phng vung gc. Trn cc dy dn c
cc dng in I
1
= 2A v I
2
= 3A chy qua (hnh bn).
Xc nh vect cng t trng ti cc im M
1
v
M
2
. Khong cch gia 2 dy dn AB = 2cm, AM
1
=
AM
2
= 1cm.
p s
H
M1
= 35,6A/m; H
M2
= 57,4A/m

M
1
A
B
I
2
I
1
M
2

64
3. Hnh di v mt ct vung gc ca hai dng in thng song song di v hn v
ngc chiu nhau. Khong cch gia 2 dng in AB = 10cm. Cng ca cc
dng in ln lt: I
1
= 20A; I
2
= 30A. Tnh cng in trng ti cc im
M
1
, M
2
, M
3
. Trong , M
1
A = 2 cm, AM
2
= 4 cm, BM
3
=3 cm.

p s
H
M1
= 120A/m; H
M2
= 159A/m; H
M3
= 135A/m

4. Hnh bn biu din tit din ca 3 dng in thng song
song di v hn. Cng cc dng in ln lt bng: I
1

= I
2
= I; I
3
= 2I. Bit AB = BC = 5cm.
Tm trn on AC im c cng t trng tng hp
bng khng.
p s
3, 3 x AM cm = = , M nm trong on AB.

5. Mt dng in cng I = 6A chy trong mt dy dn in un thnh hnh
vung ABCD c cnh a = 10cm. Xc nh vect cm ng t B

v cng t
trng H

ti tm O ca mch in . Chiu dng in ngc chiu kim ng

h.
p s
5
1 1 1
.2cos 4. 6, 67.10
4 .
o
I
B B B T
OM

= = = ; 53, 50 / H A m = .

6. Mt dy dn c un thnh mt hnh tam gic u, mi cnh l a = 50cm. Dng
in chy trong dy dn c cng I=3,14 A.
Xc nh vect cm ng t B

v cng t
trng H

ti tm ca tam gic .
p s
5
1,13.10 ; 9 / B T H A m

= =
7. Mt dy dn c un thnh mt hnh thang cn,
c dng in cng I = 6,28A chy qua (hnh
v). T s chiu di hai y bng 2. Cho bit y b ca
hnh thang l = 20cm, khong cch t A ti y b b = 5cm.
Tm cm ng t ti im A l giao im ca ng ko
di ca hai cnh bn.
p s
5
2 2
. 1,1.10
4
4
o
I
l
B T
b
l b

=
+

I
1

A
M
1
M
2
M
3
I
2

B
I
1

A
I
3
C
I
2

B
D
E
B
C
A l
b
r
a b
c d
A
I
B
l

65

8. Mt khung dy hnh vung abcd mi cnh l = 2cm, c t gn dng in thng
di v hn AB cng I = 30A. Khung abcd v dy AB cng nm trong mt mt
phng, cnh ad song song vi dy AB v cch dy mt on r = 1cm (hnh bn).
Tnh t thng gi qua khung dy.

p s
8
ln 13, 2.10 ( )
2
o
Il
r l
Wb
r

= =

9. Trn mt vng dy dn bn knh R = 10cm c dng in cng I = 1A chy
qua. Tm cm ng t B:
a. Ti tm O ca vng dy.
b. Ti mt im trn trc ca vng dy v cch tm O mt on h = 10cm.
p s
( )
2
5
3/2
2 2
.
2, 3.10
2
o
I R
B T
R h

= =
+


10. Cnh mt dy dn thng di trn c dng in cng I
1
= 30A chy qua, ngi
ta t mt khung dy dn hnh vung c dng in cng I
2
= 2A. Khung v
dy dn thng nm trong cng mt mt phng. Khung c th quay quanh mt trc
song song vi dy dn v i qua cc im gia ca hai cnh i din ca khung.
Trc quay cch dy dn mt on b = 30mm. Mi cnh khung c b di a =
20mm. Tm:
a. Lc f tc dng ln khung.
b. Cng cn thit quay khung 180
o
xung quanh trc ca n.
p s
a.
2
6
1 2
2
2
. 6.10
2
4
o
I I
a
F N
a
b

= =

b.
( )
2 2 1 m m
A I =
Vi
1 1
. . cos . . cos180
m
B S B S = = ;
2 2
. . cos . . cos 0
m
B S B S = =
Suy ra:
2
2 A I = , vi
1
ln
2
o
I l
r l
r

Cui cng:
7
1 2 2
ln 3, 3.10
2
o
a
b
I I a
A J
a
b

= =

66
11. Mt electron chuyn ng trong mt t trng u cm ng t B = 5.10
-3
T, theo
hng hp vi ng sc t trng mt gc = 60
o
. Nng lng ca electron
bng W = 1,64.10
-16
J. Trong trng hp ny qu o ca electron l mt ng
inh c. Tm:
a. Vn tc ca electron.
b. Bn knh ca vng inh c v chu k quay ca electron trn qu o.
c. Bc ca ng inh c .
p s
a.
7
1, 9.10 / v m s =
b.
2
. sin
2
mv
mv
R cm
eB eB

= = = ;
9
2
2 2
7.10
R m
T s
v eB


= = =
c.
1
2
2 . cos
5
mv
mv
h cm
eB eB

= = =

12. Mt electron c tng tc bi hiu in th U = 10
3
V bay vo trong mt t
trng u vung gc vi phng chuyn ng ca n. Cm ng t
3
1,19.10 B T

= . Tm:
a. Bn knh cong ca qu o lectron.
b. Chu k quay ca electron trn vng trn.
p s
a. Vn tc ca lectron trc khi bay vo t trng c xc nh bng h
thc:
2
/ 2 eU mv = . Lc Lorentz tc dng ln ht e gi vai tr lc hng tm:
2
/ mv R evB = . T suy ra:

2
2
2
9.10
mU
R m
eB

= =
b.
8
2
3.10
m
T s
eB

= =








67
Equation Chapter 3 Section 1
CHNG 3
DAO NG

Dao ng l mt dng chuyn ng rt hay gp trong i sng, trong k thut v
c rt nhiu ng dng quan trng. Dao ng c th l c hc nh lc l xo, con lc
ng h, dao ng ca cc i lng in nh dng in trong mch, in th
hai u t in, in tch trn bn t,... iu c bit l, i vi chuyn ng ny th
h phi c mt v tr cn bng bn, vt dao ng th vt chuyn ng qua li v tr
cn bng . Khi vt ri khi v tr cn bng bn th lun c mt lc ko vt v v tr
cn bng bn gi l lc hi phc. Khi h chuyn ng n v tr cn bng th qun
tnh lm cho h tip tc vt qua v tr cn bng . Trong phm vi nghin cu y,
chng ta cp n hai loi dao ng l dao ng c hc v dao ng in t.
Dao ng in t l mt loi dao ng v mt hnh thc tng t nh dao ng c
hc. Cn v bn cht, dao ng in t l mt s bin thin tun hon theo thi gian
ca cc i lng in v t nh cng dng in trong mch in xoay chiu,
in tch trn cc bn ca t in,... Trn c s ca vic kho st dao ng, chng ta
nm bt c thng tin v chuyn ng ca i tng. Vn chng ta quan tm i
vi mt chuyn ng l phng trnh chuyn ng, qua chng ta c th bit c
thng tin v v tr, vn tc v gia tc ca vt v chng ta cng bit chnh xc v nng
lng m h c c.
I. MC CH - YU CU

1. Nm vng kin thc v dao ng c hc, dao ng in t.
2. Bit cch thit lp cc biu thc v dao ng iu ha, tt dn v cng bc
ca cc loi dao ng trn.
3. Nm c phng php tng hp hai dao ng iu ha cng phng cng
tn s.
II. NI DUNG

68

1. DAO NG C IU HA

1. Hin tng

Trong cuc sng thng ngy ta thng gp cc dao ng nh dao ng ca con
lc nh con lc l xo, con lc vt l hay con lc
ton hc. nm bt c cch kho st mt
dao ng c hc ta xt mt con lc l xo (hnh
1-1), con lc ny gm mt qu cu nh khi
lng m gn vi mt u l xo. u cn li ca
l xo c gi c nh. Qu cu trt khng ma
st trn mt phng nm ngang. Khi ko qu cu
ra khi v tr cn bng O mt on OM x = ,
lc n hi F

xut hin ko qu cu ngc chiu vi di. Thc nghim chng t

rng, vi di x nh, ln ca lc ko F

t l vi di:
F kx = (3.1)
trong : k l h s n hi, du tr chng t rng lc F

v di x ngc chiu
nhau.
Nu th qu cu ra cho vt chuyn ng t do v b qua sc cn ca mi trng
(ma st, khng kh,), qu cu s chuyn ng qua li quanh v tr cn bng mi mi
di tc dng ca lc F

. Chuyn ng c gi l dao ng iu ha.

2. Phng trnh dao ng iu ha

Theo phng trnh c bn ca ng hc cht im ta c
ma F kx = = (3.2)
Trong ,

2
2
dv d x
a
dt dt
= = (3.3)
Thay (3.3) vo (3.2) ta c:

2
2
d x
m kx
dt
=
hay
M
O
x
F

O
a)
b)
Hnh 3.1 Con lc l xo.

69

2
2
0
d x k
x
m dt
+ = (3.4)
y k v m l cc hng s dng nn ta t
:
2
o
k
m
=
Vy, phng trnh (3.4) thnh:

2
2
2
0
o
d x
x
dt
+ = (3.5)
Ta c mt phng trnh vi phn thun nht ca x vi h s khng i gi l
phng trnh vi phn ca dao ng iu ha. Gii phng trnh ny, ta c:

0
cos( ) x A t = + (3.6)
Trong : - 0 A > gi l bin cc i.
- ) (
0
+ t gi l pha dao ng.
- l pha ban u ca dao ng.
-
o
l tn s gc ca dao ng.
Nh vy, Dao ng iu ha l dao ng trong di l mt hm s sin hoc
cos ca thi gian.

3. Kho st dao ng iu ha

T phng trnh dao ng ta s bit ta x ca qu cu ti thi im t bt k.
Bin cc i A c gi tr:

max
A x = (3.7)
- Tn s gc:

o
k
m
= (3.8)
- Vn tc v gia tc ca con lc l xo dao ng iu ha:
) sin(
0 0
+ = = t A
dt
dx
v (3.9)
) cos(
0
0
2
+ = = t A
dt
dv
a (3.10)
Thay (3.6) vo (3.10) ta c:
2
o
a x =
Vy gia tc lun ngc chiu v t l vi di.
Cc phng trnh (3.6), (3.9), (3.10) l cc hm tun hon theo chu k:

70

0
0
2

= T (3.11)


o
T gi l chu k dao ng ca con lc. l khong thi gian ngn nht vt t
mt trng thi no tr li trng thi y.
S dao ng trong mt n v thi gian gi l tn s ca dao ng v c xc nh:

0
0
1
2
f
T

= = (3.12)

4. Nng lng dao ng iu ha

Dao ng l mt dng chuyn ng c, v vy nng lng dao ng l c nng
c tnh bng tng ng nng v th nng ca con lc:

d t
E E E = + (3.13)
ng nng ca con lc ti thi im t :
) ( sin
2
1
2
1
0
2 2
0
2 2
+ = = t A m nv E
d
(3.14)
ng nng cc i ca vt l
Hnh 3.2a Biu din th ca x
theo thi gian t .
Hnh 3.2b Biu din th ca v
theo thi gian t .
Hnh 3.2c Biu din th ca a
theo thi gian t .

71

2 2
0
2
2
1
2
1
kA A m E
d
= = . (3.15)
Trong , 0
2
m k = .
Ta bit rng th nng ca mt con lc l xo l:

2
2
1
kx E
d
= . (3.16)
Nh vy,
) ( cos
2
1
0
2 2
0
2
+ = t A m E
t
. (3.17)
Khi vt c ly cc i th th nng,
2 2
0
2
2
1
2
1
kA A m E
t
= = .
Nh vy, nng lng ca dao ng iu ha l:
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
2 2 2
0
1 1
sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2
1 1
2 2
d
E E Et
m A t m A t
m A kA

= +
= + + +
= =
.
Nng lng ny c bo ton trong qu trnh dao ng: Trong qu trnh vt dao
ng, c s chuyn ha gia ng nng v th nng nhng nng lng ca h lun
bo ton. c bit, nng lng ca dao ng iu ha ti mi thi im lun bng
ng nng cc i v bng th nng cc i ca vt trong qu trnh dao ng.

2. DAO NG C TT DN

1. Hin tng

Mt vt thc hin qu trnh dao ng iu ha l mt qu trnh l tng, thc t
bt c mt vt dao ng c hc no khi xy ra trong mi trng cng chu tc dng
ca ca lc cn m kt qu lm cho vt dao ng vi bin gim dn. Dao ng nh
vy gi l dao ng tt dn.
Xt mt h dao ng chu tc dng ca lc cn ca mi trng. Lc cn ca mi
trng ngc chiu vi chuyn ng v t l vi vn tc:
.v F r =
(3.18)

trong r l h s t l gi l h s cn ca mi trng.


72
2. Phng trnh dao ng tt dn

Ta hy thit lp phng trnh dao ng tt dn ca con lc l xo. Trong trng
hp ny, hp lc tc dng ln qu cu:

c
F F kx rv + =
(3.19)

Phng trnh c bn ca chuyn ng trong trng hp ny l
ma kx rv =
(3.20)

hay

2
2
d x dx
m r kx
dt dt
=


2
2
0
d x r dx k
x
dt m dt m
+ + = . (3.21)
t,

2
r
m
= . gi l h s tt dn. (3.22)
Phng trnh (3.21) tr thnh:
0 2 0
2
2
2
= + + x
dt
dx
dt
x d
(3.23)
(3.23) gi l phng trnh vi phn ca dao ng tt dn. Theo ton hc gii tch, khi
o
> , nghim phng trnh ny c dng:

0
. cos( )
t
x A e t

= + (3.24)
y l biu thc di ca dao ng tt dn. Hng s gi l tn s gc ca dao
ng tt dn:

2 2
0
= . (3.25)
Chu k T ca dao ng tt dn l:

2 2
0
2 2
T

= =

. (3.26)

3. Kho st dao ng tt dn

t,

0
.
t
A A e

= (3.27)

73
gi l bin dao ng tt dn. Bin ny gim theo quy lut hm m. th dao
ng tt dn c cho hnh 1.2.

c trng cho mc tt dn ca dao ng,
ngi ta a ra mt i lng gi l gim lng
lga:
Gim lng lga c tr s bng lga t nhin
ca t s gia hai gi tr lin tip ca hai bin
dao ng cch nhau mt khong thi gian
bng mt chu k T.
Ta c biu thc:

T
T t
t
e
e A
e A
T t A
t A

= =
+
= ln ln
) (
) (
ln
) (
0
0
,

hay
T = . (3.28)
Bin dao ng gim dn l do nng lng ca h trong qu trnh dao ng gim
dn do phi thng cng cc lc cn.

3. DAO NG C CNG BC

1. Hin tng

Gi s ta cung cp nng lng cho h dao ng b li nhng phn nng lng
mt th dao ng ca h s khng tt dn na, dao ng ca h s c duy tr.
Thm vo , vi mt h nht nh ta c th cng bc cho vt dao ng iu ha vi
mt chu k v tn s xc nh ph hp tiu chun bn ca vt liu. lm c
iu ny ta tc dng ln h mt ngoi lc, lc ny phi l lc tun hon t F F = cos
0
.
Cng do lc ny sinh ra s c tr s bng phn nng lng b p cho h. Dao ng
iu ha ca h di tc dng ca ngoi lc tun hon gi l dao ng cng bc.
Khi tc dng ngoi lc tun hon ln h, h bt u dao ng. Thc nghim chng
t rng trong giai on u, dao ng ca h kh phc tp. N l chng cht ca hai
dao ng: dao ng ring tt dn di tc dng ca ni lc v dao ng cng bc
di tc dng ca ngoi lc tun hon. Sau mt thi gian ln (gi l thi gian qu
), dao ng tt dn coi nh khng cn na; khi dao ng ca h ch l dao ng
cng bc di tc dng ca ngoi lc tun hon. Dao ng cng bc c chu k
bng chu k ca ngoi lc tun hon tc dng.
Hnh 3.3 th dao ng tt dn.

74

2. Phng trnh dao ng cng bc

Ta hy i tm phng trnh dao ng cng bc ca mt con lc l xo. Lc tc
dng ln qu cu gm: lc n hi F kx = , lc cn
c
F rv = v ngoi lc tun
hon. Ta xt trng hp ngoi lc tun hon ny l hm cos ca thi gian t :

0
cos F F t = (3.29)
Chu k dao ng ca ngoi lc l:

2
=

(3.30)
p dng phng trnh c bn ca ng lc hc i vi qu cu ta c:
0
os ma kx rv F c t = + ,
hay

2
0 2
2
0
2
os
os
d x dx
m kx r F c t
dt dt
F d x r dx k
x c t
dt m dt m m
= +
+ + =

Hay,

2
2 0
0 2
2 os
F d x dx
x c t
dt dt m
+ + = (3.31)
y l phng trnh vi phn ca dao ng cng bc, l mt phng trnh vi phn
khng thun nht. Nghim ca phng trnh ny c dng l

os( ) x Ac t = +
(3.32)


Ni chung qu trnh dao ng cng bc l mt dao ng iu ha nhng vo
thi im mi bt u cng bc dao ng rt phc tp. Sau mt thi gian qu ,
dao ng tt dn coi nh khng cn na. Vt lc ny dao ng cng bc di tc
dng ca ngoi lc F . Dao ng cng bc l dao ng hnh sin c chu k . Biu
thc ca dao ng cng bc l:
Trong A v c tnh theo cng thc:

0
2 2 2 2 2
0
( ) 4
F
A
m
=
+
; v
2 2
0
2
tg

=

.

Nhn xt, bin dao ng cng bc ph thuc vo tn s ca ngoi lc cng bc.
Ngi ta chng minh c rng, khi
2 2
0
2 = th bin ca dao ng t

75
cc i,
0
ax
2 2
0
2
m
F
A
m
=

. Hin tng bin ca dao ng t cc i khi

tn s ca ngoi lc t n gi tr ny gi l hin tng cng hng.
Tn s
2 2
0
2 = gi l tn s cng hng.

4. DAO NG IN T IU HA

1. Mch dao ng in t LC

Dao ng in t n gin nht l dao ng trn mch LC, l mt mch in
gm mt t in c in dung

C , mt cun dy c
h s t cm

L. B qua in tr trong mch. u
tin ta ng kha K tch in cho t in C
t ngun in n in tch
o
Q , hiu in th trn
hai u bn t l
o
U . Sau , ngt kha K, t in bt
u phng in cho cun dy. Trong mch c bin
thin tun hon theo thi gian ca cng dng in

i , in tch q trn bn t in, hiu in th gia hai
bn t, nng lng in trng ca t in, nng
lng t trng ca ng dy ... Do , cc dao ng
ny c gi l cc dao ng in t iu ho. Mt khc trong mch ch c mt cc
yu t ring ca mch nh t in C v cun cm L, nn cc dao ng in t ny
c gi l cc dao ng in t iu ha.
Ta xt chi tit hn qu trnh dao ng ca in tch mch trn. Ti thi im

0 t = , in tch ca t l
o
Q , hiu in th gia hai bn l /
o o
U Q C = , nng lng
in trng ca t in c gi tr cc i bng:

2
(max)
2
o
e
Q
E
C
= (3.33)
Cho t phng in qua cun cm L. Dng in do t phng ra tng dn t
khng, do s thay thay i ca dng in trong cun cm lm cho t thng gi qua
cun cm L tng dn. Trong cun cm xut hin dng in t cm ngc chiu vi
dng in do t C phng ra, nn dng in tng hp trong mch tng dn, in tch
trn hai bn t gim dn. Trong khong thi gian ny, nng lng in trng ca t
in
2
/ 2
e
E q C = gim dn, cn nng lng t trng trong lng ng dy
Hnh 3.4 Mch dao ng
in t iu ha

76
2
/ 2
m
E Li = tng dn. Nh vy, c s chuyn ho dn t nng lng in trng
sang nng lng t trng.
Khi t C phng ht in tch, nng lng in trng 0
e
E = , dng in trong mch
t gi tr cc i
o
I , nng lng t trng trong ng dy t gi tr cc i
2
(max)
/ 2
m o
E LI = . Sau cun dy ng vai tr nh mt ngun in v tch in
cho t in. V vy, dng in trong mch gim dn t gi tr
o
I v khng, ng thi
vi qu trnh ny th in tch trn hai bn t in tng dn t khng n gi tr cc
i
o
Q . V mt nng lng th nng lng in trng tng dn n gi tr cc i
2
(max)
/ 2
e o
E Q C = , cn nng lng t trng gim dn v khng. Nh vy c s
chuyn ho t nng lng t trng thnh nng lng in trng. Qu trnh c tip
tc xy ra trn mch vi nng lng in t E trn mch khng i. Mt dao ng
in t nh vy gi l dao ng in t iu ha. c th hiu y v mt dao
ng ny, chng ta tin hnh kho st dao ng ca mch trn c s gii tch ton hc
nh sau:

2. Thit lp phng trnh dao ng in t iu ha

Ta bit rng, trong qu trnh dao ng in t vi mch LC l tng th khng
c s mt mt nng lng trong mch, nn nng lng in t ca mch khng i:

e m
E E E const + = =
(3.34)

Ch
2
2
e
q
E
C
= v
2
2
m
Li
E = , ta c:

2 2
2 2
q Li
const
C
+ =
(3.35)

Ly o hm cp hai c hai v theo thi gian v
ch / dq dt i = , ta c:

2
2
1
0
di
i
LC dt
+ =
t
2
1
o
LC
= , ta c:
Hnh 3.5 th biu din
dao ng iu ha.

77

2
2
2
0
o
di
i
dt
+ = (3.36)
l phng trnh vi phn cp hai thun nht c h s khng i. Nghim tng qut
ca (3.36) c dng:

cos( )
o o
i I t = + (3.37)
trong
o
I l bin ca cng dng in, pha ban u dao ng,
o
l tn s
gc ring ca dao ng:

1
o
LC
= (3.38)
T tm c chu k dao ng ring
o
T ca dao ng in t iu ho:

2
2
o
o
T LC

= =
Nh vy, in tch ca t in, hiu in th gia hai bn t cng bin thin vi
thi gian theo nhng phng trnh c dng tng t nh (3.37).


