Do An Tot Nghiep Chuan

n tt nghip GVHD: Th.
s Trn Vn Nh-

$VTH:Nguyn Thi Hc Lp c khY t A-
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Chuong 1
TNG QUAN V VN NGHIN CU
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti
1.1 Mc ch ca chn on k thut
Trong qu trnh khai thc s dng , tin cy lm vic ca t suy
gim,mc suy gim tin cy chung ca t ph thuc vo tin cy
ca cc h thng v chi tit ,bi vy duy tr tin cy chung cn
thit phi c cc tc ng k thut vo i t-ng.
Cc tc ng k thut trong qu trnh khai thc rt a dng v -c
thit lp trn c s xc nh tnh trng k thut hin thi,tip sau l k
thut bo d-ng,k thut thay th hay k thut phc hi.Nh- vy tc ng
k thut u tin trong qu trnh khai thc l xc nh trng thi k thut
t.
* xc nh tnh trng k thut c th xc nh bng nhiu cch
khc nhau:
Tho ri,kim tra,o c,nh gi,Ph-ng thc ny i hi phi chi ph
nhn lc tho ri,rt c th s gy ra cc h- hng trng thi b mt lp
ghp.y l ph-ng php xc nh trnh trng k thut trc tip.
* Khng tho ri s dng cc bin php thm d,da vo cc biu
hin c tr-ng xc nh tnh trng k thut ca i t-ng.Ph-ng
thc ny gi l chn on k thut.
Tnh tch cc ca chn on k thut l n c th d bo mt cch tt
nht v chnh xc nhng h- hng c th xy ra m khng cn phi tho ri
t,tng thnh my.V vy chn on k thut -c p dng rng ri trong
t v ngy cng th hin -c vai tr khng th thiu ca n .
1.2 ngha ca chn on k thut
n tt nghip GVHD: Th.s Trn Vn Nh-

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Chn on k thut c cc ngha nh- sau:
Nng cao tin cy ca xe v an ton giao thng ,nh pht hin
kp thi v d on tr-c -c cc h- hng c th xy ra,m bo
-c nng sut vn chuyn v c bit l gim thiu kh nng v
tai nn giao thng,gp phn vo n nh v tng tr-ng kinh t ca
t n-c.
Nng cao bn lu ,gim chi ph v ph tng thay th,gim -c
hao mn ca cc chi tit do khng phi tho ri cc tng thnh
khi kim tra.
Gim -c tiu hao nhin liu ,du nhn do pht hin kp thi
iu chnh cc b phn -a v trng thi lm vic ti -u.
Gim gi cng lao ng cho cng tc bo d-ng k thut v sa
cha.
Ngy nay khi cng ngh pht trin ko theo rt nhiu cc ng dng
trong cng ngh t chn on.Trn cc cm phc tp ca xe hnh
thnh h thng t chn on c kh nng giao tip vi ng-i s dng
mt cch thun li .Km theo cc thit b iu khin l cc h thng
chn on in t hin i (h thng t bo li) to kh nng nhanh
chng bo hng,tm li gim nguy c mt tin cy ca mt s chi tit
trong khi t hoat ng.
1.3 Ph-ng php tr gip qu trnh chn on
Trn thc t c rt nhiu cc ph-ng php -c p dng gip cho
qu trnh chn on -c nhanh chng v t -c hiu qu cao.
p ng -c yu cu trn c mhiu cng trnh nghin cu ph-ng
php tr gip nh-:ph-ng php s dng l thuyt thng tin ,ph-ng php

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chn on bng h chuyn gia .v cng c cc cng trnh nghin cu
chn on k thut da trn l th-yt tp m.
Nm 1965 L.A.Zadeh xy dng c s tnh ton cho suy lun m
v l thuyt tp m ,vic s dng ti liu ny c rt nhiu -u im:
Cho php x l cc thng tin nh tnh dng ngn ng
S dng lgic suy din gn lin vi tri thc con ng-i.
T s nhn ra nhng -u vit ca l thuyt m trong cng tc chn
on cng nh- nhng kin thc c -c v ch-yn mn,tc gi quyt
nh chn ti tt nghip l:ng dng Igic m xy dng h
chuyn gia chn on trng thi k thut h thng phanh trn xe
con
2. Cc I thuyt tp m trong chn on k thut t
2.1 Nhng ng dng n-c ngoi
T nhng nm u ca thp k 90 mt nghnh k thut mi -c
pht trin rt mnh m v em li nhng thnh tu bt ng , l
iu khin m.Nm 1965 Zahde nh h-ng chuyn giao nguyn
tc x l thng tin ,iu khin h sinh hc sang k thut.
Trong nhng nm gn y ,s l-ng cc ng dng ca h tr gip
chn on tng ln ng k ti cc n-c pht trin .c bit l m
hnh tr gip chn on c ng dng l thuyt tp m trong lnh
vc iu khin t ng .
2.2 Nhng ng dng trong n-c
Ti n-c ta cng c nhiu cc cng trnh nghin cu v t -c
nhng kt qu nht nh .Nh- trong lnh vc sinh hc y t c cng
trnh nghin cu h h tr chn on bnh nhit i nh- bnh st
.

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Trong lnh vc k thut cng c nhiu n v s dng
chn on cc tng thnh trn t cng nh- cc h thng khc trong
lnh v-c ca i sng.
3.Mc tiu ,nhim v ca ti
- Nghin cu ng dng l thuyt tp m xy dng h chuyn
gia chn on gip cho vic chn on h thng phanh -c
nhanh chng v cho mt kt qu chnh xc .
- Nhim v ca ti s i gii quyt cc vn sau:
- Nghin cu l thuyt tp m v ng dng ca n
- ng dng l thuyt tp m la chn thng s chn
on v xy dng m hnh h tr gip chn on k thut
h thng phanh trn xe Corolla 2000
- Da trn phn mm Matlab xy dng phn mm tr gip
chn on cho h thng phanh trn xe Corolla
4. Ni dung ca ti
Ch-ng Tng quan v vn nghin cu
Ch-ng C s l thuyt v chn on v lgic m
Ch-ng Xy dng ma trn thng s chn on h thng phanh
Ch-ng V Xy dng phn mm m hnh chn on tng thnh
h thng phanh
Chuong 2
c s I thuyt v chn on k thut,tp m v Iogic m
2.1.c s I thuyt v chn on k thut t:
2.1.1.khi nim,nhim v ca chn on k thut:
2.1.1.1.khi nim:

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chn on k thut l qu trnh da vo cc biu hin c th nhn
bit -c bng con ng-i hay my mc phn on -c bnh ca i
t-ng.Khi chn on khng -c tho ri cc chi tit v nh- vy s lm nh
h-ng n qu trnh lm vic bnh th-ng ca chi tit cng nh- tui bn
ca chng.
Chn on k thut l ngnh khoa hc nghin cu:cc hnh thi xut
hin h- hng,cc ph-ng php v thit b pht hin ra chng,d on thi
hn s xut hin h- hng m khng cn phi tho ri cc tng thnh ca
t.Ngoi ra chn on k thut cn nghin cu cc cng ngh v t
chc cng ngh chn on.
2.1.1.2.Nhim v:
Nhim v ca chn on k thut t l:
- xc nh v nghin cu cc thng s c tr-ng cho trng thi k thut
ca t.
- Chia t thnh cc cm,chi tit v nghin cu cc thng s trng thi k
thut ca chng
- Nghin cu s ph thuc cc thng s trng thi ca ot v cc thng s
trng thi ca cc cm chi tit.
- Xc nh kh nng xy ra h- hng v s thay i trng thi lm vic
- Tp hp gia cng,gia cng cc s liu xc nh xc sut xy ra h-
hngv s bin xu trng thi lm vic ca t v cc cm chi
tit,tng thnh.
- Phn tch thi gian v cc chi ph hon thnh cc nguyn cng
kim tra.
- La chn ph-ng php chn on ,xc nh th t ca ph-ng php
chn on chn.
- Xy ng ph-ng php ti -u cho chn on,tc l la chn th t hp
l cho vic kim tra chn on.

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- Do khng tho ri cc tng thnh,chi tit nn khng th trc tip pht
hin cc h- hng m phi pht hin thng qua cc triu chng.
- Triu chng l cc biu hin gin tip v bn ngoi ca cc h- hng
bn trong m ng-i ta c th nhn bit -c.
- Cu trc ca chn on k thut c tr-ng c tr-ng bng hai h-ng
khoa hc c quan h khng kht vi nhau l l thuyt nhn dng v l
thuyt o.
- L thuyt nhn dng l b phn ca iu khin hc chuyn v cc
thut ton v m hnh chn on.
- L thuyt o chuyn v cc thit b nh gi tnh trng ca i t-ng
o.
- Chn on k thut cng c mi quan h khng kht vi l thuyt
tin cy,l thuyt thng tin,l thuyt l gc v l thuyt h thng.
2.1.1.3.mc ch
Chn on k thut -c p dng rng ri trong nhiu nghnh cng nghip
t nh-:ch to,sa cha,bo d-ng vi cc mc ch sau y:
- Nng cao tnh tin cy ca xe v an ton giao thng,nh pht hin kp
thi v d on cc h- hng c th xy ra
- Nng cao bn lu v gim chi ph v ph tng thay th khng
phi tho lp cc tng thnh,gim -c c-ng hao mn ca cc chi
tit.
- Gim l-ng tiu hao nhin liu,du nhn do kp thi iu chnh cc b
phn ca h thng cung cp nhin liu v cc b phn khc ca xe.
- Gim gi cng lao ng cho cng tc bo d-ng k thut,sa cha v
gim -c mt s cng vic,khi l-ng khng tht cn thit ca cc
cng tc
2.1.2.Cc thng s chn on v yu cu ca cc thng s
chn on

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2.1.2.1.thng s kt cu
S l-ng cc tng thnh,cc khu v cc chi tit trong t rt ln chng
-c ch to theo kch th-c v dung sai quy nh,c cc yu cu c
th.tt c cc chi tit hp thnh cm v tng thnh,thnh xe -c gi l
kt cu.Mi i t-ng c kt cu c th m nhn mt chc nng c th.
c tr-ng kt cu ca tng thnh,khu l:
- V tr t-ng quan ca cc chi tit trong khu hoc trong tng thnh
- Loi mi ghp ca cc chi tit vi nhau
- c tnh tc dng t-ng h gia cc chi tit.
Kt cu -c nh gi bng thng s kt cu:
Thng s kt cu (thng s trng thi k thut) l nhng i l-ng vt l
nh-:kch th-c( di,din tch,th tch.) c (lc,tn s p sut.,m
(lc ca m) in (vn, ampe) ,nhit (,calo.)
Trong qu trnh s dng,cc thng s kt cu thay i t gi tr ban
u X
0
n gi tr X
(gii hn)
- Gi tr ban u X
0
ca thng s kt cu -c tnh ton theo yu
cu k thut ca nh sn xut quy nh,th-ng ghi trn bn v hay cc yu
cu k thut.
Trong qu trnh s dng,thng s kt cu c th tng hoc gim (H2-
1) dn n trng tha k thut xu i,cui cng l hng.
- Gi tr cho php X
.5
ca thng s kt cu:ranh gii xut hin h-
hng,my mc bt u trc trc,cc tnh nng s dng bt du
gi,nh-ng vn cn kh nng lm vic.
- Gi tr gi hn (X
) ca thng s kt cu:xe,tng thnh mt hon

ton kh nng lm vic.Khng th hon thnh chc nng quy nh
2.1.2.2.Thng s chn on:

