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Li cm n

Li u tin em xin gi li cm n n ton th cc thy, c gio trng i hc Cng Ngh, nhng ngi tn tnh dy d, ch bo em trong sut bn nm hc va qua ti nh trng. Tip theo em xin gi li cm n su sc n TS. Nguyn Thng Long, ngi trc tip hng dn em trong sut qu trnh hc tp, nghin cu ti khoa hc in t vin thng i Hc Cng ngh, Ngi truyn cho em cch t duy c h thng, phng php nghin cu, tip cn thc t - nhng iu rt qu bu vi em khi ra trng lm vic thc t. Em xin gi li cm n ti ton th cn b b mn Vi c in t - vi h thng nhng ngi dn dt v nh hng nghin cu cho em trong sut nhng nm qua. Em xin t lng bit n chn thnh ti cha m, gia nh em nhng ngi sinh thnh, nui nng, tin tng ng vin em. Xin gi li cm n ti tt c bn b, c bit l tp th lp K49B, nhng ngi c v, ng vin, chia s vi em trong sut nhng nm qua.

Sinh vin thc hin Mc ng Huy

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MC LC

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LI GII THIU

Nh chng ta bit, hin nay, cng ngh nh v ton cu GPS (Global Positioning System ) l cng ngh ang c ng dng rng ri trn th gii ni chung v Vit Nam ni ring. Cng ngh GPS bt u c gii thiu v ng dng vo Vit Nam t gia nhng nm 1990 nhng ch yu phc v cho vic thu thp s liu ta chnh xc ca cc im trc a gc lm c s pht trin cc li trc a cp thp hn. Trong nhng nm gn y, vi vic xut hin cc thit b o GPS cm tay n gin v gi r, vic ng dng cng ngh GPS vo cng tc thu thp thng tin v tr cng tr nn ph bin. c bit l khi n c kt hp vi cc cng ngh khc nh cng ngh GIS v h thng vin thng th thc s mang li mt cuc cch mng trong cuc sng hin nay. Di y l mt ng dng ca cng ngh GPS, GIS v cng ngh vin thng to nn mt h thng gim st cc thit b di ng c gn thit b o GPS nh qun l t, taxi, xe bus hay cc my di ng gip cho nh qun l c th iu hnh v gim st c cng vic ca mnh mt cch hiu qu. Theo cc nh d bo, trong thi gian ti, cc thit b GPS s ngy cng nh gn, chnh xc to iu khin cho s bng n trong vic ng dng cng ngh. Vi mc ch nghin cu lm ch cng ngh, trong lun vn ny, em tp trung vo tm hiu cng ngh GPS cng nh th nghim xy dng mt h thng thu thp thng tin t thit b GPS v hin th ln bn s. y l tin cho vic xy dng mt h thng qun l phng tin giao thng cng nh h thng dn ng phng tin ng b s dng cng ngh GPS. Lun vn c chia lm 3 chng: Chng I : Tng quan v h thng GPS Chng II: Tng quan v h thng GIS v k thut xy dng bn s Chng III: Ngn ng lp trnh C#

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Chng 1:

TNG QUAN V H THNG GPS

1.1

Gii thiu v h thng GPS

H thng nh v ton cu GPS l h thng xc nh v tr da trn v tr ca cc v tinh nhn to. Trong cng mt thi im, mt v tr bt k trn tri t nu xc nh c khong cch n ti thiu ba v tinh th ta c th tnh c ta ca v tr . GPS c thit k v qun l bi B Quc phng Hoa K, nhng chnh ph Hoa K cho php mi ngi s dng n min ph, bt k quc tch. H thng GPS

1.2Thnh phn c bn ca h thng GPS

H thng nh v GPS bao gm 3 b phn: b phn ngi dng, b phn khng gian v b phn iu khin.

Hnh 1.1: S lin quan gia ba phn ca h thng nh v ton cu 1.2.1 B phn ngi dng. B phn ngi dng l thit b thu tin hiu GPS v ngi s dng nhng thit b ny. Thit b thu tin hiu GPS l mt my thu tn hiu sng v tuyn c bit. N

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c thit k thu tn hiu sng v tuyn c truyn t cc v tinh v tnh ton v tr da trn thng tin . Thit b thu tin hiu GPS c nhiu kch c khc nhau, hnh dng v gi c khc nhau. Tnh cht v gi c ca cc Thit b thu tin hiu GPS ni chung l thuc vo chc nng m b phn thu nhn c nh. B phn thu nhn dng cho ngnh hng hi v hng khng thng s dng cho tnh nng giao din vi th nh cha bn i bin. B phn thu nhn dng cho bn kh nng chnh xc rt cao v c giao din ngi s dng cho php ghi nhn d liu nhanh chng. 1.2.2 B phn khng gian. B phn khng gian gm cc v tinh GPS m n truyn tin hiu v thi gian v v tr ti b phn ngi dng. Tp hp tt c cc v tinh ny c gi l chm sao. Chng ta c th xem qua b phn khng gian ca h thng GPS: H thng NAVSTAR ca M gm 24 v tinh vi 6 qu o bay. Cc v tinh ny hot ng qu o c cao 20.200 km (10,900 nm) gc nghing 55 v vi thi gian 12 gi/qu o. Qu o bay khng gian ca cc v tinh c sp xp ti thiu 5 v tinh s c b phn ngi dng nhn thy v bao ph ton cu, vi v tr chnh xc hon ton (position dilution of precision PDOP) ca 6 v tinh hoc t hn.