2. DAO NG IN T TT DN

1. Mch dao ng in t RLC

Mt mch in ch c in dung v cun cm l mt mch l tng v khng
th thc hin c trong thc t. Cun dy bao gi cng c ch to bi vt liu dn
(dy dn kim loi) nn lun c in tr trong trn mc.
Vi s c mt ca in tr th s c s to nhit trn
in tr R, nn gi tr cc i ca cc i lng nh
0 0 0
, , ,... I Q U khng c bo ton theo thi gian m
gim dn theo thi gian. Do , loi dao ng ny
c gi l dao ng in t tt dn. Mch dao ng
RLC trn c gi l mch dao ng in t tt dn.

2. Phng trnh dao ng in t tt dn
Hnh 3.6. Mch dao
ng in t tt dn.

78
Do trong mch c in trR, nn trong thi gian dt phn nng lng to nhit
trn in tr
2
Ri dt bng gim nng lng in t dE ca mch. Theo nh lut
bo ton v chuyn ho nng lng, ta c:

2
dE Ri dt = (3.39)
Thay
2 2
2 2
q Li
E
C
= + vo (3.39), ta c:

2 2
2
2 2
q Li
d Ri dt
C

+ =

(3.40)
Chia c hai v ca phng trnh (3.40) cho dt , sau ly o hm theo thi gian v
thay
dq
i
dt
= , ta thu c:

q di
L Ri
C dt
+ = (3.41)
Tip tc ly o hm hai v ca (3.41) theo thi gian v thay
dq
i
dt
= , ta thu c:

2
2
1
0
d i R di
i
L dt LC dt
+ + = (3.42)
t, 2
R
L
= ,
2
1
o
LC
= , ta thu c phng trnh:

2
2
2
2 0
o
d i di
i
dt dt
+ + = (3.43)
l phng trnh vi phn cp hai thun nht c h s khng i. Vi iu kin ca
cc h s tt nh sao cho
o
> hay
2
1
2
R
LC L

>

th nghim tng qut ca
phng trnh (3.43) c dng:
cos( )
t
o
i I e t

= + (3.44)
trong
o
I , l hng s tch phn ph thuc vo iu kin ban u, cn l tn s
gc ca dao ng in t tt dn v c gi tr:

79

2
1
2
o
R
LC L

= <

(3.45)
Chu k dao ng in t tt dn:

2 2 2
2 2 2
1
2
o
T
R
LC L

= = =

(3.46)
Nh vy, chu k dao ng tt dn ln hn chu k dao ng ring trong mch.
i lng
t
o
I e

l bin ca dao ng tt dn. N gim dn vi thi gian theo qui
lut hm m. Tnh cht tt dn ca dao ng in t c c trng bng mt i
lng gi l lng gim lga, k hiu bng ch . i lng ny cng c xc nh
tng t nh trong dao ng c hc tt dn.


6 DAO NG IN T CNG BC

1. Hin tng

Trong mch dao ng in t LRC ni tip lun xy ra qu trnh mt mt nng
lng do ta nhit tun theo nh lut Jun-Lenx trn in tr lm mch dao ng tt
dn. Mun mch tip tc dao ng ta phi cung cp nng lng cho mch bng cch
mc ni tip vo mch mt ngun in xoay chiu c sut in ng E E sin
o
t = .
Tuy nhin, vi ngn dao ng nh th ny th mch s dao ng vi tn s gc bng
tn s ca ngun in. Dao ng in t nh vy gi l dao ng in t cng
bc.

2. Phng trnh dao ng in t cng bc

Trong thi gian dt , ngun cung cp cho mch mt nng lng l EIdt . Nng
lng ny bng tng nng lng in t dW v phn nng lng chuyn thnh
nhit Jun-Lenx
2
RI dt . Theo nh lut bo ton v chuyn ha nng lng, ta c:
( )
E
2 2
2
2 2
LI q
d RI dt Idt
C
+ =
+


E sin
o
dI q
L RI t
dt C
+ + =
(3.47)


80

o hm hai v theo t v thay
dq
I
dt
= , ta c:
E
2
2
cos
o
d I dI I
L R t
dt C dt
+ + =

E
2
2
2
2 cos
o
o
d I dI
I t
dt L dt


+ + = (3.48)
Nghim ca phng trnh c dng:
( ) cos
o
t I I + = (3.49)
Trong ,
( )
E E
2
2
1
o o
o
I
Z
R L
C
= =
+

v
1
R
tg
L
C
=

vi
( )
2
2
1
Z R L
C
= +

gi l tng tr mch dao ng. t

L
Z L =
v
1
C
Z
C
=

th
L
Z v
C
Z gi l cm khng v dung khng ca mch. Nh vy,

2 2
( )
L C
Z R Z Z = + (3.50)
T biu thc (3.50), ta thy rng
o
I t gi tr cc i khi

1 1
hay
ch o
L
C LC
= =

Hin tng ny gi l hin tng cng hng in. Nh vy, hin tng cng
hng in xy ra khi tn s gc ca ngun xoay chiu c gi tr bng tn s gc
ring ca mch dao ng.
Trong thc t, mun to ra cng hng in, ta s dng cc phng php sau:
- Thay i tn s gc ngun xoay chiu sao cho bng tn s gc ring
o
.
~
L
E
C
q
R
I
Hnh 3.7 Mch dao ng in
t cng bc.

81
- Thay i h s t cm L v in dung C ca mch dao ng sao cho
o
= .
Hin tng cm ng in t c ng dng rng ri trong k thut v tuyn v iu
khin. Tuy nhin chng ta khng xt n cc vn ny.


7 . TNG HP DAO NG

Vn t ra l c rt nhiu trng hp m mt vt s chu tc ng ng thi
ca hai (hoc nhiu hn) dao ng iu ha cng bn cht. Chng ta s tm cch cch
xc nh dao ng tng hp . Phng php tng qut nht v thng s dng trong
kho st cc dao ng tng hp l phng php gin vct quay. Tuy nhin, trong
trng hp c bit l cc dao ng cng phng, cng tn s v cng bin th s
tin li hn nu chng ta dng phng php lng gic. Tuy nhin, y chng ta
ch trnh by v cch tng hp bng phng php gin vct quay.


1. Biu din dao ng iu ha bng vect quay

Xt mt dao ng iu ha ( ) cos t x A + = theo phng trc Ox. Dao
ng c biu din bng phng php vect quay
nh sau: Chn Ox lm gc, chn mt chiu quay
dng. V mt vect A

gc O c chiu di khng
i, c di tng ng bng bin A. Phng
chiu ca A

hp vi Ox mt gc ( )
, Ox A
=

.
A

quay quanh O theo chiu dng vi vn tc

khng i v c tr s bng tn s gc .
Ti mi thi im, hnh chiu ca A

ln trc Ox
bng
( ) cos t x A + =

2. Tng hp hai dao ng iu ha cng phng cng tn s

Xt 2 dao ng

( )
( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
cos
cos
x A t
x A t


= +
= +

A

x
O
Hnh 3.8 Biu din dao ng
iu ha bng vect quay.

82
Dao ng tng hp l
( )
1 2
cos x x x A t = + = +
trong
( )
2 2
1 2 1 2 2 1
2 cos A A A AA = + + (3.51)
v

1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
sin sin
cos cos
A A
tg
A A

+
=
+
(3.52)

Tng hp hai dao ng iu ha cng phng cng tn s l mt dao ng iu
ha c cng phng, cng tn s vi cc dao ng thnh phn. Bin v pha ban
u c xc nh bi cc cng thc (3.51) v (3.52).

CU HI L THUYT

1. Thit lp phng trnh dao ng in t iu ho ring khng tt cho dng in:
cos( )
o o
i I t = + .
2. Vit biu thc tn s v chu k ca dao ng ring khng tt.
3. M t mch dao ng in t tt dn. Thit lp biu thc ca dng in trong mch
dao ng in t tt dn.
4. Vit biu thc tn s v chu k ca mch dao ng in t tt dn. So snh chu k
dao ng tt dn vi chu k dao ng ring.
5. M t mch dao ng in t cng bc. Thit lp biu thc ca dng in trong
mch dao ng in t cng bc. Nu ngh ca cc i lng c trong biu thc.
6. Hin tng cng hng l g? Khi no xy ra hin tng cng hng?
7. Vit phng trnh dao ng tng hp ca hai dao ng iu ho cng phng, cng
tn s. Khi no th bin dao ng tng hp t gi tr cc i v cc tiu?
8. Vit phng trnh dao ng tng hp ca hai dao ng iu ho cng tn s c
phng vung gc vi nhau. Vi iu kin no th dao ng tng hp c dng ng
thng, elip vung, ng trn?


BI TP

83


Bi tp 1: Mt mch dao ng in t iu ha gm mt cun dy thun cm c
t cm L = 5.10
-2
H v mt t in c in dung C = 2.10
-6
F, t c tch in ti in
th cc i U
o
= 120V. Tnh:
a. Tn s dao ng ca mch.
b. Nng lng in t ca mch.
c. Dng in cc i trong mch.
Bi gii
a. Tn s dao ng ca mch:

2 6
1 1 1
500
2 2.3,14. 5.10 .2.10
f Hz
T
LC

= = = =

b. Nng lng dao ng ca mch:
2 6 2
1 1
.2.10 .120 0, 014
2 2
o
E CU J

= = =
c. Dng in cc i trong mch:

2
6 2
2 2
2
1 1 2.10 .120
0,76
2 2 5.10
o
o o o
CU
E CU LI I A
L

= = = = =
Bi tp 2: Mt mch dao ng in t gm mt t in c in dung 7 C F = ,
cun dy c h s t cm 0, 23 L H = v in tr 40 R = . Ban u in tch trn
hai bn t
4
5,6.10
o
Q C

= . Tm:
a. Chu k dao ng in t trong mch.
b. Gim lng lga ca mch dao ng in t tng ng.
c. Phng trnh bin thin theo thi gian ca cng dng in trong mch
v hiu in th gia hai bn t in.
Bi gii
a. V in tr 40 0 R = nn dao ng in t trong mch l dao ng in t tt
dn. Phng trnh dao ng ca in tch trn t c dng:
cos( )
t
o
q Qe t

= +
Lc 0 t = th
( 0)
cos
t o o
q Q Q
=
= = . Suy ra 0 = . Phng trnh c vit li:
cos
t
o
q Qe t

=

84
Chu k dao ng ca mch:

3
2 2
6
2 2.3,14
8.10
1 1 40
2 2.0, 23 0, 23.7.10
T s
R
LC L

= = =










b. Lng gim lga ca dao ng in t trong mch:

3
40.8.10
0, 7
2 2.0, 23
RT
T
L

= = = =
c. Phng trnh bin thin theo thi gian ca cng dng in v hiu in th
gia hai bn t in:
87
2
250 (rad/s)
0, 44 sin250 (A)
t
T
dq
i e t
dt

= =
= =

87
80 cos 250 (V)
t
q
u e t
C

= =

Bi tp t gii
1. Mt mch dao ng in t iu ha gm mt t in c in dung 2 C F = v
mt cun dy thun cm c t cm 0, 5 L H = . T c tch in n hiu in
th cc i 100
o
U V = . Tm:
a. Nng lng in t ca mch.
b. Dng in cc i trong mch.
p s: a.
2
10 J E

= ; b. 0, 2A
o
I =
2. Mt mch dao ng in t iu ha gm mt t in c in dung 0,25 C F =
v mt cun dy thun cm c t cm 1, 015 L H = . in tch cc i trn hai bn
t 2, 5
o
Q C = . Tm:
a. Chu k, tn s dao ng ca mch.
b. Nng lng in t ca mch.
c. Dng in cc i trong mch.
p s: .

85
a. 316 f Hz =
b
6
12, 5.10 J E

=
c
3
5.10 A
o
I

=
3. Mt mch dao ng in t iu ho gm mt cun dy thun cm c h s t cm
L = 1H v mt t in c in tch trn hai bn t bin thin iu ha theo phng
trnh
5
5.10
cos 400 (C) q t

= .
a. Tm in dung ca t.
b. Tm nng lng in t ca mch.
c. Vit phng trnh bin thin theo thi gian ca cng dng in trong
mch.
p s: a.
6
1
.10
1, 6
C F

= ; b.
4
2.10 J E

= ; c.
2
2.10 sin 400 (A) i t

=
4. Mt mch dao ng in t iu ha gm t in c in dung
7
6, 3.10 C F

=
v mt dy thun cm c h s t cm L. Phng trnh biu din s bin thin theo
thi gian ca cng dng in trong mch 0, 02sin400 (A) i t = . Tm:
a. Chu k, tn s dao ng.
b. H s t cm L.
c. Nng lng in trng cc i v nng lng t trng cc i.
d. Hiu in th cc i trn hai bn t.
p s:
a.
3
5.10 T s

= ; 200 f Hz = .
b. 1 L H =
c.
4 4
(max) (max)
1, 97.10 J, 1, 97.10 J
e m
E E

= =
d. 25, 2 (V)
o
U =
5. Mt mch dao ng in t iu ha gm t in c in dung
7
9.10 C F

= v
cun dy thun cm c h s t cm L. Hiu in th gia hai bn t in bin thin
iu ha theo phng trnh
4
50 cos 10 (V) u t = . Tm:
a. Tm chu k v tn s dao ng.

86
b. Tm h s t cm L.
c. Phng trnh bin thin ca cng dng in trong mch theo thi gian.
d. Nng lng in t ca mch.
p s:
a.
4 3
2.10 ; 5.10 T s f Hz

= =
b.
3
10 L H

=
c.
4
1, 4 sin10 ( ) i t A =
d.
2
0,11.10 J E

=
6. Mt mch dao ng gm t in c in dung
6
0, 4.10 C F

= , mt cun dy c
h s t cm
2
10 L H

= v in tr 2 R= .
a. Tm chu k v tn s dao ng ca mch.
b. Sau thi gian mt chu k hiu in th gia hai bn t in gim i bao
nhiu ln.
p s:
a.
4
4.10 , 2500 T s f Hz

= =
b.
1, 04
t
t T
U
U
+
=

7. Mt mch dao ng gm t in c in dung
9
1,1.10 C F

= , cun dy c t
cm
5
5.10 L H

= v lng gim lga 0, 005 = . Tm thi gian nng lng

in t trong mch gim i 99%. Coi gn ng chu k dao ng ca mch
2 T LC = .
p s:
Hng dn: Nng lng dao ng ti thi im t l
t
E , nng lng dao ng ti
thi im t t + l
t t
E
+
. Sau thi gian t nng lng cn li l 1%. Ta c:
2 ( ) 2
( ) ( )
, , 100
2 2
t t t
o o t
t t t
t t
Qe Qe E
E E
C C E
+
+
+
= = =
.

Suy ra:

3
6, 8.10 t s

=

87
8. Mt mch dao ng in t gm t in c in dung
6
0, 2.10 C F

= , mt cun
dy c t cm
3
5, 07.10 L H

= v in tr R. Tm:
a. Lng gim lga, bit hiu in th trn hai bn t gim i 3 ln sau 10
-3
s.
Coi gn ng chu k dao ng ca mch theo cng thc 2 T LC = .
b. in tr R ca mch.
p s
a.
4
2.10 T s

= ;
4
1
3
ln
2.10 ln 3
0, 22
10
o
U
T
U
t

= = =
b.
2
11,1
L
R
T

= =
9. Mt mch dao ng in t iu ho gm mt cun dy thun cm c t cm
5
3.10 L H

= v mt t in. Mch dao ng cng hng vi bc sng

750m = . Tm in dung ca t in. Cho
8
3.10 m/s c = .
p s:
8
2 0, 52.10 T LC C F
c

= = =









Equation Chapter 4 Section 1
CHNG 4

88
THUYT TNG I HP EINSTEIN

Thuyt tng i c coi l nh cao nht ca c hc c in nhng ng thi
cng l mt b phn khng th thiu c trong vt l hin i. Trong quan im ca
c hc c in (c hc Newton) th khng gian, thi gian v vt cht khng ph
thuc vo chuyn ng; khng gian v thi gian l tuyt i, kch thc v khi
lng ca vt l bt bin. Cc hc thuyt vt l c xy dng da trn nn c hc
Newton gii thch mt cch khoa hc v cht ch cc hin tng, cc vn ng ca
vt cht mc v m xung quanh ta. Tuy nhin, cng vi s pht trin ca khoa
hc v k thut m cc hin tng vt l ngy cng mi v pht sinh nhiu vn
mu thun vi cc l thuyt bit trc . Vo cui th k 19 v u th k 20, vi
nhng thit b quan st hin i ngi ta gp nhng vt chuyn ng nhanh vi vn
tc c vn tc nh sng trong chn khng (3.10
8
m/s), khi xut hin s mu thun
vi cc quan im ca c hc Newton: Khng gian, thi gian v khi lng ca vt
khi chuyn ng vi vn tc gn bng vn tc nh sng th ph thuc vo chuyn
ng ca vt. Nm 1905, Einstein xut l thuyt tng i ca mnh. L thuyt
tng i c xem l mt l thuyt tuyt p v khng gian v thi gian. L thuyt
ng vng qua nhiu th thch thc nghim trong sut hn 100 nm qua. L
thuyt tng i da trn hai nguyn l: nguyn l tng i v nguyn l v s bt
bin ca vn tc nh sng.
I. MC CH - YU CU
1. Hiu c ngha ca nguyn l tng i Einstein, nguyn l v tnh bt
bin ca vn tc nh sng.
2. Hiu v vn dng c php bin i Lorentz. Tnh tng i ca khng
gian, thi gian.
3. Nm c khi lng, ng lng tng i tnh, h thc Einstein v ng
dng.
II. NI DUNG
1. CC TIN EINSTEIN

1. Nguyn l tng i
Mi nh lut vt l u nh nhau trong cc h qui chiu qun tnh.

89
Galileo tha nhn rng nhng nh lut ca c hc hon ton ging nhau
trong mi h qui chiu qun tnh. Einstein m rng tng ny cho ton b cc
nh lut vt l trong cc lnh vc in t, quang hc...
2. Nguyn l v s bt bin ca vn tc nh sng
Vn tc nh sng trong chn khng u bng nhau i vi mi h qun
tnh. N c gi tr bng c = 3.10
8
m/s v l gi tr vn tc cc i trong t nhin.


2. NG HC TNG I TNH PHP BIN I
LORENTZ

1. S mu thun ca php bin i Galileo vi thuyt tng i Einstein

* Xt hai h qui chiu qun tnh K v K', trong h K' chuyn ng thng u vi
vn tc V so vi h K. tin li ta xt chuyn ng dc theo phng x. Theo php
bin i Galileo trong c hc c in, thi gian din bin ca mt qu trnh vt l
trong cc h qui chiu qun tnh K v K u nh nhau: t = t. Khong cch gia hai
im 1 v 2 no o c trong hai h K v K u bng nhau:
2 1 2 1
/
' ' '
trong K trong K .
l x x l x x = = =

Vn tc v ca cht im chuyn ng trong
h K bng tng cc vn tc v' ca cht
im trong h K v vn tc V ca h K'
i vi h K:
v=v' +V
Tt c cc kt qu trn y u ng
i vi v << c. Nhng chng mu thun vi
l thuyt tng i ca Einstein. Theo thuyt
tng i: thi gian khng c tnh tuyt i,
khong thi gian din bin ca mt qu trnh
vt l ph thuc vo cc h qui chiu. c
bit khi nim ng thi ph thuc vo h
qui chiu, tc l cc hin tng xy ra ng thi trong h qui chiu qun tnh ny s
khng xy ra ng thi trong h qui chiu qun tnh khc. minh ha chng ta xt
v d sau:


Hnh 4.1

90
Hai h qui chiu qun tnh K v K vi cc trc ta x, y, z v x, y, z. H K
chuyn ng thng u vi vn tc V so vi h K theo phng x. T mt im A bt
k, trn trc x c t mt bng n pht tn hiu sng theo hai pha ngc nhau ca
trc x. i vi h K bng n l ng yn v n cng chuyn ng vi h K. Trong
h K cc tn hiu sng s ti cc im B v C cch u A cng mt lc. Nhng
trong h K, im B chuyn ng n gp tn hiu sng, cn im C chuyn ng ra xa
khi tn hiu sng, do trong h K tn hiu sng s n im B sm hn n im C.
Nh vy trong h K, cc tn hiu sng ti im B v im C khng ng thi.
nh lut cng vn tc, h qu ca nguyn l tng i Galileo cng khng p
dng c. Theo nh lut ny th nh sng truyn n B vi vn tc c +V > c, cn
nh sng truyn n C vi vn tc c V < c. iu ny mu thun vi nguyn l th 2
trong thuyt tng i Einstein.
* Cng c mt mu thun n gin m tt c chng ta u bit nhng c iu rt t
khi kho st chuyn ng nh sau:
Ta bit,
0
v=v +at. Nh vy, vi mt gi tr a xc nh (khc khng), tc l chuyn
ng c gia tc ca mt vt. Cho thi gian v t , nh vy, vt c th
t ti vn tc l . Ta cha ni n liu c tn ti c vt hay khng m y ta
thy rng vi phm thuyt tng i ca Einstein (
8
max
v 3.10 / m s = .)