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* Thng s ra:chn on t da trn cc nhn t kim tra thc
nghim cc quan h "c tnh ra v cc thng s kt cu.
Cc "qu trnh ra l c qu trnh vt l hoc ho hc,phn nh tnh
trng k thut bn trong ca i t-ng chn on m ta c th nhn bit
-c.Cc qu trnh ra ch xut hin khi i t-ng hot ng.cc qu trnh ra
-c phn thnh:
- Cc qu trnh cng tc:Cc qu trnh hot ng theo chc nng -c
quy nh.V d:Qu trnh sinh cng ca ng c.
- Cc qu trnh km theo: Nhng qu trnh xut hin cng vi cc qu
trnh cng tc,nh-ng khng c ch,gy nhiu,lm xu qu trnh cng
tc.V d :Ting n,rung,nhit .
Cc "thng s ra c tr-ng cho qu trnh ra bng nhng i l-ng c
th o -c.V d: m men,khe h.
* thng S chn on
Cc "thng s rart thun tin cho vic s dng lm cc triu chng
chn on t.Nh-ng khng phi mi thng s ra u -c s dng
lm thng s chn on.Cc thng s chn on cn c cc yu cu sau:
- Tnh nhy(Kn):S ra ca thng s chn on ds phi ph hp vi s
bin thin dx c thng s kt cu:
Kn=
8

T H2-2 nu xt t-ng quan 1 v 2 c cng s gia AX,nh-ng AS
1
> AS
2

vy thng s chn on S
1
c tnh nhy cao hn S
2
,d o v chnh xc
hn,nu thng s chn on l hm ca nhiu thng s kt cu.
S
= f (X
1
X
2
X
3
. X
3
)
Th

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- Tnh n tr :xt mt khong no ca hm S = f(x) khng c cc
tr
'
+
'
= 0
8
.Mi gi tr thng kt cu ch ng vi mt gi tr thng
s chn on hoc ng-c li.Xt hai t-ng quan 1 v 2 (H2-3) thy
thng s ng vi mi gi tr S
2
p -ng yu cu n tr cn S
1
c hai
gi tr X
1
v X
3
nn khng m bo yu cu.
- Tnh n nh: nh gi bng s phn b gi tr ca thng s chn
on khi o nhiu ln trn cc i t-ng c cng gi tr ph hp vi thng
s kt cu.Tc l lch qun ph-ng

1
) (
2

3
$ $
0

Theo hnh (2-4) k vng ton $ c tr-ng cho tnh n nh ca
thng s x.
S mt n nh ca thng s chn on lm gim tnh nhy.nh gi
t-ng quan cht ch gia hai thng s chn on v k cu bng cng
thc:

3
'
=
$
3
. 0

( AS
cng nh tnh n nh cng cao)

- Tnh thng tin: Xt mt phn b f
1
(S) f
2
(S) l i t-ng khng
hng v i t-ng hng:

( Hnh2-5) Ta thy:Mc trng ip cng t th sai s cng nh,tnh
thng tin cng cao.Hnh 2-5a tnh thng tin cao nht, hnh 2-5b tnh
thng tin va phi,hnh 2-5c tnh thng tin thp nht.Din tch phn
trng nhau nh gi sai s chn on,nu din tch ny cng nh th
1
$
v
2
$ cng khc bit tnh thng tin cng cao.

(S) =
2 1
2 1
0 0
$ $

tnh thng tin cng cao, khng xc nh cng gim

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= H
1
- H
2
=
'
2
'
2 .
log log

! ! ! !

y H
1
H
2
l-ng entropi tr-c v sau chn on vi cc
! v !
'
(xc sut
trng thi th i).
Tnh cng ngh nh gi bng s thun li cho vic o v s dng
thit b o gi cng chn on nh,gi thnh h
*Phn loi thng s chn on:
- Theo c tnh t-ng h c hai loi: Thng s c th t ch ra h-
hng c th,thng s chn on ph thuc l thng s khng th t ch
ra h- hng(qung -ng phanh v hnh trnh t do ch ra guc phanh b
mn)
- Theo l-ng thng tin:C cc thng s chn on ring ch ring h-
hng c th ca phn t kt cu.c thng s chn on chung mang
tnh tng th( cng sut,mc tiu hao nhin liu).
- Theo nguyn l hnh thnh c: cc thng s chn on ca qu trnh
cng tc. xc nh theo chc nng chnh ca kt cu ( cng sut,qung
-ng phanh) v cc thng s chn on ca trnh km theo ( n,
rung,nhit.)
- Cc thng s hnh hc: di,hnh trnh t do,khe h. nhm nh
gi t-ng quan gia cc chi tit.
c.Tiu chun chn on
Cng nh- cc thng s kt cu,cc thng s chn on c tiu chun
nh gi.Cc gi tr tiu chun l cc gi tr ban u S
0
ng vi X
0
(

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xe khng hng) gi tr cho php S
.5
,gi tr gii hn S
(xe hng hn).Gi

thit hm S = f(L) l tuyn tnh(hnh 2-6)
Ta nhn thy on 3 (ngoi S
) l phm vi xe hng,on 2 ( gia S

.5

v S
) l phm vi d tr cho trng thi hot ng ph hp vi kim tra gia

k, on 1 ( gia S
0
v S
) biu th trng th hot ng ca xe.im a l

thi hn chn on ( d bo h- hng ):Thi hn xut hin trc trc C: Xe
hngL: chu k chn on
2.2 C s I thuyt tp m v iu khin m
2.2.1Khi nim tp m v logc m
Trong khi nim tp hp kinh in (tp r), phn t x ch c th
thuc tp hp A (xZA), gi tr chn l bng "1, hoc khng thuc tp
hp A (x[A), gi tr chn l bng "0. Nu biu din theo nh x ta c:
[
Z
F
0: x 0
0: x 1
) ( : Vii
:
(3.1)
A
-c gi l hm thuc (hm ph thuc) ca tp A.
Nh- vy c th s dng hm thuc biu din tp hp, trong tp
hp kinh in hm thuc ch nhn hai gi tr "0 v "1.Ta c th biu
din bng th nh- sau:


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Hm thuc trn c m rng nh ngha cho tp hp m, gi tr
ca hm thuc

(x) trong tp m nhn gi tr trong on [0,1] th hin
trng s s ph thuc ca phn t x vo tp m. Ta c cc nh ngha
v tp m nh- sau:
Tp m xc nh trn tp kinh in X l mt tp hp m mi
phn t ca n l mt cp cc gi tr (x, ) ( ) trong x Z v
l nh x .
. J 1 , 0 : F

nh x
-c gi l hm thuc ca tp m .Tp kinh in X -c

gi l tp nn (hay v tr ) ca tp m .
lm r hn ta xt mt v d sau:
Tp m ca cc s t nhin nh hn 6 vi hm ph thuc ) (
c dng
nh- hnh d-i y nh ngha trn nn X s cha cc phn t sau.

) ) ) ) , 07 . 0 , 4 , 8 . 0 , 3 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 1

S t nhin 1 v 2 c ph thuc : 1 ) 2 ( ) 1 (

S t nhin 3 v 4 c ph thuc nh hn: 8 , 0 ) 3 (
, 07 , 0 ) 4 (

Cc s t nhin khng -c lit k u c ph thuc bng 0 .
S dng cc hm thuc tnh ph thuc ca mt phn t x no
c hai cch: - Tnh trc tip nu ) (
c dng cng thc t-ng minh.

- Tra bng nu ) (
cho d-i dng bng .


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Hm thuc ) (
c mc chuyn i tuyn tnh.

cao, min xc nh v min tin cy ca tp m.
- cao (h) ca tp m l gi tr cn trn ca hm thuc

) x ( sup h
X x

Z

K hi
) ( s:5
Z
ch gi tr nh nht trong tt c cc gi tr chn
trn ca hm ) (
.Mt tp m vi t nht mt phn t c ph thuc

bng 1 -c gi l tp m chnh tc tc h=1 ,ng-c li mt tp m vi h <
1 -c gi l tp m khng chnh tc.
- Min xc nh ca tp m F (nh ngha trn nn X),
-c k
hiu l S l tp con ca tp M tho mn :
, 0 ) x ( | X x S
> Z (3.3)
- Min tin cy ca tp m F (nh ngha trn nn X), -c
k
hiu bi T, l tp con ca M tho mn :

, 1 ) x ( | X x T
Z
(3.4)

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Hnh 3.1 Minh ho v cao, min xc nh v min tin cy
2.2.2 Cc phDp ton trn tp m
Nhng php ton c bn trn tp m l php hp, php giao v php
b.Ging nhnh ngha v tp m cc php ton cng s -c nh
ngha thng qua cc hm thuc. Mt nguyn tc c bn trong vic xy
dng cc php ton trn tp m l khng -c mu thun vi nhng php
ton c trong l thuyt tp hp kinh in .Mc d khng ging tp hp
kinh in , hm thuc ca cc tp m Y , v php b . -c nh
ngha cng vi tp m song s khng mu thun vi cc php ton t-ng t
ca tp hp kinh in nu nh- chng tho mn nhng tnh cht tng qut
-c pht trin nh- 'tin ' ca l thuyt tp hp kinh in .
2.2.2.1PhDp hp hai tp m
Hp ca hai tp m A v c cng tp nn X l tp m cng xc
nh trn nn X c hm thuc
A
(x) tho mn:
1)
A
(x) ch ph thuc vo
A
(x) v
(x).
2)
(x)=0 vi mi x th
A
(x)=
A
(x).
3) C tnh cht giao hon,
A
(x)=
A
(x).
1
) x (

x
Min tin
cy
Min xc
nh

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4) C tnh cht kt hp,
(A)C
(x)=

A(C)
(x).
5) C tnh khng gim, nu A
1
A
2
th A
1
A
2

tho mn 5 tnh cht trn c nhiu cng thc c th s dng
nh ngha hm thuc
A
(x), thng thng hay s dng 5 cng thc
sau:

A
(x)=max{
A
(x),
(x)} (Lut ly max)

, ,
,
0 ) ( ), ( min khi 1
0 ) ( ), ( min ) ( ), ( max
) (

A
(x)=min{1,
A
(x)+
(x)} ( Php hp Lukasiewicz )

) x ( ) x ( 1
) x ( ) x (
) x (
A
A
A

(Tng Einstein)

) ( ). ( ) ( ) ( ) (

(Tng trc tip )

Ta c th biu din trn hnh v nh- sau:

Hm thuc ca hai tp hp c cng khng gian nn

x

x

x

x

x

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)


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a-hm thuc ca tp m A; b-hm thuc ca tp m B; c-hp hai tp m
theo lut 2; d-hp hai tp m theo lut max; e-hp hai tp m theo lut
Lukasiewicz; f-hp hai tp m theo lut tng trc tip
2.2.2.2PhDp giao hai tp m
Giao ca hai tp m A v c cng tp nn X l tp m cng xc
AY
(x) tho mn:
1)
AY
(x) ch ph thuc vo
A
(x) v
(x).
2)
(x)=1 vi mi x th
AY
(x)=
A
(x).
3) C tnh cht giao hon,
AY
(x) =
YA
(x).
4) C tnh cht kt hp,
(AY)YC
(x) =

AY(YC)
(x).
5) C tnh khng gim, nu A
1
A
2
th A
1
YA
2
Y
Cng t-ng t nh- php hp, c 5 cng thc dng tnh hm thuc
AY
(x) ca php giao nh- sau :

Y
=min{
A
(x),
(x)} ( Lut ly min )

, ,
,
=

Y
1 ) x ( ), x ( min khi 0
1 ) x ( ), x ( max khi ) x ( ), x ( min
) x (
A
A A
A

AY
(x)=max{0,
A
(x)+
(x)-1} ( Php giao Lukasiewicz )

) x ( ) x ( ) x ( ) x ( 2
) x ( ) x (

) x (
A A
A
A

Y
( tch Einstein )

A
(x)=
A
(x)
(x) ( Tch i s )

Ta c hnh v biu din minh ho sua :

K44

17

Hnh 3.3 Hm thuc ca hai tp hp c cng khng gian nn
a-hm thuc ca tp m A; b-hm thuc ca tp m B;
c-hp hai tp m theo min; d-hp hai tp m theo lut tch i s;
- !hp b ca mt tp m
Tp b ca tp m A nh ngha trn nn X l tp m A
c
cng xc
A
c
(x) tho mn :
1)
A
c
(x) ch ph thuc vo
A
(x).
2) Nu
A
(x)=1 th
A
c
(x)=0.
3) Nu
A
(x)=0 th
A
c
(x)=1.
4) Nu
A
(x)
(x) th
A
c
(x)>
c
(x)

Hnh 3.4 Tp b mnh A
c
ca tp m A
a-Hm thuc ca tp m A; b-Hm thuc ca tp m A
c
A
c
x

x

a)

b)

1

1

x

x

x
x

AY
AY

a)

b)

c)

d)


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18

2.2.3 Bin ngn ng v gi tr ca n
Mt i l-ng vt l -c nh l-ng d-i dng ngn ng (gi tr ngn
ng), v d i l-ng mn ca m phanh h thng phanh t c th
nh l-ng nh- sau: "mn rt nhiu"; "mn nhiu"; "mn it"; "mn rt it"
v "khng mn". Mi gi tr ngn ng -c xc nh bng mt tp m
nh ngha trn tp nn cc gi tr vt l (min gi tr r). Nh- vy bin
mn m phanh t c hai min gi tr khc nhau:
- min gi tr ngn ng N={ mn rt nhiu, mn nhit, mn t , mn
rt itt, khng mn }
- min gi tr vt l: V={xZ#}
Nh vy, bin ngn ng l bin -c xc nh trn min gi tr ngn
ng. Do tp nn cc tp m m t gi tr ngn ng li l min gi tr vt l
V ca i l-ng, do t mt gi tr vt l xZV c -c mt vt t gm
cc ph thuc ca x nh- sau:
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
it rat mon
it mon
nhi0: mon

43243
30: 2437,9
+
(3.7)
nh x trn -c gi l qu trnh m ho (uzzification) ca gi tr r x.
2.2.4 Lut hp thnh m
Mnh hp thnh c dng:
p=>q

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19
Trong : p mnh iu kin
q mnh kt lun.
tho mn ca mnh hp thnh l gi tr ca mnh hp
thnh (gi tr hp thnh). Trong logic kinh in gi tr ca mnh hp
thnh ch nhn hai gi tr "0 (sai) hoc "1 (ng). Gia mnh hp
thnh p=>q v cc mnh iu kin p, mnh kt lun q c quan
h nh- sau: (bng 3.1).
Bng 3.1 Bng chn l mnh hp thnh trong logic kinh in
p q p=>q
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 1 1
Mnh hp thnh m l mnh m cc mnh iu kin v
mnh kt lun -c thc hin trn bin ngn ng.
Nu/=A th =
Hay
A
(x)
(y) vi
A
,
Z [0,1]
Gi tr hp thnh ca mnh m l mt tp m nh ngha trn
khng gian nn ca bin ngn ng kt lun c hm thuc
A
(y) nhn
gi tr trong on [0,1] tho mn:
a)
A
(y) ch ph thuc vo (
A
(x)) v (
(y))
b)
A
(x)=0 th
A
(y)=1
c)
(y)=1 th
A
(y)=1
d)
A
(x)=1 v
(y)=0 th
A
(y)=0
e)
A1
(x)
A2
(x) th
A1
(y) >
A2
(y)

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20
f)
1
(y)
2
(y) th
A1
(y)
A2
(y).
Vy bt c hm
A
(y) tho mn 5 iu kin trn c th s dng
hm thuc cho tp m kt qu ca mnh hp thnh. Do mnh
kinh in lun c gi tr ng khi mnh iu kin sai (bng 3.1) do
khi chuyn i t-ng -ng t mnh kinh in sang mnh
hp thnh m nh- trn c nghch l, khi mnh iu kin khng tho
mn ( ph thuc bng 0) nh-ng mnh kt lun c tho mn cao
nht. khc phc nhc im ny c nhiu kin a ra nh-ng nguyn
tc ca amdani c tnh thuyt phc hn c. Nguyn tc amdani pht
biu nh- sau:
" ph thuc ca mnh kt lun khng c ln hn ph
thuc ca iu kin".
Vi nguyn tc ca amdani gi tr ca mnh hp thnh -c
nh ngha nh- sau:
Gi tr hp thnh ca mnh m l mt tp m ' nh ngha trn
nn Y (khng gian nn ca ) c hm thuc (
A
,
) tho mn:
a)
A
> (
A
,
) vi mi
A
,
Z [0,1]
b) (
A
, 0) = 0 vi mi
A
Z [0,1]
c)
A1

A2
th (
A1
,
) (
A2
,
)
d)
1

2
th (
A
,
1
) (
A
,
2
)
C nhiu hm tho mn 4 iu kin trn, nh-ng thng th-ng hay dng
hai hm sau:
1) (
A
,
)=min{
A
,
} Quy tc hp thnh MN
2) (
A
,
)=
A
.

Quy tc hp thnh P#


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21
Quy tc hp thnh MN v P# vi mnh hp thnh "nu tc
piston gim chn bng 0 th cng gim chn trung bnh th hin trn
hnh 3.5.

Hnh 3.5 Hinh ho quy tc hp thnh
a-hm thuc vn tc piston v cng gim
chn; b-quy tc hp thnh MIN; c-quy tc hp
thnh PRO
Lut hp thnh # biu din mt hay nhiu hm thuc cho mt hay
nhiu mnh hp thnh, ni cch khc lut hp thnh c hiu l mt
tp hp ca nhiu mnh hp thnh. Mt lut hp thnh ch c mt
mnh hp thnh c gi l lut hp thnh n. Ngc li nu c nhiu
hn mt mnh hp thnh gi l lut hp thnh kp. Phn ln cc h m
trong thc t u c m hnh l lut hp thnh kp. Nh- vy kt qu ca
x
0
x
0
bng 0
y

x

x

x

a)

trung
bng 0

x

b)

trung
trung
c)

x

bng 0


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22
lut hp thnh bao gm 2 php ton: php ko theo (mnh hp thnh)
v php hp cc qu ca mnh ko theo (hnh 3.12).
Nu cc hm thuc ca mnh hp thnh c thc hin theo quy
tc MIN v php hp thc hin theo lut max th # c tn gi l max-MIN.
tc PRO v php hp thc hin theo lut max th # c tn gi l max-
PRO.
tc MIN v php hp thc hin theo lut sum th # c tn gi l sum-MIN.
tc PRO v php hp thc hin theo lut sum th # c tn gi l sum-
PRO.
2.2.5 M ho v gii m
2.2.5.1 Nguyn tc tng hp b iu khin m (M ho)
Thc hin tng hp b iu khin m phi tin hnh theo cc bc
sau:
- nh ngha bin vo/ra
Ty thuc vo i t-ng iu khin v mc ch iu khin, ng-i
thit k phi xc nh cc bin vo/ra ca b iu khin. Trong bi ton
iu khin h thng treo bn tch cc vi mc ch nng cao m du
chuyn ng ca t, bin vo ca b iu khin c th l vn tc
piston gim chn, dch chuyn thn xe, vn tc thn xe v gia tc thn
xe..., bin ra ca b iu khin l cng ca gim chn.
- Xc nh tp m

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23
c tip theo l nh ngha bin ngn ng vo/ra bao gm cc tp
m v cc dng hm thuc ca chng. lm -c iu ta cn xc
nh:
- Min gi tr vt l ca bin ngn ng vo/ra
- S l-ng tp m (s lng gi tr ngn ng). V nguyn tc s l-ng gi
tr ngn ng cho mi bin ngn ng nn chn trong khong t 3 n 10
gi tr. Nu t hn 3 th t c ngha, nu ln hn 10 th con ng-i kh
c kh nng bao qut v phn bit.
- Xc nh hm thuc, y l mt im quan trng v qu trnh lm
vic ca b iu khin m ph thuc rt ln vo dng v kiu ca hm
thuc. Cc hm thuc c dng hnh tam gic, hnh thang, hm Gauss...,
trong dng hnh thang v tam gic l hai dng hay dng nht v hm
n gin v tc tnh ton nhanh. Cn chn cc hm thuc c phn
chng ln nhau v ph kn min gi tr vt l trong qu trnh iu
khin khng xut hin "l hng.
- Xy dng cc lut iu khin
Cc lut iu khin -c xy dng da trn c s tri thc ca chuyn
gia hoc ti tiu chuyn ngnh. Cc lut ny th-ng -c biu din d-i
dng ma trn, cch biu din ny rt tin li v bao qut.
- Chn thit b hp thnh
C th chn thit b hp thnh theo nhng nguyn tc trnh by
trn gm: nguyn tc max-MN max-P# sum-MN sum-P# ...
- Chn nguyn l gii m
Ph-ng php gii m c nh h-ng n phc tp v trng thi lm
vic ca ton b h thng. Th-ng trong thit k b iu khin m, gii
m theo ph-ng php phn i in tch hoc ph-ng php im trng