Hnh 1.2: Chuyn ng v tinh nhn to xung quanh tri t

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Mi v tinh truyn trn 2 di tn s L, L1 c tn s 1575.42 MHz v L2 c tn s 1227.6 MHz. Mi v tinh truyn trn cng tn s xc nh. tuy nhin, tn hiu mi v tinh th thay i theo thi gian n ngi s dng. L1 mang m P (precise code) v m C/A (coarse/acquisition (C/A) code). L2 ch mang m P (P code). Thng tin d liu hng hi c thm cc m ny. Thng tin d liu hng hi ging nhau c mang c 2 di tn s. M P th thng c m ho v th ch m C/A th c sn n ngi s dng bnh thng; tuy nhin, mt vi thng tin c th nhn c t m P. Khi m ho, m P c hiu nh m Y. Mi v tinh c 2 s nhn dng. u tin l s NAVSTAR vi nhn dng trn thit b v tinh c bit. Th hai l s sv (the space vehicle (sv) number). S ny c n nh ra lch phng v tinh. Th ba l s m n gi ngu nhin (the pseudo-random noise-PRN). y ch l s nguyn m n c s dng m tn hiu t cc v tinh . Mt vi my ghi nhn nhn bit v tinh m chng ang ghi nhn t m SV, hoc m khc t m PRN. 1.2.3 B phn iu khin. B phn iu khin gm ton b thit b trn mt t c s dng gim st v iu khin cc v tinh. B phn ny thng ngi s dng khng nhn thy, nhng y l b phn quan trng ca h thng GPS. B phn iu khin NAVSTAR, c gi l h thng iu khin hot ng (operational control system (OCS)) gm cc trm gim st, mt trm iu khin chnh (master control station (MCS)) v anten quay. Cc trm gim th ng khng nhiu hn GPS nhn m ng bay ca cc v tinh c nhn thy v do phm vi tch lu d liu t tn hiu v tinh. C 5 trm gim st th ng, to lc Colorado Springs, Hawaii, o Ascencion, Diego Garcia v Kwajalein. Cc trm gim st gi d liu th v trm MSC x l. Trm MCS c to lc Falcon Air Force Base, cch 12 dm v pha ng ca Colorado Springs, Colorado v c M qun l. Trm MCS nhn d liu t trm gim st trong thi gian 24 gi/ngy v s dng thng tin ny xc nh nu cc v tinh ang kho hoc lch thin vn thay i v pht hin thit bi trc trc. Thng tin v tu thu di chuyn v lch thin vn c tnh ton t tn hiu gim st v chuyn n v tinh mt ln hoc hai ln/ngy. Thng tin tnh ton bi trm MCS, cng vi cc mnh lnh duy tr thng xuyn c truyn bi anten xoay trn mt t. Anten ny to lc ti o Ascencion, Diego Garcia v Kwajalein. Anten c phng tin truyn n v tinh theo ng lin kt sng v tuyn di tn S.

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Thm vo chc nng chnh ca trm MCS duy tr 24 gi h thng bn tin in t vi tnh trng v tin tc h thng sau cng. Cng dn lin lc cho vn ny vi The United States Coast Guard's (USCG) Navigation Center (NAVCEN).

1.3

Thnh phn tn hiu GPS

Mi v tinh GPS pht tn hiu radio vi tn s rt cao, bao gm 2 tn s sng mang c iu ch bi 2 loi m (m C/A v m P-code) v thng tin nh v. Hai sng mang c pht ra vi tn s 1,575.42MHz (sng mang bng tn L1) v 1,227.60MHz( song mang bng tn L2). Tc l bc sng xp x 19cm v 24.4cm.Vic s dng 2 loi sng mang ny cho php sa li chnh trong h thng GPS l s tr trong tng kh quyn, iu ny c gii thch r rng hn trong phn sa li h thng. Tt c cc v tinh GPS pht chung tn s sng mang L1 v L2, Tuy nhin m iu ch th khc nhau cho mi v tinh khc nhau. Hai loi m c dng l m C/A (Coarse/Acquisition) v m P-code (precision code). Mi m bao gm mt nhm s nh phn 0 v 1 gi l cc bit. Cc m thng thng c bit n l m PRN - Pseudo Random Noise(m n gi ngu nhin) gi l nh vy v chng c tao ra mt cch ngu nhin v tn hiu ging nh cc tn hiu n, nhng thc t chng c pht ra t cc gii thut ton hc. Hin nay m C/A ch c iu ch bng tn L1 cn m P-code c c iu ch c 2 bng tn L1 v L2. Vic iu ch ny gi l iu ch lng pha v pha ca chng dch 180 khi gi tr m thay i t 0 ->1 hay t 1->0. M C/A l 1 lung bt nh phn ca 1023 s nh phn v lp li bn thn chng trong mi giy. iu ny c ngha l tc chip ca m C/A l 1.023Mbps. Hay theo cch khc,chu k ca mt bit xp x 1ms hay tng ng vi 300m. Vic o c s dng m C/A l km chnh xc so vi m P-code nhng n t phc tp v c cung cp cho tt c ngi s dng. M P-code l 1 mt chui di cc s nh phn ,n lp li bn thn n sau 266 ngy. N cng nhanh hn 10 ln so vi m C/A( tc l 10.23MBps). Nhn vi thi gian lp li bn thn n sau 266 ngy cho ra tc 10.23Mbps suy ra m P-code l mt lung gm 2.35x1014chip m di 266 ngy c chia ra 38 on;mi on l 1 tun.32 on c phn chia ti cc v tinh khc nhau. Mi v tinh pht ra on 1-tun ca m P-code,chng c khi to vo na m nm gia th 7 v ch nht hng tun. 6 on cn li dnh ring cho mc ch s dng khc. M P-code c thit k ch yu s dng cho mc ch qun s. N c cung cp cho ngi s dng vo ngy