2. Php bin i Lorentz

gii quyt mu thun ny, Lorentz tm ra php bin i cc ta khng
gian v thi gian khi chuyn t h qun tnh ny sang h qun tnh khc ph hp hon
ton vi thuyt tng i ca Einstein. Php bin i ny c gi l php bin i
Lorentz.
Gi s ti thi im t = 0, hai gc O trong h quy chiu qun tnh K trng vi
gc O trong h quy chiu qun tnh K. K' chuyn ng thng u so vi K vi vn
tc V theo phng x. Theo thuyt tng i thi gian khng c tnh cht tuyt i m
ph thuc vo h qui chiu, ngha l t t.
Gi s ta x l hm ca x v t theo phng trnh:
x = f(x,t) (4.1)
tm dng ca phng trnh trn ta hy vit phng trnh chuyn ng ca hai gc
ta O v O. i vi h K, gc O chuyn ng vi vn tc V. Ta c:
x = V.t hay x V.t = 0 (4.2)
x l ta ca gc O trong h K. i vi h K, gc O ng yn, do ta x
ca n s l:
x = 0 (4.3)
Phng trnh (4.1) cng phi ng i vi im O, iu c ngha l khi ta thay x
= 0 vo phng trnh (4.1) th phi thu c phng trnh (4.2), mun vy th:

91
x = (x V.t) (4.4)
trong l hng s. i vi h K, gc O chuyn ng vi vn tc V. Nhng i
vi h K, gc O l ng yn. Lp lun tng t nh trn ta c
x = ( x + Vt ) (4.5)
trong l hng s. Theo tin th nht ca Einstein th mi h qui chiu qun
tnh u tng ng nhau, ngha l t (4-4) c th suy ra (4-5) v ngc li bng
cch thay V -V, x x, t t. Suy ra: . =
Theo tin hai: x = c.t t = x/c
x = c.t t = x/c
Thay t v t vo (4.4) v (4.5) ta c:
x = (x
V.x
c
); x = (x +
V.x'
c
)
Nhn v vi v ca hai h thc trn, sau rt gn ta nhn c:
2
2
1
v
1
c
=

.
Thay vo cc cng thc trn ta nhn c cc cng thc ca php bin i Lorentz.
Php bin i Lorentz:

2
2
x-V.
'
V
1
c
t
x =

;
2
2
x'+V.
V
1
c
t
x =

. (4.6)
V,

2
2
2
V
t-
c
'
V
1
c
x
t =

;
2
2
2
V
t'+ '
c
V
1
c
x
t =

. (4.7)
V h K chuyn ng dc theo trc x nn y = y v z = z.
T kt qu trn ta nhn thy nu c (tng tc tc thi) hay khi V c 0
(s gn ng c in khi V << c) th:
x = x Vt, y = y, z = z, t = t
x = x +Vt, y = y, z = z, t = t
ngha l chuyn v php bin i Galileo.
Khi V > c, ta x, t tr nn o, do khng th c cc chuyn ng vi vn
tc ln hn vn tc nh sng.
3. CC H QU CA PHP BIN I LORENTZ

92

1. Khi nim v tnh ng thi v quan h nhn qu

Gi s trong h qun tnh K c hai bin c A
1
(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
, t
1
) v bin c A
2
(x
2
,
y
2
, z
2
, t
2
) vi x
1
x
2
. Chng ta hy tm khong thi gian t
2
- t
1
gia hai bin c
trong h K' chuyn ng u i vi h K vi vn tc V dc theo trc x. T cc cng
thc bin i Lorentz ta c
2 1 2 1 2
2 1
2
2
V
( )
c
' '
1
t t x x
t t
V
c

=

. (4.8)
T (4.8) ta suy ra rng nhng bin c xy ra ng thi trong h K (t
1
= t
2
) s
khng ng thi trong h K v t
2
- t
1
0, ch c mt trng hp ngoi l l khi hai
bin c xy ra ng thi ti nhng im c cng gi tr ca x (y c th khc nhau).
Nh vy khi nim ng thi l mt khi nim tng i, hai bin c xy ra ng thi
trong mt h qui chiu qun tnh ny ni chung c th khng ng thi trong mt
h qui chiu qun tnh khc.
Nhn vo cng thc (4.8) ta thy gi s trong h K: t
2
- t
1
> 0 (tc l bin c A
1
xy ra trc bin c A
2
), nhng trong h K: t
2
- t
1
cha chc ln hn 0, n ph
thuc vo du v ln ca
2 1 2
V
( )
c
x x . Nh vy trong h K th t ca cc bin c
c th bt k.
Tuy nhin iu ny khng c xt cho cc bin c c quan h nhn qu vi
nhau. Mi quan h nhn qu l mi quan h c nguyn nhn v kt qu. Nguyn nhn
bao gi cng xy ra trc, kt qu xy ra sau. Nh vy: Th t ca cc bin c c
quan h nhn qu bao gi cng c m bo trong mi h qui chiu qun tnh. Th
d: vin n c
bn ra (nguyn nhn), vin n trng ch (kt qu). Gi A
1
(x
1
, t
1
) l bin c
vin n bn ra v A
2
(x
2
, t
2
) l bin c vin n trng ch. Trong h K: t
2
> t
1
. Gi u
l vn tc vin n v gi s x
2
> x
1
, ta c x
2
- x
1
= u(t
2
-t
1
). Thay vo (4-8) ta c:
2 1 2
2 1 2 1 2
2 1
2 2
2 2
V
V
( ) 1
( )
c
c
' '
1 1
t t u
t t u t t
t t
V V
c c





= =

. (4.9)
Ta lun c u << c, do nu t
2
> t
1
th ta cng c t
2
> t
1
. Trong c hai h K v K bao
gi bin c vin n trng ch cng xy ra sau bin c vin n c bn ra.


93
2. S co li ca di (s co ngn Lorentz)

Xt hai h qui chiu qun tnh K v K'. H K' chuyn ng thng u vi vn
tc V so vi h K dc theo trc x. Gi s c mt thanh ng yn trong h K t dc
theo trc x, di ca n trong h K bng:
0 2 1
' ' l x x = . Gi l l di ca thanh
trong h K. T php bin i Lorentz ta c:
2 2
2
2
2
x -V.
'
V
1
c
t
x =

;
1 1
1
2
2
x -V.
'
V
1
c
t
x =

.
Ta phi xc nh v tr cc u ca thanh trong h K ti cng mt thi im: t
2
= t
1
, do
,

2
2 1
2 1 0 0 2
2
2
x - V
' ' 1
c
V
1
c
x
x x l l l = = <

(4.10)
H K' chuyn ng so vi h K, nu ta ng h K quan st th thy thanh chuyn
ng cng h K'. Chiu di ca thanh h K nh hn chiu di ca n trong h K'.
Vy: di (dc theo phng chuyn ng) ca thanh trong h qui chiu m
thanh chuyn ng ngn hn di ca thanh trong h m thanh ng yn.
Ni mt cch khc khi vt chuyn ng, kch thc ca n b co ngn theo
phng chuyn ng.
V d: mt vt c vn tc gn bng vn tc nh sng V=260000 km/s th
2
2
V
1 0, 5
c
khi
0
0, 5 l l kch thc ca vt s b co ngn i mt na. Nu quan
st mt vt hnh hp vung chuyn ng vi vn tc ln nh vy ta s thy n c
dng mt hnh hp ch nht, cn mt khi cu s c dng hnh elipxoit trn xoay.
Nh vy kch thc ca mt vt s khc nhau tu thuc vo ch ta quan st n
trong h ng yn hay chuyn ng. iu ni ln rng khng gian c tnh tng
i, n ph thuc vo chuyn ng. Khi vt chuyn ng vi vn tc nh (V << c), t
(4-10) ta c
0
l l = , ta tr li kt qu ca c hc c in, khng gian c coi l tuyt
i, khng ph thuc vo chuyn ng.


3. S gin ca thi gian

Xt hai h qui chiu qun tnh K, K. H K chuyn ng u vi vn tc V so
vi h K dc theo trc x. Ta t mt ng h ng yn trong h K. Xt hai bin c
xy ra ti cng mt im A trong h K. Khong thi gian gia hai bin c trong h

94
K l
2 1
' ' ' t t t = . Khong thi gian gia hai bin c trong h K l
2 1
t t t = . T php
bin i Lorentz ta c:
1 1 2
1
2
2
V
t' + '
c
V
1
c
x
t =

;
2 2 2
2
2
2
V
t' + '
c
V
1
c
x
t =

.
2 1
1 2 2 1
2
2
' '
' '
V
1
c
t t
x x t t t

= = =

.

Hay,

2
2
V
' 1 .
c
t t t = < (4.11)
Nh vy: Khong thi gian t ca mt qu trnh trong h K chuyn ng
bao gi cng nh hn khong thi gian t ca qu trnh xy ra trong h K ng
yn.
V d: nu con tu v tr chuyn ng vi vn tc V=260000 km/s th
t=0,5.t, tc l nu khong thi gian din ra mt qu trnh trn con tu v tr l 5
nm th mt t lc thi gian tri qua l 10 nm. c bit nu nh du hnh v
tr ngi trn con tu chuyn ng vi vn tc rt gn vi vn tc nh sng V=299960
km/s trong 10 nm n mt hnh tinh rt xa th trn tri t 1000 nm tri qua
v khi nh du hnh quay tr v tri t, ngi mi gi thm 20 tui, nhng trn tri
t 2000 nm tri qua. C mt iu cn ch l t c vn tc ln nh vy
th cn tn rt nhiu nng lng, m hin nay con ngi cha th t c. Nhng s
tri chm ca thi gian do hiu ng ca thuyt tng i th c thc nghim xc
nhn.
Nh vy khong thi gian c tnh tng i, n ph thuc vo chuyn ng.
Trng hp vn tc chuyn ng rt nh V << c, t cng thc (5-11) ta c t' t,
ta tr li kt qu ca c hc c in, y khong thi gian c coi l tuyt i,
khng ph thuc vo chuyn ng.

4. Php bin i vn tc

Gi s v l vn tc ca cht im i vi h qun tnh K, v l vn tc i vi h
qun tnh K. H K chuyn ng thng u i vi h K dc theo phng x. Ta hy
tm quy lut lin h vn tc trong cc h qun tnh K v K.

95
2
2
dx-V.
'
V
1
c
dt
dx =

;
2
2
2
V
dt
c
'
V
1
c
dx
dt

=

.

x
x
x 2 2
v -V dx' dx-Vdt
v' = =
V V
dt'
dt- dx 1- v
c c
= (4.12)
2 2
y 2 2
y
x 2 2
V V
dy 1- v 1-
c c
dy'=dy v' = =
V V
dt- dx 1- v
c c
(4.13)
2 2
2 2
x 2 2
V V
dz 1- v 1-
c c
dz'=dz v' = =
V V
dt- dx 1- v
c c
z
z
(4.14)
Cc cng thc trn biu din quy lut tng hp vn tc trong thuyt tng i.
Trng hp V/c << 1, th
x x
v' = v V ,
y y
v' = v v v' = v
z z
nh c hc c in.
Nu
x
v c = th
x
v' c = iu chng minh tnh bt bin ca vn tc nh sng trong
chn khng i vi h quy chiu qun tnh.


4. NG LC HC TNG I


1. Phng trnh c bn ca chuyn ng cht im
Theo thuyt tng i, khi mt vt chuyn ng vi vn tc th khi lng ca
vt ph thuc vo vn tc:
0
2
2
v
1
c
m
m =

, (4.15)
trong m
o
l khi lng ngh ca cht im. Nh vy, khi lng c tnh tng i,
n ph thuc h quy chiu. Phng trnh biu din nh lut II Newton

96
dv
. .
dt
F ma m = =

khng th m t chuyn ng ca cht im vi vn tc ln c.
m t chuyn ng cn c phng trnh khc tng qut hn. Theo thuyt tng i
phng trnh c dng
d( .v)
dt
m
F =

. (4.16)
Khi v<< c, m
0
= m = const.
Phng trnh (4.16) gi l phng trnh c bn ca ng lc hc tng i tnh
i vi chuyn ng ca cht im.

2. ng lng v nng lng

ng lng ca mt vt bng,

0
2
2
m
p = mv = v
v
1-
c

(4.17)
Khi v << c ta tr v biu thc ng lng
0
p = m v

. Ta hy tnh nng lng ca vt,
theo nh lut bo ton nng lng th tng nng lng ca vt bng cng ca
ngoi lc tc dng ln vt:
dE=dA=F.ds

.
n gin ta xt trng hp ngoi lc F

trng phng vi di ds

, khi :

0
2
2
m v d
dE=dA=F.ds= ds
dt
v
1-
c






. (4.18)
Mt khc, t cng thc (4.15) ta c
0
3/2
2
2
2
m vdv
dm=
v
c 1-
c



(4.19)
Ta c,
2
dE=dm.c
Hay,
2
E=m.c +C. Do, m = 0 th E = 0 nn C = 0. Vy,

2
E=m.c (4.20)

97
Cng thc (4.20) gi l h thc Einstein.

ngha ca h thc Einstein: Khi lng l i lng c trng cho mc qun tnh
ca vt, nng lng c trng cho mc vn ng ca vt. Nh vy, h thc
Einstein ni lin hai tnh cht ca vt cht: qun tnh v mc vn ng. H thc
cho ta thy r, trong iu kin nht nh, mt vt c khi lng nht nh th cng c
nng lng nht nh tng ng vi khi lng .

3. Cc h qu
a. Nng lng ngh ca vt
2
0
E=m .c .
Khi chuyn ng th vt c ng nng E

. Do ,
2 2
0
m.c =m .c E

+ .

2 2 2
0 0
2
2
1
E m.c - m .c m .c -1
v
1-
c

= =



. (4.21)
Khi v << c th,
1/ 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
1 v 1 v
1- 1 ...
c 2 c
v
1-
c

= + +



Suy ra,
2
2 2
0 0 2
1 v 1
E m .c 1 -1 m .v
2 c 2

= + =


.
Ta thu c biu thc ng nng trong c hc c in.

b. Lin h gia nng lng v ng lng ca vt
2 2 0
2
2
E=m.c .
1
m
c
v
c
=

Bnh phng hai v ta c,

98
2
2
0 2
m .c E 1
v
c

=


.
Thay
2
E=m.c v p=m.v vo ta c:

2 2 4 2 2
0
E =m .c p c + . (4.22)
y l biu thc lin h gia nng lng v ng lng.

CU HI L THUYT

1. Cho bit gii hn ng dng ca c hc c in.
2. Pht biu hai tin Einstein
3. Vit cng thc ca php bin i Lorentz.
4. Gii thch s co ngn ca di v s gin ca thi gian.
5. Phn tch tnh tng i ca s ng thi gia cc bin c c quan h nhn qu vi
nhau.
6. Da vo php bin i Lorentz, chng t trt t k tip v thi gian gia cac bin
c c quan h nhn qu vi nhau vn c tn trng.
7. Chng t c hc Newton ch l trng hp gii hn ca thuyt tng i Einstein
khi v << c hay coi c ln v cng.
8. Vit biu thc chng t trong thuyt tng i Einstein, khi lng m ca mt vt
tng ln khi chuyn ng.
9. T cng thc cng vn tc trong thuyt tng i, tm li nh lut cng vn tc
trong c hc Newton.
10. Vit v nu ngha ca h thc Einstein v nng lng. 11. T h thc
2
E=m.c ,
tm li biu thc ca ng nng ca mt vt chuyn ng vi vn tc v << c trong c
hc c in.

BI TP

Th d 1. Cho mt ng h B cch mt quan st vin mt khong L. Hy ch r
phng php chnh cho ng b ng h vi mt ng h A ca quan st vin.

99
Bi gii: Cho ng h B dng li lc / .
B
t L c =
Lc t = 0 (trn ng h A) ngi ta pht mt tn hiu sng v pha ng h B. Khi tn
hiu n B, cho ng h B hot ng tr li.
Th d 2. Vt chuyn ng phi c vn tc bng bao nhiu ngi quan st ng
h quy chiu tri t thy chiu di ca n gim i 25%.
Bi gii: Chiu di ca vt chuyn ng c xc nh theo cng thc
2
0 2
V
1
c
l l = .
Theo gi thuyt ta c,
2
0
2
0 0
2
v
0, 25 0, 75 1 0, 75
c
v
1 0,75 0, 6615
c
v=198600km/s.
l l l
l l

= = =
= =

Th d 3. Tm vn tc ca ht Mzn nng lng ton phn ca n ln gp 10 ln
nng lng ngh ca n.
Bi gii:
Theo thuyt tng i th,
2
0 0
2 2 2
0
2 2 2
m v E E 1
E 10
E
v v v
1- 1- 1-
c c c
E = = = = =
8
v
0, 995 v 2, 985.10 m/s.
c
= =

Vy, vn tc ca Mzn l 2,985.10
8
m/s.
Th d 4.

Bi tp t gii
1. Mt n chp in t cch mt quan st vin 30 km. n pht ra mt chp sng
v c quan st vin nhn thy vo lc 13h. Xc nh thi im thc ca bin c .
p s: n pht sng vo lc 13h km 10
-4
s.
2. Vt chuyn ng phi c vn tc bng bao nhiu ngi quan st ng h quy
chiu tri t thy chiu di ca n gim i 1/2 ln.
p s: 2,59.10
8
m/s.
3. Khi lng ca electron bng hai ln khi lng ngh ca n. Tm vn tc chuyn
ng ca electron.
p s: 2,59.10
8
m/s.

100
4. Khi lng ca vt tng thm bao nhiu ln nu vn tc ca n tng t 0 n 0,9
ln vn tc ca nh sng.
p s:2,3 ln.
5. Ht mzn trong cc tia v tr chuyn ng vi vn tc bng 0,95 ln vn tc nh
sng. Hi khong thi gian theo ng h ngi quan st ng trn tri t ng vi
khong thi gian sng mt giy ca ht mzn.
p s: 3,2s.
6. Ht electron phi chu mt hiu in th tng tc U bng bao nhiu vn tc ca
n bng 95% vn tc nh sng.
p s: 1,1.10
6
V.
7. Tm hiu in th tng tc U m proton vt qua cho kch thc ca n trong h
qui chiu gn vi tri t gim i 1/2 ln. Cho m
p
= 1,67.10
-27
kg.
p s: 9.10
8
V.
8. Hi vn tc ca ht phi bng bao nhiu ng nng ca ht bng nng lng
ngh.
p s: 2,6.10
8
m/s.
9. Khi lng ca ht electron chuyn ng ln gp hai ln khi lng ca n khi
ng yn. Tm ng nng ca ht.
p s: E

= 8,2.10
-14
J
10. ng nng ca ht bng mt na nng lng ngh ca n th vn tc ca ht
phi bng bao nhiu?
p s: 2,22.10
8
m/s.
11. Khi nng lng ca vt bin thin 4,19J th khi lng ca vt bin thin bao
nhiu?
p s:
17
4, 65.10 . kg

12. Mt my bay chuyn ng vi vn tc 600 m/s i vi mt t. i vi quan st
vin mt t th di my bay co ngn bao nhiu ?
p s:
10
10 . m

Equation Chapter 5 Section 1

101
CHNG 5
GIAO THOA NH SNG - NHIU X NH SNG

Quang hc sng l phn vt l nghin cu v nh sng theo quan im nh sng
l cc sng. S ng n ca l thuyt ny l gp phn phn gii thch mt cch
chnh xc v khoa hc cc hin tng quang hc nh giao thoa nh sng, nhiu x nh
sng, phn cc nh sng,... Ngi u tin ra thuyt sng nh sng l nh vt l
ngi H Lan Christian Huygens nm 1687. Theo Huygens, nh sng l sng n hi
truyn trong mt mi trng c bit gi l te v tr lp y khng gian. Thuyt
sng nh sng gii thch c cc hin tng ca quang hnh hc nh phn x,
khc x nh sng. Vo u th k th 19, da vo thuyt sng nh sng Fresnel gii
thch cc hin tng giao thoa, nhiu x nh sng. n nm 1865, da vo nhng
nghin cu l thuyt ca mnh v trng in t v sng in t, Maxwell xy
dng thuyt in t v sng nh sng v gii thch c rt nhiu cc hin tng
lin quan n nh sng. Trong tit ny chng ta s nghin cu v mt s nhng khi
nim c bn ca sng nh sng v cc nguyn l nh nguyn l chng cht cc sng,
nguyn l Huygens l c s ca quang hc sng.

I. MC CH - YU CU

1. Nm c c s trong vic nghin cu quang hc sng.
2. Xc nh c dao ng sng tng hp ti mt im no .
3. Kho st c nhiu x qua mt khe hp v cch t, nhiu x trn tinh th.
4. ng dng c cc l thuyt sng trong vic kho st nhiu x v giao thoa
nh sng.

II. NI DUNG
1. C S CA QUANG HC SNG


1. Mt s khi nim c bn v sng

102

Sng l qu trnh truyn dao ng trong khng gian v theo thi gian. Da vo
tnh cht truyn sng m ta chia sng thnh hai loi: sng ngang v sng dc.
i vi cc loi sng ni chung v sng c hc ni ring, khng gian c sng
truyn qua c gi l trng sng. Tp hp nhng im dao ng cng pha trong
trng sng gi l Mt sng. Mt gii hn gia phn mi trng m sng truyn
qua v cha truyn ti gi l mt u sng. Nu sng c mt u sng l mt cu th
c gi l sng cu, nu mt u sng l mt phng th c gi l sng phng. i
vi mi trng ng cht v ng hng, ngun sng nm tm ca mt sng cu,
tia sng (phng truyn sng) vung gc vi mt u sng (hnh 5.1). Nu ngun
sng rt xa phn mi trng m ta kho st th mt sng l nhng mt phng song
song, cc tia sng l nhng ng thng song song vi nhau v vung gc vi cc
mt sng (hnh 5-2).









Da theo s lan truyn sng, ngi ta chia sng c hc thnh hai loi: sng
ngang v sng dc.
- Sng ngang: l sng c phng dao ng ca cc phn t mi trng vung gc vi
phng truyn sng (sng nc, sng truyn trn dy khi rung nh mt u). Sng
ngang xut hin trong cc mi trng c tnh n hi v hnh dng (mi trng vt
rn).
- Sng dc: l sng c phng dao ng ca cc phn t mi trng trng vi phng
truyn sng (sng dao ng ca l xo). Sng dc xut hin trong cc mi trng chu
bin dng v th tch (mi trng vt rn v mi trng kh).

2. Thuyt in t v nh sng ca Maxwell

Theo l thuyt in t ca Maxwell th bn cht ca nh sng l cc sng in
t, l cc dao ng in t bin thin lan truyn trong khng gian theo thi gian.
Sng nh sng l sng ngang, bi v trong sng in t vect cng in trng E

v vect cm ng t B

lun dao ng vung gc vi phng truyn sng. Khi nh

sng truyn n mt th ch c thnh phn in trng gy ra cm gic sng. Do
Hnh 5.1a Sng cu. Hnh 5.1b Sng phng.

103
vect cng in trng E

trong sng nh sng gi l vect sng. Ngi ta biu

din sng nh sng bng dao ng ca vect sng E

vung gc vi phng truyn

sng.
Mi sng nh sng c bc sng
0
xc nh gy nn cm gic sng v mt mu
sc xc nh v gi l nh sng n sc. Tp hp cc nh sng n sc c bc sng
nm trong khong t 0, 38 m n 0, 76 m to thnh nh sng trng.