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24
tm c -u im hn v trong kt qu c s tham gia ca tt c cc kt
lun ca cc lut iu khin.
- Ti -u b iu khin
Sau khi tng hp c b iu kim m, c th ghp ni vi i t-
ng iu khin thc hoc i tng m phng th nghim, nh gi v
ti u b iu khin.
2.2.5.2 Gii m (Defuzzification)
Gii m l qu trnh xc nh mt gi tr r y' no c th chp
nhn c t hm thuc
'
ca gi tr m '. C 3 phng php gii m
chnh l phng php cc i, phng php im trng tm v phng php
phn i din tch.
2.2.5.2.1 Ph-ng php cc i
T- t-ng ca ph-ng php cc i cho rng, gi tr r y' i din cho
tp m phi l gi tr c xc sut thuc tp m ln nht. Thc hin theo
phng php ny gm hai b-c:
- xc nh min G cha gi tr r y', l min m ti hm thuc c
gi tr cc i
- xc nh y' c th chp nhn -c, c ba nguyn l: nguyn l trung
bnh nguyn l cn tri nguyn l cn phi.
+ nguyn l trung bnh: y' l gi tr trung bnh ca gi tr cn tri v
phi ca G (hnh 3.6a).
+ nguyn l cn tri: y' l gi tr cn tri ca G (hnh 3.6b).
+ nguyn l cn tri: y' l gi tr cn phi ca G. (hnh 3.6c)

K44

25

Hnh 3.6 Gii m bng phng php cc i
a-nguyn l trung bnh; b-nguyn l cn tri; c-nguyn l cn phi
2.2.5.2.2 Ph-ng php im trng tm
Ph-ng php im trng tm cho kt qu y' l honh im trng
tm min -c bao bi trc honh v -ng
'
(y), hnh 3.7.

Hnh 3.7 Gii m theo phng php im trng tm
Theo ph-ng php im trng tm, gi tr y' -c xc nh theo cng
thc:

dy ) y (
dy ) y ( y
y
S
'
S
'
@ (3.11)
Trong : S min xc nh ca tp m '
2.2.5.23 Ph-ng php -ng phn i din tch
Theo ph-ng php ng phn i din tch, gi tr y' c xc nh l
giao im trc honh vi ng thng song song trc tung phn chia din
tch min c bao bi trc honh v ng
'
(y) thnh hai phn c din
tch bng nhau (hnh 3.8).
y'

y
'
2
y'

y'

y'

y

y

y

2
1
2
a)

b)

c)


K44

26

Hnh 3.8 Gii m theo ph-ng php ng phn i din tch

Chuong 3
Xy dng ma trn thng s chn on h thng phanh trn
xe coroIIa 2000
3.1.Cng dng,yu cu ca h thng phanh.
3.1.1. Cng dng ca h thng phanh.
H thng phanh dng gim tc chuyn ng ca t cho
n khi dng hn hoc n mt tc no theo yu cu ca
ng-i li. Ngoi ra h thng phanh cn gi cho t my ko dng
y'

y
'
2
S2=S1
S1

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27
ngang dc trong thi gian lu di hoc c nh xe trong thi gian
dng xe (phanh tay).
i vi t my ko h thng phanh ng vai tr rt quan trng v
n m bo cho t chuyn ng an ton tc cao hoc dng
xe trong tnh hung nguy him nh vy m nng cao -c nng sut
vn chuyn, tng -c tnh ng lc.
3.1.3. Yu cu ca h thng phanh.
nng cao hiu qu phanh trong qu trnh lm vic ca h
thng phanh th n phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
- C tin cy cao thch ng nhanh vi cc tr-ng hp nguy
him
- C hiu qu phanh cao nht tt c cc bnh xe trong mi tr-ng
hp ngha l phi to ra -c lc phanh ln nht, ng thi cho tt c cc
bnh xe
- Hot ng m du, m bo s hot ng ca t khi phanh, khi
phanh h thng phanh khng gy ting n, ting g v phi c mmen
phanh nh- nhau cc bnh xe cng trc ca t trnh hin t-ng lnh
lc phanh.
- iu khin nh nhng gim bt c-ng lao ng ca ng-i li:
cu to ca h thng sao cho lc p phanh ca ng-i li l nh nht, trong
khi vn to -c lc phanh ti cc bnh xe l ln nht. m bo yu cu
ny h thng phanh c lp thm b tr lc( tr lc chn khng, tr lc kh
nn hoc tr lc thu lc).
- Dn ng phanh c nhy cao thch ng nhanh vi cc tr-ng
hp nguy him.
- m bo vic phn b mmen phanh trn cc bnh xe phi theo
nguyn tc s dng hon ton trng l-ng bm khi phanh vi mi c-ng .

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28
- Khng c hin t-ng t xit khi phanh v nh phanh tc thi khi
ng-i li thi p phanh. Nu khng s rt nguy him trong qu trnh t
chuyn ng.
- C cu phanh phanh phi thot nhit tt: thc cht ca qu trnh
phanh l s dng lc ma st sinh ra c cu phanh to mmen cn
chuyn ng quay ca bnh xe, xt v mt nng l-ng th h thng
phanh lm bin i ng nng ca t thnh nhit nng ca c cu
phanh. Khi phanh nhit sinh ra c cu phanh rt cao. Do c cu
phanh phi c kh nng truyn nhit tt.
- Gi -c t l thun gia lc trn bn p hoc n iu khin
vi lc phanh trn bnh xe: tc l h dn ng phanh phi c t s truyn
n nh. To cm gic yn tm cho li xe khi p phanh.
- C h s ma st gia phn quay v m phanh cao v n nh
trong iu kin s dng.
- C kh nng phanh t khi ng trong thi gian di.
- D lp rp, iu chnh, bo d-ng v sa cha.
3.2.Cu to cc cm chi tit ca h thng phanh trn xe CoroIIa2000.
3.2.1.B tr chung ca h thng phanh trn xe corolla


K44

29

Hnh3.1_h thng phanh trn xe Corolla
1.bn p phanh 4.Van iu ho lc phanh
2.b tr lc phanh 5.c cu phanh a
3.Xy lanh chnh 6.C cu phanh tay
3.2.2.C cu bn p phanh
3.2.2.1.Cu to chung ca cm bn p phanh v xy lanh phanh chnh
1.Pitng s1 4.l xo hi s2 7.Cm bin mc du
2.L xo hi s1 5.Cc cuppen
3.Pitng s 2 6.nh cha du

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30

Hnh3.2-xy lanh chnh

Hnh3.3-c cu bn p phanh


K44

31
3.2.2.2.Nguyn l lm vic ca cm bn p phanh v xy lanh phanh
chnh
3.2.2.2.1 .Khi qut chung.
Xy lanh chnh l mt c cu dng chuyn i lc tc ng ca bn p
phanh thnh p sut thu lc.Hin nay xylanh chnh kiu hai bung c
hai pitng to ra p sut thu lc trong -ng ng phanh ca hai h
thng.Sau p sut ny tc ng ln cc cng phanh a hoc cc
xylanh phanh ca phanh kiu tang trng.
nh cha dng loi tr s thay i l-ng du phanh do nhit
thay i.nh cha c mt vach ngn bn trong chia bnh thnh hai
phn pha tr-c v pha sau nh- hnh trn.thit k bnh cha c hai
phn m bo vic c xy ra s c mt mch du b r r th mch
bn kia vn hot ng dng xe.
Cm bin mc du pht hin mc du trong bnh cha thp hn ti
thiu v sau bo cho ng-i li bng n cnh bo ca h thng phanh.
3.2.2.2.2.nguyn l
Khi ta p ln bn p phanh,xy lanh chnh s bin lc p ny thnh p
sut thu lc.Vn hnh ca bn p phanh da vo nguyn l n by
bin i lc p nh thnh lc ln tc ng ln cn dy xy lanh chnh.
Theo nh lut pascal lc thu lc pht sinh trong xy lanh phanh chnh
s -c truyn qua cc -ng ng dn du ti cc c cu phanh bnh xe,tc
dng ln m phanh to ra lc phanh.
Theo nh lut Pascal p sut bn ngoi tc dng ln du cha trong
khng gian kn -c truyn i ng u v mi h-ng.p dng nguyn l
ny vo mch du trong h thng phanh th p sut -c to ra trong xy
lanh chnh -c truyn u ti cc xy lanh phanh ti bnh xe.

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32
Lc phanh ln ph thuc vo -ng knh cc xy lanh,tu thuc vo yu
cu lc phanh ln hay nh bnh tr-c hay bnh sau m ngui ta lm cc xy
lanh c cc -ng knh ln nh khc nhau.
3.2.2.2.3.Hot ng ca cm xy lanh chnh
Khi p bn p phanh th lc p truyn qua cn y vo xy lanh
chnh y pitng trong xy lanh ny.Lc ca p sut thu lc trong
xylanh chnh -c truyn qua cc -ng ng dn du ti cc xylanh bnh
xe.
a.Vn hnh bnh th-ng

1.khi khng tc ng vo bn p phanh.
Cc pitng s 1 v s2 -c t gia ca vo v ca b to ra mt -ng
i gia xylanh chnh v bnh du.Pitong s 2 -c l xo hi s2 y sang
ph tuy nhin do b bu lng chn nn n khng i xa -c na

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33

2.Khi p bn p phanh.
Pitng s 1 dch chuyn sang bn tri v cuppen ca pitng ny bt
kn ca b chn -ng i gia xy lanh chnh v bnh cha.Khi
pitng b y thm n lm tng p sut thu lc bn trong xy lanh chnh.p
sut ny tc dng vo cc xylanh phanh pha sau.V p sut ny cng
y pitng s2 pitng s 2 cng hot ng ht nh- pitng s1 v tc ng
vo cc xy lanh phanh bnh tr-c.