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31/1/1994. thi im m P-code c m ha bng vic thm vo n 1 loi m W-code. V kt qu ca vic thm vo loi m code ny l m Y-Code v n c tc chp ging vi m P-code.

Hnh 1.3 M hnh tn hiu GPS kh truyn 1.3.1 Tn hiu GPS Mi v tinh GPS truyn ng thi 2 di tn s l L1 v L2 (L1 l 1575,42MHz , L2 l 1227,60MHz ) Sng mang ca tin hiu L1 gm 1 thnh phn cng pha v mt thnh phn vung pha. Thnh phn cng pha l hai pha c iu ch bi 1 lung d liu 50bps v mt m gi ngu nhin c gi l m C/A bao gm 1 chui 1023 chip ni tip c chu ky l 1ms v 1 tc xung nhip 1.023MHz. Thnh phn vung pha cng l hai pha c iu ch bi 1 lung d liu 50bps nhng c mt s khc nhau l thnh phn vung pha dng m gi ngu nhin c gi l P-Code, n c xung nhp l 10.23MHz v chu k l 1 tun. Biu thc ton hc ca sng L1 l:

Trong

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Mc ng Huy P1 l cng sut ca thnh phn sng mang cng pha PQ l cng sut ca thnh phn sng mang vung pha d(t) l s iu ch d liu 50bps

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c(t) v p(t) tng ng l nhng sng m C/A v m gi ngu nhin L1 l tn s sng mang 0 l dch pha Cng sut sng mang vung pha PQ it hn xp x 3db so vi P1 Tri ngc vi tn hiu L1, tn hiu L2 c iu ch vi duy nht d liu 50bps v m p-code Biu thc ton hc ca tn hiu L2

Hnh 1.4 cu trc thnh phn cng pha ca L1 D liu 50bps c nhn vi sng mang ri sau c m ha theo m C/A v c truyn i.

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Hnh 1.5 Cu trc thnh phn vung pha ca tn hiu L1 D liu 50bps c nhn vi sng mang ri sau c m ha theo m P-code v c truyn i. Hnh 1.4 v hnh 1.5 tng ng trnh by cu trc ca thnh phn cng pha v thnh phn vung ca tn hiu L1 1.3.1.1 Thng ip t chui d liu 50bps Chui d liu 50bps chuyn tr thng ip dn ng, n bao gm nhiu thng tin v khng gii hn. n bao gm nhng thng tin sau. o D liu v tinh Nim gim. Mi v tinh truyn d liu trong khng gian c gi l nim gim. N cho php ngi s dng tnh ton v tr ca mi v tinh trong chm sao GPS ti bt k thi im no. D liu Nim gim khng chnh xc xch dnh v tr nhng c th c ct gia trong mt thit bi thu u , n lu li trong vi thng. N ch yu c dung xc nh v tinh r rang ti 1 v tr bt k o D liu v tinh thin vn. D liu thin vn cng tng t nh d liu

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Nim gic nhng n cho php xc nh v tri vi chnh xc cao hn, cn dc chuyn i s tr lan truyn trong vic c lng v tr ca ngi dng. o D liu v thi gian. Chui d liu 50bps bao gm s nh du thi gian, c s dng thit lp thi gian truyn dn ca nhng im trn tin hiu GPS. Thng tin ny cn xc nh c ch v thi gian lan truyn tn hiu t v tinh ti ngi s dng o o D liu tr do tng in ly. Thng ip v tnh trng ca GPS

1.3.1.2 Cu trc mt thng dip tn hiu Thng tin trong thng ip dn hng c cc cu trc khung c bn.

Hnh 1.6 Khung d liu ca tn hiu GPS Mt thng ip y gm c 25 khung (frame), mi khung cha 1500bit, mi 1 khung d liu li c chia lm cc khung con 300bit. Mi khung con bao gm 10 t v mi t l 30 bit. Nh vy vi tc truyn 50bps n phi mt 6s truyn 1 khung d liu con (subframe) v 30s hon thnh mt khung d liu (frame).

