THE LIBRARY

THE INSTITUTE OF MEDIAEVAL STUDIES

TORONTO
PRESENTED BY

Rev. A.A. Yaschalde, G.S.B.

2
ETHIOPIC GRAMMAR
WITH

CHRESTOMATHY AND GLOSSARY

BY

SAMUEL A. B. MERCER
PH.D., D.D.

PROFESSOR OF HEBREW AND OLD TESTAMENT IN THE WESTERN

THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, CHICAGO
RECTOR OF THE SOCIETY OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH
AND EDITOR OF ITS JOURNAL
EDITOR OF THE ANGLICAN THEOLOGICAL REVIEW

OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1920
 \aos3
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK
TORONTO MELBOURNE CAPE TOWN BOMBAY
HUMPHREY MILFORD
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY
 PREFACE
In French and in German, each, there is an excellent beginner's
book for the study of Ethiopic — Chaine, Grammaire Ethiopienne,
and Praetorius, Aethiopische Grammatik. In English there is no
such book. Crichton's translation of Bezold's edition of Dillmann's
great work on Ethiopic Grammar has no reading exercises, and
is hopeless for a beginner, although an indispensable reference
book for the advanced student. The present book is an attempt
to fill this gap for English-speaking students, for there is no reason
why they should be compelled to learn Ethiopic through the
medium of a foreign language.
Years of experience in teaching Semitic languages have taught
the author that '
there is no royal road ' to these tongues, and the
quickest and most efficient way to acquire a reading knowledge
of them is to begin by memorizing the skeleton of the language.
With this in view, therefore, Ethiopic grammar has been presented
in skeleton. Nevertheless, some parts of the skeleton are less
important than others; for example, sections 16-27 need only
be very carefully read, and the paradigms of weak verbs, sections
58-94, need only be diligently compared with those of the strong
verb. But the strong verb, sections 37-57, must be thoroughly
and absolutely committed 10 memory, as well as the contents
of sections 2-14. All vocabularies must also be thoroughly
memorized. Sections 95-96 and 107-108 should be most care-
fully studied, as also sections 97-106. All prepositions, adverbs,
conjunctions, and interjections should be committed to memory.
The sections on Syntax, 11 7-1 34, should be carefully worked
through, and the examples and exercises diligently read. All this
being done, the student need have no fear of tackling the longer
A 2
4 PREFACE
reading exercises in the Chrestomathy. When the whole book
has been completed, the student will be ready to begin advanced
work. He should then procure A. Dillman, Chrestomathia Aethio-
pica, T. O. Weigel, Lipsiae, 1866, and work through it from
beginning to end. After that he ought to be ready for independent
work in Ethiopic. Then his chief tools, in addition to texts or

manuscripts, will be: A.Dillmann, Ethiopic Grammar, second edition

by Carl Bezold, translated by James A. Crichton, Williams and
Norgate, London, 1907; and A. Dillmann, Lexicon Linguae
Aethiopicae cum Indice Latino, T. 0. Weigel, Lipsiae, 1865.
The Glossary here appended contains every word necessary for

the translation of the exercises in the Grammar and Syntax and

of those in the Chrestomathy.
The author's object has been to make this book as brief and
concise as possible. He warns students against thinking that they
can acquire an adequate knowledge of Ethiopic without much
memory-work. If the above directions are followed, the author
feels that the object for which thisbook has been prepared will
be attained —namely, to add to the number of English-speaking

students interested in the study of Ethiopic.

This preface would be incomplete without a sincere word of
thanks to those workers in the Clarendon Press, who, by their care
and trained accuracy, have contributed much to the accomplishment
of this task.
SAMUEL A. B. MERCER.
Hibbard Egyptian Library,
Western Theological Seminary,
Chicago.

May 10, 19 19.

 CONTENTS
GRAMMAR
SECTIONS

2-IO.
I. Introduction
Alphabet
.......
......
PAGE
7

9
I I. Reduplication of Consonants 14
12.

*3-
Reading of
Syllable ......
e

.....
'4

15
14.
15.
16-20.
Tone
Reading .....
Vowel Modifications . .
16
17
17
21-27.
28-36.
37-57-
Consonant Modifications
Pronouns
Strong Verbs
....
....
. 19
2T
27
58-61. Intransitive Verbs 37
62-67. Four-and-more-radical Verbs 38
68-71. Double Medial Verbs 40
72-75- Initial Guttural Verbs 43
76-79. Medial Guttural Verbs 45
80-83. Final Guttural Verbs - 47
84-86. InitialWeak Verbs . -
5o
87-89. Medial Weak Verbs . - 52
90-92. Final Weak Verbs . • 53
93-94- Irregular and Doubly Weak Verbs 57
95-96.
97-101.
The verb
Nouns .....
with Suffixes

.... .
60
62
102-103.
104-106.
107-108.
Participles
Adjectives
Nominal
....
Suffixes (Attachment) .
.

•
67
69
73

~?J
7oZ5
. M-f
 CONTENTS
PAGE
SECTIONS
Prepositions
74
109-110.
76
111-112. Adverbs .

77
1 3-1 1 4. Conjunctions
1
78
11 5- 1 16. Interjections

SYNTAX
Nouns 79
1
1
7-1 20.
80
121-124. Verbs
82
125-126. Simple Sentences
83
127-T28. Interrogative Sentences
84
129. Copulative Clauses .

85
130-132. Relative Clauses
86
133- Reciprocal Clauses .

87
134- Optative Expressions
88
136. Model Analysis and Translation
T
CHRESTOMATHY 9

104
GLOSSARY
 GRAM M A R

INTRODUCTION
§ i. Some centuries before the Christian era, a Semitic people
who spoke a pure Semitic language, which they called Mi: 70"H
'
the tongue of the free ', migrated from Yemen in Arabia to
Abyssinia in Africa. At Axum as a centre they founded a king-

dom which, in the third century, was converted to Christianity.

Their language, which we now call Ethiopic, remained the spoken
tongue till the beginning of the seventeenth century, when it was
superseded by Tigre, Tigrina, and Amharic. Since then, how-
ever, it has persisted as the language of the Church and of
literature.

The Ethiopic tongue is more closely related to Arabic than to

any other Semitic language, but its affinities to Assyrian and

Hebrew are also close.

The majority of extant Ethiopic literature, with the exception

of some inscriptions, has been handed down in manuscript form,
and is ecclesiastical in character, the chief being versions of the
books of the Old and the New Testaments. There is a con-
siderable amount of theological, poetical (religious), and liturgical

literature, and some historical, chronological, legal, mathematical,

and medical material.
Although the people of Europe first became interested in the

language and literature of Ethiopia as early as the -sixteenth

century, very little was done until the time of Ludolfus who
8 GRAMMAR
published a Grammatica Aethiopica in 1661, and a Lexicon
Aethiopico-Latinum a few years later. Ludolfus may well be called

the father of Ethiopic studies. An unfortunate lull followed his

efforts, and the study of Ethiopic was neglected until the time of

Hupfeld in 1825. Since then such men as Tuch, Ewald, and

especially Dillmann, Praetorius, Bezold, Guidi, Chaine, and Littmann
have done good work.
 : —

CHAPTER I

THE ALPHABET
§ 2. The Ethiopic script, brought by the Semites from South
Arabia to Abyssinia, is very similar to that found on the Minao-
Sabaic inscriptions.
The alphabet or syllabary — for each sign represents a syllable
consists of twenty-six signs written from left to right. Formerly
they were written from right to left like Hebrew, Aramaic, and
Arabic.

§ 3 The consonants arranged according to the organs of

speech are
1. Gutturals h V rt\ 1
2. Palatals 7 h * ?

3. Dentals A 1* m
4. Labials (l & & t
5. Sibilants H f\ ft V 8
6. Nasals ao \

7. Linguals £ A
8. Semi-vowels W ?

§ 4. Interchange among the consonants :

H is often found instead of rt, v3 ,

or ft.

ft ,, ,, 8.

A „ „ &
A „ ft

A „ „ 8.
10 GRAMMAR
u
J3
e«
5/5

<!
T3
r^
<u 5
«i
nJ >
cu

rCi
cu o <b J cu
<V

X i:j\sO'&rQ»iii
44
c •L)

•^ ^ ~^. s S-3
<£. >>> "V. -$*>

Cfl
'« bfei&.Sv^c.^c^^
W
£
b*
O
> ^^^^^•u^c^c^-f
w Sri

m H
<1
W
P-
'<« X <£ 4 r 2* 3 <S -ea <£ -r«> r«
Ph H
vJ ^
<1 fc
O
CO
fc
<3 3s c •f r 5" >S c *i c f\
O
U
lot
X <J ^ 2
s

S
4 ** <5 &» d **

'« £> £ •e I i s?- £ * & fr *

S <e •s 6 5 \J -c -^ c TT **

1-1

j3 c/3
v
iO
5
2
*
irt
c ^3 « irt g '« 5

f iO O 1^ CO 00 -
 < » 1

ALPHABET 1

T3
V
[

•«->
rt I

<D
(A U U lo !

3
Cu ass

£ cu
O
•*—
Oh J
o g aJ
£ CU
^ -J.

e a
a, £
srhtlv

O
-$ £ <L>

In > o k) tf CA)

— Y. n - ^ *-~ r n K. 1
a V* s ]
CO
So
ijj
i

1)
*-4 *$ << B .« to
^ ^3 ZJO •k*.
«v,.
e-9.
>3. s O
a
c
c
o
cu

^ -»C S. Bs Os X* i- <*, t+ e oc QC »* Si K

t*« <« J? B O 3= <* SN 6- nk dc o tf tr

J
-<
«S j5 c* 3* -Q e£ ^e r* 5= ^ ©a (66 ^ H

> *C j? B- ef> X *i *c r^ e •oc oc wr sJ- h

.v ^ jd B> cH ^ «L &tf N d ed «J <&3 * H

wi *£ A g 6 ft cJ- <* r*- E •rf &$ <h **

«^» *c £ 9 o = t>- ** r- S « oc <x ^ >-

Cfi
d irt
ii—
Irt
*-> jaJ
u_ «+-. a s £ <-> o
ct irt ictf
aS n rt aJ d CJ aS «4H c3
£2
r& /•
£ ^aj N >% bO rt
> Cu. Cfl»
r
O- d CU

a ro ** lO vo t— 00 On O , ,
1 M CO <* ic vO
"• H M H -i H * O) M M CI C4 N ca
 :

I 2 GRAMMAR
§ 5. Vowels.
1. The vowels are a, e, a, I, ft, e, 0.
2. The fundamental vowel is a, thus, ft is ba,

3. Short e is like the vocal shewa in Hebrew, the shortest and

most colourless of vow el sounds. r

It is to be pronounced like the

first c in believe.

4. Short e represents the short sound of all vowels but a.

§ 6. To render certain foreign sounds, several Amharic and

Tigre characters have been adopted. They are

a u i a e e Tran-
scription

a ft n n R, B P sh

>T * % * * * ¥ tsh

r ¥ X ? 2 1 ? gn
•fi 7h Tl "ft % 1i * kh
u
•

w w Tf 7£ 3f W
K ?€ •h: »C W H ^f j
Z * * •? s £ K dj
GEk at £El <Et ffip <£> P»> tcK
? * 3» * ? k
% ^ $ V" hi

§ 7. A special mode of pronunciation was developed in the

case of the four signs, 1 # h 7. A w-sound was introduced

between the consonant and the leading vowel whenever the
consonant was to be pronounced with an #-sound or an z'-i-sound.

For this purpose the following signs are used :

 :

ALPHABET 13

//-containing Gutturals and Palatals

- —
«fe
fin-
A £ <h'.
kiia, &c.

> > A •* ^« ^##, &c.

fr° 1* * * H- tea, &c.

7- * 3 2 7" ^Wtf, &c.

§ 8. Some letters are found with the ua (T) sign written either
above or below the They

O
letter. are in part

5., "ft, 7\, d., % z, t. a, a, •? , 4, nx, <%, 4,

§ 9. The following letters, which are very similar in form,
should be carefully distinguished :

and ij and 7
y » H 1
th „ m
?° „ r
7 and rq V 4» and JP

w » 10 Oh Ok „ OP*

4« „

£ „ 6
C r and £
C „ <?

M „ \l and rt and ft

* „ 4 „ 1 „

§ 10. Read:
V ft* : rh. : °H : Hi : C : t\ \ * J. 4
<P. 1 P : a : £ : ,£ : 7 : Oh ft

V5 OK $ $ * "ft s
W K £ : : : * : s : * : *L
W:^:^:^:^:^: JCrfa,:^:© : ?:
 .

CHAPTER II

§11. Reduplication of Consonants.

i. The doubled consonant is written only once, nor has it any

external sign (as in Hebrew) to show that it is doubled. The
ability to recognize a doubled consonant comes mainly through
practice.

2. Reduplication always appears as the result of the assimilation

or contraction of consonants, e. g. (\(\([ sassala from A£vAA, i&
nadda for \&&.
3. The second radical of the intensive of all verbs is doubled,
e. g. #TA kattdld.

4. The doubling of a consonant can only be heard when it is

followed by a vowel, e. g. £V»(l is pronounced fid, but £V(l is pro-

nounced lebbd.

5. The following are some common words where reduplication

occurs: XA, M, >v(D, Xm>, IK, X&, T#, fh*P.

§ 12. The Reading of e.

1 Its reading is similar to that of shewa in Hebrew.

2. If it is accented or if it comes before reduplication it is always
vocal, e. g. (D'trf iveetft, (DlKQ? ivdlebbu.

3. Without accent and reduplication :

a. In the first syllable of a word it is always vocal, e. g.

£W1 lib.

b. At the end of a word it is usually silent, e. g. fodrV lellt,

except when it belongs to a palatal with a guttural, a semi-vowel,

or a guttural, e. g. "WV^ huelkue, (i&a* badive, «lMlX keb'e ; or

when it must form an open syllable, e. g. (DX^H waemse.

 :

READING OF E 15

c. In the middle of a word

(1) It is silent after a vocal e, e.g. a^At" wesla.

(2) It is vocal after a silent et e. g. ^^(t tekteli.

(3) Two successive e's cannot be silent except at the end

of a word, e. g. thdtl^ hdrdst.

4. In foreign words the foreign pronunciation is followed so far

as possible.

§ 13. The Syllable.

1. Every syllable must have a vowel or a diphthong, e.g. \h ;

ft°.

2. An open syllable ends in a vowel, e. g. H.

3. A closed syllable ends in a consonant, e. g. IF*}.

4. A long or a short vowel may stand in an open syllable.
5. A long or a short vowel may stand in a closed syllable.
6. The beginning of a syllable :

a. Every syllable must begin with a consonant. In later

pronunciation, however, (D* and J& constituted a syllable by them-

selves, and were pronounced u and t\ e.g. a*rt\£" ulfid, J&7*flC
Igaber.

b. No syllable begins with two consonants. Whenever two

consonants come together at the beginning of a syllable, the first

takes a short e, e. g. 7ftC gebdr. In later pronunciation, however,

the e was not heard, e. g. ffi'H* fnol.

7. The end of a syllable :

a. A syllable may end in a vowel or a consonant.

(1) Final vowels may be long or short, e.g. ^OV, *H.

(2) If the syllable ends in a consonant, the vowel may be

long whether has the tone or not, D/
it e. g. fiy lh
'a??ilak, ^Thtn^ metkcmmu) or it may be short,
IfiCtb gabareku.
b. A syllable may end in two consonants, but only at the end
of a word. The vowel must be short, ^TCV. When, however,
 6

1 GRAMMAR
the first of two final consonants is a semi-vowel or an aspirate-
guttural, the vowel may be long, e. g. XP^&V, iVh^V.

§ 14. The Tone.

1. The method of fixing the tone in Ethiopic can no longer
be exactly determined in detail, but the general rules are clear.
2. The tone depends upon the number of syllables or the nature
of the vowels in a root word.

3. As a rule the tone rests upon one of the last three syllables,
but it may be still further back, e. g. CidM barakata.

4. In most cases the tone avoids the ultima ; much oftener it

rests on the antepenult, e. g. Ki^a&tl 'ant^mmusd ; but oftenest

on the penult, e. g. hm> kamd.
5. Syllables with long vowels tend to attract the tone, *WP
hedat.

6. A closed syllable with a short vowel attracts the tone, e. g.

HCi ndgarnd.
7. Final short vowels, as a rule, even in a closed syllable, do
not take the tone, e g. VIC hagdr ; there are, however, exceptions,

e. g. IdC gebar.
8. Final long vowels pass the tone back to the penult, e. g
jB.ftrt« yebelu.

9. In verbs the tone almost always rests upon the penult,

e. g. *JHf A kaiala, except in some cases where there is a pronominal

suffix, when it rests on the suffix, e. g. .C^MD* yekatelahu.
10. In nouns the tone is found on or as near as possible to the

last long syllable, e. g. thSli hadas.

11. Gutturals usually attract the tone when followed by a, e.g.
v
hl\'t7 th£ aslamhara. '

12. Monosyllabic words which are joined to stronger words as

prefixes or suffixes do not receive the tone and do not alter the

accentuation of the word, e.g. (Uun> (= (\ + Y\av) bakama, +fAi

 THE TONE 17

hdtalanl ; except in the case of the verbal suffixes If*}, hi, Ifr, and
V, e. g. Jfc'f'MlFl yekafelahon (compare above, 9). Words ending
in a long vowel, which does not have the accent, usually take the
tone on the long vowel on taking one of the monosyllables, e. g.

cn>J« manu, m>J.ffD manuma.

13. There are many irregularities in the tone in Ethiopic, e.g.

£00$ daman a, but «M 4 €

katala.

§ 15. Read'.