3.Khi nh bn p phanh
Cc pitng b y tr v v tr ban u ca chng do p sut thu lc
v lc phn hi ca cc l xo hi v.Tuy nhin do du t cc xy lanh phanh

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34
bnh xe khng chy v ngay,p sut thu lc bn trong xylanh chnh cng
tm thi gim xung.Do du phanh ca bnh cha chy vo xylanh
chnh thng qua ca vo v nhiu l nh pitng v thng qua chu vi
ca cc cuppen pitng.Sau khi pitng tr v v tr ban u ca n,du
phanh n dn chy t xylanh phanh v xy lanh chnh ri chy v bnh
cha thng qua cc ca b.Ca b ny cn kh cc thay di v th tch
ca du phanh c th xy ra trong xylanh do nhit thay i.iu ny
trnh cho p sut thu tng ln khi khng s dng cc phanh.
b.Khi r r du mt trong cc h thng ny.

1.R r du phanh sau.
Khi nh bn p phanh,pitng s 1 dch chuyn sang bn tri nh-ng
khng to ra p sut thu lc pha sau do pitng s1 nn l xo phn
hi,tip xc vi pitng s 2 v y pitng s2 lm tng p sut thu lc
u tr-c ca xy lanh chnh tc ng vo hai trong cc phanh bng lc t
pha tr-c ca xylanh chnh.
2.R r du phanh pha tr-c


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35

V p sut thu lc khng to ra pha tr-c,pitng s 2 dch chuyn ra
pha tr-c cho n khi n tip xc vi vch u cui xylanh chnh.Khi
pitng s1 b y tip v pha tri,p sut thu lc pha sau xylanh
chnh tng ln lm cho hai trong cc phanh b tc ng bng lc t pha
sau ca xylanh chnh.
3.2.2.3.Cc h- hng v bin xu trng thi k thut ca cm bn p v
xylanh chnh.
a.Bn p phanh
n p phanh l chi tit dng truyn lc p t ng-i li,y l chi
tit c kt cu n gin v h- hng ca n rt d pht hin.
Cc h- hng -c biu hin nh- gy hay lng cc mi ni c kh lm cho
mt kh nng truyn lc dn ti vic p phanh m khng c hiu qu
phanh,tuy nhin h- hng kiu ny th-ng rt kh xy ra v nu c th c
th quan xt bng mt th-ng.
Ngoi ra khi cao ca bn p qu nh c th gy ra hin t-ng
"hng khi phanh,hin t-ng ny lm cho hiu qu phanh b gim tc l
hnh trnh ca phanh qu ngn khng lc y cn thit tc ng
vo cn y xylanh chnh lm cho lc phanh nh khng phanh
xe.

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36
n p phanh khng c z l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy
nn hin t-ng b phanh,b phanh l hin t-ng m lun cm thy c sc
cn ln khi xe ang chuyn ng,c cm gic phanh mc d bn p
phanh v phanh tay nh hon ton.
b.Xylanh phanh chnh
L chi tit ht sc quan trng,c cu to rt phc tp,i hi chnh
xc cao.S c t xylanh chnh l iu khng th trnh khi.
Cn y ca xylanh chnh lun phi -c iu chnh mt cch chnh
xc trnh hin t-ng "hng khi phanh,khng lc phanh dng
xe.Ngoi ra khi tip xc gia cuppen v thnh xylanh khng tt cng l
nguyn nhn gy ra hin t-ng "hng khi phanh v khi l-ng du khng
c v p sut ln l-u l-ng nn khng lc phanh thng lc qun
tnh ca xe.gim hiu qu phanh.
Khi p sut d- trong mch du qu ln iu ny l do hai nguyn nhn c
bn sau.
*Van mt chiu ca ra xylanh chnh b hng
*Xylanh chnh b hng
Nhng nguyn nhn ny lm cho phanh c th b b.
3.2.3.B tr lc chn khng.
3.2.3.1.Cu to chung ca b tr lc chn khng.
tr lc chn khng gm c cc b phn sau:
1.cn iu khin van 7.Thn van
2.cn y 8.a phn lc
3.Pitng b tr lc 9. lc kh
4.Thn b tr lc 10.Pht thn b tr lc
5.Mng ngn 11.ung p sut bin i

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6.L xo mng ngn 12.ung p sut khng i
13.Van mt chiu

Hnh3.4-Tr lc chn khng

3.2.3.2.Nguyn l lm vic ca b tr l-c chn khng.
a.khi khng tc ng phanh.
Van khng kh -c ni vi cn iu khiin van v b l xo phn hi
ca van khng kh ko v bn phi.Van iu chnh b l xo van y
sang bn phi,iu ny lm cho van khng kh tip xc vi van iu
chnh.Do khng kh bn ngoi di vo l-i lc b chn li khng vo
-c bung p sut bin i
Trong iu kin ny van chn khng ca thn van b tch kki van
iu chnh to ra mt li thng gia l A v l ,v lun lun c chn
khng trong bung p sut khng i nn cng c chn khng trong

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bung p sut tahy i lc ny v vy l xo mng ngn y pitong sang
bn phi.

Hnh3.5-Tr lc chn khng trng thi khi khng tc ng phanh

b.Khi p phanh.
Khi p phanh cn iu khin van y van khng kh lm cho n
dch chuyn sang bn tri.L xo van iu chnh cng y van kh dch
chuyn sang bn tri cho n khi n tip xc vi van chn khng,chuyn
ng ny bt kn l thng A v .Khi van khng kh tip tc dch
chuyn sang bn tri,n cng xa ri van iu chnh,lm cho khng kh
bn ngoi lt vo bung p sut bin i thng qua l (sau khi qua l-i lc
khng kh). chng p sut gia bung p sut khng i v bung p

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sut thay i lam cho pitong dch chuyn v bn tri lm cho a phn
lc y cn y b tr lc v lm tng lc phanh.

Hnh3.6- Tr lc chn khng trng thi p phanh
c.Trng thi gi(phanh).
Nu p bn p phanh na chng cn iu khin van v van khng
kh ngng dch chuyn nh-ng pitng vn tip tc dch chuyn sang bn
phi do chnh p sut.L xo van iu khin lm cho van ny vn tip
xc vi van chn khng nh-ng vn dch chuyn theo pitong.V van iu
khin dch chuynang bn tri v tip xc vi van khng kh,khng kh
bn ngoi b chn li khng vo -c bung p sut bin i,nn p sut
trong bung p sut bin i vn n nh.Do c mt chnh p
sut n nh gia hai bung v vy pitng ngng dch chuyn v g-
trng thi lc phanh ny.

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Hnh3.7- Tr lc chn khng trng thi gi(phanh)
d.tr lc ti a.
Nu p bn p phanh xung ht mc th van khng kh s dch
chuyn hon ton ra khi van iu khin,bung p sut thay i d-c np
y khng kh t bn ngoi vo v chnh p sut gia bung p sut
khng i v p sut thay i l ln nht.iu ny to ra lc c-ng ho ln
nht tc dng ln pitng.Sau d c tc dng thm lc ln bn p th tc
dng c-ng ho vn gi nguyn v lc b xung ch tc ng ln cn y
b tr lc v truyn ti xy lanh chnh.


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Hnh3.8 Tr lc chn khng trng thi tr lc ti a
e.Khi khng c chn khng.
V mt l do no chn khng khng tc ng vo b tr lc phanh,s
khng c s chnh lch p sut gia bung p sut thay i v bung p
sut khng i v c hai u -c np y khng kh t bn ngoi
vo.Khi b tr lc phanh v tr "off(ngt) pitng -c l xo mng y v
pha bn phi.
Tuy nhin khi p bn p phanh cn iu khin van tin v pha bn
tri v y van khng kh ,a phn hi v cn y b tr lc.iu ny
lm cho pitng ca xy lanh chnh tc dng lc phanh ln phanh ng thi
van khng kh y vao cht chn van lp trong thn van,do pitng
cng thng -c lc y ca l xo mng ngn v dch chuyn v bn
tri.Do cc phanh vn hot ng ngay c khki khng c chn khng tc
ng vo b tr lc phanh,Tuy nhin do b tr lc khng lm vic nn cm
thy nng khi p phanh.

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Hnh3.9- Tr lc chn khng trng thi khi khng c chn khng

3.2.3.3 Cc h- hng v bin xu trng thi k thut ca tr lc chn khng
Trong qu trnh lm vic,nhn chung h- hng ca b tr lc chn
khng th-ng khng xy ra nhiu,tuy nhin do b tr lc co cu to t-ng
i phc tp,bao gm nhiu chi tit chnh v th m vic hng hc l
khng th trnh khi.
Nguyn nhn th c th c nhiu nh- thng mng tr lc,lm cho
khng kh i vo bung c p sut thay i ngay c khi p phanh,lm
gim hiu qu phanh.khng ch c th do lm vic lu,lin tc nn cc chi
tit khc trong tr lc nh-:pht thn van,lc kh,l xo mng.s khng gi
-c trng thi lm vic nh- ban u.Cn ch t chi tit van mt
chiu,van -c thit k ch cho khng kh vo ng c m khng c

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chiu ng-c li.V vy m bo chn khng ln nht trong tr lc phanh
nh ng c.
Tr lc chn khng c tc dng c-ng ho lc phanh,chnh v vy m
khi xe hot ng,nu phanh cm thy nng hn bnh th-ng th rt c
th nguyn nhn l do hng tr lc phanh.
3.2.4.B iu ho lc phanh(P.van)
3.2.4.1.Cu to chung.

3.2.4.2.Nguyn l lm hot ng


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1.Khi p sut trong xylanh phanh chnh bng khng
Pitng b y sang phi bi l xo,lm m van C
2.Khi p sut trong xylanh phanh chnh thp

Ap sut du t xylanh phanh chnh truyn ti bung A ri qua van C
n bung .V vy bung A v c cng p sut.
Mc p sut nh- nhau nh-ng din tch b mt(m p sut tc dng)
ca pitng bung A v bung l khc nhau nn pitng c xu h-ng b y
sang tri.Tuy nhin,chuyn ng ny b l xo cn nn pitng b dng li ti
mt im m lc l xo cn bng vi p sut du.
3.Khi p sut trong xylanh phanh chnh cao.
Do din tch b mt(m p sut tc dng) ca pitng bung A v
bung khc nhau,pitng b y tip sang bn tri n khi n ng van
C.N ng vi im gy (a) trn th.im (a) trn th c th dch
chuyn bng cch thay i cng ca l xo.
Nu p sut du trong bung A tng thm na pitng b dy sang
phi v m van C.Khi p sut trong bung tng,pitng li dch sang phi

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do s khc nhau v din tch tip xc lm van C ng.qu trnh lp li
lin tc iu chnh p sut tc dng ln xy lanh bnh xe.

3.2.4.3.Hot ng ca P.van
P.van c cu to nh- hnh v

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1.Khi p sut trong xy lanh chnh thp

Nh- hnh v trn y pitng b y sang phi bi l xo.Dng du t xy
lanh phanh chnh qua khe h gia cupben xi lanh v piston vo cc xy
lanh phanh bnh xe.