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truyn hon thnh 25 khung thng ip th yu cu cn ti 750s .

1.4

Cch thc lm vic ca h thng GPS

1.4.1 Hot ng ca GPS C bn, GPS s dng nguyn tc hng thng tng i ca hnh hc v lng gic hc. Mi v tinh lin tc pht v truyn d liu trong qu o bay ca n cho tt c cc chm sao v tinh cng thm d liu n kp thi v thng tin khc. Do , mi thit b GPS nhn s lin tc truy cp d liu qu o chnh xc t v tr ca tt c v tinh c th tnh ton bng cc vi mch c trn tt c cc GPS nhn. T tn hiu hoc sng v tuyn di chuyn vn tc hng s (thng bng vn tc nh sng C ), cc thit b GPS thu c th tnh ton khong cch lin quan t GPS n cc v tinh khc bng cch my thu GPS so snh thi gian tn hiu c pht i t v tinh vi thi gian m thit b GPS thu nhn c tn hiu do cc v tinh php. sai lch v thi gian cho bit my thu GPS cch xa v tinh bao nhiu bng cch ly khong thi gian sai lch nhn vi tc ca sng v tuyn. Ri vi nhiu qung cch o c ti nhiu v tinh khc nhau cc thit b GPS thu tn hiu c th tnh c v tr ca thit b GPS.

Hnh 1.7 Tnh khong cch t thit b GPS n cc v tinh Tt c my thu GPS bt buc phi kho c tn hiu ca t nht ba v tinh c th tnh c v tr hai chiu (kinh v v ) v theo di c chuyn ng. Nu thit b thu tn hiu GPS c th kha c tn hiu ca bn hay nhiu hn s v tinh trong tm nhn th my GPS c th tnh c v tr theo ba chiu (kinh , v v

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cao). Mt khi v tr ngi dng tnh c th my thu GPS c th tnh cc thng tin khc, nh tc , hng chuyn ng, bm st di chuyn, khong hnh trnh, qung cch ti im n, thi gian Mt Tri mc, ln v nhiu th khc na.

Hnh 1.8: Thng tin d liu 1.4.2 tng nh v ca h thng GPS

Hnh 1.9 tng nh v ca h thng GPS Theo nguyn tc thng thng th xc nh v tr ca 1 vt no ta cn xc nh c khong cch ca chng ti cc vt chun khc, v d nh khi ta lc ng , mt ngi ch cho ta bit rng anh ang cch H Ni 15Km, ta ch bit c l ang

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nm u trong trn ng trn bn knh 50Km quanh H ni, nu 1 ngi khc bo l ta cch Hi Phng 50Km th ta xc nh c 2 v tr bng cch cho 2 ng trn ct nhau, v nu 1 ngi khc li cho ta bit rng v tr cch Bc Ninh 10 Km th ta s xc nh c chnh xc v tr ca mnh. GPS cng s dng nguyn tc xc nh v tr, tuy nhin trong khng gian,3 mt cu ct nhau cho ra 2 im, nu s dng tri t l mt cu th t th s xc nh c v tr ca mnh. Tuy nhin vic s dng nh vy s b qua cao v vy m cn 4 v tinh xc nh c v tr chnh xc ca bn. 4 v tinh s cho bn bit khong cch ca bn n n bng cng thc qung ng bng thi gian sng in t truyn nhn vi vn tc sng truyn, m vn tc sng truyn tnh bng vn tc nh sng v thi gian truyn th c m ha ri gi n my thu. 1.4.3 chnh xc ca h thng GPS Cc my thu GPS ngy nay cc k chnh xc, nh vo thit k nhiu knh hot ng song song ca chng. Cc my thu 12 knh song song (ca Garmin) nhanh chng kho vo cc qu v tinh khi mi bt ln v chng duy tr chc chn lin h ny, thm ch trong tn l rm rp hoc thnh ph vi cc to nh cao tng. Tnh trng nht nh ca kh quyn v cc ngun gy sai s khc c th nh hng ti chnh xc ca my thu GPS. Cc my thu GPS c chnh xc trung bnh trong vng 15 mt. Cc my thu mi hn vi kh nng WAAS (H Tng Vng Rng, Wide Area Augmentation System) c th tng chnh xc trung bnh ti di 3 mt. Khng cn thm thit b hay mt ph c c li im ca WAAS. Ngi dng cng c th c chnh xc tt hn vi GPS Vi sai (Differential GPS, DGPS) sa li cc tn hiu GPS c chnh xc trong khong 3 n 5 mt. Cc Phng v B bin M vn hnh dch v sa li ny. H thng bao gm mt mng cc i thu tn hiu GPS v pht tn hiu sa li bng cc my pht hiu. thu c tn hiu sa li, ngi dng phi c my thu tn hiu vi sai bao gm c n-ten dng vi my thu GPS ca h.
1.4.4

Nhng ngun li nh hng n tn hiu GPS

H thng GPS c thit k ngy cng chnh xc, tuy nhin trn thc t vn cn c nhng li. Nhng li ny c th gy ra mt s lch t 50 -> 100m t v tr my thu GPS trn thc t. sau y c mt vi ngun li c bn ti: a) iu kin kh quyn

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C tng in ly ln tng i lu u khc x nhng tn hiu GPS. N gy ra s thay i v tc ca tn hiu trong tng in ly v tng i lu khc so vi tc tn hiu GPS trong khng gian. Bi v vy, khong cch tnh ton bng tc x thi gian s khc nhau. b) Li do s giao thoa tn hiu GPS Do s phn x t cc vt cn lm cho tin hiu GPS giao thoa vi nhau lm cho cc thit b thu GPS s thu c tn hiu li.