1.Reduplication of consonants : tn>flrt: MiCftT: 0^7: £^9?:

Xij*: £*£fc7B j&^A ,fc£fr£:
: : hen*: ^a: (D^&j^Jk R^i

2. Reading of?: a><X*fc a>2V(h *l<n>m: ft^h: t^SA; £M:

M/h ry°: ^^^: (DW7i flfta*: yrtT": fc^A; <n>Tfltfrr:

Ht£fr£-: 'MM*:
3. The Syllable : IP: 7-: 4^: 0: Fi^; h^li M\cn>i <dA\£:
M:PMCi l^C: fl^ti: Ht^.e-. ^Thffi*: (DZChfri 7flOH
tVA: iPVj&t: H**^: JM^:
4. The Tone: H^ht: ilCi\ 'WT: hm>; ^t^rt: £QA.
ft(W: ft^h: (J7C: 7HC: <M*A: c/pJ.; fZ: £<f>t1lh <n><1$n*
Stc*: (D-xt; fiftty°rf^: rni<n> : w(\<r>£CiA j&+Min
(Wlav. «M"1:

CHAPTER III

PHONETIC MODIFICATIONS
VOWELS
16. Change of Quantity.

1. The vowel a is changed to a before two e's, except when the

first e belongs to a semi-vowel, e.g. iPflfl, fern. ipAM*, but 1T£,
plural ffiv

22»» R
 8 :

1 GRAMMAR
2. The vowel a is changed to a before gutturals with I in all

verbs with final gutturals ; in some causative reflexive forms of

verbs, whose first consonant is a guttural; and in most substantives

with a guttural. Examples : ^^RX becomes £7°%X }
tft'thya1
becomes ?fl^XyD l, £rh*fl instead of £fh-fl.

3. The vowel e is lengthened to I before some gutturals, e. g.

CX? imperf. jLZoh..

§ 17. Change of Quality.

1. The vowel a changes to e before a guttural with e in nouns

as well as verbs. This is especially true when the guttural is the

second radical, e.g. dfch changes to 07° fh, and J&Aftft to

jE.£vX?l. Prefixes to initial gutturals, however, remain unchanged,

e. g. hX7°c.
2. The vowel a changes to e before a final guttural with a,

e. g. m>£v?i from (fl>({h. The same change occurs before the

enclitic h. e. g. S^chd^h for 9°(ti£tti.

3. In the imperfect of all intensive forms a is changed to e,

e. g. £**&.
4. With the exception of the personal prefixes of the reflexive

passive, e changes to a before a primal or medial guttural with a,

e.g. ?*J£-7 for je.1^7, rtU$ for MJ*. After the negative A.,

e or a is found before the guttural with a, e.g. hS^AV or

5. In the fern, of adjectives of the form «Hr£V, 1 changes to a,

e. g. rh£ft, fern. ihSli.

6. The vowels £ and i change to e when they are followed by

two e s, e. g. 7ft-C, fern. 7-flCt, X7RX, fern. X7UX*.

7. When the vowels 1 and z? meet their semi-vowels ? and £D,

the following changes take place

1 ? and u CD become e ? and 2 CD, e. g. <VtT for tit?, TICcd-

for *H4-tD-. fr and (O, become JB. and a*, e. g. ai\£T for

m>M\ y°a*t for ^(U.^.

 :

VOWEL MODIFICATIONS 19

8. When in the same word two consecutive syllables contain i,

the I of the first syllable is changed to e, e.g. 4'1'Mli. becomes

9. Other vocal changes will be understood as they are met with

in the treatment of the different parts of speech.

§18. Crasis.

When the final vowel of a word meets with an initial vowel of

a suffix, the following are the chief changes which take place

1. e becomes a, e.g. /rfl^, plural Ktitftl.

2. e becomes a, e. g. 7*flC, ace. 7*fl£.

3. J becomes e, e. g. T^V., ace. W.

§ 19. Contraction of a vowel and semi-vowel.
1. d + (D = 0, e.g. f^X for ffDfl>."/X.

2. e + ah = u, e.g. J&f.y° for fria)?".

3. a+ =
JE. e, e.g. "2i for m>jRi.
4. , +j& = J, e.g. J&^T for je.y«^T.

§ 20.

Disjunction, or reducing to their former condition

vowels formed by contraction.
1. 3 = + aK e.g. 70, plural '/(VPt.
rt

2. e = + ee.g. y^fl,, plural 9°t[Mr\\

fl> }

3. ??= + a*, e.g. X+rt*, per. impf. ^TA'fi.

e 2.

4. * = e+&, e.g. *ift<5, conjunctive J&ftCJP.

CONSONANTS
§21. Assimilation.
1. 7 and 4» assimilate the pronominal suffixes h, 1*, or h.,

e.g. hAM for /b^-J^YL.

B 2
 .

20 GRAMMAR
2, t as a verbal prefix is assimilated to the dentals A, m,
e.g. Jfc.£ft> for frtVAlr.

3. The dental becomes H" when the latter comes after the dental,

e. g. (Dft^ for &([£• from ©A.^.

§ 22. Contraction.

In verbs where the first of the two contracting consonants is

like the second and has a e, e. g. i$* for Jjfc?«.

§23. Accommodation to render pronouns more easy.

1. i for av before labials : XlftJ&i for fc^Ofci.
2. *H followed by ^ becomes A: -Mlffr for 'WVH t ; in like

manner T after ft becomes S

V.

3. The prefix h changes to ? after the negative h.; hSZiT^C

for KXhF°C
4. Other accommodation or permutations are variously found,
e. g. h is permuted to V or ; or to rh or *i ; 7, »fl, or 41

to rh, *f, 0, or U ; rh, .£, or t to rh, .£, or f H ; to rt or ft ;

ft to (D, L, m, .£, or 1*
; cn> or } to ft or C ; ft to £ or A ; and
£ to h, U, 0, H, A, or .£.

§ 24. Suppression.
1 ȣ and 1* are suppressed before sibilants without compensation,
e. g. £H>hC for ,e*H>hC
2. In verbs of initial (D, in subjunctive and all nouns derived
therefrom, the W is lost, e. g. ^VjB^* from cDftjE..

3. In verbs of medial (D, the CD is suppressed, e. g. M<n> for

/ilajcn>.

4. Personal suffixes which begin with V lose it.

5. (D and ?, in substantives derived from roots with final weal:

letters, are suppressed, e. g. (h7° for rt\9°(D\ f|y° for fty°J&.

 ;

CONSONANT MODIFICATIONS 21

6. In collective nouns beginning with hi, the h is always

suppressed, e. g. WtOhC from h1h>Ch°£.

§ 25. Addition.
1. Whenever words ending in u or l receive certain suffixes,

the vowels u and i are converted into their corresponding semi-

consonants, (D or ?, e. g. (\dXlV for O^Jt-V.

2. Additions are made in broken plurals of adjectives and

substantives, e. g. MA, plural tl4aK£r.

§26.
Metathesis occurs only in certain isolated cases, especially

in foreign words, e.g. (fl>*({)\ for ^o^OX from DA which, in turn,

is derived from (\cD-h.

§27. Explain the following changes'.

A£<fe, plural tl&VT; JB^WIX for jBt<n»AX; £()>& from

•AIM ; £&X*i for MhXl ; Mfr for &tf* ; 7(rC, fern. T-nC*
*HCa* for Ti^o^ ; tft&hi becomes #tMli ; t^UCt, plural

^VVCPt; <?*% ace. FIT; ftt for OM*; Uft°, plural (Mm,
hrtit for ftrfi£ from ftrfi^t £HI ;
for J&H1Q ; «QA for fc^QA ;

*.£**& for &M»t& ; £Rrh<? for J&tRrft^ ; tn>1? for OPINIO-

I7GMW for }7CfLlP<n»; £!W1 from <DlM.

CHAPTER IV
§28. Independent Personal Pronoun.
Sin vular
m. c. f.

1 pers. — M 1
—
2. pers. Ml* 2 — M* 3

3 pers. nom. fl^Ji'F

4 — £Xt h

ace. ID-Xl*
6 — jRXt 7
1
dnd. 2
d;;Af. 5
a*/;".
4
wfttu. 6 //'^r. w/to.
7
yPttd.
22 GRAMMAR

Plural

m. c. f.

i pers. — 1AI 1
—
2 pers. KYVao*" — hWl*
nom.
(Xo^VF on 4
—
3 pers. \ _ _ t

ahkfV

i. The third pers. pronoun also means that.

2. The third pers. singular with "H or Tffr expresses this very
or that very ; and with H means even he who.
3. / however is expressed by K\t\.
4. The e in *}rh} is unusual for a.
5. The personal pronoun can be used as a copular in a sentence
with a nominal predicate.

§29. Suffixed Personal Pronouns.

Singular Plural
m. c. f. m. c. f.

1 pers. — % (nominal) —
i (verbal)
2 pers. h — h. \1(JD* Xi\

3 pers. V* — Y ITao* — in

1. The forms Xiav4 \{\, XPao4 Ifl are always accented.

, ,

2. The suffixes of the third person may refer to the subject of

the clause, making a reflexive, e. g. te*lrfor himself.

1 2
fiehnd. anttmmu, 3
dnttn. etnuntu. 5
cmdntu.
7
we'ttomu. ivPeton.
 PRONOUNS

§ 3° Emphatic Personal Pronouns.

i. Nominative (I myself, &c).

Singuh zr Plural

i pers. AA.?
1
(or AM) AAi
2 pers. m. A All m. AAAia1*

f. AAil f. AAAil
m. AAJJ* m. ([(Ufa**
3 pers.
f. AA-y f. AA.lT*

2. Accusative {me myself, &c). -

i pers. YlSV
2 pers. m. Jl.Ph
f. K£K
3 pers. m. WO*
f. *L.ey

Genitive and possessive (of me myself, &c).

a. PTz'//j /fo masculine RJi.

i pers. RM 8 aM
2 pers. m. Rfth RMW*
f. Rftfc HJHfl
m. Rfttf* tUMf <**
3 pers.
f. aay turn

£. WYM M* feminine Kith.

i pers. XTfcK 4 Kithi
2 pers. m. &TtMi KltKXia*
f. XltMi. XTZrAlrt

m. XlttO* XlthlPa*
3 pers.
f. Kith? XTtHlTI
4
1 2 klyayd. zi aya. entiaya.
laliya.
24 GRAMMAR
With the plural XAA.
Singular Plural
1
i pers. XATi? XCthi
2 pers. in. \t\Jft\ hCLhXiav*
f. "kCthh. XATifcl

3 pers. m. XtlhV* XCLhlTa*

f. XCUiY hCthin

§31-
The Reflexive Pronoun is indicated by the use of the
2
word CXft head, with the suffix appended, e.g. «H*A (^ &'//*/)

CXft himself \ (hH(Di; ChCh he himself hath saved us. The word
}<£l\ soul, is used in the same way.

§32. Demonstrative Pronouns.

1. This.
a. First form :

Singular Plural

m. f. m. f.

nom. 'H H Xfr 3

M 4
and XA°*1
6

ace. H H Xfr XI and XM

Second form:

nom.
ace.
b.

W
Hit
s
H*£
Ht
XMtandXATF
XHt and Xrt**H*
7
X4W and
xmt
1. This demonstrative is usually prefixed or affixed to the word
next to it, e. g. UrMMl, ^flAH.
2. The longer forms, "HTP, &c., are more frequently used than
the shorter.

1
HVayX. 2
r'es. 3
mh. * ilia B
tllon.
6 7
"Jntn. elontu.
 PRONOUNS 25

2. That.
a. Firstform:

Singular Plural

m. f. m. f.

nom. Hh* 1
Xlth- 2
ace. "Hh° Mtfc and Xlth-

£. Second form:
c.

nom. -HlTO 4 XWlt 2

X£VH-F or XMlV

ace. TIK-t Xl^ht XMrt or XSVht

"Hht

§33. Relative Pronouns.

Singular Plural
m. f. c.

H KiY XA 7

1. H may be used for the f. singular and for the m. and f. plural.

2. H is also used to express thai which or what.

3. Whatsoever is rendered by HH.

4. H like *H is usually prefixed or affixed to the word next to it.

§ 34. Interrogative Pronouns.

1. Who? What?
Singular Plural
m. f. n, c.

nom. XA; ffoj. and m>J«

ace.

2 3 4 5
1
zeku. tntiku. fflikii zekiW/i. //-

9
6
tntd. 7 hid. l1
mannu. mint.
 26 GRAMMAR
2. Which?
c. c.

nom. ftjB.
1
hf*
ace. fi? fi.P1*

i. GH. what? is also used for the neuter, and is almost always
joined to the succeeding word.
2. These interrogatives are used both in direct and in indirect

questions, and are often strengthened by an enclitic particle,

especially J..

3. The noun l\^i prominence, size, is used as a pronoun to

mean how much? hoiv great?

§ 35. Indefinite Pronouns and Pronominals.

1. The relative pronoun H is also used in an indefinite way.
2. The interrogative tn>J« is also used as an indefinite, usually

with the enclitic X, and, in a negative sense, with the negative ?L,

e.g. &CTDJ.Z, or the negative (Dh., e.g. WhsmWt.

3. The interrogative y°W is used in a similar manner, usually
with the enclitic i. It is used negatively with (D&.
The
4. interrogative /tjE. is also sometimes used indefinitely.

5. The indefinite is also rendered by 0: H, and its negative by

ft&O; H
6. Ith. entirety, totality, is used pronominally with suffixes H*rt*,

H"4, &c, and signifies all, every, the whole of. The suffix, as a rule,
is governed by the gender and number of the noun referred to.

7. The numeral /irh?* one, is used as an indefinite to mean

a certain one, each one..

8. The adjective *i£vX is used as an indefinite to mean other.

9. The conjunction hff» is used with H and *H, e.g. HhffD'H,

to mean such. It is also compounded with "HW (htn>; "HTF) or

with a pronominal suffix (h*7??).

1 ayg.
 :

PRONOUNS 27

10. The noun QrhlT^ solitude, is combined with suffixes to

express the idea a/one, e. g. (\th

t
t V^!
I alone.
11. The nouns fcflA, *flXA., and X7A> are used as indefinite

pronouns, one, certain, and any one respectively.

12. The noun cn>ml measure, standing alone, or with "H or

"HW, expresses the idea so great. When it stands alone it also

means how great, how much.

§36. Read and translate

l<fti: Mi a>X*rl; o*Xt; A1A: £Xt; X^lf: a^X-rrn*

XtnxTfc jBXts Alt; fil*<n*; ihi \Fa*\ Xiw. K\ AM: AAli
AA,!*: AMI: AAJF1: AAJ; h.flF<n>«: fiAls TUP?: ii^f; h.P?
CXA: Rfth: RftlFl: Rftfr: RM: RA?: Rfthl: XlttlH: Xltt?
Xltti: KithYi Withfi\ XithH<fl»i XA.M
XAJK: XATihl:
XMfr: X^AIFop-: i£ft: "H: H: XI: Ht; Hit: XfrVF; Xllt
"Hh-; X&fc: Xltfc; "HtrF; X&H"F; X2V*rt: "Htit: XA; 9*\\ croj.

AjE.; fijPt; ^.: A«P1: Wh\ hthfr *iSvX; Hh<n>*H; ft-flX; m>ml::

CHAPTER V
§ 37. The Skeleton of the Strong Verb.
3. Frequenta
Stem 1. Simple 2. Intensive live

I. Root *tA r
*tA 2
«JtA
II. Causative ftfctA
3
A*tA J#tA
III. Reflexive-passive t*tA 4
t*tA t^tA
IV. Causative-] eflexive AAt^tA 5
AAt*tA AAt^tA
1 . The root of the Ethiopic verb has three radicals, e. g. 4»tA
he killed.

1 2
k&ttdld. 3
dktald. 5
kat&la. tdkatld. dstaktdla.
 :

28 GRAMMAR
2. Each stent has three forms to express : (i) the simple act,

e. g. «M*A he killed'; (2) intensity, e. g. «H*A (doubled i") /$<? certainly

killed ';
(3) a frequentative act, e.g. ^MFA A* used to kill.

3. Each form may further express: (1) a causative idea of the

simple, intensive, or frequentative ; (2) a reflexive, passive, or

reflexive-passive idea of the simple, intensive, or frequentative ;

(3) a causative-reflexive idea of the simple, intensive, or fre-

quentative.

4. The characteristic (1) of the intensive is a double medial,

e. g. kattala ; (2) of the frequentative is a long a in the first syllable,

e. g. kalald ; (3) of the causative is a prefixed h ; (4) of the reflexive

is a prefixed 1*; and (5) of the causative-reflexive is a prefixed hilt".

§ 38. Vocabulary.
av([\i = to rule. <P&(\ = to consecrate.

thd — to find. YU. = to say.

rthft = to go to be . Hh£ == to remember.

<H*A = to kill. Lo\L = to create.

<J\£(n>= to precede. £,£cn>= to finish.

§ 34). Read and translate

Aft-WtA: t#tA; ftfctA; t«H*A: Ji*tAi *tA: ^*A;

afrrt"TA: t#*A; Aflt*tA: m>Ah: ft<*>Ah: t^Ah; hCYito
t^hA; fiftt^hh: fAtoO: afttAhd: Jtfttfc£0i»s t#.fcn>; t«J\£c/D;

•H\£-A: *#£A: ft«K£A: AftfTK; W^: KMi M7& *7<S:

MIMs aAtHh& ftftfltti*. a<?m& t^m* ftftttm*. a£m&

4s&n>: &£ft<n> : t£fraD: ftAt£ftm>!:
 .. ..

2 9

CHAPTER VI

§ 40. Simple Stem.

Simple Form 1

Perfect
Singular Plural

3 ™- #1*A #tA*
3* #tA* #1*1
2 m. <J"rtVh #t^hcn>
2 f +*Ml -MAiil
1 c. #t£vft« +t&l

Imperfect

3 m - J&+-TT&
1
£<H*A*
3* *#*& £#tA
2 m. *#¥& W-M*
2 f *+*A. t+M
1 c. X+-Wi 1#*&
Subjunctive

3 m - j&»Wr&- £fctA-
3f- tfrtav je+*A
2 m. tfrtav ^frtA*
2 f *M*A. **tA
1 c. KVrh TM-li

Imperative

2 m. ¥rtL* M*A»
2 f ^(t **n
Infinitive Gerundive
r
**n 4 #tft°

2 B
yektH. *J/*y. * y&«7/7. k&tilo.
ytkatel.
 . :

30 GRAMMAR
§ 41. Intensive For 711.
Perfect Imperfect Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Gerundive
#Trt £W& £#*& <H'& Wft° #tft°

§ 42. Frequentative Form.