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2.Khi p sut trong xy lanh cao
Piston b y sang phi bi l xo.Tuy nhin,do p sut tc dng ln
pha u bn phi piston(mt ct A1),piston dch sang tri khi p sut
tng.Khi p sut tng n mt gii hn nht nh,piston tip xc vi cupben
xi lanh phanh chnh v cc xi lanh phanh bnh xe sau.

Lc ny p sut du ch ra dim gy trong th(hnh tr-c).Ti thi
im piston tip xc vi cupben xilanh lm ng ca du,du hai pha
cupben c cng p sut.
*Lc y piston v cupben xilanh sang phi.p sut xi lanh chnh
3.2.5.H thng chng b cng bnh xe(ABS)
3.2.5.1.B tr chung ca ABS
1:ECU iu khin tr-t 4:ng h tapl
2: phn chp hnh ca phanh 5: Cng tc n phanh
3:Cm bin tc 6: Cm bim gam tc


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3.5.2.2.Nguyn l lm vic ca ABS
S nguyn l nh- hnh v

AS l cm chi tit -c coi l phc tp nht ca h thng phanh trong
khun kh ti kh c th trnh by c th chnh v vy em xin c
ni mt cch khi qut:

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AS iu khin p sut u tc dng ln cc xilanh phanh bnh xe
ngn khng cho xe b b cng trn -ng trn hay khi phanh gp.N cng
m bo tnh n nh dn h-ng trong qu trnh phanh,nn xe vn c
th li -c.
Cm bin tc bnh xe pht hin tc gc cu bnh xe v gi tn
hiu ti AS ECU
AS ECU theo di tnh trng cc bnh xe bng cch tnh tc xe v s
thay i tc bnh xe t tc gc ca bnh xe.
Khi phanh gp,AS ECU iu khin cc b phn chp hnh cung
cp p sut ti -u cho mi xylanh phanh bnh xe.
Cm iu khin thu lc h thng phanh hot ng theo nh- mnh
lnh t ECU,tng,gim hay gi nguyn p sut du khi cn m bo
h s tr-t tt nht(10-30%) trnh b cng bnh xe
3.2.5.3 Cc h- hng v bin xu trng thi k thut ca cm ABS
V AS c chc nng chn on nn n bo AS bt sng bo choi
ng-i li bit c hu hng xy ra.Nn s dng gic h- hng pht hin
ngun gc h- hng.
Nu h- hng xy ra trong h thng phanh th n bo AS khng bt
sng,tin hnh kim tra h thng phanh.
H- hng ca cm AS lin quan trc tip ti vic b hm cng khi phanh
v tnh n nh li khi tin hnh phanh gp
3.2.6.C cu phanh a t ti bnh tr-c.
3.2.6.1.Cu to chung.

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Phanh a gm cc b phn chnh sau y:
1:Cng phanh a 4:Pitng
2:M phanh a 5:Du
3:#to phanh a
3.2.6.2.Nguyn l lm vic
Phanh a y pitng bng p sut thu lc,truyn qua -ng dn
du phanh t xylanh phanh chnh,lm cho cc m phanh kp c hai bn
roto phanh a v lm cho lp dng quay.Do v cc roto ca phanh
a v cc m phanh a c vo nhau,pht sinh nhit do ma st,tuy nhin
v roto phanh a v thn phanh h nn nhit do ma st sinh ra d
b tiu tn.
3.6.2.3.Cc h- hng v bin xu trng thi k thut ca cm phanh da.
L mt trong nhng cm chi tit phi lm vic vi c-ng cao nht
ca h thng phanh nn phanh a l mt trong nhng chi tit nhanh
hng v c nhiu bin xu trng thi k thut nht.
Nu o ca a qu ln,ma phanh s b y ng-c v pha sau
mt khong bng gi tr o v sinh ra mt khe h ln gia m v
a.V vy,hnh trnh bn p tng mt l-ng t-ng ng vi dch chuyn
ca m phanh khi mi p phanh.

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Khi piston xy lanh phanh bnh xe b kt cng l mt trong nhnh
nguyn nhn gy ln hin t-ng b phanh.
Phanh lch l hin t-ng m khi phanh xe b ko lch sang mt bn
hay b lc ui.Hin t-ng ny do nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra tuy nhin
mt trong nhng nguyn nhn c bn ca n l do:
* a phanh khng trn
* piston xy lanh phanh bnh xe hay cng phanh b kt
* M phanh b kt
Hin t-ng phanh qu n cng l nguyn nhn th-ng thy h thng
phanh hin t-ng ny l khi ta ch cn p phanh vi mt lc rt nh n s
to ra mt lc phanh ln hn d tnh.Nguyn nhn gy ra hin t-ng ny
th nhiu tuy nhin c cu phanh a ti bnh tr-c m ta nghin cu cng
gp mt phn trong s cc nguyn nhn chnh:
* M phanh b mn hay trai cng
* Dnh m phanh
* a phanh b x-c hay mo
* Xy lanh phanh bnh xe gn khng cht
Ngoi ra cn xy ra hin t-ng chn phanh nng nh-ng phanh li
khng n,y l mt trong nhng hin t-ng th-ng thy ca h thng
phanh m nguyn do cm phanh a gy ra nh- sau:
* Dnh n-c hay du a phanh
* M phanh b mn hay trai cng
* Piston xy lanh phanh bnh xe hay cng phanh b kt.
Hin t-ng nghe thy ting ku khc th-ng khi phanh:nh th-ng thi
vt liu ma st ca phanh vn sinh ra ting n v nhit bin i
nng l-ng khi phanh.V vy thnh thong c ting ku khi phanh l bnh
th-ng v ting ku c theer b nh h-ng bi mt vi iu kin thi tit
khc,tuy nhin vn cn xem xt ti kh nng do h thng phanh nh- sau
* a v m phanh b mn hay x-c
* M phanh dnh m
* Ming trng n m phanh b mt hay hng

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3.2.7 C cu phanh tang trng t ti bnh sau.
3.2.7.1 Cu to chung.
Phanh trng gm cc b phn chnh sau y:
1: Xy lanh phanh bnh xe 5: Trng phanh
2: Guc phanh 6: Piston
3: M phanh trng 7: Cupben piston
4: L xo hi v

3.2.7.2.Nguyn l lm vic
Nh- hnh v trn.Phanh trng lm lp ngng quay bng cch tc dng
p sut thu lc truyn t xy lanh chnh ti xy lanh phanh bnh xe p
guc phanh vo trng phanh,trng ny quay cng vi lp.
Khi p sut n xy lanh phanh ca bnh xe khng xut hin,lc ca
l xo phn hi y guc ri khi mt trong ca trng tr v v tr ban
u ca n.
V trng phanh bao quanh guc phanh nn kh tiu tn nhit pht
sinh.Loi phanh ny chu nhit km.
3.2.7.3 Cc nguyn nhn gy h- hng v cc bin xu trng thi k thut.

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Chn phanh thp hay hng l hin t-ng th-ng thy ca phanh sau khi
hot dng -c mt thi gian.Hin t-ng ny c nhiu nguyn nhn song
mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh l do khe h m v trng phanh qu
ln,vic khe k ny ln c th l do m phanh mn,iu chnh khng
ng hay c cu t iu chnh b hng.V vy m hnh trnh guc
phanh tr ln ln hn lm cho hnh trnh t do ca bn p tng thm tr
lm cho bn p con trm xung sn xe.
Ngoi ra khi phanh lin tc trn dc di trng phanh tr ln c bit
nng v nhit -c truyn ti du phanh lm cho du phanh b si v bay
hi ngay trong -ng du to ra bt trong -ng ng trng thi ny nh- l c
kh trong -ng du lm gim lc phanh
phanh l mt trong nhng kiu h- hng th-ng gp h thng
phanh v nguyn nhn th c nhiu,c cu phanh trng cng gp phn
nhiu vo h- hng ny.
* C lc cn gia guc phanh v a phanh.
* C cu t iu chnh ca phanh trng b hng
* Piston xy lanh phanh bnh xe b kt
Phanh qu n nh- trnh by trn hin t-ng ny cng do nhiu
nguyn nhn t c cu phanh trng gy ln:
* Trng b x-c hay mo
* Guc phanh b cong hay trai cng
* Xy lanh phanh bnh xe gn khng cht
Phanh lch,y l hin t-ng th-ng do cc c cu phanh bnh xe gy
ln,trong biu hin nhiu c cu phanh trng l:
* Trng phanh thit k khng trn hay b mo trong qu trnh s
dng

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* Guc phanh b cong,mn hay trai cng
* C lc cn gia guc phanh v a phanh.
Chn phanh nng nh-ng phanh khng n,kiu bin xu trng th k
thut ny do nguyn nhn ca c cu phanh trng nh- sau:
* Dnh n-c trng phanh
* Guc phanh b cong,mn hay trai cng
* Piston xylanh phanh bnh xe b kt.
Hin t-ng cc ting ku khc th-ng khc:
* L xo gi guc phanh yu,hng hay khng ng.Cht gi guc
phanh,g a phanh b lng hay hng
3.3 La Chn Thng S Chn on Cho H Thng Phanh
H thng phanh la chn l h thng phanh trn xe Corolla2000 c
trang b h thng chng b cng AS.nhn chung cc xe con hin i
ngy nay u c cu to t-ng t nh- vy.
Da trn vic phn tch cc cm chi tit trn h thng phanh mt cch
t-ng i y v su sc trn,thng qua vic hc tp nghin
cu,tm hiu cng vi s tr gip v cung cp nhng kin thc t cc thy
trn b mn v cn c vo triu trng(biu hin bn ngoi ca cc h-
hng)c nh h-ng n cc bnh ca h thng phanh ta c tp cc thng
s sau:
S1: Chn phanh thp hay hng
S2 : phanh
S3:Hin t-ng mt n nh khi phanh.
S4 :Phanh qu n,rung
S5: Chn phanh nng nh-ng phanh khng n
S6 :Ting ku khc th-ng khi phanh

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Tt c cc cc thng s u vo trn v c bn l do h thng phanh
gy ln, y thng s u ra l cc cm chi tit trn h thng phanh.
n cht ca logic m chnh l xem xt kh nng nh h-ng ca cc
thng s u vo ti cc thng s u ra nh- th no:ln,va,nh hay
khng nh h-ng:
Q:a nhung 5hn tich v cac thng s ra co ban cua dng co cng nhu cac hu
hong, bin x: cua cac h thng co ban trn dng co. Tac gia dua ra ma trn chn
doan nhu sa: .Bang thng s chn doan nay la co so ly l:n d xy dung ln
chuong trinh chn doan .