3. Quang l

Xt hai im A, B trong mt mi trng ng tnh chit sut n, cch nhau mt
on bng d. Thi gian nh sng i t A n B l
v
d
t = trong v l vn tc nh sng
trong mi trng.
nh ngha: Quang l gia hai im A, B l on ng nh sng truyn c trong
chn khng trong mt khong thi gian t vi t l thi gian cn thit sng nh sng
i c qung ng d trong mi trng chit sut n.

.
.
v
c d
L c t = = = n.d. (5.1)
Chit sut n = c/ v vi c l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng.
Nh vy, nu nh sng truyn qua nhiu mi trng chit sut n
1
, n
2
, n
3
... vi
cc qung ng tng ng d
1
, d
2
, d
3
... th quang l s l
.
i i
i
L n d =

. (5.2)
Nu nh sng truyn trong mi trng m chit sut thay i lin tc th ta chia
on ng AB thnh cc on nh ds sao cho chit sut khng thay i trn mi
on nh v quang l s l
.
B
A
L n ds =

. (5.3)
4. nh l Malus v quang l

nh l Malus: Quang l ca cc
tia sng gia hai mt trc giao ca
mt chm sng th bng nhau.
Mt trc giao l mt vung gc
vi cc tia ca mt chm sng.
Nh vy, nu chm sng l ng qui th mt trc giao l cc mt cu ng tm,
cn nu l chm sng song song th mt trc giao l cc mt phng song song.
Hnh 5-2 Cc loi mt trc

104

5. Hm sng nh sng

Xt mt sng nh sng phng n sc truyn
theo mt phng x xc nh vi vn tc v trong mi
trng chit sut n. Gi s ti O phng trnh ca
dao ng sng l:
( ) os x O Ac t = . (5.4)
Sau thi gian th dao ng sng truyn n im M cch O mt on d, phng
trnh dao ng sng ti M l:

2
( ) os ( ) os ( ) os( )
L L
x M Ac t Ac t Ac t
c

= = = , (5.5)
trong l thi gian nh sng truyn t O n M, L l quang l trn on
ng OM, l bc sng nh sng trong chn khng, A l bin dao ng v
2 L

= l pha ban u. Phng trnh (5.5) c gi l hm sng nh sng.

6. Cng sng

Cng sng l i lng c trng cho sng ti mi im trong khng
gian c sng nh sng truyn qua. Cng sng ti mt im l i lng c tr
s bng nng lng trung bnh ca sng nh sng truyn qua mt n v din
tch t vung gc vi phng truyn sng trong mt n v thi gian.
V mt nng lng ca sng in t t l thun vi bnh phng bin ca
vct cng in trng nn cng sng ti mt im t l vi bnh phng
bin dao ng sng ti im :
2
I kA = , k: H s t l. Khi nghin cu cc hin
tng giao thoa, nhiu x c trng cho tnh cht sng ca nh sng, ngi ta ch cn
so snh cng sng ti cc im khc nhau m khng cn tnh c th gi tr ca
cng sng, do qui c ly k = 1:
2
I A = (5.6)

7. Nguyn l chng cht cc sng

Khi hai hay nhiu sng nh sng gp nhau th tng sng ring bit khng b
cc sng khc lm cho nhiu lon. Sau khi gp nhau, cc sng nh sng vn truyn i
nh c, cn ti nhng im gp nhau dao ng sng bng tng cc dao ng sng
thnh phn.
x
O
M

105

8. Nguyn l Huygens

" Mi im trong khng gian nhn c sng
sng t ngun sng thc S truyn n u tr thnh
ngun sng th cp pht sng sng v pha trc
n".
Nguyn l Huygens c m t n gin trn
hnh 5-3 nh sau: Sng phng c pht ra t ngun
sng v cng ti mt AB, tt c cc im trn mt
sng AB u tr thnh cc ngun sng th cp.

2. GIAO THOA NH SNG


1. nh ngha

Hin tng giao thoa nh sng l hin tng gp nhau ca hai hay nhiu sng
nh sng kt hp, kt qu l trong trng giao thoa s xut hin nhng vn sng v
nhng vn ti xen k cch u nhau. Tuy nhin, khng phi bt k cc sng nh sng
no cng xy ra hin tng giao thoa m cc sng phi tha mn iu kin giao thoa.
Hin tng giao thoa ch xy ra i vi sng nh sng kt hp.
Sng nh sng kt hp l nhng sng c cng bn cht, cng tn s v hiu pha
khng thay i theo thi gian.
to ra sng nh
sng kt hp th phi tun
theo nguyn tc l t
mt sng duy nht tch
ra thnh hai sng ring
bit, sau cho chng
gp nhau th s xy ra
hin tng giao thoa. C
nhiu dng c to ra
sng nh sng kt hp
nh khe Young, gng
Fresnel,

Hnh 5-3
Hnh 5.4 Giao thoa khe Young

106
2. Kho st hin tng giao thoa

a. iu kin cc i, cc tiu giao thoa

Xt hai ngun sng nh sng n sc kt hp S
1
v S
2
c to bi khe Young.
Phng trnh dao ng sng ca chng ti v tr ca S
1
v S
2
l:
1 1
2 2
( ) os
( ) os
x s Ac t
x s A c t

=
=

Ti M ta nhn c hai dao ng sng t cc ngun trn truyn ti:
1
1 1
2
2 2
2
os
2
os
L
x Ac t
L
x A c t

=



=



L
1
v L
2
ln lt l quang l trn on ng r
1
v r
2
tng ng.
Dao ng sng ti M l tng hp ca hai dao ng cng phng, cng tn s
(xem bi 7 chng 3). Bin dao ng sng tng hp ti M ph thuc vo hiu pha
ca hai dao ng.
Nu hai dao ng cng pha, hiu pha 2k = , th bin dao ng sng tng
hp ti M s c gi tr cc i v cng sng ti im M l cc i, cng l cc
i giao thoa. Nh vy c cc i giao thoa th:


2 1
2 1
2
( ) 2 L L k
L L k

= =
=
vi k = 0, 1, 2, (5.7)
Nu hai dao ng ngc pha, hiu pha (2 1) k = + , th bin dao ng sng
tng hp ti M s c gi tr cc tiu v do cng sng cc tiu, gi l cc
tiu giao thoa. Nh vy c cc tiu giao thao th:

2 1
2 1
2
( ) (2 1)
1
2
L L k
L L k

= = +

= +


vi k = 0, 1, 2, (5.8)

b. Xc nh v tr ca cc vn giao thoa


107
H thng khe Young nh hnh v, c t trong khng kh. Xt im M trn
mn quan st E cch im O mt khong l y. T S
2
k S
2
H S
1
M. V
1 2
S S l = rt
nh v khong cch D t khe n mn E ln nn
1 2 1
.sin .tan S H r r l l = .
Trong khi ,

2 1
ly
r r
D
= (5.9)
Ta ang xt trong khng kh nn L
2
- L
1

r
2
- r
1
. T iu kin cc i, cc tiu giao
thoa ta d dng tnh c v tr cc vn sng
(ng vi cc i giao thao) v vn ti (ng
vi cc tiu giao thao).

* Nh vy, c vn sng th:
2 1
S
ly
r r k
D
= = .
V tr cc vn sng (khong cch t n vn sng trung tm O trn mn quan st):

S
k D
y
l

= vi k = 0, 1, 2, (5.10)
* c vn ti th:
2 1
1
2
S
ly
r r k
D


= = +


.
V tr cc vn ti (khong cch t n vn sng trung tm O trn mn quan st):

1
2
t
D
y k
l

= +


vi k = 0, 1, 2, (5.11)
T cc cng thc (5.10) v (5.11) ta thy nh giao thoa trn mn E c cc c im:
- Vi k = 0 th y
s
= 0, tc l gc O trng vi vn cc i giao thoa. Vn ny c
gi l vn cc i gia.
- Cc vn cc i giao thoa ng vi k = 1, 2, v cc vn cc tiu giao
thoa nm xen k cch u nhau c hai pha i vi vn cc i gia. i vi vn
sng, bc giao thoa trng vi k . i vi vn ti, khi k > 0 bc giao thoa trng vi
k+1, khi k < 0 bc giao thoa trng vi k .
* Khong cch gia hai vn sng k tip:

1 k k
D
i y y
l

+
= = (1.12)
Hnh 5-5 V tr vn giao thoa
r
1
r
2

108
Tng t, khong cch gia hai vn ti k tip cng bng
D
i
l

= . i lng i c
gi l khong vn.

c. H vn giao thoa khi dng nh sng trng

Nu ngun sng S
1
v S
2
pht nh sng trng gm mi nh sng n sc c
bc sng 0, 38 0, 76 m m , th mi nh sng n sc s cho mt h vn giao thoa
c mu sc ring v rng i khc nhau. Ti gc ta O, mi nh sng n sc u
cho cc i, nn vn cc i gia l mt vn sng trng, hai mp vin mu (trong tm,
ngoi ). Nhng vn cc i khc ng vi cng mt gi tr ca k l nhng vn c
mu sc khc nhau nm chng ln nhau to thnh nhng vn sng nhiu mu sc. Cc
vn ny cng b nhe dn khi xa vn sng trng trung tm.


3. GIAO THOA DO PHN X - TH NGHIM Loyd

Trong nghin cu hin tng giao thoa do phn x Lloyd lm th nghim sau:
Dng mt gng phng G c bi en mt sau (chit sut ca thy tinh ln hn
chit sut ca khng kh n
tt
> n
kk
.)
t mt ngun sng S rng v cch
xa gng phng. Mn E c t
vung gc vi gng. Mt im M
trn mn E s nhn c hai tia sng
t S gi n. Tia truyn trc tip SM
v tia SIM phn x trn gng, sau
n M. Hai tia ny giao thoa vi
nhau.
Theo l thuyt: nu
2 1 2 1
r r L L k = = th im M sng, nu
2 1 2 1
1
2
r r L L k

= = +


th im M s ti. Kt qu li thy rng: nhng im m
theo l thuyt tnh ton l sng th li l ti v ngc li. iu ny ch c xy ra khi
pha dao ng ca hai tia sng trong trng hp ny khng phi l
2 1
2
( ) L L

=
m phi l
2 1
2
( ) L L

= + . Tia SM truyn trc tip t ngun n im M th

quang l khng th thay i, nn ch c tia phn x trn gng mi thay i, ngha l
sau khi phn x trn gng th pha dao ng ca n s thay i mt lng . Thm
Hnh 5-6 M t th nghim Loyd.

109
vo , thc nghim kim chng rng, trong tt c cc trng hp nh sng ti t mi
trng chit sut ln hn sang mi trng chit sut b hn th kt qu trn lun lun
ng. Trng hp mt phn x l mi trng c chit sut nh hn mi trng nh
sng ti, (v d ta cho nh sng truyn trong mi trng thy tinh n mt phn cch
gia thy tinh v khng kh ri phn x li) khi pha dao ng v quang l ca tia
phn x khng c g thay i.

Kt lun: Khi phn x trn mi trng chit quang hn mi trng nh sng ti, pha
dao ng ca nh sng thay i mt lng , iu cng tng ng vi vic coi
tia phn x di thm mt on
2

.


4. NG DNG HIN TNG GIAO THOA
Hin tng giao thoa c rt nhiu ng dng trong cc lnh vc khoa hc, k
thut v i sng. y chng ta xt mt vi ng dng nh sau.
1. Kh phn x cc mt knh

Khi mt chm sng ri vo mt thu knh hay lng knh th mt phn nh sng
s b phn x tr li. nh sng phn x ny s lm nh b m. kh phn x, ngi
ta ph ln thy tinh mt mng mng trong sut, c chiu dy d v chit sut n. Khi
chiu chm tia sng song song theo phng vung gc vi mng mng th c s giao
thoa ca hai tia phn x, tia th nht phn x trn mt gii hn gia mng mng-thy
tinh v tia th hai phn x trn mt phn cch gia khng kh-mng mng. Chit sut
n v b dy d ca mng c chn sao cho hai tia phn x ngc pha nhau. Gi n
kk
v
n
tt
l chit sut ca khng kh v chit sut ca thy tinh th n
kk
< n < n
tt
. Hiu quang
l ca hai tia phn x tha mn iu kin cc tiu giao thoa:
1
2 2
2 2 2
L nd nd k



= + = = +


.
Suy ra,


1
2
d k
n

= +


, (5.13)
l bc sng nh sng trong chn khng. dy nh nht ca mng mng l:

min
4
d
n

= . (5.14)

110
Ta thy khng th kh ng thi mi nh sng phn x c bc sng khc nhau.
Trong thc t thng chn b dy d tha mn iu kin (5.14) ng vi nh sng mu
xanh lc 0, 55 m = l nh sng nhy nht vi mt ngi.

2. Giao thoa k Rayleigh (Rly)

Giao thoa k Rayleigh l dng c dng o chit sut (hay nng ) ca cht
lng v cht kh vi
chnh xc cao. M hnh ca
giao thoa k Rayleigh c
trnh by trn hnh 5.7.
nh sng n sc t
ngun S sau khi qua thu
knh hi t L
1
v hai khe S
1
,
S
2
b tch thnh hai chm
tia song song. Hai chm
s giao thoa vi nhau trn mt phng tiu ca thu knh hi t L
2
. Nh th knh L ta c
th quan st c h thng vn giao thoa .

Trn ng i ca hai chm tia ban u ta t hai ng chiu di d ng cng
mt cht lng chit sut n
o

bit. Ghi h thng vn giao thoa trn mn quan st. Sau
thay cht lng trong mt ng bng cht lng cn nghin cu. V chit sut ca cht
lng ng trong hai ng by gi khc nhau nn hiu quang l ca hai chm tia b thay
i mt lng
2 1 0
( ) L L L n n d = = . (5.15)
n l chit sut ca cht lng cn o. Kt qu l h thng vn giao thoa b dch chuyn.
m s vn giao thoa b dch chuyn ta c th tnh c chit sut ca cht lng. Ta
bit rng khi hiu quang l thay i mt bc sng th h thng vn dch chuyn mt
khong vn. Do nu h thng vn giao thoa dch chuyn m khong vn th hiu
quang l s thay i mt khong bng:

0
( ) . L n n d m = = (5.16)
T suy ra chit sut ca cht lng cn o l:

0
.
m
n n
d

= + (5.17)
Ta cng c th o chit sut mt cht kh bng cch s dng giao thoa k
Rayleigh, so snh cht kh vi mt cht kh c chit sut bit trc.

3. Giao thoa k Michelson (Maikenxn)

Hnh 5-7 Giao thoa k Rayleigh

111
Giao thoa k Michelson dng o di cc vt vi chnh xc cao. Hnh 5.8
trnh by m hnh ca giao thoa k Michelson .nh sng t ngun S chiu ti bn bn
m P (c trng mt lp bc rt mng) di gc 45
o
. Ti y nh sng b tch thnh
hai tia: tia phn x truyn n gng G
1
v tia khc x truyn n gng G
2
. Sau khi
phn x trn hai gng G
1
v G
2
cc tia sng truyn ngc tr li, i qua bn P v ti
giao thoa vi nhau knh quan st. V tia th nht ch i qua bn P mt ln cn tia th
hai i qua P ba ln nn hiu quang l
ca hai tia ln, vn giao thoa quan st
c l nhng vn bc cao, nn nhn
khng r nt. khc phc iu ny
ngi ta t bn P ging ht P nhng
khng trng bc trn ng i ca tia
th nht.
Nu ta dch chuyn gng G
2
song song vi chnh n dc theo tia
sng mt on bng na bc sng
th hiu quang l ca hai tia s thay
i mt bc sng, kt qu h vn
giao thoa s thay i mt khong vn. Vy mun o chiu di ca mt vt ta dch
chuyn gng G
2
t u ny n u kia ca vt v m s vn dch chuyn. Nu h
thng vn dch chuyn m khong vn th chiu di ca vt cn o l:

2
m
l

= . (5.18)
Giao thoa k Michelson dng o chiu di vi chnh xc rt cao, ti phn trm
micrmet (10
-8
m).
CU HI L THUYT
1. Th no l hin tng giao thoa nh sng, hy cho bit iu kin giao thoa nh
sng. Th no l sng nh sng kt hp ?
2. Hy cho bit iu kin c cc cc i, cc tiu giao thoa. Xc nh v tr cc vn
giao thoa cc i v cc tiu, b rng ca cc vn giao thoa.
3. M t hin tng giao thoa khi dng nh sng trng.
4. M t v nu ng dng ca giao thoa k Rayleigh.
5. M t v nu ng dng ca giao thoa k Milchelson.

S
2
S
1
Hnh 5-8 Giao thoa k Michelson.

112
BI TP
Th d 1: Hai khe Young cch nhau mt khong l = 1mm, c chiu bng nh
sng n sc c bc sng = 0,6m. Mn quan st c t cch mt phng cha
hai khe mt on D = 2m.
a.Tm khong vn giao thoa.
b. Xc nh v tr ca ba vn sng u tin ( vn sng trung tm l bc khng).
c. Xc nh dch ca h vn giao thoa trn mn quan st nu trc mt trong
hai khe t mt bn mng song song, trong sut c b dy e =2m, chit sut n = 1,5.

Bi gii
a. Khong vn giao thoa:
6
3
0, 6.10 .2
1, 2
10
D
i mm
l

= = = .
b. V tr ca vn sng c xc nh bi cng thc:
. ; 0, 1, 2,...
s
D
y k k i k
l

= = =
V vy,
1
2
3
1, 2
2
2, 4
3
3, 6
s
s
s
D
y mm
l
D
y mm
l
D
y mm
l

= =
= =
= =

c. dch chuyn ca h vn:
Khi t bn mng trong sut trc mt trong hai khe, hiu quang l gia cc
tia sng t hai khe n mt im trn mn thay i. Mun bit h vn dch chuyn
nh th no, ta phi tnh hiu quang l ca hai tia sng ti mt im trn mn. T hnh
v ta c hiu quang l

[ ] [ ]
2 1 2 1 2 1
( ) ( 1) L L r r e ne r r n e = + = .
M
2 1
' y l
r r
D
= , do
2 1
'
( 1)
y l
L L n e
D
= .
V tr vn sng c xc nh bi iu kin:
2 1
' ( 1)
( 1) '
s
y l k D n eD
L L n e k y
D l l

= = = +

113
V tr vn ti c xc nh bi iu kin:
2 1
' 1 1 ( 1)
( 1) '
2 2
s
y l D n eD
L L n e k y k
D l l

= = + = + +



Ta bit
1
;
2
s t
k D D
y y k
l l

= = +



H vn dch chuyn mt khong:
6
3
3
( 1) (1, 5 1)2.10 2
' 2.10 .
10
s s
n eD
y y y m
l

= = = =


5. HIN TNG NHIU X NH SNG

1. Hin tng nhiu x nh sng

Chiu nh sng t ngun S truyn qua mt l trn nh trn mn P. Sau P t
mn quan st E, trn mn E ta nhn c hnh trn sng ng knh BD ng dng
vi l trn BD. Theo nh lut truyn thng ca nh sng, nu thu nh l trn P th
hnh trn sng trn mn E nh li. Thc
nghim chng t rng khi thu nh l trn
n mt mc no th trn mn E xut
hin nhng vn trn sng ti xen k nhau.
Trong vng ti hnh hc (ngoi BD) ta
cng nhn c vn sng v trong vng
sng hnh hc (vng BD) cng c vn
ti. Ti C c th nhn c im ti hay
sng ph thuc vo kch thc ca l trn
v khong cch t mn E n mn P. Nh
vy nh sng khi i qua l trn b lch
khi phng truyn thng.
nh ngha: Hin tng tia sng b lch khi phng truyn thng khi i gn cc
chng ngi vt c kch thc nh c gi l hin tng nhiu x nh sng.
Chng ngi vt c th l cc khe hp, l trn, c kch thc cng c bc
sng ca nh sng chiu ti.
Hin tng nhiu x nh sng c th gii thch da vo nguyn l Huygens-Fresnel.

2. Nguyn l Huygens - Fresnel

Hnh 5.9 M t nhiu x nh sng

114
- Mi im trong khng gian c sng nh sng t ngun thc gi n u tr
thnh ngun sng th cp pht sng nh sng v pha trc.
- Bin v pha ca ngun th cp l
bin v pha do ngun thc gy ra ti v tr
ca ngun th cp.
Theo nguyn l HuygensFresnel, khi
nh sng chiu n l trn, cc im trn l
trn u tr thnh ngun th cp pht sng
cu th cp. Bao hnh ca cc mt sng cu
th cp l mt sng. mp ca l trn mt
sng b un cong v tia sng lun vung gc vi mt sng, do mp bin cc tia
sng b i phng so vi phng ca sng ti (hnh 5-10)


6. NHIU X NH SNG CA SNG PHNG

1. Nhiu x ca sng phng qua mt khe hp

to ra chm sng song song, ngi ta t ngun sng S ti tiu im ca thu
knh hi t L
o
. Chiu
chm sng n sc song
song bc sng vo
khe hp c b rng b
(hnh 5.11). Sau khi i
qua khe hp, tia sng s
b nhiu x theo nhiu
phng. Tch cc tia
nhiu x theo mt
phng no chng
s gp nhau v cng.
Mun quan st nh nhiu x chng ta s dng thu knh hi t L, chm tia nhiu x s
hi t ti im M trn mt phng tiu ca thu knh hi t L. Vi cc gi tr khc
nhau chm nhiu x s hi t ti cc im khc nhau. Ty theo gi tr ca im M
c th sng hoc ti. Nhng im sng ti ny nm dc trn ng thng vung gc
vi chiu di khe hp v c gi l cc cc i v cc tiu nhiu x.

V nh sng gi n khe l sng phng nn mt phng khe l mt sng, cc sng
th cp trn mt phng khe dao ng cng pha. Xt cc tia nhiu x theo phng
0 = , chng hi t ti im F. Mt phng khe v mt quan st l hai mt trc giao do
Hnh 5.10
Hnh 5.11 Nhiu x qua mt khe hp.