Hnh 1.10 Li do giao thoa tin hiu GPS c) Li do s di chuyn ca thit b GPS. Do trong qua trnh thu tn hiu GPS cc thit b GPS di chuyn s xy ra sai s c khong 5 -> 15m. l do c tr xy ra trong qua trnh truyn gia v tinh v thit b GPS do vy tuy theo tc di chuyn ca my thu GPS m sai s gia v tr nhn c v v tr thc t ca my thu GPS l bao nhiu nhng c khong 5 -. 15 m. 1.5 Chun NMEA 1.5.1 Gii thiu v chun NMEA

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Hip hi in t bin quc gia M (NMEA The National Marine Electronics Association) xy dng ln mt chun nh ngha chun giao tip gia cc b phn khc nhau ca thit b in t bin. Chun ny cho php cc thit b in t bin gi thng tin v my vi tinh, v ti mt thit b bin khc. Thit b truyn thng thu GPS cng c nh ngha theo chun ny. Hu ht cc chng trnh my vi tnh c cung cp hiu c thng tin v tr hin ti v nhn d liu di dng chun NMEA. D liu ny bao gm ton b PTV (v tr, tc v thi gian) bi thit b thu GPS tnh ton c. tng ca NMEA l s gi mt gi d liu gi l mt on m. on m ny hon ton c lp v ring r so vi cc on m khc. C nhng on m chun cho mi mt thit b v cng c kh nng nh ngha nhng on m cho ngi dng bi cc cng ty ring l. Tt c nhng on m chun ny phi c hai ch ci thm vo u nh ngha kiu on m s dng, v d thit b thu GPS thm vo u l GP. Tip theo l ba ch ci ni tip nh ngha ni dung on m. Thm vo chun NMEA cho php nhng nh sn xut t nh ngha nhng on m s hu ring cho mnh nhm bt k mc ch no m thy chng thch hp. Tt c cc on m c s hu u bt u vi ch ci P v tip theo l ba ch ci nhn bit nh sn xut to ra on m . V d mt on m ca Garmin s bt u vi PGRM v Magellan s bt u vi PMGN. Mi on m bt u vi mt k t $ v kt thc vi mt k t $ trn mt hng ni tip v khng th ln hn 80 k t. D liu c cha ng bn trn mt hng vi nhng kiu khc nhau c phn bit bi du phy. D liu ca n ch l dng m ASCII v c th m rng qua nhiu on m khc nhau trong nhng th hin ring nhng bnh thng th hon ton c cha trong di on m. D liu c th thay i trong s lng ca thng bo chnh xc cha ng bn trong, v d: thi gian c th tng ln n nhng phn 10 ca 1 giy hoc v tr c th ch ra vi 3 hoc 4 s sau s thp phn. Nhng chng trnh c d liu s s dng nhng du phy xc nh nhng ranh gii cc lnh vc v khng ph thuc vo v tr ct. C mt s chun b kim tra tng th vo lc cui mi on lnh, m cng c th hoc c th khng c kim tra bi ty vo cch c d liu. Tng kim tra bao gm mt k t * v hai s hex i din 1 php OR 8 bit ca tt c nhng k t gia, nhng khng bao gm, k t $ v *. Kim tra c yu cu trn mt vi on m. So vi nhng chun c, chun hin nay c nhiu thay i. Nhng vi GPS mc thay i ch l 1,5 v 2.0 hoc 2,3. Nhng thay i ny ch ch ra mt vi m hnh on m khc nhau nhng vn khp vi nhng thit b m n ang tng tc. Mt s