Thng s kt
cu

Thng s chn on
cm
bn p
phanh
v xy
lanh
phanh
Tr lc
chn
khng
ng
dn
du
phanh
AS
v
P.Van
C
cu
phanh
sau
C
cu
phanh
tr-c
phanh
x

x

x

x
Mt n nh khi
phanh

x

x

x
cao bn p phanh
x

x

x

x

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Chn phanh nng
nh-ng khng n

x

x

x
Phanh qu n
x

x

x
Ting ku khc th-ng
h thng phanh

x

x

x

Chuong 4
ng dng Iogic m xy dng h tr gip chuyn gia chn on ttkt
h thng phanh xe coroIIa 2000
4.1 Gii thiu chc nng fuzzy trong toolbox - Matlab
atlab vua la mi truong vua la ngn ngu l5 trinh duoc vit dua trn co
so toan hoc nhu: Ly th:yt ma trn , dai s t:yn tinh, 5hn tich s . nhm su
dung cho cac muc dich tinh toan khoa hoc va k th:t .
atlab cho 5he5 nguoi su dung thit k cac cum cng cu cua ring minh ,
ngay cang nhi: cac cum cng cu duoc tao ra boi cac nha nghin cu: trn cac linh
vuc khac nha:. Sa: dy la mt s h5 cng cu trong atlab ung dung trong cac
linh vuc di: khin, chn doan .

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Control Syst0m Toolbox: n tang cua mt nhom cac dung cu d thit k
trong linh vuc di: khin, chn doan .Bao gm cac ham danh cho vic m hinh
hoa , 5hn tich.
Fr06:0ncy Doman Syst0m Id0ntiication Toolbox : bao gm mt t5 cac
Iil0 .m dung cho vic m hinh hoa h thng .
F:y logic toolbox: Bao gm mt t5 cac ham cua atlab danh cho vic
thit k va mo 5hong, chn doan . Dy la t5 kt ho5 voi ly th:yt t5 mo d mo
hoa cac bin, xy dung t5 l:t, giai mo va co th dua ra cac kt 6:a chn doan
th0o mong m:n .
onlin0ar Control D0sign Toolbox : La mt giao din d hoa cho 5he5
nguoi dung thit k h di: khin t:yn tinh va 5hi t:yn su dung k th:t ti u:
trong min thoi gian.
Sim:link la 5hn mo rng cua atlab tao ra thm mt mi truong d hoa
dung cho vic m hinh hoa , m 5hong va 5hn tich h t:yn tinh va 5hi t:yn .
ghin cu: di: khin mo - 5hong h thng di: khin mo bng
atlab.
4.2 Xy dng chuong trnh tr gip chn don trng thi k thut h
thng phanh trn xe CoroIIa 2000
4.2.1 So d hot dng cua chuong trnh

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Dua trn ma trn chn doan ta d xac dinh duoc cac thng s d: vao va d:
ra, hu vy d dua ra duoc b di: khin mo ta cn tin hanh 6:a cac buoc nhu
sa: :
- o hoa cac bin vao, ra
- Khu mo bng cac t5 l:t
Ngui s dung
Nhp cc triu chung hu
hong
M ho cc thng s u
vo
M ho cc thng s u
ra
Kh m
Kt qu
Tp lut

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- Dua ra kt 6:a chn doan
4.2.2 Gii thiu v cch su dng Fuzzy trong toolbox cua Matlab
D khoi dng vao I:y ban chi cn vao Command Window danh chu I:y
ri nhay ch:t trai ,mt man hinh s hin ra .


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Chc nng cua thanh cng c nhu sau:
` File

- D tao thm mt Iil0 moi ta vao Iil0 ~ 0w FIS ~ amdani (hoc 5him tt la
Cril )
- Khi ta m:n chinh sua mt Iil0 ta d lam ma ta d lu: trong disk ta chi cn

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vao Im5ort ~ Irom Disk ri ta chon duong dn ma ta lu: vao. Ta chi cn click vao
do la duoc .
- Khi ta lam xong d lu: du li: vao cung ta chon duong dn nhu sa: : Ex5ort
~ To disk ~ chon vao thu muc ta cn lu: .
- Print (Ctrl P ) la 5him in n
Clos0 (Ctrl W) Khi ta dong bai ta lam .
`Edit

Khi ta m:n tng ham th:c d: ra hoc d: vao cua chuong trinh ta th0o
duong dn nhu sa:: Edit ~ dd Variabl0 ~ In5:t (or o:t5:t). Ta m:n thm bao
nhi: d: vao thi ta cn co by nhi: thao tac nhu vy .
- Khi ban click 0mb0rshi5 F:nction (hoc click du5 vao mt ham th:c nao do
)s hin ra bang tng th. Ta m:n sua ham th:c nao thi chi cn click vao do la
duoc .

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Bang trn cho 5he5 ta thuc hin cac cng vic nhu sa::
Dua vao cac thng s k th:t ta xy dung cac ham th:c bng cac dng tac di
ch:yn ch:t. D dt tn vi du nhu tng nhi: ` ta click ch:t vao duong cn
chon sa: do vao 5hn nam0 dt tn cho duong do. Ti5 th0o d dinh dang ki:
duong ta vao 5hn Ty50 chon tra5mI ( ki: duong hinh thang ).
- Chon Edit ~ R:l0s (hoc Ctrl 3 ) s hin ra h5 thoai ma o do ta s xy dung
cac t5 l:t (chinh la cac kin thuc ch:yn gia, la co so 6:an trong d dua ra cac
kt 6:a chinh xac cua chuong trinh ) .
* View
- R:l0s (hoc Ctrl 5) s hin ra bang kt 6:a, o do ta co th nhn bit duoc muc
d ng:yn nhn anh huong cua cac y: t, tu do dua ra cac tac dng k th:t nhm
khc 5huc cac hu hong.
- s:rIac0 (Phim tt ctrl 6) s cho ta mt m hinh 3D.

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4.2.3 M ho cc bin vo ra
Su dung 5hn mm atlab 5hn I:y ta co th mo hoa cac bin vao ra
Kt 6:a th hin nhu sa: :
4.2.3.1 M ho cc bin vo
M ho bin b phanh


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M ho bin mt n nh khi phanh.

M ho bin cao bn p phanh

M ho bin chn phanh nng nh-ng phanh khng n

M ho bin phanh qu n

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M ho bin ting ku khc thng khi phanh

4.2.3.2 M ho cc bin ra
M ho bin cm xyIanh chnh v bn p phanh

M ho bin tr Ic chn khng


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M ho bin -ng ng dn du phanh

M ho bin cm ABS v P.Van

M ho bin c cu phanh sau

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M ho bin c cu phanh tr-c

4.2.3.3 Lut m
L:t mo chinh la tri thuc ch:yn gia, n: l:t mo cac chinh xac va dy du thi
kt 6:a cang chinh xac va gn voi thuc t . Khi xy dung l:t mo cn th0o mt
h thng sao cho khng thi: xot. Trong I:y cac l:t mo d: co trong s. Tuc
la khi ta dua ra mt l:t, l:t do cang chinh xac thi trong s cang cao, cao nht
la bng 1, th5 nht la bng 0. uc dich dua ra trong s la d chuong trinh cua
chung ta cang chinh xac hon. : ta co mt l:t chua tht chinh xac thi muc d
anh huong cua no nn chuong trinh khng 6:a lon. L:t nhi: va chinh xac thi
muc d khu nhi: cang lon.
- : ta goi :

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Bin b phanh l khng b, b it, b nhiu ln luot la 1, 2, 3.
Bin mt n nh phanh n nh,mt n nh t,mt n nh
la B1, B2, B3.
Bin cao bn p phanh, va ,thp t,rt thp l C1, C2, C3.
Bin chn phanh nng nh-ng phanh khng n va phi,nng,rt
nng l D1, D2, D3.
Bin 5hanh qu n,n,rt n,qu n la E1, E2, E3.
Bin ting ku khc th-ng h thng phanh,ting ku nh,ln,rt ln
ln luot la F1, F2, F3 .
Ta c bang tng hp cc lut nhu sau :
CM XYLANH CHNH V N P PHANH
TT Cac tri: chung Kha nng hu hong
1 1 or C1 Tt
2 1 and C1 Tt
3 1 and C2 Bin xu TTKT
4 1 and C2 Bin xu TTKT
5 2 and C2 Bin x: TTKT
6 3 and C3 Kha nng hong chc
7 2 or C2 Kha nng hong chc

Tr Ic chn khng
8 D1 and E1 Tt
D1 and E2 Tt
10 D2 and E1 Bin x: TTKT

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11 D2 and E2 Bin x: TTKT
12 D3 and E1 Kha nng hong chc
15 D3 or E3 Kha nng hong chc

-ng ng dn du
16 C1 and D1 Tt
17 C1 and D2 Tt
18 C2 and D2 Bin x: TTKT
1 C2 and D1 Bin x: TTKT
20 C3 and D3 Kha nng hong chc
21 C3 or D3 Kha nng hong chc
24 C2 Bin x: TTKT
S V P.VAN
25 B1 or E1 Tt
26 B2 and E2 Bin x: TTKT
27 B2 or E2 Bin x: TTKT
30 B3 Kha nng hong chc

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31 B3 and E3 Kha nng hong chc

C cu phanh sau

33 1 and B1and C1and D1 and E1 and F1 Tt
34 1 and C2 Bin x: TTKT
35 2 and C1 and E2 Bin x: TTKT
36 2 or B2 or C2 or D2 or E2 or F2 Bin x: TTKT
37 3 and C2 and F2 Kha nng hong chc
38 1 and B1 and C1 and D2 and E2 and F2 Bin x: TTKT
3 3 and B3 and C3 and D3 and E3 and F3 Kha nng hong chc

C cu phanh tr-c

+TT Cac tri: chung Kha nng hu hong
41 1and B1 and C1 and D1 and E1 and F1 Tt
42 2 or B2 or C2 or D2 or E2 or F2 Bin x: TTKT
43 2 and C2 and F2 Bin x: TTKT
44 2 and B2 and C2 and F2 Bin x: TTKT
45 3 or B3 or C3 or D3 or E3 or F3 Kha nng hong chc

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46 3 and B3 and F2 Kha nng hong chc
48 3 and B2 and C2 Kha nng hong chc
4 2 and D2 and C2 Bin x: TTKT
50 2 and B1 and C2 Kha nng hong chc

4.3 Xy dng giao din chuong trnh h tr chn don h thng phanh trn
xe CoroIIa 2000
Giao din chuong trinh chinh la su bi: hin bn ngoai lin kt nguoi su dung
voi 5hn mm chn doan. ho giao din nguoi su dung s nh5 cac tham s d:
vao - tuc la cac thng s ma nguoi su dung do duoc hoc cam nhn duoc. Chuong
trinh cua ta s th: th5 cac kt 6:a nh5 duoc va dua ra kt 6:a tinh toan chinh
trn giao din.
D co duoc su hoat dng cua chuong trinh nhu vy ta cn co 3 Iil0 la :
hocdoan.Iis (Iil0 I:y), cd5.m (nhm tao giao din nh5 thng s d: vao), r:n.m
(Iil0 chay chuong trinh kt ni giua vic nh5 thng s d: vao va chuong trinh
chinh I:y cua ta ) dng thoi cho ra kt 6:a duoi dang s hoc ngn ngu trn man
hinh giao din .
Trong 5hn mm atlab co cac lnh h tro vic tao giao din nay. Cac ham do
th hin nhu sa: :
- Figure la ham tao ra kh:ng man hinh voi vi tri so voi kh:ng man hinh cua
may vi tinh.
- Uicontrol ham vit ky tu, ta co th dinh dang ki: Iont chu va vi tri cua dong
t0xt . Trong lnh :icontrol ta co th tao ra cac nut bm 5:shb:tton ,co th kt ni
callback voi cac chuong trinh khac.