115
theo nh l Malus, cc tia sng gi t mt phng khe ti im F c quang l bng
nhau v dao ng cng pha nn chng tng cng nhau. im F rt sng v c gi
l cc i gia.
Xt trng hp 0. p dng tng ca phng php i cu Fresnel ta v
cc mt phng
0 1
, ,...

vung gc vi chm tia nhiu x v cch u nhau mt
khong /2, chng s chia mt khe thnh cc di sng nm song song vi b rng ca
khe hp. B rng ca mi di l
2sin
l

= v s di trn khe s l:

2 sin
.
b b
n
l

= = (5.19)
Theo nguyn l Huygens, nhng di ny l ngun sng th cp dao ng cng
pha (v nm trn cng mt mt sng) v pht nh sng n im M. V quang l ca
hai tia sng t hai di k tip n im M khc nhau /2 nn dao ng sng do hai di
k tip gi ti M ngc pha nhau v chng s kh nhau. Kt qu l nu khe cha s
chn di (n = 2k) th dao ng sng do tng cp di k tip gy ra ti M s kh ln
nhau v im M s ti v l cc tiu nhiu x. iu kin im M ti l:

n
2 sin
2 ,
b
k

= =
hay,
sin ; 1, 2,...
k
k
b

= = (5.20)
Nu khe cha mt s l di (n = 2k+1) th dao ng sng do tng cp di k tip
gi ti im M s kh ln
nhau, cn dao ng sng do
di cui cng gi ti th khng
b kh. Kt qu im M s
sng v c gi l cc i
nhiu x bc k. Cng sng
ca cc cc i ny nh hn
rt nhiu so vi cc i gia.
iu kin im M sng l:
n
2 sin
2 1,
b
k

= = +
hay,
1
sin ; 1, 2, 3,...
2
k k
b

= + =+


(5.21)
th phn b cng sng trn mn quan st cho bi hnh 5.14.
Hnh 5-12

116

Nhn xt: cc cc i nhiu x bc k = 1, 2, 3,...nm xen gia cc cc tiu
nhiu x v phn b i xng hai bn cc i gia. Cc i gia c b rng gp i
cc cc i khc. Theo tnh ton l thuyt, cng sng ca cc cc i nhiu x
tun theo h thc sau
0 1 2
: : : ... 1: 0, 045: 0, 016: ... I I I =

2. Nhiu x ca sng phng truyn qua cch t phng

Cch t phng l mt h nhiu khe hp ging nhau c rng b, nm song
song cch u trn cng mt mt phng. Khong cch d gia hai khe k tip c gi
l chu k ca cch t.
S khe hp trn mt n v chiu di:
1
n
d
= .
Xt mt cch t phng c n khe hp. B rng ca mt khe l b, chu k ca cch
t l d. Chiu chm sng n sc song
song bc sng vung gc vi mt cch
t. V cc khe c th coi l ngun kt
hp, do ngoi hin tng nhiu x gy
bi mt khe cn c hin tng giao thoa
gy bi cc khe. Do nh nhiu x qua
cch t s phc tp hn nhiu so vi nh
nhiu x qua mt khe hp. Ta s kho st
nh nhiu x qua cch t:
* Tt c n khe hp u cho cc tiu
nhiu x ti nhng im trn mn nh
tha mn iu kin:
sin ; 1, 2,... k k
b

= =
Nhng cc tiu ny c gi l cc tiu chnh.
* Xt phn b cng sng gia hai cc tiu chnh:
Hiu quang l ca hai tia sng xut pht t hai khe k tip n im M l
2 1
sin L L d = . Nu hiu quang l bng s nguyn ln bc sng
2 1
sin L L d m = = th dao ng sng do hai tia gy ra ti M cng pha v tng
cng ln nhau. Kt qu im M sng. Cc im c gi l cc i chnh. V tr
cc cc i chnh l:
sin ; 0, 1, 2,... m m
d

= = (5.22)

Hnh 5-13

117
S nguyn m l bc ca cc i chnh. Cc i chnh gia (m = 0) nm ti tiu
im F ca thu knh. V d > b nn gia hai cc tiu chnh c th c nhiu cc i
chnh. V d: k = 1 v d/b = 3 . Do m k
d b

< , nn 3
d
m k
b
< = ngha l m = 0, 1,
2. Nh vy gia hai cc tiu chnh c 5 cc i chnh.

- Xt phn b cng sng gia hai cc i chnh:
Ti im chnh gia hai cc i chnh k tip, gc nhiu x tha mn iu kin:
1
sin ; 0, 1, 2,...
2
m m
d

= + =


(5.23)
Ti cc im ny, hiu quang l ca hai tia gi t hai khe k tip c gi tr l:
1
.sin
2
d m

= +


. y l iu kin cc tiu giao thoa, hai tia s kh ln nhau.
Tuy nhin im chnh gia cha chc ti. minh ha c th ta xt hai trng
hp n gin sau:
+ Nu s khe hp n = 2 (s chn) th cc dao ng sng do hai khe hp gi ti s
kh nhau hon ton v im chnh gia s ti. im ti c gi l cc tiu
ph.
+ Nu s khe hp n = 3 (s l) th cc dao ng sng do hai khe hp gi ti s
kh nhau, cn dao ng sng do khe th ba gy ra khng b kh. Kt qu l gia hai
cc i chnh l mt cc i. Cc i ny c cng kh nh, nn c gi l cc
i ph. R rng gia cc i ph ny v hai cc i chnh hai bn phi c hai cc
tiu ph.
Ngi ta chng minh c rng, nu cch t c N khe hp th gia hai cc i
chnh s c N-1 cc tiu ph v N-2 cc i ph. Hnh 5.13 biu din nh nhiu x
qua ba khe hp.
Cch t phng c th dng o bc sng nh sng, ng dng trong my n
sc... T cng thc (5.22) nu ta bit c chu k ca cch t, bng cch o gc
ng vi cc i chnh bc m ta c th xc nh c bc sng nh sng.

3. Nhiu x trn tinh th

Cc nguyn t (phn t hay
ion) cu to nn vt rn tinh th c
sp xp theo mt cu trc tun hon
gi l mng tinh th, trong v tr
ca cc nguyn t (phn t hay ion)
gi l nt mng. Khong cch gia
cc nt mng, c trng cho tnh tun
Hnh 5.14 Nhiu x nh sng trn tinh th.

118
hon, c gi l chu k ca mng tinh th. Chiu ln tinh th mt chm tia Rnghen
(Tia X), mi nt mng tr thnh tm nhiu x v mng tinh th ng vai tr nh mt
cch t vi chu k l chu k ca mng tinh th. Chm tia Rnghen s nhiu x theo
nhiu phng, tuy nhin ch theo phng phn x gng (phng m gc phn x
bng gc ti), cng ca tia nhiu x ln ta c th quan st c nh nhiu
x. Nhng tia nhiu x ny s giao thoa vi nhau v cho cc i nhiu x nu hai tia
nhiu x k tip c hiu quang l bng s nguyn ln bc sng
2 1
2 sin L L L d k = = = .
Hay,
sin
2
k
d

= , (5.24)
d l khong cch gia hai mt phng nguyn t ca vt rn tinh th (chu k mng tinh
th). Cng thc (5.24) gi l cng thc Vulf-Bragg. y l cng thc c bn phn
tch cu trc ca vt rn tinh th bng tia Rnghen. Nu bit bc sng ca tia
Rnghen v o gc ta c th xc nh c chu k d ca mng tinh th.
CU HI L THUYT
6. Th no l hin tng nhiu x nh sng. Hy gii thch hin tng nhiu x nh
sng.
7. Pht biu nguyn l Huygens-Fresnel.
8. M t hin tng nhiu x nh sng qua mt khe hp. Tm iu kin cc i, cc
tiu nhiu x. V nh nhiu x ca sng phng qua mt khe hp.
9. nh ngha cch t phng v nu ng dng ca cch t.
10. Trnh by nhiu x ca tia X trn tinh th. Cng thc Vulf- Bragg. Nu ng dng
ca hin tng nhiu x tia X.
BI TP
Th d 2: Mt chm tia sng n sc c bc
sng = 0,5m c chiu vung gc vi mt
khe hp ch nht c b rng b = 0,1mm, ngay sau
khe hp t mt thu knh hi t. Tm b rng ca
vn cc i gia trn mn quan st t ti mt
phng tiu ca thu knh v cch thu knh D =
1m.
Bi gii: B rng ca vn cc i gia l khong
cch gia hai cc tiu nhiu x u tin hai bn

119
cc i gia. ln ca gc nhiu x ng vi cc cc tiu nhiu x l:
sin k
b

= .
T hnh v ta thy

6
3
2 tan 2 sin
2 2.1.0, 5.10
1 .
0,1.10
l D D
D
l cm
b

=
= = =



Th d 3: Chiu mt chm nh sng n sc song song c bc sng = 0,5m vng
gc vi mt ca mt cch t. St pha sau ca
cch t ngi ta t mt thu knh hi t c tiu
c f = 50cm. Khi trn mn quan st t ti
mt phng tiu ca thu knh, hai vch quang
ph bc nht cch nhau mt khong a = 10,1cm.
Xc nh:
a. Chu k cch t v s khe trn 1cm chiu di.
b. S vch cc i chnh trong ph nhiu x.

Bi gii
a.V tr cc cc i chnh trong quang ph nhiu x xc nh bi cng thc:
sin ; 0, 1, 2,... m m
d

= =
Do vy v tr hai vch cc i chnh ca quang ph bc nht ng vi gc lch
1
bng:
sin
d

= , v
1
rt nh nn
1 1
sin tan .
T hnh v ta c,
1
1
tan
O 2
M F L
F f
= =
V vy,
2 6
2
2 2.50.10 .0, 5.10
4, 95 .
10,1.10
f
d m
L

= = =
S khe trn 1cm chiu di ca cch t:
1
2020 n
d
= = khe/cm
b. T cng thc: sin m
d

= , m sin 1 nn 9, 9
d
m

= . V m nguyn nn c th
ly cc gi tr: 0, 1,2 ,3 ,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

120
Do cc vch cc i chnh ti a trong quang ph nhiu x ca cch t bng:

ax
2.9 1 19
m
n = + = vch.

Bi tp t gii
1. Chiu nh sng n sc n hai khe Young cch nhau mt khong l = 1mm th thu
c khong vn l i = 1,5mm trn mn quan st. Khong cch t mn quan st n
mt phng cha hai khe l D = 3m. Xc nh:
a. Bc sng ca nh sng chiu ti.
b. V tr ca vn sng th ba v vn ti th t.
p s
a. 0,5 m .
b.
3 4
4, 5 ; 5, 25 .
s t
y mm y mm = =
2. Chiu mt chm nh sng n sc n hai khe Young cch nhau mt khong l =
1mm. Mn quan st c t cch mt phng cha hai khe mt on D = 2m. Khong
cch t vn sng th nht n vn sng th by l 7,2mm. Xc nh:
b. V tr ca vn ti th ba v vn sng th t.
c. dch chuyn ca h vn giao thoa trn mn quan st, nu t trc mt
trong hai khe mt bn mng song song, trong sut, chit sut n =1,5, b dy e =
0,02mm.
p s:
a. 0,6 m .
b.
3 4
3 ; 4, 8 .
t s
y mm y mm = =
c.
2
2.10 . y m

=
3. Hai khe Young cch nhau mt khong l = 2mm, chiu nh sng n sc c bc
sng = 0,6m ti hai khe. Mn quan st c t cch mt phng cha hai khe mt
on D = 1m.
a. Tm v tr vn sng th t v vn ti th nm.
b. t trc mt trong hai khe mt bn mng song song, trong sut, chit sut n
= 1,5, h vn giao thoa trn mn quan st dch mt khong 2mm. Tm b dy ca bn
mng .
p s
a.
5 4
1, 35 ; 1, 2 .
t s
y mm y mm = =
b.
6
8.10 . e m

=

121
4. Hai khe Young cch nhau mt khong l = 1mm, chiu nh sng n sc c bc
sng = 0,5m. Mn quan st c t cch mt phng cha hai khe mt on D =
2m.
a. Tm khong vn giao thoa.
b. t trc mt trong hai khe mt bn mng song song, trong sut, b dy e =
12 m, h vn giao thoa trn mn quan st dch mt khong 6mm. Xc nh chit sut
ca bn mng.
p s
a.
3
10 . i m

=
b. 1, 25 n =
5. Hai khe Young cch nhau mt khong l = 1mm, chiu mt chm nh sng n sc
song song cha bit bc sng. H thng t trong khng kh cho khong cch gia
hai vn sng lin tip i = 0,6mm. Mn quan st c t cch mt phng cha hai khe
D = 1m.
a. Tm bc sng ca nh sng chiu ti.
b. Nu vo khong gia mn quan st v mt phng cha hai khe mt cht
lng th khong cch gia hai vn sng lin tip i

= 0,45 mm. Tm chit sut ca cht
lng.
p s
a. 0, 6 . m
b.
4
3
n = .
6. Chiu thng gc mt chm tia sng n sc song song bc sng = 0,589m ti
mt khe hp c b rng b = 2m. Hi quan st c bao nhiu cc tiu nhiu x, cc
cc tiu ny c gc nhiu x bng bao nhiu? (so vi phng ban u)
p s::
0 0 0
1 2 3
17 8'; 36 5'; 62 = = =
7. Mt chm tia sng c ri vung gc vi mt cch t. Bit rng gc nhiu x i
vi vch quang ph
1
= 0,65m trong quang ph bc hai bng
1
= 45
0
. Xc nh
gc nhiu x ng vi vch quang ph
2
= 0,5m trong quang ph bc ba.
p s:
0
2
54 40' =
8. Chiu mt chm tia sng n sc song song vung gc vi mt khe hp. Bc
sng nh sng c di gp 1/6 ln b rng ca khe hp. Hi cc tiu nhiu x th
ba c quan st di gc lch bng bao nhiu?
p s: = 30
0

9. Chiu mt chm tia sng n sc song song c bc sng = 0,7m thng gc ti
mt ca mt cch t nhiu x. Trn mt tiu ca thu knh hi t t st pha sau

122
cch t, ngi ta quan st thy vch quang ph bc ba lch
0
2
48 36' = so vi phng
ban u.
a. Xc nh chu k cch t v s khe trn 1cm chiu di ca cch t.
b. Xc nh s cc i chnh nm trong khong gia hai cc tiu chnh bc
nht. Cho bit rng mi khe ca cch t l b = 0,7m v
0
sin 48 36' 0, 75 = .
p s:
a. 3571 khe/cm
b. Vy gia hai cc tiu chnh bc nht c 7 cc i chnh.

10. Chiu mt chm tia sng n sc song song thng gc vo mt ca mt cch t
phng c chu k d = 2m. Xc nh bc ln nht ca cc vch cc i trong quang
ph nhiu x cho bi cch t i vi nh sng c bc sng
1
= 0,7m v i vi
nh sng tm c bc sng
2
= 0,42m.
p s:
i vi nh sng :
1( ax)
2
m
m =
i vi nh sng tm:
2( ax)
4
m
m =
11. Chiu mt chm tia sng n sc song song thng gc vo mt ca mt cch t
phng. Trn mi milimet chiu di ca cch t c 50 khe. Ngay sau cch t c t
mt thu knh hi t. Xc nh hiu s cc gc nhiu x ng vi vch c bc
sng
1
= 0,76m nm cui quang ph bc nht v vch tm c bc sng
2
=
0,4m nm u quang ph bc hai.
p s:
2 1
7' = = .
12. Cho mt cch t phng c chu k cch t d = 2m. Sau cch t t mt thu knh
hi t, trn mn quan st t ti mt phng tiu ca thu knh ngi ta quan st thy
khong cch gia hai quang ph bc nht ng vi bc sng
1
= 0,4044m v
2
=
0,4047m bng 0,1mm. Xc nh tiu c ca thu knh.
p s: f = 0,65 m






123
Equation Chapter 6 Section 1
CHNG 6
QUANG HC LNG T

Trong phn trc, chng ta dng l thuyt sng gii thch cc hin tng
quang hc nh giao thoa, nhiu x nh sng. l mt s hin tng trong rt nhiu
cc hin tng khc lin quan n nh sng cng gii thch c da vo thuyt ny.
iu chng t rng, nh sng c bn cht sng. Tuy nhin, vo cui th k 19 u
th k 20 ngi ta pht hin nhng hin tng quang hc mi m l thuyt sng
nh sng khng th no gii thch c nh hin tng quang in, hiu ng
Compton, tnh phng x, iu ni ln mt s tht bi ca vt l c in, ngnh
Vt l ng trc mt th thch mi, i hi phi xy dng mt l thuyt mi nhm
gii quyt nhng b tc trn. Ngi u tin a ra mt l thuyt mi v nh sng
l thuyt lng t ca Planck. Thng 12 nm 1900, ti Vin Hn lm khoa hc Berlin,
Planck a ra mt l thuyt mi v nh sng l thuyt lng t nh sng. Sau
l thuyt ny c Einstein hon thin v c cng b vo nm 1905 gi l
thuyt photon. Theo cc l thuyt mi ny, nh sng c bn cht ht. Phn quang
hc nghin cu nh sng da vo hai thuyt trn gi l quang hc lng t. Trong
chng ny chng ta s nghin cu v cc hin tng bc x nhit, hiu ng quang
in, hiu ng Compton cng vi thuyt lng t ca Planck v thuyt photon ca
Einstein.
I. MC CH - YU CU
1. Bit r c bn cht hin tng bc x nhit. Cc nh lut pht x ca vt
en tuyt i. S b tc ca thuyt sng nh sng trong vic gii thch v s bc x
nhit ca vt en tuyt i.
2. Nm c thuyt lng t ca Planck v thnh cng ca n trong vic gii
thch cc nh lut pht x ca vt en tuyt i.
3. Nm c thuyt photon ca Einstein v gii thch cc nh lut quang in,
hiu ng Compton. .
II. NI DUNG

124
1. BC X NHIT

1. Bc x nhit l g ?

Hin tng cc vt b kch thch pht ra sng in t gi l hin tng bc x.
C nhiu dng bc x khc nhau do nhng nguyn nhn khc nhau gy ra: v d do
tc dng nhit (ming st nung , dy tc bng n chy sng), do tc dng ha hc
(pht pho chy sng trong khng kh), do bin i nng lng trong mch dao ng
in t... Tuy nhin pht bc x do tc dng nhit l ph bin nht v c gi l bc
x nhit.
nh ngha: Bc x nhit l cc hin tng bc x sng in t gy bi cc vt b
kch thch do tc dng nhit.
Khi vt pht ra bc x, nng lng ca n gim v nhit ca n cng gim
theo. Ngc li nu vt hp th bc x, nng lng ca n tng v nhit ca n
tng. Trong trng hp nu phn nng lng ca vt b mt i do pht x bng phn
nng lng vt thu c do hp th, th nhit ca vt s khng i theo thi gian
v bc x nhit ca vt cng khng i. Bc x nhit trong trng hp ny c gi
l bc x nhit cn bng v trng thi ny c gi l trng thi cn bng nhit
ng.


2. Cc i lng c trng ca bc x nhit cn bng
a. Nng sut pht x ton phn

Xt mt vt b kch thch nhit nhit T khng i (hnh 6.1). Din tch dS
ca vt pht x trong mt n v thi gian mt nng lng ton
phn
T
d . i lng,
T
T
d
R
dS

= (6.1)
c gi l nng sut pht x ton phn ca vt nhit T.
Nng sut pht x ton phn l nng lng bc x ton phn do vt
pht ra trong mt n v din tch trong mt n v thi gian nhit T.
n v ca nng sut pht x ton phn R
T
trong h n v SI l ot trn mt
vung (W/m
2
).

b. H s pht x n sc

Hnh 6-1

125
Bc x ton phn do vt pht ra nhit T ni chung bao gm nhiu bc x
ng vi mt tn s v hoc bc sng xc nh gi l bc x n sc. Nng lng
bc x phn b khng ng u cho tt c mi bc x c bc sng khc nhau.
i lng

,
T
T
dR
r
d

= (6.2)
c gi l h s pht x n sc ca vt nhit T ng vi bc sng . N ph
thuc vo bn cht v nhit ca vt v ph thuc bc sng ca bc x n sc
do vt pht ra.
n v ca h s pht x n sc: W/m
3
.
i lng
,
0
T T T
R dR r d

= =

(6.3)
c gi l nng sut pht x ton phn ca vt nhit T.

c. H s hp th n sc

Gi s trong mt n v thi gian, chm bc x n sc c bc sng nm trong
khong t n +d gi ti mt n v din tch ca vt mt nng lng
,T
d


nhng vt ch hp th mt phn nng lng
,
'
T
d

. T s:

,
,
,
'
T
T
T
d
a
d

= , (6.4)
c gi l h s hp th n sc ca vt nhit T ng vi bc sng . N ph
thuc vo bn cht v nhit ca vt, ph thuc vo bc sng ca chm bc x
n sc gi ti.
Thng thng vt khng hp th hon ton nng lng ca chm bc x gi
ti, do
,
1
T
a

< . Nhng vt m
,
1
T
a

= vi mi nhit T v mi bc sng c
gi l vt en tuyt i. Trong thc t khng c vt en tuyt i m ch c nhng vt
c tnh cht gn vi tnh cht ca vt en tuyt i, v d b hng, than bch kim...
to ra vt en tuyt i ngi ta dng mt ci bnh rng cch nhit, c khot mt l
nh, mt trong ph mt lp b hng. Khi tia bc x lt qua l vo bnh, n s b phn
x nhiu ln trn thnh bnh, mi ln phn x nng lng ca n li b bnh hp th
mt phn. Kt qu c th coi l tia bc x b hp th hon ton.

3. nh lut Kirchhoff


126
Gi s t hai vt c bn cht khc nhau trong mt bnh cch nhit. Cc vt ny
s pht x v hp th nhit. Sau mt thi gian trng thi cn bng nhit ng s c
thit lp, hai vt s cng mt nhit T nh trong bnh. trng thi cn bng th
hin nhin vt no pht x mnh th cng phi hp th bc x mnh. T nhn xt
Kirchhoff a ra nh lut mang tn ng nh sau:

T s gia h s pht x n sc v h s hp th n sc
,T
a

ca mt vt
bt k trng thi bc x nhit cn bng khng ph thuc vo bn cht ca vt
, m ch ph thuc vo nhit T ca n v bc sng ca chm bc x n
sc.
Ngha l,
,
,
,
T
T
a
T
r
f
a

= (6.5)

trong
, T
a
f

l hm s chung cho mi vt nn c gi l hm ph bin. V vt en
tuyt i c h s hp th n sc bng 1 nn hm ph bin chnh l h s pht x
n sc ca vt en tuyt i. Lm th nghim vi m hnh ca vt en tuyt i
ngi ta xc nh c
, T
a
f

. Hnh 6.2 l th ca hm ph bin
, T
a
f

theo bc sng
nhit T. ng cong ny c gi l ng c trng ph pht x ca vt en
tuyt i. Nng sut pht x ton phn ca vt en tuyt i c xc nh theo cng
thc (6.3) s c tr s bng ton b din tch gii hn bi ng c trng ph pht x
v trc honh trn hnh 6.2.