<H*rt W\& .fcWSV W& Wft» «J>tft>

1. The conjugation of the Intensive and Frequentative forms

follows the Simple form.

§43. Read and translate

#*<Vh <M*Mi: tft&ticn*; <H&h1: *trt-: l#t&; £#*&

Wlrfc *«R'<V: tfrt&: ^.^rt-: £M'1i Wis *tft°: £#*&
4"£ft°: J^t^: <R*ft°: m>AhJ: WlHI: >tfm(h fry»C: k£rt.: JZC

CHAPTER VII

§44. Causative Stem.

Simple Form.
Perfect
Singular Plural

3 m- a**A hb-rfc
3f- afr+rt* ft*t4
2 m. ftfrt^h fi$t2V*l<n>*

2 f A*t&tL Zi4"ttV*n
1 c. aWam- ftfrtto
 STRONG VERBS 3i

Imperfect
Singular Plural

3 m - SVrk} g^to
3f- ^*^^v .etftl

2 m. ^*t^ rH'tA*
2 f. ?$*& .f+M
1 c. ?#*&

<
Subjunctive

3 m - i**^ 2
.ffc^A*

3* ^frtfc .Pfrtl
2 m. :&*& ^frtA-
2 f. P^CL ^W"1
1 c. ***& <rt^

Imperative

2 m, hb*^ ftfctfr

2 r. A*tA. a*ti

Infinitive Gerundive
ftM-fr
4
A^tft05

§ 45. Intensive Form.

Perfect Imperfect Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Gerundive

[tiFtd .ffet^V .f+t& *#t& fi'H'ft /i'MTA"

§ f6. Frequentative Form

A^tA i^t^V S^k A«H*& h&^tr Wtir
1. The conjugation of the Intensive and Frequentative forms
follows the Simple form.

1
yakatel. yaktcl. 3
&WL aktlo. iihtilo
 . :

32 GRAMMAR
§ 47. Read and translate
hbttri tetfc fifrtl: <rt>t&: A<H*ta &*&•. htth
?$*&'. JPfrtJV htth:
/#toV: ^*M: ftth: ^*tA
/ifr-ftVh-: ^7C: A£TC; *$&?*: JPTffcC: ;H».£rt«: V+^y

CHAPTER VIII

§48. Reflexive-Passive.
Simple For ?ii.
Perfect
Singular Plural

3 m - t<m •TQ^-fr
3f- ttftAV t<f»tt
2 m. •H"ttVh t^t&htn*
2 f t+tMl t#tMii
1 c. t*t^f

Imperfect

3 m - .fct'H-av
1

^tftfr
3f- *W»1A J&t*M
2 m. ^Mr+t* ^Tr*trt«
2 f. t*#tVL t*#t4
1 c. M*#t& W#t&
Subjunctive

3 m. M'^+A, &c, same as the Imperfect.

1
yetk&fUl.
 :

STRONG VERBS 33

Imperative
Singular Plural

2 m. I^HMl 1
t*t(V
2 f. t#m t#tn

Infinitive Gerundive

t*tA° 2 tttfr 3

§49. Intensive Form.

Perfect Imperfect Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Gerundive

t*trt £Mt& £*4"MV t*1*& t<H*A° t*tA°

§ 50. Frequentative Form.

t<MM £^t& je^tSv WA -M^'fr «ft°

1. The conjugation of the Intensive and Frequentative forms
follows the Simple form.

§51. Read and translate

t**ft»: t*M: t*tft°: fH-&tlii t«J>tft°: £*++& t^tfr

**4»t&! t«H*&: Xt<M*£V: £Wt&: £*#t4: J^W-rfc
YfFt&i t£RJ°: ArVVtoii -V&cnfr tHhC: ttl7C: W\£?l

2299
 .

34

CHAPTER IX

§ 52. Causative-Reflexive.
Simple Form.
Perfect
Singular Plural

3 m - an-HptA ftftt&tto
3f- *nt*t<w- afttfr-M
2 m. Aft-H"ttVh /iftt^ft^ha^
2 f ftft-rinftti. AfltfrtavW
I c. ftfttfrt&i

Imperfect

3 m - .eat*** 1
,ent+*A*
3* pft't&r&i JPftt+M
2 m. ^nt*^ ^ft-H^A*
2 f. ^fl-H'trft ;J*nt<H*A
I c. Tnt*^
Subjunctive
2
3 ™- jPfttfrtfc ^nt*trv
3f- :*ii+M'& jpnt*M
2 m. ^ftt*** ^ft-rt^rt*
2 f. ^fi-rt^A. ^fttM'l
I C rtltM-fc

Imperative

2 m. *?!***& rtftl+tA'
2 f. aftt^'A. afttfrtl
1 2 3
yastftkxtel. yastaklfl. dstaktel.
 :

STRONCx VERBS 35

Infinitivk Gerundive
Singular Plural

an-rfctA"
1
M-rfctA02

§ 53. Intensive Form.

Perfect Imperfect Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Gerundive

Aft-H'tA i*fit**& $K\$W hh-f^V^i Ant*tft° fifrH'tft

§ 54. Frequentative Form.

hh-rp-ra .ent^sv sitf^vh hti-tW'h fiflt«H*ft> hft-rptfr

1. The conjugation of the Intensive and Frequentative forms

follows the Simple form.

§ 55. Read and translate

fift-HwVh aft-rt^'to /ifrrtPttaK Afrrt'tto hh-vb-rto

hti-VPttr: *ftfH*&; JftT&tV&i Sh-ttthi AfttOTA: .efcHtfrfc

JP ftt**Ai ^frrt^rt-: /iftt«Hr&: hMttfc hM^d: ;MltM-fc

fftmtihi ftft-teh-fl: /ift1*rth.n: ISflrt^fj Vfll+^rft: Afttt7C
ftfltlttlC: jrtw&rfr SMLKyw
§ 56.

The Intensive and Frequentative have each a variant form.

They are 4tA and «H*<\ respectively. As a rule, only the imperfect
of «H*A, namely J&$^'&, is found. Besides the Causative

fifrt'rt, the form «H*A has a second Causative, namely tiMrtid.

•f''l*A has also the following additional forms in the Frequentative
of the Reflexive-Passive : KWtA, tT#trt, and +ftT*tA.

1 2
astaktZlo. tistfiktilo.

C 2
 CHAPTER X

§ 57. Synopsis of the Strong Verb.

I. Root.

2. Swip/e 2. Intensive 3. Frequent

Perfect *tA #*a «a

Imperfect £#*& £**& £«h-&
Subjunctive £frt& ,£#*& £«*>*&
Imperative $*& #*av ^tav
Infinitive #*& *tft° ^tft°

Gerundive <Hrft° <Hrft° ^tft°

II. Causative.

Perfect ftfctA ft<M*A ^trt

Imperfect J?*t^ ,e*t£v .e***
Subjunctive ,efct& ,p#*& •P^tav
Imperative htttr A*t^ a^tav
Infinitive httfr ft<Hft° ft«H-ft*

Gerundive fifttA* ?i*tA A^tA

III. Reflexive-Passive.

Perfect H^A t4»i*A WA

Imperfect je.t#t& £*«& ^t^t^
Subjunctive je.t#t& ,et#t& £**•!*
Imperative T#t£v *r<H'2v WA
Infinitive 1*<H'A° t*^ft° 1*.*^
Gerundive t4»tft° t Ptft°
( «fr
 STRONG VERBS 37

IV. Causative-Reflexive.

i. Simple 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative

Perfect fiAtfrtA Mlt+tA fiAt«H*A

Imperfect jPft-H^ jpnt'fet^ .eAt«H^
Subjunctive .pa-h^ jpnt*^ .PAt^frk
Imperative /ifi-rt'tsv an**** &At«H-av
Infinitive fift-H^ft* ftfrf'H'fr' ^nt^tA
Gerundive Afit^tft Aflt*tft° fiAt^tA

CHAPTER XI

§ 58. The Intransitive Verbs.

Simple Form.
Perfect
Singular Plural

3 m - A-nA 1
A-flfr

3f- A^iAt A<lA

2 m. AAAh AOAhtn*
2 f. AQAli AAA*rt
1 c. A(lAJ> AAA*
Imperfect

3 m - J&A-OA
2
, &c
Subjunctive

3 m - j&avaA 3 je.&QA«

3* *&nA &&M
2 m. tium ifhaCb
2 f. *&qa. t&aA
1 c. &&AA t^QA
2 3
1

labsa. yclabes. yelbds

38 GRAMMAR
Imperative
Singular Plural
2 m. &ai\ l

had*
2 f. &a(i ban
Infinitive Gerund
rtan 2 <MA
§ 59-

The Intensive and Frequentative, as well as the Simple,

Intensive, and Frequentative of the Causative, Reflexive-Passive,
and Causative-Reflexive, are formed on the basis of the Transitive
Verbs.

§ 6o. Read and translate :

rtafr rt-flfr; rtnflJ: rtaft; J&rWlft; hafr: *Mfr: t^OfL:

*7<1C: 7<1C: H'V(\i<: IfcHI: 'JVUUk **&(!: foa; ^0;

jBfrftMIs .Pftt<feC>fl::

§ 6i. Vocabulary.
7-fl£ = to do. Cfl = to approach.

CHAPTER XII
§ 62. Strong Verbs of Four Radicals.
Perfect
3 m. m>l^n 4
avt&Ct
3 f. oDlga*? mf\$A
2 m. m>*}.£>(l}i aif\&{\xiav*
2 f. m^-fift. m>l^^ih'j

1
#&&• 2
$to. :;

/<j0fo&
4
mdndaba.
 .

FOUR-AND-MORE-RADICAL VERBS 39

Imperfect

3 m - JBiid^^I ^.ffoKC-n*

3f- ^avitf-a j&crDj^ea

2 m. ^m^-fl *Vm>i,£-ft«

2 f. •VnDfj&a •Vao^a
I C. IffDj^^l

Subjunctive

3 m - je.cni'Le.fl £(nf\&0t
3f- tofPlwi ^m>i^a
2 m. tcnil^fl tcroi^ft-
;
2 f tr/Dl^n. rm>i^-o
I C. Icnil^^l

Imperative
2 m. (TD^-a CTDl^-ft-

2 f. cn>ie-a rroiea

Infinitive Gerundive
moero (n>1£fl

§ 63. Causative.

Perfect Imperfect Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Gerundive

havim £(n>\&>a faol&n hcW}£;4[ ha»*\£<\ har>*i%(i

§ 64. Reflexive-Passive.

tODl^Q &raol&a ^av^Ati tm> if^-0 too J^O taol^O

§ 65. Causative-Reflexive.

Perfect Imperfect Subjunctive

Aftt<n>i£a i'fitm)^^ ^fttai>*i^--n

Imperative Infinitive Gerundive

KftraDl&a ftfltcrol^O AntciDl^ri
 . :

40 GRAMMAR
i. All these stems, as well as the different parts of the derived

forms, are conjugated regularly.

2. The Simple stem has an additional form, ftSPPACl; so have
the Reflexive-Passive, *fcn>£.Cfl, and the Causative-Reflexive,

3. The Reflexive-Passive has in addition a second or weaker

form with prefixed Ki, namely, K\aif\&(\.

§ 66. Strong Verbs of Five Radicals.

Perfect Imperfect Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Gerundive
fl^AfrA* 1
f&Mhto SAtiPkb hAM»M> h£(ftM h&(toM>

§67. Read and translate

m>KO; m>T£n : cn>l£.fl; ffDien-: ,£<n>l£a-: ^m>l^-ft«

*\m>\&<l\ Xav}£>a; t<n>l£-flj ao^A-mbi m>l^*flh1i m>l£ft-
flPWQ^i t<n>1£n: ficn>l£n : -ftn>?.&fl; .Prn>X£.fl; &ttn>\$&
frn'l.&n: tflDKfli AMwI.&Oa jPntoDl^'fl: Afltm»1<(i
t<n>«fl; fiscal: ft.£A*&#: JUttUM*: ft.£Afrlfr ^W^:

CHAPTER XIII

§68. Double Medial Verbs.

Simple Form
PeRI'ECJ '

Singular Plural

3 m - inn 2
i£ *nn« \&
3f- *nn* lA* iaa w
2 m. jn*m \£J&i iCMttiav* \AAXiao*
2 f. umil \&&K la-ntf! \&em
1 c. mhiii- MU5* hmii iAAi
2
1
ddlaklaka. ntibcH 'hi.
 .

DOUBLE MEDIAL VERBS 4i

Imperfect
Singular Plurai 1

3 m - £HM £}#.£ £i-flO-, J&ffr z\&

3£ *i*M -Vf.e^ j&wia, £*a &x
2 m. *kmi **,£,£• •H-no-, tfft- t*&
2 f. twia, **a *i£ tf-OO, tJO *w
1 c. M<WI XfJ*£" IMMl ihe-.e

Subjunctive

3 m- J&l-fl-fl jE.i^.e j&i-na- £!.£&

3*- H(N1 •m.e j&i-na £*u*
2 m. tHWl *!£,£ M-no- tie*.
2 f tTna *!££ *mo YIS&
1 c. xm-n xi^e •n-n-n Y\&£
•

Imperative

2 111. hmi W£* *n% *wkv 1A&

2 f »a, Tna W£ 10, IflO 1^^

Infinitive Gerundive

ja-o i&O 1

§ 69. Synopsis of the Double Medial Verbs.

I. Root.
1. Simple 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative

Perfect ma ma saa
Imperfect £WWl £MM1 £?-fWl
Subjunctive £1<\<\ jbmmi jp^-n-n
Imperative J-Oil H\<\ s'-n-fl
 :

42

II. Causative.
i. Simple 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative
Perfect amn maa Maa
Imperfect JPHWI jpmm .ec*wi
Subjunctive jpi-n-n jpj-n^n .ps-n-n
Imperative fti-n-n M>n>n Av-n-n

III. Reflexive-Passive.
Perfect •net, i-ma tinn t<rnn
Imperfect je-fta-a jE.ti.n-n .etsn-n
Subjunctive .etm-n j&tjn-n .etsn-n
Imperative nn-n Hn-fl tvn-n

IV. Causative-Reflexive.

Perfect hftnaa fifmnn Aft-rcnn

Imperfect fim<i>a .eatwi-n .eftivn-n
Subjunctive .pmm-n .efltHM .efttT-n-n
Imperative ft&fHWl aftti-n-n aftivn-n

§ 7°- Vocabulary.
'}v>w = to seek. rhffo = to be ill.

§71. Read and trans/ate

\M\\ \A\ fAfr: HZAliavi tf«j ti-n-rt: MAS: XW^*

•Vf^nn-: fhavyfc ^tha^i livu^; M/^u*: la:
J2.I0-: MO
1A&: tan: lA.fr: Ifrfl: 1 Vs
'Vip«: AffDj^; A"?; j&tfcn-n
tHMis .pnivn-n: j&i*wi: jp hm: wwis tote jpkwi; .pftti-n-n
£MW1: .fMMI: tHWI: fl^w/": afttlW; firfunw::
 43

CHAPTER XIV
§7 Initial Guttural Verbs.

Simple Form.
Perfect
Singular Plural

3 m - hr>v hW
$f. hyvft hW
2 m. ftt/Dlh hao'ttiav*

2 f. *<*>% ha»*\Xi\

I C. ^OOlJ> kcmll

Imperfect

3 m - ?fiy°i ?*y°j.

3f- tAy°i Kh9»1

2 111. YhW Xh^'h
2 f. Yhsr>i. tfty%
I c. ih7°~i

<
Subjunctive

3 m -
.eXoDl £hr>i
3 f- tX<n>'i £X<n>q
2 m. *X<n>l IKW
;
2 f. tXy°^ rXy°v
I C. KXtn>l lXtn>i

Imperative

2 m. XffDl XODJ.

2 f. Xm>t Kavq
Infinitive Gerundive
fr^l h<*V?
1
amend.
44 GRAMMAR
§73. Synopsis of the Initial Guttural Verbs.

I. Root.

1. Simple 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative

Perfect h9°i *<*>*

Imperfect M^l £h,r>*i

Subjunctive J&Xcn>** VhW

Imperative Xcn>*J hT**}

II. Causative.

Perfect hXavi
Imperfect Sh9*Ti
Subjunctive Pk^
Imperative fiXy°1

III. Reflexive-Passive.

Perfect
Imperfect Who*}
Subjunctive
Imperative

IV. Causative-Reflexive.

htlthaoi hft-fhODi
Perfect
Subjunctive ^flt^T ! ^flt^y ! jpftt*^
Imperfect flitt^ jpnt^y°i fh-rwi
Imperative Afl^Xy°l himw hh-twi

§74. Vocabulary.
th£(\ = to restore. }a£ = to unite.
 .

INITIAL GUTTURAL VERBS 4fl

§ 7,v Read and translate :

je-XoDl: M^*-: \hT>*\\ £\7°U 1*7°$.: Am^h-: «iy»c
/^J.: tA^J-: *<n>l*i: frn>lhcn>«; A^.?: laC: Xm>^; thAli
tVfh&fh: VW\C\ ?n4«: Am>J; £Xm>1: hr>*\-
t hXaoi: fhW
.eX^I: J&WffDl; fifrHaoli tfrn>l: AfltAoDf: ^t^7D l
.ffltay1^: ftftt*7 D, fc JiforX^::

CHAPTER XV
§ 76. Medial Guttural Verbs.
Simple Form.
Perfect
Singular Plural

3 m - AM1 1
<[Hh>

3f- A*h* (ihh

2 m. AUtiti AhXlXiav*

2 f. (MXiYi AMiM
1 c. <\hX)l

Imperfect

3 m - jBAXh £&Xh-
3f- *&X*l £&X*i
2 m. t^Xh tkXfr
2 f t&Xft *&x*i
1 c. X£vXto lavXh
Subjunctive

3 m * M**i .e^v/th-

3f- t&ftti M*»i

2 in. *&ffii nun*
2 f. tliffit -mil
T C. XAMi 1Att
la\Ua.
46
GRAMMAR

Imperative
Singular Plural

2 m. AMl A/ifc

2 f. AAh Afi*i

Infinitive Gerundive

AA.il AA1*

§77. Synopsis of the Medial Guttural Verbs.