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GPS c th cung cp kh nng nh dng cu hnh mt Nhiu thit b thu GPS n gin ch xut mt chui on m c nh. Ngi s dng khng th thay i nhng mu on m ny. Phin bn hin nay l tiu chun 3.0.1. 1.5.2 Ghp ni phn Cng theo chun NMEA Giao din phn cng (hardware interface) ca cc GPS c thit k nhm p ng yu cu theo chun NMEA. Chng cng tng thch vi hu ht cng ni tip ca my tnh, s dng giao thc RS232, tuy nhin nghim tc m ni, tiu chun NMEA khng phi l RS232. Chng ch ging EIA-422. Tc kt ni c th iu chnh theo mt s mu nhng theo tiu chun NMEA l 4800 bit/giy vi 8 bt d liu, khng bt chn l v c 1 bt dng (bit stop). Tt c cc n v h tr NMEA th cng s h tr tc kt ni ny. Nn nh rng, vi tc 4800 bit/giy, bn c th d dng gi d liu trc khi ht 2 giy. Chnh v l do ny, mt s n v ch gi thng tin cp nhp trong 2 giy mt ln hoc chuyn d liu mi giy mt ln trong khi vn bo m d liu khc cng s c gi i trong thi gian . Thm vo , mt s n v c th gi d liu trong vi giy khi nhng n v khc gi d liu thu thp chnh trong giy pht n c gi. Ni chung thi gian truyn i trong tng trng ch trong vi giy, do vy kh d dng ch ra GPS no ang hot ng. Mt s on m c th c gi i ch trong mt khong thi gian c bit ca thit b thu nh vy trong khi mt ng truyn m cc thit b gi khc lun gi cc on m v ch v hiu ha ngoi nhng gi tr. S khc nhau s c ch trong phn miu t kiu d liu ring bit c nh ngha phn sau. Vi tc 4800 bit/ giy, bn c th gi 480 k t trong mt giy. Khi mt on m NMEA bao gm 82 k t, c th rt thnh 6 on m khc nhau. Trong thc t hn ch ny tu thuc vo tng on m c th. Tuy nhin t thy c rng d dng c th vt qu con s trn nu bn mun on m tr li nhanh. NMEA c thit k hot ng nh mt qu trnh trong vai tr to cc on m nn li ra, v gi on m li khi cn thit bng chng trnh. Mt s chng trnh khng th lm nh vy, tuy nhin nhng chng s ly mt dng d liu lm mu, sau s dng d liu ny hin th trn mn hnh v sau li ly mu d liu Tu vo tng lng thi gian c th, c th l 4 giy chuyn d liu. i vi mt s ng dng, iu ny c th chp nhn c, nhng vi nhiu ng dng khc li khng. V d mt chic xe hi di chuyn trong 1h th mt giy n i c qung

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ng 88 feet. Chm vi giy c th khin cho ton b h thng khng hot ng v mt lt. Tiu chun NMEA c ng dng trong nhiu nm, t nm 1983 v qua nhiu ln chnh sa. Giao thc thay i v s lng cng nh cc loi on m c th khc nhau tu thuc vo tng phin bn chnh sa. Hu ht thit b thu GPS u theo tiu chun 0138 phin bn 2 vi tc truyn ti l 4800 bit/ giy. Mt s thit b thu khc cng theo nhng thng s ca cc phin bn c hn. Phin bn lu i nht l 0180, tip l 0182 vi tc truyn ti l 1200 bit/giy. Tip l 0183 gi l phin bn 1.5. Mt s n v Garmin v cc loi khc c th ci t ln ti 9600 hoc thm ch cao hn cho thit b u ra ca NMEA. Nhng ch l tham kho nu bn chc chn 4800 hot ng tt, bn c th th ci vi tc nhanh hn. Vic ci t t tc nhanh nh mong mun, i hi phi nng cp kh nng p ng ca chng trnh. s dng giao din phn cng, bn cn mt dy cp. Thng thng dy cp ny khc so vi m hnh phn cng v vy bn s cn mt dy cp ring bit cho cc sn phm v khi m hnh bn s dng. Mt s my tnh mi nht khng sn xut km theo cng tip ni ngoi tr mt cng USB. Hu ht nhng thit b thu GPS s lm vic vi cng ni tip t b chuyn i USB v cng ni tip c gn thng qua PCCard chuyn i. Th d NMEA thng thng s dng vi mt thit b thu nhn GPS bn s ch cn 2 dy trong cp truyn, d liu ra t GPS v t. Dy th 3, u vo d liu, s phi dng n nu mun thit b thu cho php d liu i vo dy cp ti mt im hoc gi d liu DGPS ti thit b thu. Thit b thu GPS c th s dng giao tip vi thit b theo chun NMEA khc nh my li t ng hoc nhng tht b thu GPS khc. Chng c th cm nhn nhng thit b nhn tn hiu ring bit, nhng thit b ny c kh nng gi d liu s dng tiu chun RTCM SC-104. D liu ny ph hp vi nhng yu cu phn cng theo yu cu ca d liu li vo theo chun NMEA. Khng c ng bt tay ginh ring nh ngha cho chun NMEA. 1.5.3 Cc on m theo chun NMEA NMEA bao gm nhiu on m, t u tin trong on m gi l loi d liu, nh hng cch hiu cho ton b on m. Mi loi kiu d liu c mt cch hiu ring v c quy nh trong tiu chun NMEA. on m GGA l v d chng minh d liu c nh cn thit. Nhng on m khc c th lp li mt vi thng tin

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mu ging nhau nhng u cung cp c d liu mi. Bt k thit b hay chng trnh no c d liu u c th tm kim on m d liu m n cn v b qua nhng on m khc m n khng quan tm. Theo chun NMEA, khng c lnh no ch quy nh GPS nn thc hin chc nng no khc. Thay vo cc thit b thu ch gi ton b d liu v d kin nhiu d liu trong s s b b qua. Mt s thit b thu t lnh bn trong mt n v, quy nh 1 khi c th chn la mt lng nh trong s tt c cc on m hoc, trong mt s trng hp, thm ch cc on m c lp gi i. Khng c cch no xc nh iu ngc li vi n nh xc nh liu on m c c c ng hay khng hay yu cu gi li mt s d liu bn khng c. Thay v nhn, n v ch kim tra tng d liu c gi i v b qua d liu nu kim tra tng th a ra con s sai lch, d liu s c gi li ln sau. C nhiu on m theo tiu chun NMEA c th p dng cho tt c mi loi thit s dng c trong mi trng hi qun. Mt vi trong s c th dng cho thit b thu tn hiu GPS theo nh bng k di y: AAM - Waypoint Arrival Alarm cnh bo nhng im mc