Hnh 6.2 ng c trng ph
pht x ca vt en tuyt i.

127
2. CC NH LUT PHT X CA VT EN TUYT I

1. nh lut Stephan-Boltzmann

Mt kt qu thc nghim m t c trng ca
ph pht x ca vt en tuyt i theo cc nhit
khc nhau c cho trong hnh 6-3. Qua th ta
thy rng, khi nhit tng th din tch gia ng
c trng ph pht x v trc honh cng tng theo.
Nh vy nng sut pht x ton phn ca vt en
tuyt i ph thuc vo nhit ca vt. Stephan
(bng thc nghim) v Boltzmann (bng l thuyt)
tm ra s ph thuc ny v thit lp c nh lut
Stephan-Boltzmann.

nh lut Stephan-Boltzmann: Nng sut pht x ton phn ca vt en tuyt i t
l thun vi ly tha bc bn ca nhit tuyt i ca vt :
4
T
R T = (6.6)
trong , = 5,6703.10
-8
W/m
2
K
4
gi l hng s Stephan-Boltzmann.

2. nh lut Wien

Trn hnh 6-3 ta thy rng, mi ng c trng ph pht x ca vt en tuyt
i mt nhit T nht nh u c mt cc xc nh ng vi bc sng
max
xc
nh, khi nhit tng th bc sng
max
gim. Tuy nhin, thc nghim cng kim
chng c rng, i vi vt en tuyt i th mt nhit T xc nh th bc x c
bc sng
max
l bc x mang nhiu nng lng nht. Nm 1817 Wien tm ra nh
lut gi l nh lut Wien: i vi vt en tuyt i, bc sng
max
ca chm bc
x n sc mang nhiu nng lng nht t l nghch vi nhit tuyt i ca vt
.
ax m
b
T
= (6.7)
b = 2,898.10
-3
m.K v c gi l hng s Wien.

3. S khng hong vng t ngoi


128
Theo quan nim ca vt l c in th khi cc nguyn t, phn t pht x hoc
hp th nng lng th pht x hoc hp th mt cch lin tc, trn c s Rayleigh-
Jeans tm c hm ph bin nh sau:
2
, 2
2
v T B
v
f k T
c

= (6.8)
trong
B
k l hng s Boltzmann, T l nhit tuyt i, l tn s ca bc x n
sc (tn s v bc sng lin h vi nhau qua cng thc
c
v

= ).
Theo cng thc (6.8),
, v T
f t l vi ly tha bc 2 ca , nn s tng rt nhanh
khi tng (tc gim). Cng thc ny ch ph hp vi thc nghim vng tn s
nh (bc sng ln), cn vng tn s ln (bc sng nh), tc l vng sng t
ngoi, n sai lch rt nhiu. l, t cng thc (6.8) ta c th tnh c nng sut
pht x ton phn ca mt vt en tuyt i nhit T:
2
, 2
0 0
2
!
B
T v T
k T
R f dv v dv
c

= = =


Thm vo , t cng thc trn ta thy rng, nng sut pht x ton phn ca mt vt
t l bc nht vi T. Tuy nhin, thc nghim li cho thy rng, nng sut pht x ton
phn ca vt en tuyt i t l bc bn vi nhit T v hon ton xc nh c
i vi mi bc x, k c cc bc x thuc vng t ngoi. B tc ny tn ti sut
trong khong thi gian di cho n cui th k 19 v c gi l s khng hong
vng t ngoi.
gii quyt nhng b tc trn, Planck ph nh l thuyt c in v bc x v
ra mt l thuyt mi gi l thuyt lng t nng lng.


3. THUYT LNG T PLANCK & THUYT
PHOTON CA EINSTEIN

1. Thuyt lng t ca Planck

Tri vi l thuyt c in, planck cho rng, cc nguyn t v phn t pht x
hay hp th nng lng bc x in t th pht x hay hp th mt cch gin on.
Ngha l phn nng lng c pht x hay hp th lun l bi s nguyn ca mt
lng nng lng nh xc nh gi l lng t nng lng. Mt lng t (quantum)
nng lng ca bc x in t n sc tn s , bc sng l:

129

hc
hv

= = . (6.9)
trong h = 6,625.10
-34
J.s l hng s Planck, c l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng.
Trn c s , Planck tm ra cng thc ca hm ph bin, tc l h s pht x
n sc ca vt en tuyt i nh sau:

2
, 2
2
1
B
v T hv
k T
v hv
f
c
e

. (6.10)
trong k l hng s Boltzmann, T l nhit tuyt i. Cng thc ny c gi l
cng thc Planck.

2. Thnh cng ca thuyt lng t nng lng

* Cng thc Planck cho php ta v c ng c trng ph pht x ca vt en
tuyt i ph hp vi kt qu thc nghim mi vng nhit v mi vng tn s
khc nhau.
* T cng thc Planck ta c th suy c cng thc ca Rayleigh v Jeans v cc
cng thc th hin cc nh lut ca vt en tuyt i. Trong min tn s nh sao cho
B
hv k T th 1
B
hv
k T
B
hv
e
k T
. Do cng thc Planck s thnh:
2
,
2
2
v T B
v
f k T
c

= , ta
li thu c cng thc ca Rayleigh v Jeans.
* T cng thc Planck ta tm c nh lut Stephan-Boltzmann:
Nng sut pht x ton phn ca vt en tuyt i ti mt nhit T no bng:

2
, 2
0 0
2
1
B
T v T hv
k T
v hv
R f dv dv
c
e

= =

. (6.11)
t
B B
h h
x
k T k T
dx d

= = , th vo (6.11) ta c
4 4 3 4 4 4
3 2 3 2
0
2 2
1 15
B B
T x
k T x k T
R dx
h c e h c

= =

Cui cng ta c trong
4
T
R T = , = 5,6703.10
-8
W/m
2
.K
4
. y chnh l nh
lut Stephan-Boltzmann.
* T cng thc Planck ta tm c nh lut Wien

130
Nu ta ly o hm ca f
,T
theo v cho n trit tiu ri tm
max
(hay
max
) ti cc
nhit khc nhau, kt qu thu c l max.T = 2,8978.10
-3
mK. y chnh l nh
lut Wien.

3. Thuyt photon ca Einstein

Thuyt lng t ca Planck nu ln c mt quan im hin i trong nhn
thc ca con ngi v nng lng. Ngha l, nng lng in t pht x hay hp th
c nhng gi tr gin on, chng lun l bi nguyn ca lng t nng lng . Ta
ni rng nng lng in t pht x hay hp th b lng t ho. Nhng thuyt lng
t ca Planck cha thc s nu r c bn cht gin on ca bc x in t. Nm
1905, da trn thuyt lng t v nng lng ca Planck, Einstein xy dng nn
thuyt lng t nh sng (hay thuyt photon) mang y cc thng tin v phn
lng t nng lng ny.

Ni dung thuyt photon ca Einstein:
a. Bc x in t gm v s nhng ht rt nh gi l lng t nh sng hay photon.
b. Vi mi bc x in t n sc nht nh, cc photon u ging nhau v mang mt
nng lng xc nh bng
hc
hv

= = (6.12)
c. Trong mi mi trng (v c trong chn khng) cc photon c truyn i vi
cng vn tc c = 3.10
8
m/s.
d. Khi mt vt pht x hay hp th bc x in t c ngha l vt pht x hay hp
th cc photon.
e. Cng ca chm bc x t l vi s photon pht ra t ngun trong mt n v
thi gian.
Thuyt photon ca Einstein gii thch c cc hin tng th hin bn cht
ht ca nh sng nh hin tng quang in, hiu ng Compton,...

4. ng lc hc photon

hiu y v ht photon ngi ta xy dng thuyt ng lc hc photon v
c ng dng trong cc nghin cu khoa hc v sau v nh sng. Nhng quan im
chnh ca n l:
* Nng lng ca photon ng vi mt bc x in t n sc tn s v l:

131
hv = . (6.13)
* Khi lng ca photon,
2 2
hv h
m
c c c

= = = . (6.14)
Theo thuyt tng i,
0
2
2
v
1
m
m
c
=

.
Do , vn tc ca photon bng c, do photon c khi lng ngh bng 0
* ng lng ca photon,

h
p mc

= = . (6.15)
Nh vy ng lng ca photon t l thun vi tn s v t l nghch vi bc
sng ca bc x in t.


4. HIN TNG QUANG IN

1. nh ngha

Hin tng bn cc electron t mt
tm kim loi ra khi b mt khi ri vo tm
kim loi mt bc x in t thch hp
c gi l hin tng quang in. Cc
electron bn ra c gi l cc quang
electron.
nghin cu hin tng quang in
ngi ta lm th nghim vi t bo quang
in nh sau:
Xt mt t bo quang in gm mt
bnh chn khng c hai bn cc lm bng kim
loi: bn cc dng ant A v bn cc m catt K. Catt lm bng kim loi ta cn
nghin cu. T bo quang in c mc nh hnh v. Nh bin tr ta c th thay i
hiu in th U gia A v K v ln v chiu.
* Khi D n v tr C: U
AK
= 0
Hnh 6.4 Th nghim quang in.

132
* Khi D bn phi C: A+ , K-, U
AK
> 0
* Khi D bn tri C: A- , K+, U
AK
< 0
Khi ri chm bc x in t n sc bc sng thch hp vo catt K, chm
nh sng ny s gii phng cc electron khi mt bn cc m K. Di tc dng ca
in trng gia A v K, cc quang electron s chuyn ng v cc dng ant, to
ra trong mch dng quang in. in th G o cng dng quang in cn vn k
V s o hiu in th U
AK
gia A v K. Thay i U
AK
ta c th dng quang in
nh hnh 6.5.
* U
AK
> 0: Khi U
AK
tng th I tng theo, khi U
AK
t n mt gi tr no cng
dng quang in s khng tng na v t gi tr I
bh
, c gi l cng dng
quang in bo ha.
* Khi U
AK
= 0 cng dng quang in
vn c gi tr I
0
. iu chng t quang
electron bn ra c sn mt ng nng ban
u 0.
* trit tiu dng quang in ta phi t
ln A - K mt hiu in th ngc U
c
sao cho
cng cn ca in trng t nht phi bng ng
nng ban u cc i ca cc electron b bt
khi bn K, ngha l:
2
0 ax
1
v
2
c e m
eU m = ,
U
c
c gi l hiu in th cn.

2. Cc nh lut quang in v gii thch

T cc kt qu th nghim ngi ta tm ra ba nh lut sau y gi l ba nh
lut quang in. Cc nh lut ny ch c th gii thch c da vo thuyt photon
ca Einstein.

a. Phng trnh Einstein

Khi c mt chm nh sng thch hp ri n catt, cc electron t do trong kim
loi hp th photon. Mi electron hp th mt photon v s nhn c mt nng
lng bng hv . Nng lng ny mt phn chuyn thnh cng thot A
th
electron ra
khi kim loi, phn cn li chuyn thnh ng nng ban u ca quang electron.
Hnh 6.5 c trng Vol - Ampe

133
ng nng ban u cng ln khi electron cng gn mt ngoi kim loi, v i vi
cc electron su trong kim loi, mt phn nng lng m n hp th c ca
photon s b tiu hao trong qu trnh chuyn ng t trong ra mt ngoi kim loi. Nh
vy ng nng ban u s cc i i vi cc electron st mt ngoi kim loi. Theo
nh lut bo ton nng lng, Einstein a ra phng trnh cho hiu ng quang
in

2
0 ax
v
2
e m
th
m
hv A = + . (6.16)
Phng trnh ny c gi l phng trnh Einstein.

b. nh lut v gii hn quang in

Pht biu: i vi mi kim loi xc nh, hin tng quang in ch xy ra khi bc
sng ca chm bc x in t ri ti nh hn mt gi tr xc nh
0
,
0
gi l gii
hn quang in ca kim loi .
Gii hn quang in ph thuc vo bn cht ca kim loi lm catt. nh lut
ny ni ln iu kin cn c th xy ra hin tng quang in. y cn nhn
mnh rng, nu chm sng ti c bc sng >
0
th d cng sng rt mnh, n
cng khng th gy ra hin tng quang in.
Gii thch:
Trong phng trnh Einstein (6.16), v
2
0 ax
v
0
2
e m
m
> v t
0
0
th
hc
A hv

= = th
0 0
0
0
0
.
hv v v
hv hv


> >
> <

Ngha l chm nh sng gy ra hiu ng quang in phi c bc sng nh
hn mt gi tr xc nh
o
= hc/A
th
.
o
chnh l gii hn quang in v r rng n ch
ph thuc vo cng thot A
th
, tc l ph thuc vo bn cht kim loi lm catt.

c. nh lut v dng quang in bo ho
Pht biu:
Cng dng quang in bo ho t l vi cng ca chm bc x ri ti.
Gii thch: Cng dng quang in t l vi s quang electron thot ra khi catt
n ant trong mt n v thi gian. Dng quang in tr nn bo ho khi s quang
electron thot khi catt n ant trong n v thi gian l khng i. S quang

134
electron thot ra khi catt t l vi s photon b hp th. S photon b hp th li t l
vi cng ca chm bc x. Do cng dng quang in bo ho t l thun
vi cng chm bc x ri ti.

d. nh lut v ng nng ban u cc i ca quang electron
Pht biu: ng nng ban u cc i ca quang electron khng ph thuc vo cng
chm bc x ri ti m ch ph thuc vo tn s ca chm bc x .
Gii thch:
2 2
0 ax 0 ax
0
2
0 ax
0
0
v v
.
2 2
v
( ).
2
( ).
e m e m
th
e m
ch
m m
hv A hv
m
h v v
eU h v v
= + = +
=
=

Ta thy rng ng nng ban u cc i ca quang electron ch ph thuc vo
tn s ca chm bc x in t, m khng ph thuc vo cng ca bc x .
Thuyt photon gii thch c tt c cc nh lut quang in, n hon
thin quan nim lng t v nh sng t lm c s cho nghin cu ng hc
photon. Theo Einstein, nh sng c bn cht ht v ht l photon, mi photon c
mt nng lng = h v ng lng p = h/.


5. HIU NG COMPTON

1. Hiu ng Compton

Th nghim Compton: Cho mt chm tia X bc sng chiu vo graphit hay
paraphin...Khi i qua cc cht ny tia X b
tn x theo nhiu phng. Trong ph tn x,
ngoi vch c bc sng bng bc sng
ca chm tia X chiu ti cn c nhng vch
ng vi bc sng > (Hnh 6.6). Thc
nghim chng t rng bc sng khng
ph thuc cu to ca cc cht c tia X
ri n m ch ph thuc vo gc tn x .
tng ca bc sng = '- c xc
nh bi biu thc:
Hnh 6.6 Th nghim Compton

135
2
2 sin
2
c

= (6.17)
trong
c
= 2,426.10
-12
m l mt hng s chung cho mi cht, c gi l bc sng
Compton.
Theo l thuyt sng th khi tia X truyn n thanh grapht n lm cho cc ht
mang in trong thanh ( y l electron) dao ng cng bc vi cng tn s ca tia
X, do cc bc x tn x v mi phng phi c cng tn s vi bc x ti. Nh
vy l thuyt sng in t c in khng gii thch c hin tng Compton.

2. Gii thch bng thuyt lng t nh sng

Chng ta c th coi hin tng tn x tia X nh mt va chm hon ton n hi
gia mt photon v mt electron trong cht m tia X chiu ti ( Hnh 6.7). Trong ph
tn x, nhng vch c bc sng bng bc sng ca tia X chiu ti tng ng vi s
tn x ca tia X ln cc electron su trong
nguyn t, cc electron ny lin kt mnh vi ht
nhn, cn vch c bc sng > tng ng
vi s tn x tia X ln cc electron lin kt yu
vi ht nhn. Nng lng lin kt ca cc
electron ny rt nh so vi nng lng ca chm
tia X chiu ti, do cc electron c th coi
nh t do. V y l va chm n hi gia photon
v electron t do nn ta s p dng hai nh lut
bo ton nng lng v bo ton ng lng cho
h kn tia X - e
-
". Gi thit trc va chm
electron (e
-
) ng yn. Tia X c nng lng ln, khi tn x trn electron t do tia X s
truyn nng lng cho electron nn sau va chm vn tc ca electron rt ln, do ta
phi p dng hiu ng tng i tnh trong trng hp ny. Chng ta xt ng lng,
nng lng ca ht photon v electron trc v sau va chm:
Trc va chm: e
-
ng yn : Nng lng : m
0
c
2

ng lng : 0.
Photon : Nng lng : . E hv =
ng lng : .
hv h
p mc
c
= = =
Sau va chm: Photon tn x: Nng lng : ' '. E hv =
ng lng :
'
' .
'
hv h
p
c
= =
Hnh 6 .7 Va chm n hi
gia phtn v electrn.

136
e
-
: Nng lng :
2 0
2
2
.
v
1
m
c mc
c
=

ng lng :
0
2
2
v v,
v
1
e
m
p m
c
= =

(m
o
l khi lng ngh ca e
-
)
Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng v ng lng:

2 2
0
' . hv m c hv mc + = + (6.18)
' .
e
p p p = +

(6.19)
Gi l gc gia p v p. Sau khi bin i cc biu thc (6.18) v (6.19) v s dng
cng thc lin h gia nng lng v ng lng trong c hc tng i tnh, ta
c:
2 2
0
( ') '(1 os ) 2 '(sin ).
2
m c v v hvv c hvv

= = (6.20)
Thay
c
v

= vo biu thc trn ta c:

2 2
0
2
' sin 2 sin .
2 2
c
h
m c

= = (6.21)
i lng = ' - l bin thin ca bc sng trong tn x, n ch ph thuc
vo gc tn x m khng ph thuc vo vt liu lm bia.
Ch : Khi photon vo su trong nguyn t v va chm vi cc electron lin kt mnh
vi ht nhn, ta phi coi va chm ny l va chm ca photon vi nguyn t (ch
khng phi vi electron), cng thc (6.21) vn ng nhng phi thay khi lng ca
electron bng khi lng ca nguyn t, n ln hn nhiu ln so vi khi lng ca
electron. Do hu nh khng c s thay i bc sng. Nh vy trong bc x tn
x c mt nhng photon vi bc sng khng i.
Qua hiu ng Compton ngi ta chng minh c ht photon c ng lng
h
p

= . ng lng l mt c trng ca ht. Nh vy tnh cht ht ca nh sng

c xc nhn trn vn khi da vo thuyt photon gii thch thnh cng hiu ng
Compton.
CU HI L THUYT

1. nh ngha bc x nhit cn bng.

137
2. Vit biu thc v nu ngha ca cc i lng: nng sut pht x ton phn, h s
pht x n sc, h s hp th n sc ca bc x nhit cn bng nhit T.
3. nh ngha vt en tuyt i.
4. Pht biu nh lut Kirchhoff. Nu ngha ca hm ph bin. V th ng c
trng ph pht x ca vt en tuyt i.
5. Pht biu cc nh lut pht x ca vt en tuyt i .
6. Nu quan nim c in v bn cht ca bc x. Vit cng thc ca Rayleigh-Jeans.
Nu nhng kh khn m cng thc gp phi i vi hin tng bc x nhit.
7. Pht biu thuyt lng t ca Planck. Vit cng thc Planck. Nu nhng thnh
cng ca thuyt lng t.
8. nh ngha hin tng quang in. Pht biu ba nh lut quang in.
9. Pht biu thuyt photon ca Einstein. Vn dng thuyt photon gii thch ba nh
lut quang in.
10. Trnh by ni dung hiu ng Compton. Trong hiu ng ny, chm tia X tn x ln
electron t do hay lin kt ?
11. Gii thch hiu ng Compton.
12. Ti sao coi hiu ng Compton l mt bng chng thc nghim xc nhn trn vn
tnh ht ca nh sng.

BI TP
Th d 1: Hi nhit ca l nung bng bao nhiu cho bit mi giy l pht ra mt
nng lng bng 8,28 calo qua mt l nh c kch thc bng 6,1cm
2
. Coi bc x
c pht ra t mt vt en tuyt i.
Bi gii:Nng sut pht x ton phn ca vt en tuyt i: ,
4
R T = l nng sut do
mt n v din tch pht ra trong mt n v thi gian, nn R lin h vi cng sut
pht x l: P = R.S . Vy,
4
4
8 4
8, 28.4,18
1004 .
5, 67.10 6,1.10
p
T K
S

= = =
Th d 2:Xc nh nng lng, ng lng v khi lng ca mt photon ng vi
nh sng c bc sng 0, 6 m = .
Bi gii:
Nng lng ca photon c cho bi cng thc:
w hv = .
Trong tn s v lin h vi bc sng ca nh sng theo cng thc:

138
c
v

= ,
Do , w
c
h

= .
Thay s vo ta c:
8
34 19
7
3.10
w 6, 625.10 3, 2.10 .
6.10
J

= =
ng lng c cho bi:
34
27
7
6, 625.10
1,1.10 / .
6.10
h
p kgm s

= =
Khi lng ca photon cho bi:
34
36
2 7 8
w 6, 625.10
3, 68.10 .
6.10 .3.10
h
m kg
c c

= = =
Th d 3: Cng thot ca kim loi dng lm catt ca t bo quang in A = 5eV.
Tm:
a. Gii hn quang in ca tm kim loi .
b. Vn tc ban u cc i ca cc quang electron khi catt c chiu bng nh sng
n sc bc sng = 0,2m.
c. Hiu in th hm khng c mt electron no n c ant.
Bi gii
a. Gii hn quang in ca catt:
34 8
7
0 19
6, 625.10 .3.10
2, 58.10 .
5.1, 6.10
th
hc
m
A

= = =
b. Vn tc ban u cc i ca cc electron:
2 2
0 ax 0 ax
0 0 ax
34 8
19 6
0 ax
31 6
v v 2
v
2 2
2 6, 625.10 .3.10
v 5.1, 6.10 0, 65.10 / .
9,1.10 0, 2.10
e m e m
th m th
e
m
m m hc
hv A hv A
m
m s

= + = + =



= =



c. Hiu in th hm:
1
12
th h th
hc hc
A eU A V
e

= + = =


.
Th d 4: Photon mang nng lng 0,15MeV n tn x trn electron t do. Sau khi
tn x bc sng ca chm photon tn x tng thm = 0,015A
0
. Xc nh bc
sng ca photon v gc tn x ca photon.
Bi gii:

139

34 8
12
13
2 2 0
6, 625.10 .3.10
8, 28.10 .
0,15.1, 6.10
' 2 sin sin 0, 31 sin 0, 556 67 33'
2 2 2 2
c
c
hv hc
m

= = = =

= = = = = =


Bi tp t gii
1. Xc nh cng sut bc x ca mt l nung, cho bit nhit ca l bng t =
727
0
C, din tch ca ca l bng 2,5.10
2
cm
2
. Coi l l vt en tuyt i.
p s: 1417,5 w.
2. Mt qu cu kim loi ng knh d = 10cm nhit T khng i. Tm nhit
T, cho bit cng sut bc x nhit cho bng 12kcalo/pht. Xem qu cu nh
vt en tuyt i.
p s: 828 j.
3. Nhit ca si dy tc vonfram ca bng n in lun bin i v c t nng
bng dng in xoay chiu. Hiu s gia nhit cao nht v thp nht bng 80
0
,
nhit trung bnh bng 2300K. Hi cng sut bc x bin i bao nhiu ln, coi dy
tc bng n l vt en tuyt i.
p s:
max
min
1, 5
p
p
= ln
4. Nhit ca vt en tuyt i tng t 1000 K n 3000 K. Hi:
a. Nng sut pht x ton phn ca n tng bao nhiu ln?
b. Bc sng ng vi nng sut pht x cc i thay i bao nhiu ln?
p s:
a.
2
1
R
R
= 81 ln
b.
1
2
m
m

= 3 ln
5. Tm gii hn quang in i vi cc kim loi c cng thot 2,4eV, 2,3eV, 2eV.
p s:
7 7 7
01 02 03
5,18.10 ; 5, 4.10 ; 6, 21.10 m m m

= = = .
6. Mt vt en tuyt i nhit T
1
= 2900 K. Do vt b ngui i nn bc sng
ng vi nng sut pht x cc i thay i = 9m. Hi vt lnh n nhit bng
bao nhiu?
p s: 290 K.