I. Root.

1. Simple 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative

Perfect A*h
Imperfect je.A>X*i £AX*i
Subjunctive £AX*i
Imperative Aftfc A Mi AXti

•
II. Causative.

Perfect AAA*!, A^Ah

Imperfect mtai
Subjunctive
Imperative ASvMi Ji4X*i

III. Reflexive-Passive.

Perfect tft»i, t^Xh

Imperfect £*AAh
Subjunctive J^-AAh £*Aft*i
Imperative tAM tAAfc
 .

MEDIAL GUTTURAL VERBS 47

IV. Causative-Reflexive,

i. Simple 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative

Perfect ftfrttVMl, JifrMfth

Imperfect .Pftt&Xh .ffrMXti

Subjunctive iTl1*^VXh .eftttXti
Imperative fift*f£vXh fifttlXh

§78. Vocabulary.
9° (hi* = to be merciful. (\h([ = to ask.

§79. Read and translate :

AMih: rtAW: Aft Mod; £SvXfc: t&Xti; V&X*i: X&Xh

lAftti: *fcfth: J&AXrt': *ftft&i y°/h£ti ty°rhC: *y°rh<5
in>rh^: K7°(hC; m>rh£; ~i7°fhCi rt/Lh: AftiV: Afth.: Aftt
7°dhCi aoth6\ -fifth: ftAfth: .P&Xh: £&Xti: ftAt^Vfth: tAftfc
.fAtlXti: £AX*i: ftfttlXti; .PAtavXlr, £-1rAftti::

CHAPTER XVI
§ 80. Final Guttural Verbs.

Simple Form.
Perfect
Singular Plural

3 m. navh 1
nxdh
3f- n^AV ax*
2 m. a%fhh a^fhXiav*
2 f archil azchxtt
1 c. a%ch\h (Mfhl
]
bas/uf.
4 8 GRAMMAR

Imperfect

Singular Plura

3 m - £a%(h m%fo
3* ^QR-rh tax*
2 m. tvaxfa taKvfr
;
2f. *ojmi ra»'*i

I C. <\<\X(h ICiKch

Subjunctive

3 m - £M(h £<\Rrth

3*- ^-fttrh v-ax*

2 m. tflSrh tMRrth
2f. tMRdu tv-ax*
I C. X-OSrh •Mttfh

Imperative

2 m. •fttrh -aftdh

2 f. •nKYh. 1\%<h

Infinitive Gerundive

asuh aw
§ 8 1 . Synopsis of the Final Guttural Verbs.
I. Root.
Intensive 3. Frequentative
i. Simple
nftvh axdi aavh
Perfect
£0,Rih ^.ax-rh
Imperfect zaxch
Subjunctive £4\%<h £aXfh J&Ofrrh

axfo a$tth
Imperative •fttrh

afUi Qkrh a&/h

Infinitive

Gerundive aju* asu* a*u*

 FINAL GUTTURAL YERUS 49

II. Causative.

i. Simple 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative

Perfect h*\%(h h(\K<h

Imperfect fdftrh mxch
Subjunctive .ftlftrti faxrh
Imperative /i-flfrrh aaxrh
Infinitive h<\&fh firtiUi

Gerundive h<\9ufr haw

III. Reflexive-Passive.

Perfect tnavii tQXrrfi tOKvh

Imperfect PrMfh tffhZfh ^a^rh
Subjunctive &ra*fh ^a^rh j&^ra^/^i

Imperative ta^A tnsA taS/fo

Infinitive •ra&ch tfl&rh ta&/h
Gerundive tna> imr»* ta&f*

IV. Causative-Reflexive.

Perfect ftfttflftTh AftfCtflTh Afttnavh

Imperfect JPfttftX-A
Subjunctive jpfttna-rh
Imperative Aft*NMHh ftfrl-nft-rh Afttlft-rh

Infinitive Aftta&rh
Gerundive An-i-a*.** Afitaa^

§82. Vocabulary.
uj^O =* to dispose. }^A = to take.

22»»
 :
'

50 GRAMMAR
§ 83. Read and translate

£mfh: ftiSMi XOfrft: QSrhfi: OS/Wi: £087**: Q&r1*

-OS/ft: *lfc-*i: tO^Th: £ta3rh: tA&rh: /ift*n&^: iWiavh
Aftt-flJtth: .Pfltft^rh: AflfcrN .P-Ofr/ft: £08-*: £fl,8vn: 413*
a&r*: VA.: WX: tV&; l^Xha^: WXf: tWX: ip£0h
ipC *:1
^£0: V"£0: ^Cl::

CHAPTER XVII

§ 84. Synopsis of the Initial Weak Verbs.

I. Root.
t. Simpli 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative

Perfect <D££ <D££

Imperfect J&a>$C £<£$(:
Subjunctive je.o*$C ££C j6.cD^C
Imperative 0>£C <£.C (D(£C
Infinitive (D&C (D&C
Gerundive w&C a>&,C

II. Causative.

Perfect hcoLd htD&Z

Imperfect f(D^C fWGC
Subjunctive fah^C JcdGC
Imperative ha>*QC h(D$>C
Infinitive h(D*6>C hw&C
Gerundive h(D-6,C hwd>£

1 *,
luafara.
 :

INITIAL WEAK VERBS 51

III. Reflexive-Passive.

r . Simple 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative

Perfect -rwGt -Tmd.d. WLC

Imperfect £A'(DLC &WLC ^VLC
Subjunctive VXaLC V\'(DLC J&tT^C
Imperative XtDLC \<DL£ r<P£.C

Infinitive Ywd.C Vwd,C •VV6C

Gerundive \(Dd,C YcDd.C Wd.e

IV. Causative-Reflexive.

Perfect hfrtcDdz MVVwLd h?\i'<P<L£

Imperfect JPfttaxpc ittn^c .efrrmc

Subjunctive fftfm-GC jrh-raGc ftl-PPGC
Imperative hfttaa-GC hirtmGC *frt<P$C
Infinitive hft\a>&>£ hh-VcD&C hl\-t"P6>C

Gerundive tflfffHtC hlftCD&C hMv&c

§ 85. Vocabulary.
(DL.L = to go into the field. mid. — to throw.
?»flrt - to be dry. a)([£ — to give birth to.

§86. Read and translate

^(DLd\ hlWwd,Ci &X<¥LC\ AftTTSC; ht\T(D<d>Ci t<0£C:

PmLCx £a>$>C\ HcdGC'. h(DLd\ fa^C: wd,C\ £a>GCi
<d<£C; a>Ld\ £<d$C\ £<02v.£: £([&'. rt.fr; H'tn-VCi £a>7£:
lahVC: V6: 7£; *&&&', ltoh£i h£>([{\\ JPttllli Hmtlu

u 2
 52

CHAPTER XVIII

§87. Synopsis of the Medial Weak Verbs.

I. Root .

1. Simple 2 . Intensive 3. Frequentatk

Cp Perfect •frTD
1
tpwav
Imperfect £&m*9* MahF°
Subjunctive je.*^ j&cfioj.yD

Imperative *y° CpOJ.^

qxpjrv ^(gyu
Infinitive
(p(pq™ c|j<p<p
Gerundive

11. Causative.

Perfect a-frro ft^flJOD

Imperfect £<Pahy° ^•feoj-y

Subjunctive jp*y° ^c^flj.yB

Imperative A*y° /i^a*^

Infinitive a*y° A*^
Gerundive *#?* fi<J"ET
\

III. Reflexive- Passive.

Perfect i-^OJ-CTD •ffymao •f$>(DOD

Imperfect jE.^^ajy ^^w?" £^'$>0)?°

Subjunctive je.^r^ajy flfttyuog* fr^pa)?"

tl

Imperative •f^ifljyo t$a>f° Y$»a>y

Infinitive •\-(p fpfr° •PPVT -YP<p.y°

Gerundive -r<l"p.<r *H"RT -r$><p.<r

IV. Causative-Reflexive.
Perfect Ant^ajou
1
koma.
 :

MEDIAL WEAK VERBS 53

§ 88. Vocabulary.
•f-ao— to stand. <?ao a- to sleep.

"lav = to place.

§ 89. Read and translate

n^: Ma*? : ftahai: Xv>£r>: lu\ey°: .fc^y : Wo*

CHAPTER XIX

§ 90. Synopsis of the Final Weak Verbs.

(a) Final u.

I. Root.

1. Simple 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative

Perfect trtd)
1
tA(D ?([<D

Imperfect £tfr ,£*A« Wto

Subjunctive jBtfr £*fr Wk
Imperative t(V trt- ?k
Infinitive •t(L(D< trt-o* ?(LVh
Gerundive -rcip tfcP ?(L9>

tal&wa.
54
GRAMMAR

II. Causative.

i. Simple 2. J 7i tensive 3. Frequentative

Perfect AtA© AtA(D h?([(D

Imperfect .PtA- .P-fcA* £?to

Subjunctive .PtA* JPtft* fpto

Imperative AtA* AtA« wet

Infinitive AtA.aj< AtA.CD« K?(t(D<

Gerundive AtA.JP AtA.JP h?&9>

III. Reflexive-Passive.

Perfect tA<l<0 tAA<0 Maa

Imperfect je-tAno* je.tA>aa* je.tina>«

Subjunctive ^([dCD* &YM(fr jatiaa*

Imperative tAQo* tA(ia>« tAAa*

Infinitive tAA.a>« tAao* tAaa>«

Gerundive tAajp tAajp tiajp

IV. Causative-Reflexive.

Perfect AAttAa) AAttAa* AAtMa)

Imperfect .PAttA* .PAttA* .PAt^A*

Subjunctive .PAttA 1
.PAttA- ^At^A'
Imperative AAttA- AAttA- AAt^A-

Infinitive AAttA.a>« AAttA.a>- AAt^A.a*

Gerundive AAttA.JP AAttA.JP AAt^A.JP

 FINAL WEAK VERBS 55

(6) Final i.

I. Root.

Simple 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative

j.

Perfect uv m t\K

Imperfect £fl<5 £(h6 M6

Subjunctive £f|<5 £t\6 M6
(\6 f\6
Imperative ft<5

Infinitive A<5£ t\6£ <U£

for C\6ST t\6V
Gerundive

II. Causative.

Perfect Afttf hha ht\M

Imperfect ?te ttU M<5

Subjunctive tfl<5 <l(\6 M6

Imperative ht\6 Kti& M6
Infinitive hl\6£ ht\6£ ht\6£

hur hhtr ht\&r

Gerundive

III. Reflexive-Passive.

Perfect tMl? tan? tan?

Imperfect

Subjunctive

Imperative

Infinitive •rati?- taw

Gerundive taw taw tOfT.?-

saraya.
56 GRAMMAR

IV. Causative-Reflexive.

i . Simple 2. Intensive 3 Frequentative

Perfect ftfttfltf antte? hMt\a

Imperfect ?ftlYl<5 tfii-iu <ttftt\6

Subjunctive ?fttn<$ m-rtu tf»t/U

Imperative fifttto hlft(\6 ttftt\6

Infinitive hh-rhw XtfttMfi* httVt\6t>

Gerundive hiftti&r hh-thtr ttfttiir

§ 9 1 - Vocabulary.
= to follow.
•f([a) rt« = to pardon.
daw = to understand. nn? = to weep.

§ 92. Read and translate :

.ettnaM tAfla*; ?&t:J*A«; *ATtA<: ttft*: tAa*h; £+&?

t\M\ <(t\6\ ftfltf: hl\6i tOh?; +<tti£: J&tOhJ&s +(WiJ&i JiAtA<5

fifltfitf; ?AtA<5; tft<5: tAC?«; tid&vnxi t\££\\i ftfrWUr

 3

57

CHAPTER XX
§93. Irregular and Doubly Weak Verbs.

I. Root.

I . Simple 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative

t w&V (JD&W —
U *-'tX 2 &<dR — —
!>>M 3 (DOft (Drtih —
4

6
(Dlh
-^
KtP-0
:
Ma) frt? —
4>a 8 , CM «M.a>

9 a?ii>D —
10 Wttft

II rti£a) — j-

2 fflH mi
y
*V *iTK — —
^ 1 .

14 <lthh

II. Causative.

1
— ItiDL* hVM
2 . hP3 ^ — —
3 . hartZ h<Pth&

4 . te&O — —
1
For the meaning of these verbs see the vocabulary at the end of the
book.
58
GRAMMAR
Causative (continued)

2. Intensive 3. Frequentative
i. Simple

5 ML Mid
6. htidi

7. JiUh?

8. hhtha)

9-

10. h&N
11. firhfcD

12. «K1H
13. Jitf^ft

14. JiSVrhrft

III. Reflexive-Passive.

1.

2.

3- taMJQ
4- t<D70
5- tOa>«7

6.
1-ftMi

7-
TrhA?

8.

-HatfJ tJPaMJ
9-

10.

1 1.

12.

13- •1-Hlft

14,
 —

IRREGULAR AND DOUBLY WEAK VERBS 59

IV. Causative-Reflexive.

Simple 2. Intensive 3. Frequentative

I. — — —
2. — — hl\-V<P(h£

3- hl\i-ahth(\ — —
4-

5- Aft*^?*
6. hlii-aa^h AftlThcDH AfttOaJrh
7- Afttfttif ht\T0M Aft+AM
8. afttCA? — AAT4U?
9-

IO. armPrM
1 1. - — AflTMai
12. AfttA-tH — AfitAfH
13- — — —
14. — — hftWOO

1. First and third weak. 2. Second and /fo'r*/ weak. 3. /Vrj/

weak, second guttural. 4. /Yrj/ weak, M/r*/ guttural. 5. Second
weak, yzrj/ guttural. 6. Second weak, /for*/ guttural. 7. Third
weak, jffrj/ guttural. 8. Third weak, ^w/*/ guttural. 9. First and
second weak, //for*/ guttural. 10. /Yrj/ and //for*/ weak, second

guttural. 11. Second and third weak, yzn7 guttural. 12. First

and second guttural. 13. Fit si and ////>-*/ guttural. 14. Second and
M/r*/ guttural.

§ 94. AV<?*/ *?//*/ /*>*y*A :

-VwCw. tfoMJ; tXlH: 1^00: AfttAIH; Afttna>«A

Aftt?rfi,£: A«P7h.£: AA£-0: Aflfrh; AU^A; AXfH; *JTA
A'^; rti£(Di <Mrf: a?a>0: IM: Crh: rfuoH: Pd: axhh
(Dim-, .£a??::
6o GRAMMAR

A si

4- 4- 4" 4- 4- 4- 4-
•s- B- 6- *

is & sz
h +- 4-
•b-
+-
co 9- 4- •s- B-

4d
I
4- 4-
X B- B" * B-
X
v»

P4 •3
w
H CO
PM
< . £ 4-
£ S <
u - *
4-
e-
4-
•B- B-

£
4-
CO i ?
•B- B-
4-
B- 6- •B-

u
> 4-
6- § -B-
to

to .a
H S
co
0\ VO
co lO
 1

THE VERB WITH SUFFIXES 6

i-
4-
*- *-
9- e-

I I I
b Bs Bs 4-
*"
+- *- *
-9- 6- 6- ^

J? J?
^* •rr

9-
* ^9-
a- •9-

<3

ft.

4 I
I I
J5

*-
•9- •9- •9- 9-

•ai

£ 4-
&
i- *- 4- *- *
-9- 9- 9- -9- -9- ^
3
Q '^ 58 1^4 }<fc
t-s

**sl
!s
15
"* ^*
"
?N» M **>»
^
& i° & &> £ ^ A- £
1?
^ *9"
r-
S *•
^ e- ~
*-
9-
*^4
TV
$
•9-
^ -9-
4-
rJ
.

"f*
r-

<^ S-3 Cj C- C-3 g>

S § § §
*>*.
^ rs. *>• 4s -^
S $ £ $ ^ ^0
en ^o
 . : :

62 GRAMMAR
§ 96. Read and translate

<H*AtL: ^¥\'^a\ <H*rtf: £W[; #trfVtts £fr*Ah<n*

+tA+ti1: Zttlravi #tA-H: «HAWI: <M*AjP<nx: ^trt-hor^

<H*Mi}; *t^V«P: *t^*ir: <H*rfttv. <M*<Vh; #t&tiL: <H*M.

<H*41i: *tA°: *t17: #tM: Q-ftoia*: <PtA°<rD< : ^tllTi: PJChi
£}7£h: jEWh: T7C?*: i^Citf: £"*7tf: W^hcn*: l?(X<n*

CHAPTER XXII
§ 97. Noun.
1 Gender.

ti. There are three genders : masculine, feminine, and common.

b. The masculine has no special termination.
r
c. The feminine has the termination a *Y (a V), e. g. *}av :i-

year, •fe'W' valley ; but it sometimes has no ending.

2. Number.
a. There are two numbers : singular and plural.

//. The plural is formed in two ways

i. Strong plural: formed by means of the termination
a 1 for the masculine, e. g. Y7& traveller, pi. Y7S\\ ;

and a *V for the fern., e. g. tav^' year, pi. *}m>;H*.

ii. Broken plural', formed by vocal modification and by

prefixes and suffixes. The most important forms
of the broken plural are :
 NOUNS 5 63

Singular Plural Singular

o
Plural

i. WW fr-ftv 6. <P:*A
)

#*£V *t^t
2. <|"MV ]
A*^ *"ttV 1

*•*&) 7. ft**& )

A*t* {
****
3" ?** J
»*1&
8. *****
4. *** )
ft***
9. in>**& 1

y°*t*
<n>*+* ,

AMrM 1

10. With a>« or JB. inserted; nouns whose second radical

have a, e, J, u ; and those ending in e and a.