ALM - Almanac data: d liu nin lch APA - Auto Pilot A sentence: T ng th im on m A APB - Auto Pilot B sentence : on m B th im t ng BOD - Bearing Origin to Destination BWC - Bearing using Great Circle route DTM - Datum being used.: d liu c s dng GGA - Fix information: thng tin c nh GLL - Lat/Lon data : d liu Lat/ Lon GRS - GPS Range Residuals: dy s d GPS GSA - Overall Satellite data: d liu v tinh tng qut

GST - GPS Pseudorange Noise Statistics: thng k ting n GPS Pseudorage

GSV - Detailed Satellite data : D liu v tinh chi tit

MSK - send control for a beacon receiver

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MSS - Beacon receiver status information. RMA - recommended Loran data RMB - recommended navigation data for gps RMC - recommended minimum data for gps RTE - route message TRF - Transit Fix Data STN - Multiple Data ID VBW - dual Ground / Water Spped VTG - Vector track an Speed over the Ground WCV - Waypoint closure velocity (Velocity Made Good) WPL - Waypoint Location information XTC - cross track error XTE - measured cross track error ZTG - Zulu (UTC) time and time to go (to destination) ZDA - Date and Time

Mt vi thit b nhn GPS vi chc nng c bit s a ra nhng thng bo c bit sau y:

HCHDG - Compass output: PSLIB - Remote Control for a DGPS receiver:

Thm vo , mt s thit b nhn GPS c th bt chc cc thit b nhn Loran-C bng cch a ra tin t LC trong mt s thng ip ca chng, do vy chng c th c s dng tch hp vi thit b chp nhn tin t ny thay v chp nhn tin t GP. Phin bn mi 2.3 theo tiu chun NMEA c b sung thm mt indicator cho vi on m ch nh loi fix m thit b nhn hin ang c. Indication ny l mt phn ca thng tin tng hp tn hiu do FAA. Gi tr c th l A= t tr, D= vi phn, E= d tnh N= khng hiu qu, S= simulator. i khi c c gi tr null na. Ch gi tr A v D ph hp vi on m reliable (chun xc) v Active.C th b sung thm cc k t mode vo RMC, RMB, VTG v GLL, va cac cau BWC, XTE

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nu bn ang ghp ni mt GPS vi mt thit b khc, nh chng trnh my tnh, bn phi chc chn rng cc thit b nhn c tt c cc on m m n cn. nu thit b cn mt on m m GPS ca bn khng gi ti th phn ghp ni vi thit b s khng thc hin c. Nhng on m ny do thit b thu c bit gi ti, bao gm: Chun NMEA 1.5 Mt s n v khng h tr phin bn 1.5. Unit Lowrance cung cp kh nng tu chnh (customize) u ra NMEA bng cc on m, v vy bn c th t xy dng cu trc on m ring ca mnh. Name Garmin Magellan Notes: GPAPA N Y Automatic Pilot A GPBOD Y N bearing origin to destination - earlier G-12's do not send this GPBWC Y Y bearing to waypoint using great circle route. GPGLL Y Y lat/lon - earlier G-12's do not send this GPRMC Y N minimum recommend data GPRMB Y N minimum recommended data when following a route GPVTG Y Y vector track and speed over ground GPWPL Y N waypoint data (only when active goto) GPXTE Y Y cross track error Chun NMEA 2.0 Name Garmin Magellan Lowrance SiRF Notes: GPAPB N Y Y N Auto Pilot B GPBOD Y N N N bearing, origin to destination - earlier G-12's do not transmit this GPGGA Y Y Y Y fix data GPGLL Y Y Y Y Lat/Lon data - earlier G-12's do not transmit this GPGSA Y Y Y Y overall satellite reception data, missing on some Garmin models GPGSV Y Y Y Y detailed satellite data, missing on some Garmin models