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- Str2num ham co chuc nng ch:yn tu dang ngn ngu ch:i ky tu string sang
dang s n:mb0r.
- if
Ifelse ;
break ; lnh thoat khoi vong l5
return ; lnh 6:ay lai thuc hin c: lnh ti5
end ; kt thuc vong l5

- Readfis lnh doc ham I:y, co d:i .Iis
- Evalfis ham nhn gia tri cua ham I:y
- clc xoa tt cac lnh thuc hin v truoc trong cua s command window
.

Sau dy l chuong trnh chy :
Cdp.m
clc
HIig:r0('5osition',|100 100 700 500|);
s0t(H,'m0n:bar','non0','nam0','H0 ch:y0n gia chan doan trang thai ky th:at h0 thong
5hanh COROLL 2000',':mb0rTitl0','oII');
t :icontrol(H,'styl0','t0xt','string','HE CHUYE GI CH DO TRG
THI KY THUT HT PHH COROLL 2000',...
'FontSi0',12,'FontW0ight','bold','Horiontallignm0nt','c0nt0r','5osition',|0 465
700 20|,'Ior0gro:nd',|0 0 1|,'backgro:nd',|0.8 0.8 0.8|);
THOG SO BIEU HIE
thong so bi0: hi0n m:c do bo 5hanh
t :icontrol(H,'styl0','t0xt','string',':c do bo 5hanh,: 0..1',...

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'5osition',|35 400 350 20|,'backgro:nd',|0.8 0.8 0.8|,'Horiontallignm0nt','l0It');
01 :icontrol(H,'styl0','0dit','5osition',|250 400 80 20|,'Backgro:ndColor',|1 1 1|,...
'string','','tag','01');
thong so bi0: hi0n s: mat on dinh 5hanh
t :icontrol(H,'styl0','t0xt','string',':c do mat on dinh 5hanh: 0..1',...
'string','','tag','02');
thong so bi0: hi0n do cao chan 5hanh
t :icontrol(H,'styl0','t0xt','string',':c do giam do cao chan 5hanh: 0..1',...
'string','','tag','03');
thong so bi0: hi0n chan 5hanh nang nh:ng 5hanh khong an
t :icontrol(H,'styl0','t0xt','string',':c do giam hi0: 6:a 5hanh: 0..1',...
'string','','tag','04');
thong so bi0: hi0n m:c do 5hanh 6:a an
t :icontrol(H,'styl0','t0xt','string',':c do 5hanh 6:a an: 0..1',...
'string','','tag','05');
thong so bi0: hi0n ti0ng k0: khac th:ong
t :icontrol(H,'styl0','t0xt','string',':c do on c:a h0 thong 5hanh: 0..1',...

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'string','','tag','06');

:t bam chay ch:ong trinh
51 :icontrol(H,'styl0','5:shb:tton','5osition',|460 35 70 40|,'string','Chan doan',...
'callback','r:n');
52 :icontrol(H,'styl0','5:shb:tton','5osition',|530 35 80 40|,'string','L:: so li0:',...
'callback','l:sl');
53 :icontrol(H,'styl0','5:shb:tton','5osition',|610 35 60 40|,'string','Thoat',...
'callback','clos0(gcI)');

ha5 thong so bi0: hi0n
astr2n:m(g0t(Iindobj(gcI,'tag','01'),'string'));
bstr2n:m(g0t(Iindobj(gcI,'tag','02'),'string'));
cstr2n:m(g0t(Iindobj(gcI,'tag','03'),'string'));
dstr2n:m(g0t(Iindobj(gcI,'tag','04'),'string'));
0str2n:m(g0t(Iindobj(gcI,'tag','05'),'string'));
Istr2n:m(g0t(Iindobj(gcI,'tag','06'),'string'));
iI is0m5ty(a),is0m5ty(b),is0m5ty(c),is0m5ty(d),is0m5ty(0),is0m5ty(I)
msgbox('Ban ch:a nha5 d: so li0:','Ch: y','warn');
br0ak;
r0t:rn;
0nd;
Chan doan mo
Iismatr0adIis('Hocdoan');

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x0valIis(|a b c d 0 I|,Iismat);
Ch:y0n k0t 6:a chan doan sang ngon ng: t: nhi0n
iI (0.72x(1))&(x(1)1)
xlvabd'co h: hong';
0ls0iI (0.25x(1))&(x(1)0.72)
xlvabd'co bi0n xa: trang thai ky th:at';
0ls0
xlvabd'van con tot';
0nd
iI (0.75x(2))&(x(2)1)
trol:c'co h: hong';
0ls0iI (0.32x(2))&(x(2)0.75)
trol:c'co bi0n xa: trang thai ky th:at';
0ls0
trol:c'van con tot';
0nd
iI (0.75x(3))&(x(3)1)
d:ongongdanda:'co h: hong';
0ls0iI (0.35x(3))&(x(3)0.75)
d:ongongdanda:'co bi0n xa: trang thai ky th:at';
0ls0
d:ongongdanda:'van con tot';
0nd
iI (0.85x(4))&(x(4)1)
abs-5van'co h: hong';
0ls0iI (0.4x(4))&(x(4)0.85)

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abs-5van'co bi0n xa: trang thai ky th:at';
0ls0
abs-5van'van con tot';
0nd
iI (0.72x(5))&(x(5)1)
cc5hanhsa:'co h: hong';
0ls0iI (0.18x(5))&(x(5)0.72)
cc5hanhsa:'co bi0n xa: trang thai ky th:at';
0ls0
cc5hanhsa:'van con tot';
0nd
iI (0.7x(6))&(x(6)1)
cc5hanhtr:oc'co h: hong';
0ls0iI (0.3x(6))&(x(6)0.7)
cc5hanhtr:oc'co bi0n xa: trang thai ky th:at';
0ls0
cc5hanhtr:oc'van con tot';
0nd
HIE THI GI TRI THOG SO CH DO
t :icontrol(H,'styl0','t0xt','string','homxlcvabd:',...
'5osition',|350 400 350 20|,'backgro:nd',|0.8 0.8
0.8|,'Horiontallignm0nt','l0It');
'string',n:m2str(x(1)),'tag','07');
t :icontrol(H,'styl0','t0xt','string','hom tlck :',...

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t :icontrol(H,'styl0','t0xt','string','hom dodd:',...
t :icontrol(H,'styl0','t0xt','string','hom abs5van:',...
010 :icontrol(H,'styl0','0dit','5osition',|450 250 80 20|,'Backgro:ndColor',|1 1
1|,...
t :icontrol(H,'styl0','t0xt','string','hom cc5s:',...
1|,...
t :icontrol(H,'styl0','t0xt','string','hom cc5t:',...
1|,...

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HIE THI THOG SO CH DO QU GO GU
'string',xlvabd,'tag','07');
'string',trol:c,'tag','08');
'string',d:ongongdanda:,'tag','0');
1|,...
'string',abs-5van,'tag','010');
1|,...
'string',cc5hanhsa:,'tag','011');
1|,...
'string',cc5hanhtr:oc,'tag','012');
* D chay chuong trinh tinh toan ta chi cn khoi dng atlab / comman window/
cddc (la s hin thi giao din chuong trinh ).
* Ta dua ra mt vai kt 6:a tinh toan nhu sa: :


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Ti liu tham khao

1. atlab & Sim:link - g:yn Phu Q:ang B Khoa hoc va k th:t
2. Ly th:yt di: khin mo - Phan :n inh & g:yn Don Phuoc
B Khoa hoc va k th:t
3.Tai li: tham khao hng toyota: Worksho5 an:al ( 5art chasis) , cac
ban v k th:t , cac thng s k th:t va tai li: v sua chua chn doan.
4. Bao dung k th:t va chn doan t - Chu bin Cao Trong Hin B
Giao Thng Vn Tai
5. Ti liu o to_tp 13 H Thng Phanh_Toyota
6. H mo va ung dung - Chu bin Bui Cng Cuong

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B Khoa hoc va k th:t
7. Chn doan trang thai k th:t t - g:yn Khc Trai B
Giao Thng Vn Tai
8.L:n vn thc s khoa hc_Nghin cu xy dng thut ton chn on
sau h thng phanh thu lc nhiu dng bng ph-ng php phn tch
s cu trc_Tc gi:Tr-ng Thit Lp 2006

Mc lc
Loi noi d:
Chuong I
TOG QU VE VA DE GHI CUU
1 Tinh cp thit cua d tai ......................................................................... 2
2.Cac ly th:yt t5 mo trong chn doan k th:t t...................................... 4
3.uc ti: va nhim vu cua d tai ................................................................. 4
4. i d:ng cua d tai .................................................................................... 5
Chuong II
Co so ly th:yt chn doan va lgic mo
2.1 Co so ly th:yt chn doan trang thai k th:t t ..................................... 6
2.2 Co so ly th:yt t5 mo va di: khin mo .................................................
Chuong III

Do An Tot Nghiep Chuan

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n tt nghip GVHD: Th.

) ca thng s kt cu:xe,tng thnh mt hon

cng nh tnh n nh cng cao)

(xe hng hn).Gi

) l phm vi xe hng,on 2 ( gia S

) l phm vi d tr cho trng thi hot ng ph hp vi kim tra gia

) biu th trng th hot ng ca xe.im a l

-c gi l hm thuc ca tp m .Tp kinh in X -c

c dng cng thc t-ng minh.

cho d-i dng bng .

c mc chuyn i tuyn tnh.

.Mt tp m vi t nht mt phn t c ph thuc

(x)} (Lut ly max)

(x)} ( Php hp Lukasiewicz )

(Tng trc tip )

(x)} ( Lut ly min )

(x)-1} ( Php giao Lukasiewicz )

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