3. Cose.

tf. There are four cases: nominative, vocative, genitive, and

accusative.

b. The nominative has no distinct termination.

c. The vocative is the same as the nominative, or is the
nominative with a prefixed or suffixed ft, e. g. ft7*flC O servant,

A7Rft Lord.
d. The genitive has no distinct termination.

e. The accusative, where it differs from the nominative, is

formed bv vocal change ;

Nom. Ace.
rn>ft* 2
yB fl<\ image.
&m6 &*<i\do creator*

m>\P6 tn)u*C? healer.

f. The construct state follows the form of the accusative.

» mil. - masel.
 :

64 GRAMMAR
§98. Vocabulary.
lm.At = sin. ^•XiP'Ct = a prodigal,
frfl.e = fool. aoft&i = prince.
Xlt = sister. •flrtfcC = earth.
/frH-d = people. 4>tLh = priest.
£<5fi = horse. H>OS = hair-cloth.
vvc = country. V9°% = altar-cloth,
Chl\ = head. +VJA = lamp.
VbP* = king. fIJ&ml = demon.
K\*X = door. hr^toi = god.

§ 99. Read and translate

lav*: frfl/Ti: fcjrfc rhH«fl: h^l\: WhCt frfl**V: hCKM".

^y°C: ao/itpifVi d'hat-Crfi ^<n£X: $<\a>(\ :Y\
i'/^t: AVfrfr:
HO^om 7<*70£: *Wlt: rtfTrfr A^Mrt': tfMlC: 9°M\\

CHAPTER XXIII

§100. Classes of Nouns.

1. Primitive Nouns.
There are many primitive nouns. They represent common
objects and elementary ideas, e. g. 7f'V garden.

2. Derived Nouns.
a. Formed by vocal modifications and additions.

I. MA 1
7. «HA 13. ^'/it
2. <MA 8. <ma 14. <ha^
MA ha
3-

4-

5-
#:*A
+M
9-

10.

11.
^
*M
15.

16.

17.
<H'A*
*1At
+tAt
6. *ia 12. n-n
1
*,r/«/.
 NOUNS 65

b. Formed by prefixes.

1. h prefixed. 5. y°^^ 9. ^fc^A

2. riDfc-ftv
1
6. m>¥f6i 10. tfrtAt
3. £n>fc-rt' 7. od^^ 11. t#+A
4. 9°frtii 8. -rt^A. 12. t^tA
r. Formed by suffixes.

1. « 1 5- e *
2. £ 6.

3. tfr 7- * *
8.

3. Nouns of Four Radicals,

a. Formed by vocal modification.
2
1. <i£:<\£: plague. 3. &.&&.& excess.
2. tf^^^V precipice. 4. 7&fWl veil.
b. Formed by prefix.

1. 9v (D^^ah z
place of refuge. 4. ffDUiji^ ax.
2. ffDrt^Ay new fruit. 5. i^&^A agitation.

3. a^VttMtC wheel.

c. Formed by suffix.

1. fty ^ 4
«#. 2. A'iA'W weakness.

Derived Weak and Guttural Nouns.

1. •M'A 5 final weak, ?, ([^junction; (D, cn>0cD« spring

guttural, ?TO sweetness.

2. <H*A G fifo^A? medial, £& child

medial weak, *!**? afca-M

final weak, (l^OJ* <tor/

guttural, *JJ&£V strength.

1 2 3
maktal. bedbed. mewetfaw. lemlame. hltal c
&fo-7.

2299 F.
 :

66 GRAMMAR
ft^ 1
double medial, £V>(1 heart
3.

medial weak, 4^ spite

final weak, \*ia>* brother.

4. $t£V 2 initial weak, ^Qfl dryness

filial weak, 0Q£ grandeur

final guttural, ft&th fatigue.

5. ft^rfVr
3
<&«£/<? ota&z/, •PH" fragment
initial weak, WifirV poverty

medial weak, cflH^ death

final weak, ^kaft a following.

6. 9°%y& A
initial weak, O^^iA country.

7. m>fct£V
5
Mwfctf/ zwa£, TLCft plough

final weak, aDJ"d.& remedy

initial guttural, <*!§&>$ steep hill.

8. rt»:*A
6
final weak, Tft^O* curb-stone.

toi . i?<?^ fl»rf a«a/yw the following Nouns

§

MCi 7-OC: AVs i«7C*. T(Mli ih£: Wi: rf»&C: 7<5«P

&"?,£: muMi <p/-"V. ftfrAt: WS«*i -*£m>*; 7^*: *<5*t

«*.£: ^Qll! aoCl9°\'\ 9°Hd*te 9*Q*to a»*hy°i a*&0M?

txmi: tyuct: t<n>ocs tfeAAs •ncyi: kefis
•rvaci
7-OCrt"! (Wk: ££**: m>A*i*: *^^.t: *^:W:;
 67

CHAPTER XXIV

§ 102. The Participle or Verbal Noun,

i. Present Participle.
a. Gender,
The feminine is formed by the suffix ^T, e. g. iV 1^ the
ruler, fern. WHrY.
b. Number.
i. With a few exceptions the plural is regularly formed

by a *J for masc., and a *? for fem., e.g. (h1(D* the

living, pi. masc. /h?V"i, pi. fem. WP^.

ii. Present participles ending in z change the z to 2 and
add ? before the plural ending, e. g. Al(l<5 /^^ depositor,

pi. masc. ftinCf!, pi. fem. filOat.

<r. Cow.
Same as the noun.

d. Formation.

i. Present participles are characterized by a long a with

the second radical, and z with the third radical, e. g.

ii. The chief classes are :

i. tf^A. 1 (I. i) 4 . $?(L A (I. 2) 7. «WL 7

(I.
3)
2. ftfcHL
2
(II. i) 5. A#;*A (II. 2) 5
8. t«Wt 8
(III. 3)

3. t+jfA. 3 (III. i) 6. t*^A. (III. 2) G

1 2 3 4 5
katali. fl^fl/f. &#ra/T. M/a#. ty&tdlu
6 8
takatalF. » £^/J". takatali.

E 2
 :

68
GRAMMAR
2. Passive Participle.

a. Gender.
7CVC made, fern.
e.g.
Same as the present participle,

b. Number.
Same as the present participle, e. g. «**» finished,

pi. masc. Wft, pi. fern. ¥&«?*.

r. Qase.

Same as the noun.

d. Formation.
i Formed by vocal modification.
i. Wfo 1

2. *lfo
Formed by means of prefixes.
ii.

,. m>*W (I. ») 4- **** (!' 3) 7.

">»«* (IV. 3)

2 . 0HM C
n - 5-
"HrtA (
IL 2>

(IV. i) cn>fl*<H^ (IV. 2)

3 . npfttM* 6.

iii. Ending in F.

i cn>4W (I. 2) 3- ^tW- ( L 3)

opW (IT. i) 4- ^«"A- (

IL 2)
2.

§ 103. Read and classify

' Ws
m- we* Mfc m«-. wiWi w»a *«* W7 ****
s

*>™->
tW: witfh ww^ii rtci nci aovmci
3 maMtll
1 mU 2 Mt$4//.
 :

69

CHAPTER XXV
§ 104. The Adjective.

i. Gender.
Same as the participle, e.g. XP^ft* beautiful, fern. U*£J&^\

2. Number.
a. Same as the participle, e. g. &$&, pi. masc. iPTi*!,
pi. fern. iP«t.
& Adjectives ending in z are treated like the participles

ending in z (see above).

c. Broken plurals

1. ty&dh pure, 1
pi. 4>&(D' iV 2

2. ma*fl wise, pi. mfWrt*

3. C^j(?.

Same as the noun.

4. Formation.
The chief classes of adjectives are :

I. *t^ 3
3. ^^
2. #;f£v 4. ;HrA

§ 105. The Numerals.

1. Cardinals.

Masculine Feminine
Nom. Ace. Nom. Ace.
A b 6
1. hrti& hth£ fidit hih-r 7
2. Xi&h, do. do. do.

xt&hrt xi&h,? *l&/i,*fc fc^kt

2 3 4
1
kedew. kddawet. £«d/. a had
7
-'
dhadd. ° dltdti. tihatd.
 1

!0
GRAMMAR
Masculine Common Forms
Nom. and
Nom, Ace. Ace. Nom. Acc.

iMftt 2 lMft P>&t\ j»&(\

3. ipAOT 1

4 . hcnw acoo* ftcao C410 cm

if>w •j^nt *jyD f» -}7°l\ i^rt
5.

6. HAW n^-rit ftfr fLC-n fus-rt

7. rt-no* rt-not Mo- ?MlO n-flo

8. ficn>TF n<n>w rtal n^i ny°f

wo* ^not tftfr tno *no

9.

10. Otf'CI3 Otf'CT 0^4* o^c Oa^

H-19. Ov>C1rl a)hrti&, &c.
p
U"M 4° jiC-n
1
* 50. •*y l
20-99. 20. 0^<?« 3°-

60. M 70. (Kw 80. rt^i^ 90. Tri

1
*

91. tft*}; a>hth&, &c.

100. y°xt, y°X+. £ ice.

1000. (h^CF; ^X^ X£V$ ; multitude, ace. X2V&, pi. ?iX4$.

2. Ordinals.
Masculine Feminine
1. 2.
2. 3-

1.
1.

$%<n;6 M*NE W7£ M^t —

2. xv y° ^7^(g XV<W W^t sw<**wft

3 .
"/^ «?M« u lM£ ?&&* "/M<Et

4 £<lO £4M Wi£ £•(11* <Mn<Et

^yo^cg yy>t\£ ^^(tt jyvtvgY
5. ?y°ft
6. ft^f! <lMqe ngnz ft^A* t\£t\<tfY

fraw t\m£ fawtf tvMvfr

7. <VnO
t\r>q& fl^i/r t\F>q<tfY
tl?°q<£

9 . ^no PhW pto^ :*M* ww^

10. VC *»»&% V££ 'j/^t iP'&vrY
by H, are used for these
20-90. The cardinals alone, or preceded

ordinals. ..7^7/
1
shalastu.
2 shalasia. kadami.
 ADJECTIVES 7!

3. Ml'LTIPLICATIVES.

a. The noun is rendered by the form ^ty^bcY, e. g. ^(vflO^

fourfold.

b. The adjective is rendered by the form *H^V, e.g. Cft*0

fourfold.

c.The adverb is rendered by the form of the ace. of the noun,

e. g. yjKh thrice.

4. Iteratives.

a. Formed by means of the form ^»^^V preceded by 0,

e. g. ft^&ft for the third time.

b. The noun ZH> with the numeral is also found, e. g.

u*A?!T;ZH> thrice.

5. Distributives.

#. By repetition of the numeral, e. g. hrti&i hrh& one by one.

b. By means of the prepositions ft, A, H in a double form,

as ftft, Art, HH, e. g. AA^<n>^ each year.

6. Partitives.

Expressed usually by ?U£ <ta</, sometimes by h^A

division, e. g. "VA/lfa X.£ M<? third part.

7. Numerical Signs (derived from the Greek letters).

I g 8. £ 40. "f IOO. £

2 g 9- H 50. g 200. gg
3 ,£ 10. x 60. 3C IOOO. jfjj

4 s 1 1. X2? or %(D7> 70. Q 10,000. U

5 g &c. '
80. jr 100,000. Xi?
6 % 20. ff 90- I

7 3 3°-
72 GRAMMAR
§ 1 06. Read and translate :

rtfl ^::
1
^•-O'i.^:: MivtsS <M^:: 'J^*:: MOm M'J'E
 . . .

73

CHAPTER XXVI
§ I0 7- The Attachment of Nominal Suffixes.
Singular
I c. 2 m. 2 f 3 m - 3f.

#*M *trth #tAfr *tA° *M

*W? WVh <p<?<;ti #?w #^7
#<?&»? fr<?ft>h b^firth fr^ftw fr^y

<P?M *^A-h <P?toi $?(Uh *^A.y

#*M tftAh #t2V*L #*fr #*4

frtfrt,? bXthh frSfth fcsftfr frsrt,?

7°V0^ aWO&h mxpOMl <n><pOAJJ« <n>«p0*ty

Plural
i c. 2 m. 2 f 3 m. 3 f
<H*Af ^•IrrtfoaT* <R'Atrt ^t^cri^ OTA"?

^bAun* <H*£v*rt <H'ft°m>< *t^

frs<uicri>« frsA*n ^rt,ifa^ fr-sam

m><P0AJ oDTOMun* tn>«p0£v*rt iiD'pOA.O'a^ <n>vOAJn

 :

74
GRAMMAR
§ 1 08. Read and translate

\°lt\\ cnxpOAJh HCAts aoVOCLYi pflMu Wrfctff; 17<M*

**A,A.s WChcfl*; #*A-: «-fr<n>".

i7C*icn*i; ^rfUTi: fiiVWa*

*^A.ft: *7*ttrt: #<?<N: *<?*?: MMH: FMtWi **?£**

*>«?ft>in; <KW1: *Wh; WOUTIs <m*i<n*: £17Ccn>«; #*&?:

CHAPTER XXVII

§ 109. Prepositions.

The most common are :

Q in.
ao^chY underneath.

0(Jh& about, around.

([ to, towards.

K^i from, out of.

Ki't in the direction of to.

in the direction of, in

ftXli*
1ft with, toward.
as far as, up to. regard to.
Xflh till,

Y\av as, like.

U?*H* instead of.

ay-ll'V in, into.

Kldd and HK1QA without,

except.
10<\ upon, over, above.
ODty&av before, in preference to.
OD&OM above, over, upon.

%J\ upon, above, over.

^OPT beyond, along.

m>*}7A towards, to.

(l\$> and T# close to.

the likeness of. fLft beside.

y°riA with, in
tp&av before.
y°X^H beside, close to.

SAL after, behind.

OhK& along.
i*fcA in place of
^KhA in the midst of, between,

among. TaMm for, in exchange for.

Of?Ykl and KYM, over-against.
^rht* below, under.
 PREPOSITIONS 75

A^M and KCtft like. h^h outside of.

ODcni and h^aih of the size of frOfilo*? (only with suffixes) for

as targe as. the sake of.

hwl and Ml behind. fcav at the time of.

§no. Attachment of Suffixes to Prepositions.

i. Almost all the prepositions may take the personal pronoun
as a suffix.

2. The following is the way in which the shorter prepositions

tafre suffixes.

a. (L to me. (ii to us.

Ml, Ml to thee. (iXia^*, (i\i\ to you.

ft ^, 11T to him, to her. ftOQ*, A°l to them.

b. »fl? in me. •fit in us.

»flh, »flJl in thee. <l\iav*, »flli1 inyou.

0, (\ (0*F, (Y£) in him, in her. Hen* Ot in them.

c. Wl like me. Wlh tike us.

h^Vh, Jl^fr like thee. hvVXiav, Xi^Xih like you.

h^lK h^VY like him, like her. WWa**, WWFl like them.

d. y°ftA>? with me.

3. The preposition a*ft1* in, becomes a>ft*H" before the

suffixes, e. g. ahlitfVYl.

4. A negative of (\ is found in the forms A£WK, fl£Wlh. &c.

 76

CHAPTER XXVIII
§ in. Adverbs.
The chief adverbs are :

Ih interrogative; often in com- h\F particle of affirmation.

position, e. g. 0U\ fi£V negative particle, always
W there. with ft and the personal
A<£ thence, since. suffix, e.g. fi&ft, &c.
rhQ a little. fiffD ivhen, on which,

°*L hoiv much. XI particle of denial, always

K^H then, after. with ft and the personal
ffi, ?°tt why? how? suffix, e. g. Xiffl, &c.
A^it why? fl^lt of /ifc not, it is not.

what maimer ? Xfl0 affirmative particle.

^h\h when? Xfih: "7Xtfc hM, ah^, 1ft; hM where ?

X^XHj since
until ivhen ? "h9°hfi^from where? ftfi£*
n
when? hJ i'h\\i never. why? how?
7°0C once, of a sudden. Xfii how.
(JO(f\i about, nearly. ff'A* absolutely.

Aft when, Aft. ftffo almost.

•)P4«ft near, nearly. 1& again.
<p,Q:av before. H£V& always.
$SLao*, $$0*1 before, avty&OD. *H?, ftTi? here; X^TK from
(W^biCD, m^'ft after, following. here.

?(hf, m>t<fot under, ?ch*V. £XH> #<?ze>, immediately.

*Jft where, whether. ry° &-<%.

^Ord together, at once. .££7 together, at once.
ci, ia^, i£> there, see there.
j£"id d/fcr, following, with the
J« interrog. particle. prepositions A, ft, Xy°.
h* negative particle, always pre- <Lr£"4«,£ w^r^, excessively.
fixed.

§112. Commit to Memory the above Adverbs.

 77

CHAPTER XXIX

§113. Conjunctions. .

1. Conjunctions are independent and dependent. Among the

dependent, some are suffixed, others are affixed.

2. The chief conjunctions are :

X and, also', always suffixed.

UGH* instead of; often with H suffixed.
A with subjunctive in exhortations.
&y°H since.
hy°<nt, ah^mi as long as.

ft always suffixed, /xeV, Se, antem, contra, sed, vero.

ftd temporal, when, &c, with indicative; conditional.

$.£*tn> 5
&7°ty£:(n> before that, with subjunctive.

(\fh*V but, however, nevertheless', usually preceded by (D. Also

means rather, preferably.

h\ but.

Kao ivhen, sometimes ivhile; )\9™hffQ since.

hao, &y° if.

(D\avft and if on the contrary, AX<n>0: H if by chance; Kff^h,

Xtn>Z, AXrfDj,, ftkavX though, although.
Xfl<n> because.

Xfth till that.

Kidft if not, except.

KiY\ then.
Kin whilst.

Kil perhaps.

ha>> or.
 !