140
7. Gii hn quang in ca kim loi dng lm catt ca t bo quang in
0
= 0,5m.
Tm:
a. Cng thot ca electron khi tm kim loi .
b. Vn tc ban u cc i ca cc quang electron khi catt c chiu bng
nh sng n sc bc sng = 0,25m.
p s: a. 39,75.10
-20
J.
b. 9,3.10
5
m/s.

8. Cng thot ca kim loi dng lm catt ca t bo quang in A= 2,48eV. Tm:
a. Gii hn quan in ca tm kim loi .
b.Vn tc ban u cc i ca cc quang electron khi catt c chiu bng
nh sng n sc bc sng = 0,36m.
v. Hiu in th hm khng c mt electron no n c ant.
p s:
a.
0
0, 5 . m =
b.
6
0 ax
v 0, 584.10 /
m
m s =
c. 0,97V

9. Chiu mt bc x in t n sc bc sng = 0,41m ln mt kim loi dng lm
catt ca t bo quang in th c hin tng quang in xy ra. Nu dng mt hiu
in th hm 0,76V th cc quang electron bn ra u b gi li.Tm:
a. Cng thot ca electron i vi kim loi .
b. Vn tc ban u cc i ca cc quang electron khi bn ra khi catt.
p s:
a. 36,32.10
-20
J.
b. 5,2.10
5
m/s.

10. Khi chiu mt chm nh sng c bc sng = 0,234m vo mt kim loi dng
lm catt ca t bo quang in th c hin tng quang in xy ra. Bit tn s gii
hn ca catt
0
= 6.10
14
Hz. Tm:
a. Cng thot ca electron i vi kim loi .
b. Hiu in th hm khng c mt electron no n c ant.
c. Vn tc ban u cc i ca cc quang electron.

p s: a.
20
39, 75.10 .
th
A J

=

141
b. 2,83 J.
c. 10
6
m/s.

11. Khi chiu mt chm nh sng vo mt kim loi dng lm catt ca t bo quang
in th c hin tng quang in xy ra. Nu dng mt hiu in th hm 3V th cc
quang electron bn ra u b gi li. Bit tn s gii hn ca catt
0
= 6.10
14
Hz. Tm:
a. Cng thot ca electron i vi tm kim loi .
b. Tn s ca nh sng chiu ti.
c. Vn tc ban u cc i ca cc quang electron khi bn ra t catt.

p s:
a.
20
39, 75.10 .
th
A J

=
b. 13,25.10
14
Hz
c. 10
6
m/s.
12. Cng thot ca kim loi dng lm catt ca t bo quang in A = 2,15eV. Tm:
a. Gii hn quang in ca tm kim loi .
b. Vn tc ban u cc i ca cc quang electron khi catt c chiu bng nh
sng n sc bc sng = 0,489m.
c. Hiu in th hm khng c mt electron no n c ant.
p s:
a.
0
0, 578 . m =
b. 0,37. 10
6
m/s.
c. 0,39V
13. Tm ng lng, khi lng ca photon c tn s = 5.10
14
Hz.
p s: p = 1,1.10
-27
kg.m/s; m = 3,7.10
-36
kg.
14. Tm nng lng v ng lng ca photon ng vi bc sng = 0,6m.
p s:
19
3, 3.10 . J

= ; P = 1,1.10
-27
kg.m/s.
15. Tm nng lng v ng lng ca photon ng vi bc sng = 10
-12
m.
p s:
14
19, 88.10 . J

= ; P = 6,62.10
-22
kg.m/s.
16. Photon c nng lng 250keV bay n va chm vi mt electron ng yn v tn
x Compton theo gc 120
0
. Xc nh nng lng ca photon tn x.
p s:
12
' 8, 64.10 . m

=
Nng lng ca photon tn x: 2,3.10
-14
J.

142
17. Tnh nng lng v ng lng ca photon tn x khi photon c bc sng ban
u = 0,05.10
-10
m n va chm vo electron t do v tn x theo gc (a) 60
0
, v (b)
90
0
.
p s:
a. Nng lng ca photon tn x: 3,2.10
-14
J.
ng lng p = 10
-22
kgm/s.
b. Nng lng ca photon tn x: 2,68.10
-14
J.
ng lng p = 0,89.10
-22
kgm/s.
18. Photon ban u c nng lng 0,8MeV tn x trn mt electron t do v thnh
photon ng vi bc x c bc sng bng bc sng Compton. Tnh:
a. Gc tn x.
b. Nng lng ca photon tn x.
p s:
a. 50
0
11.
b. 0,2MeV.
19. Tm ng lng ca electron khi c photon bc sng = 0,05A
0
n va chm v
tn x theo gc = 90
0.
Lc u electron ng yn.
p s: 1,6.10
-22
kg.m/s
20. Trong hin tng tn x Compton, bc x Rngen c bc sng n tn x trn
electron t do. Tm bc sng , cho bit ng nng cc i ca electron bn ra
bng 0,19MeV.
p s:
0
0, 037 A =








143
Equation Chapter 7 Section 1
CHNG 7
C HC LNG T

C hc lng t l mt l thuyt Vt l nghin cu s vn ng ca vt cht
trong th gii vi m, cc ht trong th gii gi l vi ht. Vn y l cc quy
lut vn ng ca vi ht khng tun theo cc quy lut c in. Ch c c hc lng t
mi gii quyt mt cch su sc cc quy lut v chnh xc cc hin tng ny. Trn
c s cc nghin cu theo l thuyt c hc lng t chng ta s thu c nhng
thng tin v quy lut vn ng vt cht, gii thch cc hiu ng, cc hin tng xy ra
trong nguyn t, phn t, ht nhn,... Vt l lng t ni chung v c hc lng t
ni ring l mt ni dung kh phc tp. hiu y v c n chng ta cn dnh
thi gian v cng sc nghin cu. Trong chng ny s trnh by mt s vn c
bn v c hc lng t, l nn tng trong vic nghin cu vi ht.
I. MC CH - YU CU
1. Nm c gi thuyt de Broglie v lng tnh sng - ht ca vi ht.
2. Hiu v vn dng c h thc bt nh Heisenberg.
3. Nm bt c biu thc ca hm sng v phng trnh Schrodinger.
4. Vn dng c phng trnh Schrodinger gii quyt c mt s bi ton
c hc lng t n gin nh ht trong ging th, hiu ng ng ngm, dao ng t
iu ha lng t.

II. NI DUNG



144

1. LNG TNH SNG HT CA VI HT

1. Lng tnh sng ht ca nh sng

Cc chng trc y ta nghin cu v nh sng. Trn c s s dng l
thuyt sng gii thch c cc hin tng giao thoa, nhiu x. iu chng t
rng nh sng c tnh cht sng. Tuy nhin, mt s hin tng th khng th gii
thch c bng l thuyt sng m phi xem nh nh sng l cc ht (photon) gii
thch nh hin tng bc x nhit, hin tng quang in, hiu ng Compton. Nh
vy ta cng nhn rng nh sng cng th hin tnh cht ht. Tuy nhin, vi mt nh
sng n sc xc nh th ta cng nhn nh sng va c tnh cht sng, va c tnh
cht ht l lun im hp l nht v cho n ngy nay khoa hc cng nhn iu ny
v gi l lng tnh sng ht ca nh sng.
Lng tnh sng ht ca nh sng c Einstein nu trong thuyt photon: nh
sng c cu to bi cc ht photon, mi ht mang nng lng E hv = v ng
lng
h
p

= . Ta thy cc i lng c trng cho tnh cht ht (E, p) v cc i

lng c trng cho tnh cht sng
(, ) lin h trc tip vi nhau. Chng
ta s thit lp hm sng cho ht photon.
Xt mt chm nh sng n sc,
song song. Gi s mt sng l cc mt
phng vung gc vi phng truyn
sng. Nu dao ng sng ti O l:
os2 x Ac vt = (7.1)
th biu thc dao ng sng ti mi
im trn mt sng i qua im M cch
mt sng i qua O mt on d l:


2
( ) os2 ( ) os2 ( ) os( )
d d d d
x t Ac v t Ac vt Ac t
c c



= = = (7.2)
trong c l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng, l bc sng nh sng trong chn
khng:
c
cT
v
= = , vi T l chu k , l tn s ca sng nh sng. T hnh 7.1 ta c:
. os . d r c r n = =

(7.3)
n

: vect php tuyn n v. Thay (7.3) vo (7.2) ta nhn c:

.
( ) os2 ( )
d r n
x t Ac vt
c

=

(7.4)

Hnh 7.1 S truyn sng phng
nh sng.

n

145
Phng trnh (7.4) l hm sng phng n sc. S dng k hiu cho hm
sng v biu din n di dng hm phc ta c:

0
.
exp 2 ( )
r n
i vt

=



(7.5)

Thay , ,
2
E h h
v p
h
= = = vo (7.5) ta c:

( . )
0
e
i
Et p r


=

(7.6)

2. Gi thuyt de Broglie (bri)

Gi thuyt de Broglie:
* Nu mt vi ht t do c nng lng E, ng lng p xc nh th tng ng
vi mt sng phng n sc xc nh.
* Nng lng ca vi ht lin h vi tn s dao ng ca sng tng ng thng
qua h thc:
. E h v hay E = = .
* ng lng ca vi ht lin h vi bc sng ca sng tng ng theo h thc:
h
p hay p k

= =

,
trong k

l vect sng, c phng v chiu l phng v chiu truyn sng, c

ln
2
k

= . Sng de Broglie l sng vt

cht, sng ca cc vi ht.

3. Thc nghim xc nhn tnh cht
sng ca cc ht vi m

a. Nhiu x ca electron qua khe hp:

Cho chm electron i qua mt khe
hp (hnh v 7.2). Trn mn hunh
quang ta thu c hnh nh nhiu x
ging nh hin tng nhiu x ca nh
Hnh 7.2 Nhiu x ca electrn qua
mt khe hp


146
sng qua mt khe hp. Nu ta cho tng electron ring bit i qua khe trong mt thi
gian di s electron i qua khe ln, ta vn thu c hnh nh nhiu x trn mn
hunh quang. iu ny chng t mi ht electron ring l u c tnh cht sng. iu
ny khn nh rng, gi thuyt ca De Broglie l ng.

b. Nhiu x ca electron trn tinh th

Th nghim ca Davisson v Germer quan st c hin tng nhiu x ca
electron trn mt tinh th Ni (hnh 7.3). Khi cho
mt chm electron bn vo mt tinh th Ni, chm
e
-
s tn x trn mt tinh th Ni di cc gc khc
nhau. Trn mn hnh ta thu c cc vn nhiu
x. Hin tng xy ra ging ht hin tng nhiu
x ca tia X trn mt tinh th Ni. Tinh th Ni nh
mt cch t nhiu x. Hin tng electron nhiu
x trn cch t chng t bn cht sng ca chng.
Thay Ni bng cc tinh th khc, tt c cc th
nghim u xc nhn chm electron gy hin
tng nhiu x trn tinh th. Cc vi ht khc nh
notron, proton cng gy hin tng nhiu x trn tinh th.
Cc kt qu th nghim trn u xc nhn tnh cht sng ca vi ht v do
chng minh s ng n ca gi thuyt de Broglie.
Cui cng, ta phi nhn mnh v ni dung gii hn ca gi thit de Broglie.
Bc sng de Broglie t l nghch vi khi lng ca ht:

v
h h
p m
= =

do i vi nhng ht thng thng m khi lng rt ln, thm ch l v cng ln
so vi khi lng ca electron chng hn th bc sng de Broglie tng ng c gi
tr v cng b v khng cn ngha m t tnh cht sng na. Nh vy, khi nim
lng tnh sng ht thc s ch th hin cc ht vi m m thi v sng de Broglie c
bn cht c th lng t, n khng tng t vi sng thc trong vt l c in nh
sng nc hay sng in t...






Hinh 7.3 Nhiu x ca
Electrn trn tinh th.

147

2. NGUYN L BT NH HEISENBERG

Do c lng tnh sng ht nn qui lut vn ng ca vi ht trong th gii vi m
khc vi qui lut vn ng ca ht trong th gii v m. V vy i hi phi xy dng
mt l thuyt mi v cng c ton hc mi cho ph hp vi quy lut vn ng ca n.
Mt qui lut m tt c cc vi ht u phi tun theo c l nguyn l bt nh
Heisenberg.
.
x
x p h (7.6)
chng minh h thc ny chng ta tr li hin tng nhiu x ca chm vi ht
qua mt khe hp c b rng b.
Sau khi qua khe ht s b nhiu x
theo nhiu phng khc nhau, tu
theo gc nhiu x , mt ht
nhiu x trn mn s cc i hoc
cc tiu. Xt ta ca ht theo
phng x, nm trong mt phng khe
v song song vi b rng khe. Ta
x ca ht trong khe s c gi tr
trong khong t 0 n b ( 0 x b ).
Ni cch khc, v tr ca ht trong
khe c xc nh vi bt nh
x b .

Sau khi ht qua khe, ht b nhiu x, phng ng lng p thay i. Hnh chiu
ca p theo phng x s c gi tr thay i trong khong0 sin
x
p p , ngha l sau
khi i qua khe, ht c th ri vo cc i gia hoc cc i ph v
x
p c xc nh
vi mt bt nh no . Xt trng hp ht ri vo cc i gia
1
sin
x
p p ,
1

l gc ng vi cc tiu th nht:
1
sin
b

= . Do ta c:

1
. . .sin x p b p p = .

Theo gi thuyt de Broglie
h
p

= . Thay vo biu thc trn ta nhn c h

thc bt nh Heisenberg:
.
x
x p h .
Hnh 7.4 Nhiu x qua mt khe.

148
L lun tng t ta cng thu c:
.
y
y p h
.
z
z p h .
H thc bt nh Heisenberg l mt trong nhng nh lut c bn ca c hc
lng t. H thc ny chng t v tr v ng lng ca ht khng c xc nh
chnh xc mt cch ng thi. V tr ca ht cng xc nh th ng lng ca ht
cng bt nh v ngc li.
V d: Trong nguyn t e
-
chuyn ng trong phm vi 10
-10
m. Do bt nh
v vn tc l:
34
6
31 10
6.625.10
7.10 /
9.1.10 .10
x
x
e e
p h
v m s
m m x

= = =

.
Ta thy kh ln cho nn v
x
, electron

khng c vn tc xc nh, ngha l
khng chuyn ng theo mt qu o xc nh trong nguyn t. iu ny chng t
rng trong th gii vi m khi nim qu o khng c ngha.
V d: Ta xt ht trong th gii v m khi lng ca ht m = 10
-15
kg, bt nh v
v tr
8
10 x m

= . Do bt nh v vn tc l
34
11
15 8
6.625.10
6.6.10 /
10 .10
x
x
e e
p h
v m s
m m x

= = =

.
Nh vy i vi ht v m x v v
x
u nh th v tr v vn tc c th c
xc nh chnh xc ng thi. Nh vy, theo c hc c in nu bit c to v
ng lng ca ht thi im ban u th ta c th xc nh c chng cc thi
im sau. Nhng theo c hc lng t th to v ng lng ca vi ht khng
th xc nh c ng thi, do ta ch c th on nhn kh nng vi ht mt
trng thi nht nh m thi. Ni cch khc vi ht ch c th mt trng thi vi mt
xc sut no . Ngha l s vn ng ca vi ht tun theo qui lut thng k. Vn
t ra l tm hiu iu g xy ra i vi mt vi ht m li biu hin tnh cht sng.
Vic gii thch cc tnh cht sng ca vt cht theo ngha xc sut thot tin c v
k l, vic l gii cho n nay vn l ti cn gy tranh ci. Tuy nhin, nh
ngha xc sut m ta c th gii thch c nhiu hin tng thc nghim m nu
khng cng nhn th khng th hiu ni.
Ngoi h thc bt nh v v tr v ng lng, trong c hc lng t ngi ta
cn tm c h thc bt nh gia nng lng v thi gian:
. E t h . (7.7)
Trng thi no cng bt nh th thi gian h tn ti trng thi cng
ngn v ngc li, nu nng lng ca h mt trng thi no cng xc nh th
thi gian tn ti ca h trng thi cng di. Nh vy trng thi c nng lng bt
nh l trng thi khng bn, cn trng thi c nng lng xc nh l trng thi bn.

149
3. HM SNG


1. Hm sng

xc nh trng thi ca vi ht, ta phi dng mt khi nim mi l hm
sng.
Theo gi thuyt de Broglie chuyn ng ca ht t do c nng lng E v ng
lng p

th c m t bi hm sng tng t nh sng nh sng phng n sc:

( )
0 0
exp ( . ) exp ( . )
i
Et p r i t k r


= =

. (7.8)
Trong , E p k = =

v
0
l bin c xc nh bi:
2
2
0
* = = , (7.9)
* l lin hp phc ca .
Nu ht vi m chuyn ng trong trng th, th hm sng ca n l mt hm
phc tp ca to r v thi gian t ,
( , ) ( , , , ) r t x y z t =

.


2. ngha thng k ca hm sng

Xt chm ht photon truyn trong khng gian. Xung quanh im M ly th tch
bt k (hnh 7.5) V
* Theo quan im sng: Cng sng ti M t l vi
bnh phng bin dao ng sng ti M:
2
0
I
* Theo quan im ht: Cng sng ti M t l vi
nng lng cc ht trong n v th tch bao quanh M,
ngha l t l vi s ht trong n v th tch .T y ta
thy rng s ht trong n v th tch t l vi
2
0
. S
ht trong n v th tch cng nhiu th kh nng tm
thy ht trong cng ln. V vy c th ni bnh phng bin sng
2
ti M
c trng cho kh nng tm thy ht trong n v th tch bao quanh M . Do
2
l
mt xc sut tm ht v xc sut tm thy ht trong ton khng gian l
2
V
dV

.
Hnh 7.5

150
Khi tm ht trong ton khng gian, chng ta chc chn tm thy ht. Do xc sut
tm ht trong ton khng gian l 1:
2
1
V
dV =

. (7.10)
y chnh l iu kin chun ho ca hm sng.

Tm li:
- m t trng thi ca vi ht ngi ta dng hm sng .
-
2
biu din mt xc sut tm thy ht trng thi .
- khng m t mt sng thc trong khng gian. ngha vt l ca hm sng l
thng k, n c trng cho xc sut tm thy ht trong mt min no .


3. iu kin ca hm sng

- Hm sng phi hu hn. iu ny c suy ra t iu kin chun ho, hm sng
phi hu hn th tch phn mi hu hn.
- Hm sng phi n tr, v theo l thuyt xc sut: mi trng thi ch c mt gi tr
xc sut tm ht.
- Hm sng phi lin tc, v xc sut
2
khng th thay i nhy vt.
- o hm bc nht ca hm sng phi lin tc.


4. PHNG TRNH SCHRODINGER

Hm sng de Broglie m t chuyn ng ca vi ht t do c nng lng v ng
lng xc nh:

( )
0
exp ( . ) ( ) exp
i
i t k r r Et


= =

, (7.11)
trong

0
( ) exp
i
r pr

=

, (7.12)
l phn ph thuc vo ta ca hm sng. Ta c th biu din ( ) r

trong h ta
cc nh sau:

151

0
( ) exp ( )
x y z
i
r p x p y p z

= + +

(7.13)
Ly o hm
x

, ta c:
( )
x
i
p r
x

.
Ly o hm bc hai ca theo x:
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
( ) ( )
x
x
i p
p r r
x

= =

. (7.14)
Ta cng thu c kt qu tng t cho cc bin y v z.
Trong l ton t Laplace, trong h to cc th ton t ny l:
2 2 2
2 2 2
( ) ( ) r r
x y z


= + +




, (7.15)
ta c:
2 2 2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
x x x
p p p p
r r r
+ +
= =




(7.16)
Gi E

l ng nng ca ht, ta vit c:
2
2 2
1
E v 2 E
2 2

p
m hay p m
m
= = =
Thay p
2
vo (7.16) v chuyn sang v tri ta thu c:
2
2
( ) E ( ) 0

m
r r + =

(7.17)
Phng trnh (7.17) c gi l phng trnh Schrodinger cho vi ht chuyn ng t
do. Nu vi ht khng t do, ngha l vi ht chuyn ng di tc dng ca mt trng
lc th c th nng U khng ph thuc thi gian. Nng lng ca vi ht l E = E

+ U.
Thay E

= E - U vo (7.17) ta c:

2
2
( ) [E ( )] ( ) 0

m
r U r r + =

(7.18)
Bit dng c th ca ( ) U r

, gii phng trnh Schrodinger ta tm c ( ) r

v
E, ngha l xc nh c trng thi v nng lng ca vi ht. Ta gii hn ch xt h l
kn hay t trong trng ngoi khng bin thin theo thi gian. Nng lng ca h khi
khng i v trng thi ca h c gi l trng thi dng. Phng trnh (7.18)
c gi l phng trnh Schrodinger cho trng thi dng.

