4th Year First Term End Exam Reviewer Math I.

Circles, Segments and Congruency Circle o a group of points equidistant to a designated center o Divides its containing plane into 3 parts Area in the circle Area out of the circle Area on the circle itself o Written as (circle A) or (circle A with point x) o Secondary Parts Diameter chord that passes the center of the circle Radius- segment whose endpoints are a circles center and any point on the circle Chord a segment whose endpoints are points on a circle Tangent Line a line that makes contact with a circle at only 1 point Secant a line passing through a circle o Congruent vs. Concentric Concentric circles circles with the same center Congruent circles circles whose radii have the same length NOTE: You cant have a combination of the two. That would just be 1 circle Sphere o Identical to a circle, except Its encased in a space 3 dimensional Has height, width, and depth Inscription o When a circle overlaps all the vertices of a polygon, it either: Circumscribes about the polygon or the polygon is inscribed in the circle NOTE: Circles can also be inscribed in a polygon, Polygons can also circumscribe a circle Both are pretty much the same thing on paper if drawn. The only thing that differs is perspective. One is from the inscribes point of view, the other about the circumscriber Spheres and Planes o Null Set A sphere and plane that DO NOT intersect o Circle the intersection of a sphere and a plane o Great Circle the intersection of a sphere and a plane while the plane intersects the spheres center. Its the biggest intersection possible between the two Special Triangles

30, 60, 90 30 = X 60 = X sqr. Root of 3 90 = 2X o 45, 45, 90 45 = x 90 = x sqr Root of 2 Common Tangents o A tangent common to 2 circles Common Internal

Common External

Internally Tangent

Externally Tangent

Theorems in a nutshell

II. Central Angles, Arcs, Chords - Central Angle o Angle whose vertex is the center of a circle o Create ARCS when intercepting a circle A segment of a circle 3 types Major > 180 deg Minor < 180 deg

Semi-Circle = 180 Measure of an Arc inside a central angle is equal to the measurement of the central angle Inscribed Angles o Angles whose vertex is on a circle, and whose legs are chords o The arc inside the angle is twice the measure of the angle. Therefore. Inscribed angles on the same side of the circle with the same endpoints are congruent Inscribed angles on opposite sides of the circle with the same endpoints are supplementary If things intersect and you want to get an angle. o Inside a circle Angle A = (arc BE +arc CD)(1/2) o On A circle Divide the intercepted arc by 2

Outside a circle In any of the 3 situations below, Subtract the smaller arc from the big arc, then divide by 2

If things intersect and you want to get a segment length o Of 2 chords (BA)(AC)=(EA)(AD)

Of 2 Secants (AB)(AC)=(AD)(AE)

Of a Secant and Tangent (AB)=(AC)(AD

III. Conic Sections - Sections generated by cones and a plane - 4 types, but for now well use only 3 1) Circle - Already talked about this one, so lets skip ahead - Equations o Standard r = x + y thats if your origin is 0 r = (x-h) + (y-k) thats if your origin is (h,k) o General x - 2xh + h + y - 2yk + k = r - If given 3 points and asked to find the circle o Make a general equation for each of the points, substituting X and Y from the equation using the coordinates o Through Elimination, isolate a value (youre choice here) o When you get your value, use it to solve for the remaining value 2) Semi Circle - Half a circle - Equations o If semi-circle is either the TOP or BOTTOM half of the circle and its center is the origin TOP: y = r - x BOTTOM: y = - (r - x) o If semi-circle is either the LEFT or RIGHT half of the circle and its center is the origin RIGHT: x = r - y LEFT: x = -(r - y) o If your center isnt the origin, substitute x in any of the equations with (x-h) and y with (y-k), your vertex being (h,k) 3) Parabola - A locus of points equidistant from a Directrix and a Focus - Parts: o Vertex: midpoint between focus and vertex o Axis of Symmetery: line that passes through the Focus and Vertex. Indicates Whether Vertical or Horizontal Parabola o Focal Width: Distance Between Vertex and Focus, Vertex and Directrix o Latus Rectum: Passes through the focus and its endpoints are on the parabola. Length is 4p

Directrix: Important part, but we really dont use it a lot in tests. Is P away from the vertex, and 2p away from the focus o Focus: needed to graph pretty much everything. Is P away from the vertex, and 2p away from the directrix Equation o If parabola is either pointing UP or DOWN and its vertex is the origin UP: x = 4py DOWN: x = - 4py o If parabola is pointing either LEFT or RIGHT and its vertex is the origin RIGHT: y = 4px LEFT: y = - 4px o If your vertex isnt the origin, substitute x in any of the equations with (x-h) and y with (y-k) if your vertex is (h,k)