7g
GRAMMAR
\b then ; always suffixed.
\iav in order that', K7°h<n> when; Miao as, as if: h^hao
whenever.
W and, or, but, so that.

H that; aU whilst, in order that; K7°H since; QXltH introduces

a causal.
Si'ht after; k9v &'U after that.

/iXcfl* but, however.

Commit to Memory the above Conjunctions.

§ 114.

CHAPTER XXX

§115. Interjections.

1. The chief interjections are :

th(\, *h(\ sign of aversion.

(h<Kt\, thWtl sign of joy.

rt£M, ft»M woe is me.

(\ sign of request, please 1

(\fh, (\(h, dih salutation.

}<} come!
ft sign of sorrow.

ft vocative.

ftV sign of sorrow.

fiA, alas! unfortunately

KiftOjoyl

§ 1 16. Commit to Memory the above Interjections.

 1

SYNTAX
CHAPTER XXXI

§ 1 7. Definiteness in the Noun.

1. There is no article in Ethiopic.

2. Words which are the sole representative of their class are

definite, e. g. T*? death.

3. Proper names are definite.
4. The context is often depended upon to express definiteness.

5. The following words are used to express definiteness : a*X*F,

6. Definiteness may be expressed by an appended pronoun,

e. g. tpCQri fcCXfLlfr the disciples came.

7. Definiteness is expressed by periphrasis, e. g. 'IOAjO*: AftOrt:

fl»^" against (him) the master of the house.

§118. Indefiniteness in the Noun.

1. A simple noun is ordinarily indefinite.

2. The following are means of expressing indefiniteness.

a. By the use of the following words meaning one or a?iy one ;

<\h(l or rt-OX, fern. •flXM* ; h(h&, hdit.

b. By means of the preposition 2\7°i from, out of
c. By periphrasis, there is, and relative pronoun, e.g. X<n>0:
H1&1 whosoever putteth away.
d. By means of the negative h&ifc H there is not one who.
80 SYNTAX
§ 1 19. Relationship of Nouns with one another.
1. The genitive relation is expressed by the construct state,

e.g. BlfhODOD', (DCtA the pains of childbirth.

2. The genitive relation is also expressed by :

a. The words H, Ki'f, Xrt. used periphrastically, e. g. fl>*fc

aVfh,y°; HJ&tfvS Bethlehem ofJudah.

b. The preposition A, e.g. X7H.X; Affrt*: lord of all.
c. X^i to express the partitive genitive, e.g. firti&i X^ilFcfl*
one of them,

3. Infinitives and certain descriptive words govern the accusative.

4. Prepositions very often express relationship between nouns,
e. g. 'l/h; flXTl": Xcn* mourning for his mother.

5. Nouns occur in apposition, e.g. <\X(L', ty&V a man, a

strangeness = a stranger.

§ 1 20. Read and translate :

I^Hi:: wivfc Yi^a^kVi X-nf: Ho*X*F: -QrthCii whavH

*7<1£: rt^Xt; ^f**:: >(lXA/h 0-fW^t:: Xy°i; frl&Ah:
OXA: Xi^XA: ^(D-ao*\ U?;: *?&,£: a*X*F: *lfh,C:
OrtflOL:

(IDA*: Oaj&; Xlt: H-JJ.:: Xrt: iiCfttft:: \vn>: th+i a*rt\2

AAflfta*.-: XA: X^^flti fcrh$t:: JWll; (1H-A-; f(Wl:

CHAPTER XXXII
§ 121. The Verbs govern the Noun in the Accusative.

1. Adverbial accusative, e. g. fth?: ai>6£ he wept bitterly.

2. Accusative of place and time, e. g. wftfc *\%ao he went out

to the field.

3. Accusative of measure, e.g. ?rh$W: «ifrn,, P0A he is too late

by fifty days.
 VERBS 81

4. Accusative of purpose or reference, e.g. 't&.P'th'. ^M'dii Ofl?

he rejoiced ivith great joy.

5. Accusative of relation or limitation, e. g. MtHli IMl wash

thy face.

6. Accusative with verbs of saying, &c., e.g. jE-ftfVf. they said

to me.

7. Double accusative, e.g. X7*(1C: rh*Hfl: Ofl? I shall make him

a great 71 a Iion.
8. The accusative is used after reflexive verbs, and after the
passives of verbs which govern two accusatives, e. g. &&fD\ HIYfoft
he was found worthy.
9. Accusative with verbs of being and becoming, e. g. X\\(D*1i

*i&rti I shall be pure.

§ 122.

Nouns and pronouns are subordinated to the verb by means

of prepositions, e.g. &YKD<i*Xuivi rtO^^^ they shall become
a stumbling-block to you.

§ 123. Verbs subordinated to verbs.

1. The second verb expresses the kind, manner, circumstances,
or time of the action of the first verb.

2. Two verbs set side by side without (D, e. g. ȣ7<n>; &ia) again
he sent.

3. The verb of the principal action is sometimes subordinated

to the second verb, which is in the infinitive, e. g. <P£y°ih\
i7.G'¥\l(fv< I have toldyou before (lit. / have anticipated to tell you).

4. Second verb may be a gerundive, e. g. K"A°: ^([ffoi &&at>i

X7VUKlrfbC: l(l£: 7<\C God completed the whole world, carrying
out his ivork.

5. The second verb in the imperfect without W, e. g. }(14«;

?0^«fliP they sat down, watching him.

6. The second verb may be introduced by a conjunction, e. g.

£fl>M: \\av\ /i.l'fl'10 he told us that we must not eat.

2299 T?
 :

82 SYNTAX
The second verb may be in the
7. subjunctive without a con-
junction, e. g. ODVCPdQ J&Otf'ft" teach
4
: them to observe,

8. Verbs of beginning and ceasing are usually connected by

4
XlH, e.g. filH : XlH: J^mVhl E rt*l£Vfr they began pushing one
another.

9. The second verb may denote purpose, consequence, &c.,

e. g. IA(D\ fi7*flCT; J^Ra^O* /$<? sentforth his servants to call

§124. Read and translate

ClLXiPi (UmfrflrkC: 7R: (I7fri: a>0fc B-Qhii ?Mite X&£
(DWlfti y°Xt;: t^OO: cn>01*:: 7M: X&y.-s IJ^X; fiV^ftoi*
Af: «nt?;: JB.^^^7; (ttiai*; (hltia*: a^wn Ms }«£:: X-M
W*; cu-rit; CXrt: "VXin*;: m>J. : H.e*i2V; htn>; frnfc; AA.W::

CHAPTER XXXIII
§125. Simple Sentences.
1. Every complete sentence has a subject.

2. The predicate in a sentence is usually a verb or an adjective.

3. Subject and predicate may be directly placed side by side,

e. g. \\ao\ ^3: OrhC: fl'H^ffD as the sand of the sea (is) their

multitude.

The personal pronoun may be used

4. as a copula, e. g.

HXmfrflrkC; hi I (am) of God.

5. The words V([(D to exist, and W fo, /<? are used as copulas,

e.g. Oft : a)l\£:\ *H? /for* z> a lad here.

6. The predicate agrees in gender and number with the subject,

e. g. •THH'J: Ki^av* fa</ ar<? j>*.

7. There is great freedom in the arrangement of the sentence,

although the usual order is : predicate, subject, object. Variations

occur for sake of emphasis.
 SIMPLE SENTENCES 83

8. The following particles are used for emphasis : C\, X, i, (\tt,

Ohfrlrl, e.g. mxpOrt: #i£a)W! the days of my very life', (D>Wk

hYL\ fLft&OXiav neither do I tell you;
4
(\Chli lifti.' bless me,
even me ; (pa^X'fc rtrt.0*: J&^'HHil and he will command thee.

§ I26 -

To express negation the three particles &, hY* and hlK(\ are
used, e. g. Irhii /Llh£V: (h¥£ we cannot go ; h(\\ H<n>l£f|; M\
HP 3 *!
not spiritual, but sensual ; hl\.(\'. ^rh'fl not broad.

§ 127. Interrogative Sentences.

1. The independent interrogative:

a. No special sign. The context reveals its presence.

b. Introduced by 0; H is it the case that ? e.g. 0: HO A®: *H?;

•flXft is any one here ?

c. The most common interrogative particle is the enclitic J«,

e.g. HTFJ-; l&Cth hast thou done this? Otherwise 0J« is it the

case? is used, e.g. 0J«; X*(li: J&lhP will he give him a stone? or
(\U H, e. g. Ok H-Cm to/ thou ?

d. The negative interrogative is expressed by h. — J«, e. g.

&i *jn>flfa<fl> J.
> <
have ye not read?
e. The particle Ifr is used like J«, and is compounded with hfr
and *& to make a negative, e.g. /iOlfr m>JWl'*iaKnX: h^lh
^.7 >
(14« dfr #0/ *z;*« the publicans the same ?

2. Dependent interrogative :

The dependent question is introduced by X<n>, or AXtn>, or

br* e. g. hen); j&CA^: Xm>; tJt7: ^J&i X^f ; y°»eC /* see if
the water was abated from off the earth. The enclitic J« or V* may
also be used, e. g. (\&tn>; ^'WJJ.; fi'J'fih whether thy brethren
are well,

3. Disjunctive interrogative :

#. Introduced by fio* or way.av, e. g. we'H.av; &£frll¥ or

fesus ?
F 2
 :

84 SYNTAX
b. Independent disjunctive questions, w\ao or (DftXav is
used, e. g. AXffD; h^hi a*X*F: Iftahi (D(ik(W\ hM\l whether thou
be my very son Esau or not.

4. Strengthening interrogative particles :

They are cn> ; K\2 indeed) 1FZ in perplexity, ft as an affix;

X(D yea, in reply ; A^VO no ; filf expresses consent ; fi*Hl? indi-

cates refusal.

§ 1 2 8. Read and translate

^0; 8\£-#: a*fit: M-lfm);: ^J-: ft(Miai>". "HM*: ha<£

Mirth; ftl::

CHAPTER XXXIV

§ 129. Copulative Clauses.

1. The usual copulative particles are: W, the enclitic X, the

emphatic i, (D — ft in contrasts, wh9°T\ and then, hah or, <oAffi>X

((dXodI) or even, (DrtXtn>, a)X<n>, wh^ffo* or.

2. Adversative clauses are indicated by (D ; more emphatically

by the enclitic ft, or by W— ft ; also by M but, XlOrt and HXlflrt
but only, tikav* but rather. Other particles will be found in
Chapter XXIX.
3. Causal expressions are usually introduced by XftffD because,
and inferences and conclusions are generally indicated by h> thus,

and Kft\ then, therefore.

 ;

RELATIVE CLAUSES 85

§ 130. Attributive Relative Clauses.

1. An attributive relative clause is usually introduced by a

relative pronoun, or by such relative particles as 'id where, and
Aoo when. Sometimes there is no introductory word.
2. The relative pronoun sometimes takes the place of a noun,
e. g. Hh^i'. . . .
t
fi>& V\ who believeth . . . shall be saved.

3. When the antecedent is expressed, the relative pronoun does

not necessarily agree with it in gender and number, e. g. KhXftK't
H^£¥* wives whom they might choose.

4. If the relative refers to a suffixed pronoun, the relative takes

rt, e. g. ^rt&fi AAA: RCi with us who have borne.

5. The noun to which the relative refers is often attracted into

the relative clause, e. g. (D-h'fi ATI 4

: OMltn*; VIC into whatsoever
city ye enter.

6. Typical relative clauses : V1C\ Al*fc ft™?', ttflC a city the

name of which is Sychar ; VI Ci All"! KP^hY the city from which
QH; hft'tCfcV av*l fch»(l (the time) at which the star had appeared
to them ; Afll: H'lrft stones in which.

7. To express participial and adjectival ideas, the relative con-

struction is very common, e. g. HfLf&aod, unwilling ; HV ft* present;
HjE.2VUft the elder; HA^A^ 1*
everlasting; W&i&i mtt& her first-
born son.

§131. Conjunctional Relative Clauses.

1. Declarative clauses are introduced by H, e.g. Ay"*}^; "HTF;
Hh(D*y&tl(fl>*} wherefore is it that ye have brought us out ?

2. Supplementary object clauses, after verbs of seeing, saying,

fearing, beginning, &c, are introduced by hm>, AftffD, Hhm>, fthtn>,

and AC, e.g. CA?; h<n>; (VH'V he saw that it abounded; avdid
fu^K^C he swore that he knew not; A£GU: A^i-lfr \\av
hffD;

/LA^^A / am afraid of him lest he should come; frfH AlH 4

!

£<D7& 5 A*l^V/t- they began to push one another.

 :

86 SYNTAX
3. Final clauses are introduced by hffD, H, (I, e. g. ^CiVfii;
(\$%*t\lL\ \\cn>\ frlP'v* it will be told the saints that they must seek.

4. Consecutive clauses are introduced by Xfth, Yiao, KiHi ?L, &,

e. g. ha*>l j&ftrt"; STF° so that it is said to this day.

5. Causal clauses are introduced by Xft<n> because, e.g. ^L)"d\\

hhcro; "fft&O* he rejoiced because they were eaten.

6. Comparative clauses are introduced by hav, (Mun>, Hh<n>,

hfi, e.g. H(VF?; hm>: Mtl h^«(l he who drinketh as a dog
drinketh.

7. Temporal clauses are introduced by various adverbs of time

(Chapter XXVIII).

§ 1 3 2. Read and translate

9*&C\ KYK\ aa>lrt?i ta^:: J7tfi: OH: £l\ch-thi\ F>£C

Kii- t -Wis ctdsjM;: uWCli HCTlx (DUMMi -aCVlii r*Yt

CHAPTER XXXV
§ 133. Reciprocal Clauses.
1. Conditional sentences are indicated:
a. By the context alone.

b. By XffD (rt?un>) and flfl in the protasis, and the apodosis

with or without a particle.
c. In simple conditional sentences the protasis is introduced
by Kff° or AXtn>, and when negative by Xcn>& or ([XavfL, or
h\i instead of fL ; the apodosis by a), or CO —Xlh, or Xlh alone.

The apodosis may also have no outward marking, e. g. X(W. 'US'V;

 I :

RECIPROCAL CLAUSES 87

£.avah :V if he leaves him, then he dies. The protasis may also be

introduced by \avft — V* or J..

d. In unreal conditional sentences, the protasis is always

introduced by Aft, and the apodosis always by K^°, e. g. Aft;

HChV. &y°6.l(D-lbh if thou hadst told me, I would have sent thee

aivay. The perfect is almost always used in both the protasis and
apodosis, though the imperfect is sometimes found, e. g. Aft; hfr\

JPfiy°4« if they did not know.

2. Correlation is expressed in the following ways :

a. Both — and, or neither —nor is expressed by W — (D — (D ;

X: W— ; i; a) -I; E: cD—i.
b. As — so is expressed by fthcn>, hm>, Hhcrv, \\av\ Ki'f on
the one hand, and h^tf* or h<n>*H on the other.

c. The more — the more is expressed by ftfiy°rt)J —h^lK

d. Either — or is expressed by &ai>i. — a?Xm>{. or fon>% —

§ 134. Optative Expressions.

1. A wish may be expressed by the perfect or subjunctive.
2. Optative clauses are usually introduced by hero and 2\7°,
or by Aft, e.g. Aft; V^i would that zve had died! They may also

be introduced by av}* }
e. g. (n>J.; j&U^fti that one would give me/;
or by avh Xm>, e.g. <fl>U Xcn>i h°?>afc (VHh'F; ATM; a*&t: X&?
that one would give this people into my hand.

§135. Read and translate

ffoj.; wVMi 0£$>'Y\ ^Tt! £ft<W: AA<tfi: <Um>; H*ft°

'JActd; MA» Xod; C/Lh: A£*: ^a><fr; ^flrt,^:: Aft

ZH>; j&aDjta; A£<fe: Xy°t70: wfr3\Sr°-i£li ^hdj^i OrPi

 88

CHAPTER XXXVI

§ 136. Model Analysis and Translation.

a>?0«Nlrt; £&JPCi ftrft>& X^i; Kirov-. MQ'. hftao

aC^htlh: wftP an-n&i ft°*F; Mil Hrh>(l£: Offtn <dM: CM
WEfri YiaDi hffri £&JPC\ h(Y\rat»: Xy°i: ittra*: WW
JUvfcjP: h1<P.\h: wKWfcx -flVC*', 9di u*??:i wdiftaoi $&$
chhav. wilGatxi A/TiW: tp£a>Qpa*i l\7°09>i (VHTF; <ti&9°
H/hA^ti-.-: XdotLi MftfttXia^i HHMhXia^i "fthA: 7*7°

ftUHMii

(D conjunction, and, now.

?0«Nl Jacob.
ft a suffix expressing opposition, now on the contrary Jacob.

£&JPG = £&$C + the third masc. sing, suffix IK Imperfect third

masc. sing. II. 1 of L&& to love, loved.

ft preposition to with the intransitive verb L&&.

rft,G Joseph.
&7°1 expresses the comparative degree, more than.

ffftoo * = ff*£V+ third masc. pi. suffix, all oj them.

£$4? from iMtf* + third masc. sing, suffix. The noun is collective,

his children.

Xft<7» conjunction because.

dC^htfr = d+ C^ht + & : preposition in ; nourf CVftrY old

age ; third sing. masc. suffix his ; in his old age.

a) ftp = coftA + V* ; verb to conceive ; he conceived him.

(Dlfid. - (D + Kid. and he made.

 MODEL ANALYSIS AND TRANSLATION 89

ft°*F preposition A and third masc. sing, for him.

\l%i noun, ace, direct object of the verb 7*fl£. A coat.

Hih^ld. = H + ch'fld. ;
genitive particle H with the noun rh>fl£ in

the constr. state depending upon Oft$. Of a variety.

Ot\ty diverse colours.

(Dfift = (D + Aft and when.