152
Cho n nay ta vn xt ht chuyn ng vi vn tc v << c, do phng trnh
(7.18) m t chuyn ng ca vi ht phi tng i tnh, c khi lng ngh khc
khng. Phng trnh Schrodinger m t s vn ng ca vi ht, n c vai tr tng t
nh phng trnh ca cc nh lut Newton trong c hc c in. Mt im cn ch
l, phng trnh Schrodinger khng c chng minh. N c xy dng trn c s
hm sng phng n sc ca nh sng v gi thuyt sng-ht de Broglie, do c
coi nh mt tin . Vic m rng phng trnh Schrodiger cho ht t do sang
trng hp ht chuyn ng trong trng th cng c coi l mt s tin ha.
Di y l nhng ng dng phng trnh Schrodinger trong nhng bi ton c th
nh ht trong ging th, hiu ng ng ngm...


5. NG DNG CA PHNG TRNH SCHRODINGER

1. Ht trong ging th nng

Trong nhng bi ton thc t, ta thng gp nhng trng hp ht ch chuyn
ng trong mt phm vi gii hn bi mt hng ro th nng c chiu cao kh ln, v
d nh electron trong mng tinh th hay nucln trong ht nhn bn, khi ta ni rng
ht trong ging th nng.
Ta hy xt trng hp ht nm trong ging th nng c thnh cao v hn v chuyn
ng theo mt phng x bn trong ging th
(hnh 7.6). Th nng U c xc nh theo iu
kin:
0 0
0,
khi x a
U
khi x x a
< <
=

Nh vy bn trong ging th ht chuyn ng t
do v khng th vt ra ngoi ging.
Phng trnh Schrodinger ca ht trong ging th
(U = 0) mt chiu (chiu x) c dng:

2
2 2
( ) 2
( ) 0
d x mE
x
dx

+ =

(7.19)
t
2
2
2mE
k =

, ta c:

2
2
2
( )
( ) 0
d x
k x
dx

+ = (7.20)
Hnh 7-6 Ging th nng

153
Nghim ca phng trnh (7.20) c dng
( ) sin cos x A kx B kx = + (7.21)
A, B l nhng hng s c xc nh t iu kin ca hm sng. Theo u bi th ht
ch trong ging th, do xc sut tm ht ti vng ngoi ging th bng khng v
hm sng trong cc vng cng bng 0. T iu kin lin tc ca hm sng ta suy
ra (0) 0 = , ( ) 0 a = : Thay iu kin ny vo (7.21) ta c,
(0) sin(0) 0 0 A B B = + = =
V ( ) sin 0 a A ka = = .
V B = 0 nn tn ti hm sng th 0 A , do :
sin 0 sin sin ; 1, 2,... ka ka n n = = =
Suy ra,
; 1, 2,...
n
k n
a

= = (7.22)
Nh vy ta c mt dy nghim hm sng c dng:
( ) sin
n
x A x
a

= , (7.23)
tha mn iu kin bin ca min. Hng s A c xc nh t iu kin chun ha
(7.10) ca hm sng. V ht khng th ra khi ging nn xc sut tm thy ht trong
ging l chc chn:
2
0
( ) 1
a
x dx =

Th ( ) sin
n
x A x
a

= vo ta c
2 2
2 2
2
0 0 0
2
( ) sin 1 cos 1
2 2
a a a
n A n A a
x dx A x dx x dx
a a

= = = =




Do ,
2
A
a
= .
Nh vy hm sng c xc nh hon ton:
2
( ) sin
n
n
x x
a a

= (7.24)

Nng lng ca ht trong ging th cng c tm thy khi ta thay biu thc (7.22)
vo
2
2
2mE
k =

ta c

154

2 2
2
2
2
n
E n
ma

=

(7.25)

T cc kt qu trn ta rt ra mt s kt lun sau:
a. Mi trng thi ca ht ng vi mt hm sng ( ) x
b. Nng lng ca ht trong ging ph thuc vo s nguyn n, ngha l bin
thin gin on. Ta ni rng nng lng b lng t ha.
Vi n = 1 ta c mc nng lng cc tiu
2 2
1 2
2
E
ma

=

ng vi hm sng
1
2
( ) sin x x
a a

= , hm sng lc ny m t trng thi chuyn ng c bn ca ht.

Hm sng
1
( ) x khc khng ti mi im trong ging, ch c th bng 0 ti cc v tr
bin (Hnh 7.7).
Khong cch gia hai mc nng lng k tip nhau ng vi cc s nguyn n v
n + 1 bng:
2 2
1 2
(2 1)
2
n n n
E E E n
ma

+
= = +

(7.26)
n
E cng ln khi a v m cng nh. Nu xt ht electron
31
m 9,1.10 kg

= ,
10
a ~ 5.10 m

th E ~ 1eV , khong cch gia E

n+1
v E
n
tng i ln, nng lng
b lng t ha. Nhng nu xt mt phn t c
28
m ~10 kg

chuyn ng trong min

a ~ 10cm th khong cch gia cc mc nng lng
20
E ~ 10 eV

l kh nh. Trong
trng hp ny c th coi nng lng ca phn t bin thin lin tc.
c. Mt xc sut tm ht trong ging:

2
2
2
( ) sin
n
n
x x
a a

= (7.27)
Hnh 7.7 Ht trong ging th nng mt chiu,
cao v hn.


155
Mt xc sut cc i khi: sin 1
n
x
a

= . Do xc sut tm thy ht ln nht

ti: (2 1) 0, 1, 2,...
2
a
x m a m
n
= + < =

V d: Khi n = 1, xc sut tm thy ht im x = a/2 l ln nht. Khi n = 2 xc
sut tm thy ht im x=a/4 v x=3a/4 ln nht...
Mt xc sut cc tiu khi: sin 0
n
x
a

= . Do xc sut tm thy ht nh nht

ti
ma
x a
n
= < . Cc kt qu c biu din trn hnh 7.7.

2. Hiu ng ng ngm

Ta xt ht mang nng lng E, chuyn ng
theo phng x t tri sang phi p vo hng ro
th nng nh hnh 7.8. Theo quan im ca c
hc c in, nu E < U
o
ht khng th vt qua
hng ro. Theo quan im ca c hc lng t ta
s thy ht vn c kh nng xuyn qua hng ro
th nng. Hin tng xuyn qua hng ro th
nng nh vy c gi l hiu ng ng ngm.
Chng ta s nghin cu trng hp hng ro th nng dng n gin nh hnh
7.8:
0
0 0
0
0
x
U U x a
x a

= < <

(7.28)

Phng trnh Schrodiger i vi cc min nh sau:

Min I:
2
2
1
1 1 2
( )
( ) 0
d x
k x
dx

+ = vi
2
1 2
2mE
k =

Min II:
2
2
2
2 2
2
( )
( ) 0
d x
k x
dx

= vi
2
1 0 2
2
( )
m
k U E =

(7.29)
Min III:
2
2
3
1 3 2
( )
( ) 0
d x
k x
dx

+ = .
Hnh 7.8 Hng ro th.

156
Trong min I c c sng ti v sng phn x. Nghim
1
trong min ny c dng:
1 1
1 1 1
( )
ik x ik x
x Ae Be

= + (7.30)
S hng th nht ca v phi biu din sng ti truyn t tri sang phi. S hng th
hai ca v phi biu din sng phn x trn mt hng ro th nng, truyn ngc tr
li t phi sang tri.
Nghim tng qut trong min II l:
2 2
2 2 2
( )
ik x ik x
x A e B e

= + (7.31)
Nghim tng qut trong min III c dng:

1 1
( ) ( )
1 3 3
( )
ik x a ik x a
x A e B e

= + (7.32)
S hng th nht ca phng trnh (7.32) biu din sng xuyn qua hng ro v
truyn t tri sang phi. S hng th hai biu din sng phn x t v cc v, nhng
sng ny khng c, nn ta c th cho B
3
= 0.
H s truyn qua hng ro D c nh ngha l t s gia s ht xuyn qua
c hng ro v s ht i ti hng ro. V s ht li t l vi bnh phng ca bin
sng. Bin sng ti hng ro l A
1
v bin sng xuyn qua hng ro l A
3
, do
ta c
2
3
2
1
A
D
A
= (7.33)
H s phn x R c nh ngha l t s gia s ht phn x v s ht i ti
hng ro, do ta c:
2
1
2
1
B
R
A
= (7.34)
trong B
1
l bin sng phn x trn mt hng ro. Do iu kin bo ton s ht,
ta phi c
2 2 2
3 1 1
A B A + = .
Do ,
1 D R + = (7.35)
tnh c h s D v R ta phi tnh c cc bin sng. Mun vy ta da
vo iu kin lin tc ca hm sng v o hm ca n ti cc v tr bin (x = 0 v x =
a). T cc iu kin bin:

157
1 2
1 2
2 3
2 3
(0) (0)
' (0) ' (0)
( ) ( )
' ( ) ' ( )
a a
a a




=
=
=
=
(7.36)
ta rt ra cc h thc sau

1 1 2 2
A B A B + = + (7.37)
1 1 1 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ik A B k A B = (7.38)
2 2
2 2 3
k a k a
A e B e A

+ = (7.39)
2 2
2 2 2 1 3
( )
k a k a
k A e B e ik A

= (7.40)
T (7.39) v (7.40) ta c th biu th A
2
, B
2
qua A
3
:
2
2 3
1
2
k a
in
A A e

= (7.41)
2
2 3
1
2
k a
in
B A e
+
= (7.42)
Trong :
1
2 0
k E
n
k U E
= =

V 1 1 in in = + , nn ta suy ra
2 2
A B . Do , c th t B
2
=0. T (7.37) v (7.38)
ta rt ra c A
1
theo A
2
, sau s dng (7.41) ta tnh c:

2
1 3
1 1
2 2
k a
in in
A A e
n
+
=


. (7.43)
T y ta thu c h s truyn qua:

( )
2
2
2
2 3
2 2
2
1
16
1
k a
A
n
D e
A
n

= =
+
. (7.44)
Nu
( )
2
2
2
16
1
n
n +
vo c 1 (U
0
vo c 10E) th c th vit:
2
2k a
D e

.
Hay,

0
2
exp 2 ( )
a
D m U E
m




(7.45)

158
T (7.45) ta nhn thy rng, ngay khi nng lng E ca ht nh hn th nng
ca ro (E < U
0
) th D vn lun lun khc khng, ngha l vn c ht xuyn qua ro.
Nu D ln, ht xuyn qua ro nhiu v ngc li, nhng lun khc 0.
V d ht electron m = 9,1.10
-31
kg. Nu U
0
- E ~ 1,3.10
-31
J, ta c c s ph
thuc ca D vo b rng ca hng ro th nng theo bng sau:



H s D c gi tr ng k khi a nh, ngha l hiu ng ng ngm ch xy ra
r rt trong kch thc vi m. Hiu ng ng ngm l mt hin tng th hin r
tnh cht sng ca vi ht, iu ny khng th c i vi ht v m.
Hiu ng ng ngm cho php ta gii thch nhiu hin tng gp trong t
nhin. V d hin tng pht electron lnh, hiu ng phn r ht ...

Hin tng pht electron lnh: electron mun thot ra khi kim loi cn c
nng lng thng cng cn, vt qua hng ro th nng U
o
, nh vy ta cn phi nung
nng kim loi. Tuy nhin, v c hiu
ng ng ngm, nn ngay nhit
thng, d E < U
o
, vn c kh nng
electron thot ra ngoi kim loi. Hin
tng ny c gi l hin tng pht
electron lnh.
Hin tng phn r cng c gii
thch tng t. Ht nhn nguyn t
gm c cc ht proton (p) v notron
(n). Trong ht nhn cc ht p v n
tng tc vi nhau bng lc ht nhn,
cho nn c th xem nh chng nm
trong ging th nng. Ht gm hai
ht p v hai ht n, mc d nng lng ca ht nh hn cao ro th nhng do hiu
ng ng ngm, ht p v n ca ht vn c th bay ra khi ht nhn, hin tng ny
gi l hin tng phn r (hnh 7.9).

3. Dao ng t iu ha lng t

Mt vi ht thc hin dao ng nh iu ha xung quanh v tr cn bng l mt v
d v dao ng t iu ha lng t. Dao ng ca nguyn t trong phn t, dao
ng ca cc in xung quanh nt mng tinh th... u l nhng v d v dao ng t
a[m]
10
-10
1,5.10
-10
2.10
-10
5.10
-10

D 0,1 0,03 0,008
5.10
-7

Hnh 7-9 Hin tng phn r .

159
iu ha. Dao ng t iu ha l mt hin tng rt quan trng ca vt l ni chung
v c hc lng t ni ring.
Ta xt vi ht dao ng (mt chiu) trong trng th nng. Trong phn dao ng
ta bit th nng ca dao ng iu ha mt chiu bng:
2 2 2
1
2
U kx m x = = (7.46)
trong m l khi lng ca vi ht, l tn s gc ca dao ng. Phng trnh
Schrodinger cho dao ng t iu ha c dng:
2 2 2
2 2
2
( ) 0
2
d m m x
E
dx

+ =

(7.47)
Gii phng trnh (7.47) v tm c biu thc nng lng ca dao ng t iu
ha:
1
( )
2
n
E n = + vi n = 0,1,2... (7.48)
Ta thy nng lng ca dao ng t ch ly nhng gi tr gin on, c ngha
rng nng lng ca dao ng t b lng t ha. Nng lng thp nht ca dao
ng t iu ha ng vi n = 0.
0
2
E

=


Nng lng ny c gi l nng lng khng. Nng lng khng lin quan
n dao ng khng ca dao ng t, ngha l khi T = 0K, dao ng t vn dao
ng. iu ny c thc nghim xc nhn trong th nghim tn x tia X. Tia X b
tn x l do cc dao ng nguyn t trong mng tinh th gy ra. Theo c hc c in,
khi nhit cng gim, bin dao ng ca cc nguyn t gim n khng, do
s tn x ca nh sng phi bin mt. Nhng thc nghim chng t, khi nhit
gim, cng tn x tin ti mt gi tr gii hn no . iu c ngha rng,
ngay c khi T 0, s tn x nh sng vn xy ra v cc nguyn t trong mng tinh
th vn dao ng, tng ng vi mt nng lng E
o
no . Nh vy thc nghim
xc nhn s ng n ca c hc lng t.
S tn ti ca nng lng khng cng ph hp vi h thc bt nh
Heisenberg. Thc vy, nu mc nng lng thp nht ca dao ng t bng 0, nh
th c ngha l ht ng yn v vn tc v ta ca vi ht c xc nh ng thi
(u bng 0), iu ny mu thun vi h thc bt nh. S tn ti ca mc nng lng
khng ca dao ng t iu ha l mt trong nhng biu hin c trng nht ca
lng tnh sng-ht ca vi ht.
CU HI L THUYT
1. Cho bit gi thuyt de Broglie v lng tnh sng ht.

160
2. Vit biu thc hm sng cho vi ht v ngha ca cc i lng c trong biu thc
.
3. Vit phng trnh Schrodinger cho vi ht t do v vi ht chuyn ng trong trng
lc th. Nu ngha cc i lng.
4. Cho bit bn cht, ngha ca hm sng v cc iu kin ca hm sng.
5. Pht biu v nu ngha ca h thc bt nh Heisenberg.
6. Phn tch ti sao trong c hc lng t khi nim qu o ca vi ht khng cn c
ngha. Khi nim qu o ca vi ht c thay th bng khi nim g ?
7. Hy tm biu thc ca hm sng v nng lng ca vi ht trong ging th nng mt
chiu, c chiu cao v cng.
8. Th no l dao ng t iu ha lng t. Vit phng trnh Schrodinger v biu
thc nng lng ca dao ng t iu ha. T rt ra biu thc ca nng lng
khng, nu ngha ca biu thc ny.
BI TP
Th d 1: Electron chuyn ng tng i tnh vi vn tc 2.10
8
m/s. Tm:
1. Bc sng de Broglie ca electron.
2. ng lng ca electron.
Bi gii
1. p dng c hc tng i tnh:
2
2
12 0
2
0
2
(1 )
; 2, 72.10
v v
(1 )
e
e
v
m h h
c
m m
m m
v
c

= = = =

.
2. ng lng ca electron:
22
2, 44.10 . /
h
p kg m s

= = .
Th d 2: ng nng ca electron trong nguyn t hir c gi tr vo c 10eV. Dng
h thc bt nh hy nh gi kch thc nh nht ca nguyn t.
Bi gii: Theo h thc bt nh Heisenberg: .
x
x p h
Gi s kch thc ca nguyn t bng , vy v tr ca electron theo phng x xc
nh bi: 0
2
l
x , ngha l
2
l
x
T h thc bt nh ta suy ra:
2
x
h
l
p

Mt khc
x
p p m 2 E
e
p m = , trong E

l ng nng.

161
Vy gi tr nh nht ca kch thc nguyn t:
10
min
2
1, 24.10
2 E
e
h
l m
m

= .
Bi tp t gii
1. Electron phi c vn tc bng bao nhiu ng nng ca n bng nng lng ca
photon c bc sng = 5200A
0
.
p s:
5
v=9,2.10 / m s
2. Tm vn tc ca electron ng lng ca n bng ng lng ca photon c
bc sng = 5200A
0
.
p s: v=1400 / m s
3. Tm ng lng ca electron chuyn ng vi vn tc c8,0v=
p s:
22
p=3,64.10 / kgm s

4. Tm bc sng de Broglie ca:
a. Electron c tng tc bi hiu in th 1V, 100V, 1000V.
b. Electron ang chuyn ng tng i tnh vi vn tc 10
8
m/s.
p s:
a.
10 10 10
1 2 3
12, 25.10 ; 1, 225.10 ; 0, 338.10 m m m

= = = .
b.
11
0, 69.10 m

= .
5. Xc nh bc sng de Broglie ca electron c ng nng
a. E

= 100eV.
b. E

= 3MeV
p s:
a. = 1,23.10
-10
m.
b. = 0,82.10
-10
m.
8. Electron c bc sng de Broglie = 8.10
-10
m. Tm vn tc chuyn ng ca
electron.
p s: v = 0,12.10
7
m/s.
7. Electron khng vn tc ban u c gia tc bi mt hiu in th U. Tnh U bit
rng sau khi gia tc ht chuyn ng ng vi bc sng de Broglie 10
-10
m.
p s: U= 150 V .
8. Mt ht mang in c gia tc bi hiu in th U = 200V, c bc sng de
Broglie = 0,0202.10
-8
m v in tch v tr s bng in tch ca electron. Tm khi
lng ca ht .

162
p s: m=1,87.10
-27
kg.
9. Electron c ng nng E

= 15eV, chuyn ng trong mt git kim loi kch thc
d = 10
-8
m. Xc nh bt nh v vn tc ca ht .
p s: 0,88 %
10. Ht vi m c bt nh v ng lng bng 1% ng lng ca n. Xc nh t
s gia bc sng de Broglie v bt nh v to ca ht.
p s: 100
x

= .
11. Dng ht c nng lng E xc nh chuyn ng theo phng x t tri sang phi
n gp mt hng ro th nng xc nh bi:
0 0
0 0
0
khi x
U
U khi x E U

=

> >

Xc nh h s phn x v h s truyn qua
hng ro th i vi electron .
Hng dn v gii
Gii phng trnh Schrodinger hai min I v
II. Trong min I hm sng
1
( ) x tho mn:
2
1
1 2 2
2
0
e
d m
E
dx

+ =

t
2
2
2m
E k =

, nghim ca phng
trnh:
1
ikx ikx
Ae Be

= +
S hng Ae
ikx
m t sng truyn t tri sang phi (sng ti), s hng Be
-ikx
m t sng
truyn t phi sang tri (sng phn x trong min I).
Trong min II, hm sng tho mn: ( )
2
2
0 2
2 2
2
0
e
d m
E U
dx

+ =

t
( )
2
1 0 2
2
e
m
k E U =

phng trnh c nghim tng qut:

2
ikx ikx
Ce De

= + . Trong
min II ch c sng truyn t tri sang phi nn D = 0. Vy
2
ikx
Ce = . tm A, B, C
ta vit iu kin lin tc ca hm sng v ca o hm cp 1 ca hm sng:
1 2
1 2
(0) (0)
(0) (0),
d d
dx dx

= =
Ta c:
1
1
, ( )
A B k
A B C k A B k C
A B k
+
+ = = =

.

163
H s phn x:
2
2
0 1
2 2
1
2
1
1 0
1 1 1
1
1 1
U k
B
k k
E k
R
k
k k U A
k
E






= = = =

+


+
+



.
H s truyn qua:
1
2
2
4
1
( )
kk
D R
k k
= =
+
.
12. Vit phng trnh Schrodinger i vi ht vi m:
a. Chuyn ng mt chiu trong trng th
2
2
kx
U = .
b. Chuyn ng trong trng tnh in Coulomb
2
0
4
Ze
U
r
= .
p s:
a.
2 2
2 2
2
( ) 0
2
d m kx
E
dx

+ =

.
b.
2 2
2 2
0
2
( ) 0
4
d m Ze
E
dx r

+ + =

.






















164

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Vt l i cng, Lng Duyn Bnh, tp 2, NXBGD (nm 2004).
2. Bi tp Vt l i cng, Lng Duyn Bnh, tp 2, NXBGD (nm 2004).
3. Vt l i cng, Lng Duyn Bnh, tp 3, NXBGD (nm 2004).
4. Bi tp Vt l i cng, Lng Duyn Bnh, tp 3, NXBGD (nm 2004).
5. C s vt l, David Halliday, NXBGD (nm 1997)
5. Physics for everyone, L. D. Landau - A.I.Kiataigorodsky, book 3.
6. Physics for everyone, Landau - A.I.Kiataigorodsky, book 4.
7. Physic for sceintists and eneginers with modern physics, Gain coli.