ChU* they saw. Perfect, third masc. pi. of £&?.
h*l<Rlfr = fi'VE + th the brothers of him.
h<n> that. Conjunction.
Jl.P|J« him. See the pronoun.
£&$C he loved.
hfrtfav* = hQr + X?av. Noun and plural suffix, the father of them.
W^h more than.
H"ft°<n> all of them.
hWy = K\<£ + \y the brothers of him.
KfiiXP = fc&fr + V* they haled him. Perfect I. 1 of RSV*.
(DhtoQCt = (D + h. + WCt and not were they able. Perfect I. 1 of
fcUA.
•TC7Cf = 1V7Ct + lh /tf speak to him. Infinitive IV. 3 of ild.
&({ a word.
WW good. Root V>K to be good.
Wth([ai> = (D + rti([aD and he dreamed.

F fr£ foseph.
rh£Vtn> a dream.
(DilCav* = (D + YlCav* = ild + XTa** and he told to them. it

([hlW = A + hliV. + & to his brothers.

<D&(\,ft>ao* = (D + £(b$L + Wav and he said to them.

I\7°09 = tl7v 0< + lh from the verb (IfO to hear hear ye

i
\ it..

Kivw=([+m-v to this.

cht\.7° dream.

H(h(\5Fv 1b = H + thdS^lb relative pronoun and perfect first sing, ot

I. 1 , which I dreamed*
9o SYNTAX
"kloK imperfect first sing, of the verb C&1. I saw,
MM >
tXl(fl>
4
= MM1: + Xl(fl>
4
,
plural of the noun fcSVftfrr your
sheaves.

HHlififtcfl* = HH + H.hXiav*, relative and possessive pronouns. Of

each of you.

^XhA preposition, in the midst of.

1X7° field.

<D+V*7i = co + 1" + 'hP'h, perf. third sing. masc. III. i of the verb
hP'h it arose.

fcAflft^ the sheaf

HtLft? relative and possessive pronoun. Of me.

(D$od= a) + #ffD, from the verb $ao. And it stood upright.

wfcwj^av = w + 1* + ao&mr, perfect, third pi. masc. III. i, of the

verb ^ZflX and they ca?ne around about.

MftMXkOD* = Mftft*£ + \iod as above. Four sheaves.

=zW + (\1%*, from the verb (\1& and they made

wt[*l%* obeisance.

AHRft? = A + H + aft? to that of me.

 CHRESTOMATHY

w£Q,ft>i XVYLh-ftrthCi rttnWk: Wi tkWL: HX7-OC; hi

a&CP'ii Xftm> : aX&i JttOt; J^djya^i omexD'H^Ot; &02vt

faOXSPW. \7°&tr\ wWlCi KVYLh-drtbC: AffWk cn>.efl,ft>

hi\ o*X*fc XmX: hh-tChJ^ihi ([h^CY^i w(i£t\rt&\ a><U0«Nl

XftaDi hrvfaao". hi; artl^ ?: X7RX: a)h££0H9>ar>~. wO^-dfh

m>rhM\ miPtn*: 9°&l\ MXi: 9^AC\ XW: f^: o^fl*^

atftf: Actd0Jk 70C<n* : A£*#: Xft<Wi,&: Xltj Ml^Pa^i 7-flft-
otHhCh-: odAA?: fiSTl: nft°<n* ; rt£4j#: Xft£/b&: ft}; a*X*F

X7RX; whaOhXiw. X^VhjE.ft'ai*: (W>afti coXyfcWcn*

a)h&<hiXup»i (DXn/Hartiai*; ([aDntOWi 2vfr&; aititf: 0a£
cDXiftMiat*: M*: a>Xha>«i*i<n>«; h9°<[\i\ mth^^i Ki\\\ hi

o^Xt; X7RX: h^^Wna^i Uha^OhXia^i Xy*\££; 7-flfr

(DXythZlravi ([y<\ft\\ (DXmft&iurv. a*ftt: y&Ci Xlt

hMlhi X&?; hm>: /ilM; Afrfltfjr": onWlrfifr: <0<U0«Nl
ajXlMHun*; rtha^: (lCfrh fa: X7RX: wilCa&i cnW*,: hcroli

rt^**; X&£/iA: (D?Lt\sr>09>i (iavhi X^OmnC: i^a^

coX^O^a: 7-nCatH;;
92 CHRESTOMATHY

II

Psalm i

•(10*0: -ahki H/UNS; a^Xidi ttofti a>H/b4m>; o*ftt

rh7; XmfrflrfcC: PT'ZVi wUrhlli JPMM1: fro^t: (DrfWlt:

tofiharti hav\ 00; Xlt: thdVt: 1(1; aiw*iH: "V^: XW
tlMl: $&y; aQZH>7:: fDftSMi.s ^^tJ7^: coK-ft ; H7-0£
J&^^y";: gn- htn>*H; ^T*1rts fifr; h<n>"H: ^Xffi^; yicn>: m>&*
\\M(h%\ Itfl: Xy°7R: iP\£C:: amXTTO; /LJE/H^k: £A.9l

XmfrflrffcC: ^-frn*: AS^li a»9?-frn>«A: A;W}: tm<?X:

III

Psalm cxxxvii

lWgt:: a*ftt; fi<pi7: aaM: U?: MCf: wMiMi A(l

tHhC??; Afrri:: a*ftt; fa-htYi t\<PMi OlYL&tin Mod

QU?; tftXA-i; XA: ^(DflDUt: 17^; ^AA/fr a?XAE: £a>A&I
J&ffcrt-J; A^: Ail XcrD'*^?; AJtri:: a>X£; JrWt; ^rhAtf
XmfrflrtbC: Ay ^: HiC:: X<n>A: <tt0fth: h.MA>7°
AtCAOt: WK:s ojj&T^O; Ml?; (YbCVLi AXm>: /LtHhOh.
a>AXcn>; /Uiq0fc: AAWAJ OW^j tS^rht?:: tHhtfcn*
!

X7R*i A£44: fcW"s (10 At: M(U>: XA: ^•(1A«; V»"F

V*F; Xfth; amp&tfu a>At: QOArts 'tftCt: >(10<0

H^tf-ft^Ah.; A* A; -HtfAtil.-: *10«0: HJ&XWa^s A^Wh.

w£l&'<faD*i a*ftt; Ititfh.i
 CHRESTOMATHY 93

IV

2 ESDRAS III

hav ; filav^ X^H: w^^i VlCii Wi: wVlribi a>At

OaMi Ms fcf&A: H1-Am>j&fi-: 071^5 anJA°fc: .MT-a?; M
Qf^nt: ^nn-fl?; artiu^t; 7fr?: wWCVi 'MlW: (D-ftTi JWK;
hhavi CMb\ avhWi Afrrii arFS^A-hn*: AX A: £W14<
o*At: Oa^:: cDtUafrh*! f$A?: T#:: artYHti-: XtT/C
y°AA: &0-A: *7£; 74*<n>: a)Xfl,: XlH: X<\hi X71U; /ito
Alt: *fl>: <K<n* : Am): ^mCW: Ay«\£C:: ©Hltt; Orhtth
/iHTinih A<n>£/fr a>/iaMlX*itf«: Afr^; (V,?: m><pt: ffDa^Xti
7-(te: X£<fih: a*X*F:: oi^h: A0A>1>; ctd^A; /fr^a)*
wM\ fhfmi a^^h.i (DhnkWi a>«fit; 7ft: XTT: thAt
?"7lh'. HX1AA; t*y°: y°,£C:; cDttTrnifr: ft>t; tXHH: X\£*
a>0Aa>h:: coX^H; <LmCh: A0A>l>: ^t; coAOA: a*A-&:
a>ta>&&: X^i.!*: JuftH-d: cDrhTMU.: a)}7^"i; am^a^Cti.
HfiSVO: *WV<fc:: <0^: Ji/foH<i: *NWn*: AA70tfai*: whCitb
Afc^^h: arti/ft&h: artWA: /LhAXfun*;: atfiOtt: AO^-'W
fiy^Xh: "7?: *£-*; ADA: y^C; a>A0A: XA: £Mi4*: a*ftt
^A^ 11
: atfT^Xfanx; a)N; 04«?: HiMFm*; A*un> : fiy^Xh
Tt: ADA: M7°\ h<W: fii^Xh: ^?: ftj&'is ADA; XA*Z:
aj/it^h: SXy^At-frnx; i^flA: ftt: HAm*: ^^; wh^lih
1-(D&&; fttrao-. %&$>*\\\ coX7°1li AA: fritt: J&ta*H*J.

(Dj&i^&fr: XA; J&t-d^: £A: i^C: a)A'H^: a*A*£ai*: c0t<0&&

X^ilFa^: JufoH-O: (D/frH-flL: >fllM:: atfW; *iOA: ?/KlA«

<U£4%£: Xy°H; #£m*:: wX^H: AA; fittfr: Afresh: ^«h

Xy^ftt-frn*; hrtiAi Hfrn*; h<iC7^i a)hG<PC*i\hi (DhCh£\*
"7lA*t: ^Ay°: Arhtth; AAifttt: A>A/T:: wh<P?°hi ft>t

k^J; HA^Ay°: hero; A7cn*£: A/T7,£-£cn><: AHCfr; XA: <D0fr

Xy^-flfr:: wwh&fra*'. a*flt: £Al£\ A?:: wfrRfthi A^t
94 CHRESTOMATHY

MrhC.i arJA£: SfrrfcR: Mfhth: HXAti: am&h&toM.

(DWao^LhU mmt&U \\ao\ WAa^i AHCft; .fO«Hl: rhl
a)C[H(n>£i Xft&fefa tXHH: ©A/frF: /uPXtth: X^i-lFff*: &fl
Xi>?: £Va^i &oi rtiVili MO&Ww. XAm>: &Q: Xfc?
h(fi>:

A-flA: ^7°: 'frWE: wfoDahhw a)lfr\ a*X*F: O^tt: M

K-A ^: XA: ta>2v&: X^i^;: oX^Tf: Hl^t: £Xt: ^T

y°AA: fhVhi a>At; &A: ATM: ^AA: J^Cm-i Xfcj&i: cornet

ip^jfct: art-CAfr; XfrF: ar}A£: <n><p02V: art%ft"7; *}tn>;Hh
(Dh4>r>h: Ah: 7-fteh: HA<n>«: #Et: cD^fbiri j&Mfr: U7£
AAy°h: <DJP>flX: AtD-A*^: X9°i\ m>0Xh:: fflW; -flttl: ^1*
a?/iaO: XAi £HK«: a*At: r>£C\ K\H\ fi&O; H^l?*
aiA^ltis <lhm>; 7-0& *3i^: gdH-A«; ^a*^: XAcn>; Kar»Wl
A-flAjP: AXfh£: ^^i;: a>m>ma*h; U7<Sh: a>«At: X£: fcAXth:
a>Xfl>: fti; n&IKs £Xt; fi<^: OU H£1,£fc X7°i,ii (VKLd.

8\£fc XA: J^i<l^i a>«At: aaflrl: hm>: ^/"XV; AU7& JWI:

(DX^Tf: AQ: A3/ihS>: *H?: C/Mk im-M: H^O: *WV**
©•flH*?}: h-*u£\Pi: CX?t: i$A?i: W: fi'JffDt: MOT: /ilUC
ftlhtfr; &(K: X£: ttWao-! A^TVJ: CX,£?: whao
ti^Uhcfl*: A£A.7i: (DlA^hi rhUMii aiO^-Ah: ftAXth:
(DhAlChi (Dh.(iomVt\ XC: .g;^: AHt: <??*:: PI-: H£l,£(b
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 CHRESTOMATHY 95

V
Statutes of the Apostles 1
1-6

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of the Apostles, London, 1904, pp. 1-3.
1
G. Horner, T/ie Statutes
96 CHRESTOMATHY
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VI

Anaphoras 1

1. Anaphora of the Apostles

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1
Mercer MS. Lth. 3, 62 a-62 b 142 a-142 b 244 b -245 a;
; ; Mercer,
The Ethiopic Littirgy, Milwaukee, 1915, pp. 384, 389.
2299 G
98 CHRESTOMATHY
2. Anaphora of St. John the Evangelist

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VII

Genesis i-iii

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 CHRESTOMATHY 99

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hav; b&pUFav". Xav*Wi a)t\l&\ <fefrA: AAA: cd7-(14«: ft°m*
cnxpCXt:: (DA^fr: «J>A: XmA>flrh,C: XfH; ?rf>o*C: o*At: 7ft
<??: ACfc: ffltlflfr: A^y°: <0-ftXA/F: h^^ao; XmA-ftrfcC
"7taiA: OB'fiy: A7ft:: <tffta*/>: XmA-flrkC; AAtfy : coj&ftA°

A£1r: ST+j: a?j&ftA°; Mr>\ Mh: A^OJk XlH: ;K$AA«: a>«At

7ft: iDL6.V\h\ XA<n>; 0^?: Af: <Dt*jaX*K: a>J&fl>A°: XmA-fl
rh,C; avu h^A0\\\ ha»i 0^h: Aft: Aft: fifr HftAOh: HTl"
00: HAf: hAX3>h:: co^ft: ^y 11
: <lXA.t?: Xlt: a)0-fl»if.

^AA,?: tfftC: J&Xt: coVa-fl: (Da^Oihw w£(b<\: XVUh-QdhC

 CHRESTOMATHY 103

Mfcrt/fr Wi-fU iaCii\ arVft: -nXfl/fr hCWi T^XC: Aft^mti

amtOh-:: a)£a,<[i Kifth-adbCi a^ct: y^e-C: Xft<n> : lacwr
ATfit: C7y°t: fci: Xsr>ftfc; XW1: a>Xy°HA«; hAWi y°,ec
bKW&hfa rf*<5: ajm>^t: -d^: H«ft°: m>«P0rt; /h^aJth.:
^ftt^CC: "YXh&li: aJ^XhA: -nXtVfr a^XhA: HCXfu <d"7

Xhrt: HCh\ a>Xt: A£04>-fls CXrth; atflt; 0#(V. flfrW::

a>A'(lXA/l'*.; J&ftl: frOU*?: ^dTK*: ArfiMh.: (DA^^J&Ji; a>(Vh

HI J A£: <d<dA.£*l: 10: i^th/. y°7a/ilu aartflb £#TOl:

(D<[hfZ7v (\\ je.fl,ft°3 Xflcro; fl^Oh: Ms -flXtVttis aXMOh: Xy°i
oj-X-F: 00: HfiHTm-h: hero: A/NI40: Xy°f: a>.Xt; 00: a#htF.
amiOh: CV^-fi Wis in>£;C: At7QChs amrfiH*i; -(110: KA°
m>«pOA: /ft.Carrh:: frvftis wh^M: J&-nftAtis a>-nlO: "/O^
7^y°:: a)M)L\ 75th: -(110: *Mlftths Xfth: tV-flX: aJ-At
fp>&tfis X*it: Xy"i.y; a>qXh: Xft<n>: m>&t: Alt! ff>a>At

avdot; *7*lX:s wtlavti M9°i fta»\ >AXA/F: rhZa)*'. Xflao

X^c^: £Xt: dthf Vlu wl-at; XmfrflrfrC; (iMT*'. (DA-flXA/F
/i0*A: H"7Xft: whbiafiavw ajj&fl,: XmfrArtfcC: Ws ^y"
Ms JiffD; ftrh^; X^hii £hr>C\ xpW\ wXMi a?.eXH>i.: TZ
fh^Cx a?.PA>02V: X&lh aJje.j^X: Xy°08: Aj&mts <0je.fl£vO
artrfifc; AfAi^:: (Dha>4h\ XmX: XmfrArtbC: AXW X^i
7lts tJtls hm); £t7A£; Ai^C: XTT; X^i.?: a>0A:
(Dt«D-toh\ ([HXr*: (Dh-\&C\ $&avi 7its t^At: atfHHaiv
<\!>£4A: a>Ah4«flA: AAjB.^: XAt: Xlt; **cid?Ts hff»j je.0#A-

<P?t: 00: fhtw'Yw

 GLOSSARY
v AA'E intelligence.

V(lW and Oft to be, to exist. UdM*! weakness.

Oh? to languish. Afih to send.

If h to agitate ; II. i to be AOA to lift up ; II. i to elevate.

amazed. 'IDA above, upon, against.

U? there. &0«£V Most High.

D&h to be great.

Wfrfii perdition. th
VIC city, country, inhabited
rhA? to sing.
land.
rfitn> to be ill.
V^ sweat.
rftoD^V7?^ grass, plant, fern.

2VZfr elder. thavlKGyJS. onyx.

AW? to be alone. than? to correct.

AA = A. (**& to go, to walk, to follow.

A>A/fc' night. rt\(\, h(^(\ to swarm, to move.

gVyM^ sap. thtl^ falsehood.

A/7?^ custom. /fiA'E false.

C[(h(h to become wet. ftitp for a little while.

Arha) I. 3 to weep. rh$& field.

Ml tongue. /fi1"F III. i to examine, to be

£V»fl heart. examined.
AAA to clothe. rhfft to build.

([(\(D to know, to understand. thVCf, pi. diVCf* Apostles.

 GLOSSARY 105

th(DH to be pleased. odipCJE. magician ; av/»d.JE.

th(D& to regard. remedy.

th&lS. burden. ODJ^IC'V snare.

th &(D to live j chfah alive. tn><k*V dust, chaff.

AriMI, //. ftrhH<\, people, tribe. y^X, pi. aovCX^' apron.

ihWi sorrow. y°CM purchase.

chfra)* life. ffDC^ bride.

<Mft to speculate. ooCVy ^ malediction.
th&C\ to restore. cn>«rt» Moses.'
ih'i.il new. ^flrt with.
th? law. y°n^, //. h^tXk image, like-
rfi&C rampart. ness, kind.

rh% dowry. ^h(h<\ shovel.

ih?~\ child. fnjftrfrf seducing.

ffDrt^^V cross.

<n>ft1*fi£v$ scornful.

udU£ to teach, to be merciful. ff»rtt to perish ; cn>*flV desola-

(fl>Vil to spare. tion ; vyfti corrupt.

fVa) to melt. ^VflJ to deprave.

«n)AyD ^VyD new fruit. yftiWl bed.

«n>^flft garment. ffPfl^VJ prince.

cn>Ah to rule. cro^ny food.

cn>A^ divinity. m>.fl£vO food.

ffp&O^ elevation; cn>2vO£tT <n>Q& oblation.

above. Tit to die ; T^T death ; crotl*

cnM^ country. death.

cn>rhA to swear ; cn>rM oath, y^ husband.

covenant. ^•fcfPft Matthew.
ai>'*\&& song. ^•JA^ end.

P^chd to be merciful. m>J : see the pronouns.

4 'f
cn> i'H stream. ffDj. : see the pronouns.
odip^ foundation. m>jy any.
 ;

io6 GLOSSARY
cn>*$ftC seat, throne. ^7J& water.
y°VF what, why, wherefore. m^M* balances.

^°lti any. ffD^^Vflj- unfair.

<n>*}ftC wonderful. ^".C-C earth.

av~ih°6WC wheel. av&li. saviour.

ot>Wf¥ ax. av°mC work.

<n>l£(l to afflict. y°7aX assembly.

?°~ilC[ towards. ^m to turn.

rn>l£ft Spirit, Ghost, wind m»mj to measure ; m>ml mea-

spiritual. sure, so great, how much ?

avGQQ hypocrite. how great?

Vh to vanquish ; III. i to be odci\(D to give, to deliver.

overcome. avftthQ book.

?°M£: collection, receptacle. <n>ft>flrh< publican.

"H'h^C soothsayer. o^9th to come ; II. i to bring.

"Y?ift skin. cn>0(D« spring.

9°^ five. T'LC^ plough.

^VKhCl among, between, in the fTD^i^a)' seemly.

midst, midst.

cn)^*H1 quarter, corner.

afXWVr corner. Wthty to ridicule.

avftd. to devise. **lao to set, to place.

9™XlC congregation, counsel. ^9°^ to delight.

y°H*<Ml synagogue. tf^tf1 to steal.

aoiii place. P*C(D- root.

iF'ahlS.pah place of refuge. i^CO to order, to dispose.

ffixpOA. time. J^GO*? order, testament.

aVibcr, pi mxpOflV day. vl<Pt to afflict.

tTDOcJDty steep hill. ^"^JE. vexation.

od*}^ anger; od^od angry. tf*i? to be beautiful ; II. 2 to

cn>00 to be angry; II. to irritate. render beautiful ; U*?? good.

tTDTtoO^ arm. y*l,>/. hM"Ptl thorn.
 GLOSSARY 107

wwt to be ripe. flrM* to lead astray, to err.

"/OC herb. ft/h'H* to blame.

^"7 body, flesh, corpse. 117° name.

ft^O lo hear ; ft^O witness.

ftWi Simeon.
C(h to fan.
rt<n>? to name.
Cchft to enlarge ; &rh<\ broad,
(VH^, pi rt^i't heaven*
Glt/h*? wickedness. .

ft£/h fatigue.
CftiT heritage.
(ltd, to fly.
tt\0 to forget.
rt£4> thief.
&&& wicked, ungodly.
AOl dusk of the evening.
£rt? to constitute, to place.
(\£& to pardon.
£M to be able.
(b6-&>l\. Seraphim.
d'dth to gain.
M([ to hang, to crucify; ftf'AI'
£>ftO, fern. <MlOt four.
crucifixion.
£rV0 II. 1 to direct.
A4 ? 1
lo water, to wet.
CXft head, top, self.
Aft when?
CX? to see ; £W gazer.
(\<idi praise.
Cft*ft unclean.
li-dth^ glory.
dhft to observe, to find.
ft^flh^ revealed.
d(Dt to be drunk.
fcflX one.
^OjB.^ giants.
frfHTF seven; MO^ seventh.
COiS II. 1 to cause to tremble.
fc*7iA Salathiel.
L&k to help; d&hft help.
<Vt*? to drink.
^X*, />/. ACSX disciple.
&*?£{{ statute, canon.
CT^I* cursed.
C\h([ to ask, to require.
Cft to run with.
Ahft to hide oneself.

ft t\h>S heel.
M^ peace. Aj&fnl Satan, demon. *

M4 1
to deride ; M$ derision. (\£Q sword.
rt>rh to melt. (11 & to adore.

flrhft to lead. (\do junction.

 ;

io8 GLOSSARY
ClQth to extend. fc£#jr holiness; $£?!£
ll^i prominence, size. holiness.

t\&£ to sew together. •J^flvO irascible.

fl£m to beguile. <&£•& leaf.

*4«fl Cephas.

3*l\. tvord, voice. n

tp&ip&i precipice. Q in, with.

'fe'VI* valley. there is, there are.

•MjB. abyss. fll/A to say, to tell.

•ferfi to redden. (Mft fig.

«Pcn> to arise, to stand. Q£V0 to eat.

if to spite. Orh to permit.

«fe££ to cool. OrtbC, //. d'hW-C*? land, earth,
^Cft to approach. place, region.

#M, //. •HflJ-ft^ presbyter. (\fhC sea.

#Trt to kill. Orh'F but, yet.

^VA. envious. (Xctit,^ alone, solitude.

^\(D to pierce. •fl/hfi to ferment.

FWA lamp. dCU to light ; <iCri light.

4*1? to subdue, to rule over, to flCW'ZfPft Bartholomew.

have in power, to hold in fl£h to bless, to praise.
bondage. (bfflb benediction.

&0£(D to look up. ft^h'V blessing.

tp&av to go before, to anticipate, (l££- cold.
to precede. frt\W to walk.
ty&av first, eastward. Q«M IV. 2 to punish; 0*^
^CH. beginning; fySWtiV be- punishment.
ginning. (VfeA to put forth, to germinate

4\£rt to consecrate, to make

holy; fc&?| a saint; fr&ft (ltf^O to profit.

holy, sacred. ft^^Z in preference to.

 GLOSSARY 109

(](].££* together. 1M1AA pottage.

ft* house; ft*: hCftWi the •Vft&O)' curb-stone.

Church. ^0* ark.

Oh to enter ; II. 1 to lead. *O0t male.

•flXrt, man, one, a certain. •Vh^d. taken.

41 Art,* woman. *Ay°C* a prodigal.

(\Ki-t about; flATfr H because. *Ay°C*, //. t^y°C sign.

dti-C first-born. *AH*H commandment, precept,

Oh? to weep. statute.

O0£V master. *hA to plant.

(\0J£ some, others. *hAA marriage.

ftH redemption. *a^£US generation.

fl*H*} to abound, to multiply. **HhC memorial, reminder.

•fllKJ great, many, much, 1\£**1 delight.

number. t70 to watch.

(hH(D to redeem. WaC work, labour.

fl&'Q.e: plague. **?/*Vh* joy ; *<?^fi*
fl^o* desert, desolate. wealth, delight.

fLR* companion.
Aftvfi to come, to reach, to

attain, to arrive, to bring to. *irt to be strong.

1'
(100 to estimate. 'fa&i'P number, numbered.
-flfrO, 410*0* blessed. *JA? to think.
*JA£ to go through, to pass

away.
*(\<D to follow, to join to; I^ll five; I^M* five.

*£V(0* a following. "JunjJ to seek.

;7Vh* under. 1£?, IC? to choose.

'faoVC study. *JftC* laid waste.

*yD fJC* doctrine, instruction. *J(1 to, in, toward, where, with,
•f^ft Thomas. by, near.

*££ to spare, to be left. *J(1£ to unite.

 ; : !

no GLOSSARY
*Hlfit bread. Jftfl to read, to speak, to

*M1A to hide. meditate.

•H*ctd to stamp, to sign. }(ij& prophet.

*Jj6A strength. TtC/iA Nathaniel.

'

I^av^ tent. Jt7 to abate.

•Kd to be better. 5*1 to prolong.

It&d, to station, to place, to IXrt to be small ; IfrA small.

sojourn. ihd. to be perturbed, to gaze

"J.£7 to leave, to desert, to upon.

suffer, to allow, to forgive, iilC strange ; \X\&* miracle.

to divorce, to lay aside \OhC spot.

II. i to let leave. TP£ goods.

l&l^V bill of divorce. IDA young.
WA ruin. }.£ to burn.

*)TA to be deprived, to miss \S& to build.

III. i to steal away. }%&* archer.

lOLh^' sinner. ThP' king.

*}&£ to be ashamed. i7£ to say, to tell.

*
ilC word.
il& clan, tribe ; J7^ traveller.
i
J7£. to wither.
W behold. •?5». sand.
lifhi : see pronouns. l&rh pure.
Wav to sleep. J0? to dash.

iivl* to destroy. i*irtl wind, life, soul.

\P*h. to take, to stand, to sustain. f^l to breathe.

Ifttt little.

ihh to take.

i't'bi&bL agitation. A interjection O

f$0 fountain. h, not ; a privativi.
idd. to sit, to dwell, to remain, hd : see pronouns.

to inhabit. X£V5* a thousand.

 1

GLOSSARY 1 1

hrti&, hrt\&,ftm. hfh*t, one. AftA to sin; hM sin.

liO° when, in time of. X»fll stone.

Xtn> if. A-fl^* fool.

hav* nor. h'f'Y to remove.

Xy° from. A1*aJ to return.

2x7° mother. fcrrkf Ethiopia.

h^Xl god. hid to retard.
hav£ to know, to think. Klah brother.
h^C now, to-day. hlH to take, to begin, to bind.

fiy°M pattern. T\h : see pronouns.

ft7°i to believe. KiM beast.

\7°\ out of, by. ftlfl^ female, wife.

Xcri^VF : see pronouns. Kh$%, pi JiCfcfr door, gate.

Aod*J to salute. XlflA without.

h^ZM thistles. X11* : see pronouns.

Xy^A^ out of, one of. Xl.eC.en Andrew.

A^H than. AVMftfrLft anagnosta, reader
h7°H immediately, now as a KiVAh belly.

conjunction. Kk^C^ knowledge.

Ky&ld after. hfr is not.

hChf image. ?shrt to be able.

hCW, pi. H&WrY serpent, beast. Ah°i* to bless, to honour.
h£l<£ old man. A*l? to be bad ; XJl-jE: evil.

*£<?* wall. Aa>« or.

XflffD because, as, so, that, as hHH to command, to judge.

a result. h&'K where.

Xft£/i,£V Israel. *«£-* flood.
Xfl* fire. fij&J. what.
Xfth till, even to. X.£*, />/. X.£o* hand.
Xfth: AQ when ? h^ST° Adam.
frfl, />/. Ada* father. /bAT Eden.
^•flCyy11 Abraham. hVV£ manife'st.
I ] 2 GLOSSARY
X7A> any one. ti'li, judgement.
X^£V man. WtK\ Canaan.
KVC foot. h°)tfh rock.

XVYLh<[<h,C Lord, God; WW1 star.

hVMh O Lord. *lO(l again, likewise.

hkjtll $M bishop. hOoo to pour out, to shed.

h<£ mouth. \\&\ covenant.

XG. how. Jl.P? : see pronouns.

/b^d-Tfl Euphrates. \\.lA to divide ; ft^£V section,

A^Tl wherefore. chapter.

(0

hOA to be possible. <0 and.

*lU"} priest. ojOQ to give, to bring forth.

H*£V entirety, totality. aJ(Vr, pi. hV^A daughter.

Itfc all. W(\& to bring forth, to give

K'ft" all, the whole. birth to, to be born, to lead.

h£V«fl dog. (D&.&, pi. a*rt\£* son, child.

h£vX another, the other, second (DthYl to irritate.

neighbour. (Drh? to surround.

%)?\.h. double, two. (D(h& to be united.
h£Vfi to hinder, to prohibit. (DP'h to speak, to answer.
\\wh willow. codd II. i cause to inherit.
\lchA to deny. (D&P gold.

h'MS unfaithfulness. (D£(D to throw.

htn> as, that, in order that. (Dd£. to go down.
tou*^ to reveal. ay-li'Y in, among, upon.
Jl4«fl»£V Cherubim. a)(\& to lead.
JlC^" womb. C0f .£ to decrease ; (D^i^Y
h£? III. i to be broken. poverty.

M to be. (Dt? to play.

hW vain. (DhswVL anyone.

 ;

GLOSSARY "3
CD-X^: see pronouns. sign, to lie in wait for, to

(Dhaoli and thus it (is). keep, to preserve, to establish,

<0h? to be splendid. to abstain.

(DdhO to make a great noise. (H\&V. Hebrew.

(00A to pass the day. 0*0? to be great, to be proud
0*0? to burn, to set on fire. Oflfc grandeur; 0aA fern.
w&Q to fall, to cast. Oajfc, pi OQje.^ great.

(D£$. to accuse. 01 4^ gem.

(DlC to throw. OWC, pi OfT-dCt sea-monster.
(DVh to push, to butt. 01(KH anguish.
(DlO to milk. 01R£ harp.

(Dfth to be more able. 0*H£ Ezra.

wOh to go out, to give up. 0J&1 pi A0jB.lt eye, poise.

(DL& to go into the field. /*.£ to surround.

a)LK to carry. M then.

0.&A. coat.
0^-^ time.
^([7° world. /*7 to mock.
0C[(D to transgress. 07A to defraud.

0A1", //. 0A;Hf day. 07U1 to suffer, to have patience

tao^ year. with.
Ocrvq. violence, wrong. 05UI cruelty.

^l pi W* fish. 00, //. 00O>- tree.

?£. to be blind. 00y° bone, rib.

Od.<P naked. PG, pi MVQ fowl.

Otf to be equal ; 04«,fc alike.

tf£7 to ascend, to come up. H

0£& to rest ; Q&qft rest. HA£ to reprove.

0ft fl, pi (WilWl widow. "H/hA to be right.

OAt remuneration. "Hod^ adultery.

04>cn> to limit. H*n>l season, time.

O^ft to watch, to observe, to HtrooJ to commit adulterv.
 ;

ii4 GLOSSARY
H(fl>£: race, family, kind.

Hd.h to yield seed ; HCX seed. •££V$A$ to shake; «£&$&$

1-WIS hair-cloth. earthquake.
K\av to rain. «£A<0 to weigh, to be befitting.
HH* : see pronouns. Ahay-, fern, gCt*? formed.
HXlftrt without, unless, before. &rhi to save.
ever. £7° blood.
W\h : see pronouns. ,£££ to eat, to sup.
Hh£ to remember. gft child.
Hfl^X^F of the, of this.
.C-^n sleep.
"H? : see pronouns. „£4# tt?//. children.
*H? here. .ftflC mountain.
H?0(i great, greater, greatest. Aid. to delay.

^1^ after.

S&lft end.

,£"Jf to save, to be well.

JB.|>^ Judah.
,£T70 to lie stretched.
T(K\l\ John. ffaao* but.
ry° day. $*% infirmity.
WJ right hand.
WgV David.
&l\tb$ Isaac.
ȣa}? to be sick.
to be dry ?(!& dry land
?»(lrt ;
&&1 judgement.
J&flft dryness.
£jP#*} deacon.
?1*F bdellium. £Tlao to repeat.
£X*£ : see pronouns.
7
J&XH>, £XH>i. now.
?o>-U I. 2 to be merciful. 7&(W1 veil.
%¥[) sweetness. 7rh^ to drive away.
.PO'Nl James. lav£ to promise, to confirm.

?^-p to tell, to know ; II. i to Vav6> at all.

relate. Vfl altar-cloth.

rZ -lest. 7tfJ R to reprove.

 GLOSSARY "5
V^7° fear. TfWl, pi. TQat wisdom.
7^°* fear. ma?? to pervert.
*bCi gutter, roof of mouth. m?«£ to be surely known.
7*5*? string. OhVCH Tigris.
IdCl to touch. m70 to cleave to.
7H body. (1\&C firmament.
Kid. to do, to make, to yield. Cl\^h to perish, to destroy.
7-flC, //. HV-aCi- servant, work,
workman.
7-OC^t slavery. * a
7*fl/i to incline, to return, to fcTCfi Peter.
betray ; II. to give, to deliver ; fcrtA to brood.
III. 3 to assemble; IV. 4 to JWVaD'Tr darkness.
be gathered together. RAfi to hate.
7-flfr Egypt. Mh., pi. Mk*V enemy.
7H* garden. M(D to pray.
Pi,*i demon. Rrh£ to inscribe, to mark.
7"f&? much. &<*\L, pi. ftrfcipt scribe.
IOC groaning. ^°Y labour.
VOU custom. R^anJr secretly.
ZH> time. ££ to carry, to bear.
7-?, 7"?? to fly. M&V cake.
in Gihon. 8*0<ft morning, sun-rise.
7«y° field. 8*JJ II. 1 to incline.
7.££ to forsake, to repudiate. R"iO to confirm ; JHO strong,
1&&. destroyed. firmament.
19t face, person, nostrils. XflJ-D to call, shout.

frTO cup.
frn Zion.
m &£<£ to be righteous.
T<£ very much, sore. %£& right, righteous.
mflQ to be wise, to be subtle.
OT-0 full, satiated.
 !

n6 GLOSSARY
L&C to love.

become £<J?C beloved.

BCi, to be hostile, to

an enemy. &#.£ to wish.

8-fl/i war. L&Q: desire, will.

<J/)Trh to open.
9X3X embryo.
%a)(D to take captive. £1*T to break.

^1ir fragment.
£1*<0 to covet, to be lustful.

qfta)^ lust.

A.(iV river, water. IPV at.

<Lrtm to separate, to divide. 5^ way.

<*>&inYV separation. &}07 to send, to send out, to
&&kl\ Philip. send away.
^P'th to praise, to rejoice, hail L(D(\ to heal.
<£v*fh prosperity. L&L>£: excess.

C^'h joy. i^S^^tS^ much more, exceeding.

<£&» fruit. £m£ to create.

£CU to be afraid. <Ln\6 creator.

££ft horse. $T£^ creation.

4«Cft Persia. £&#*> to finish, to end, to

^C/ ! 1
Pharaoh. prosper.

*.£? to bear fruit. $&y° perfect.

PRINTED IN ENGLAND AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

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