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GPRMB Y Y Y N minimum recommended data when following a route GPRMC Y Y Y Y minimum recommended data GPRTE Y U U N route data, only when there is an active route. (this is sometimes bidirectional) GPWPL Y Y U N waypoint data, only when there is an active route (this is sometimes bidirectional) Chun NMEA 2.3 u ra NMEA 2.3 t Garmin Legend, Vista, v c thm mt s u ra khc c cc on m BWC, VTG, v XTE. u ra Encore Motorola l GGA, GLL, GSV, RMC, VTG, ZDA v on m thuc s hu PMOTG. Nhng n v c bn da trn chipset c th lm u ra: GGA, GLL, GSA, GSV, RMC, v VTG. u ra thc s l u ra c chung trnh ng dng hoc ngi dng chn la. bit thm chi tit, xem di y. Mt s phin bn nng cp kh nng ca SiRF vi nhiu on m khc nhau cng nh bng hnh thc thay i firmware. V d, thit b nhn u-blox b sung thm ZDA v mt s on m thuc s hu v lp thnh danh sch cc on m. Thit b thu Garmin s gi nhng on m thuc s hu nh sau: PGRME (estimated error) - not sent if set to 0183 1.5 PGRMM (map datum) PGRMZ (altitude) PSLIB (beacon receiver control) Nh rng Garmin chuyn i LAT/LON v phi hp vi d liu c chn la khi gi d liu. iu ny c th hin trong on m thuc s hu PGRMM. N cng gip cc chng trnh s dng th vi d liu khc nhng khng phi l chun NMEA. Nn chc chn v lp d liu WGS84 vo cc n v ca Garmin khi giao tip vi thit b theo chun NMEA khc. 1.5.4 Mt s on m theo chun NMEA xc nh v tr

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Mt s thit b cng h tr chun u vo NMEA. Mc d khng c nhiu chng trnh h tr theo chun ny nhng n cung cp cch thc chun ny cp nht hoc b sung im mc v l trnh d liu. Lu rng, khng c s mc ni hay lnh trong chun NMEA do vy bn ch cn gi d liu vo nhng on m chnh xc v n v s chp nhn d liu v b sung hoc ghi thng tin trong b nh. nu d liu khng c nh dng ng, d liu s d b b qua. Trnh t tr v trn mt dng ni tip bt buc phi c. V d, nu on m d liu ging nhau, bn s ghi chng ln d liu c m khng c cnh bo trc. Cu trc mt on m cn phi ging vi cu trc m thit b ti xung ti xung V vy bn c th lu gi on m WPL t mt thit b v sau gi on m mu ny ti thit b khc, nhng cn phi cn thn v hai thit b phi h tr nhiu on m khc nhau vi di khc nhau khi thit b nhn c th ct xn nhng on m ny v vit chng ln mt on m ngu nhin. Nu bn mun to ra mt on m t rt nhiu cc on m khc nhau, bn nn to mt on m kim tra chnh xc. Phi chc chn l bn bit v tng t thit b vo d liu chnh xc. Nhiu thit b h tr u vo cho nhng on m kiu WPL v mt vi thit b cng h tr RTE. Trong u vo NMEA, thit b thu lu tr thng tin da sau khi hiu bn thn on m . Tuy mt s thit b thu nhn u vo theo chun NMEA, u vo ny ch c th cp nht mt im u hoc thc hin cc chc nng tng t v khng gi lnh ti thit b. Cc on m thuc u vo s hu c th dng gi lnh. V giao thc Magellan upload v dowload da trn cu trc on m chun NMEA, n h tr thng bo WPL sa i, nhng thng bo ny c th thm li dn gii, cao v d liu dng biu tng. Mt s thit b hng hi c th chp nhn u vo cho cc thng s nh su hay nng ca nc da vo nhng on m DPT hoc MTW tnh ra nhit nc. V d, Bn Garmin 76 h tr cc on m u vo DPT, MTW ( c nhit ), v VHW ( c tc ). Nhng thit b khc c th s dng on m u vo theo chun NMEA cung cp d liu khi to qua cc on m thuc s hu hoc chn la on m NMEA chun no lm u ra. 1.5.4.1Gii m mt s on m xc nh v tr Nhng on m NMEA quan trng nht bao gm GGA, RMC, GSA. GGA cung cp d liu hin thi.

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RMC cung cp nhng on m thng tin v thit b thu GPS mt cch ti thiu. GSA cung cp d liu v tnh trng v tinh.

a) GGA d liu thit yu c cung cp di dng 3 chiu v chnh xc cao. $GPGGA,123519,4807.038,N,01131.000,E,1,08,0.9,545.4,M,46.9,M,,*47

Where: GGA 123519 Global Positioning System Fix Data Fix taken at 12:35:19 UTC

4807.038,N Latitude 48 deg 07.038' N 01131.000,E Longitude 11 deg 31.000' E 1 Fix quality: 0 = invalid

1 = GPS fix (SPS) 2 = DGPS fix 3 = PPS fix 4 = Real Time Kinematic 5 = Float RTK 6 = estimated (dead reckoning) (2.3 feature) 7 = Manual input mode 8 = Simulation mode 08 0.9 545.4,M 46.9,M Number of satellites being tracked Horizontal dilution of position Altitude, Meters, above mean sea level Height of geoid (mean sea level) above WGS84 ellipsoid (empty field) time in seconds since last DGPS update (empty field) DGPS station ID number

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Kha lun tt nghip the checksum data, always begins with *

on m ny cung cp thng tin chi tit v mt thng tin ca thin nhin. $GPGSA,A,3,04,05,,09,12,,,24,,,,,2.5,1.3,2.1*39

Where: GSA A 3 Satellite status Auto selection of 2D or 3D fix (M = manual) 3D fix - values include: 1 = no fix 2 = 2D fix 3 = 3D fix 04,05... PRNs of satellites used for fix (space for 12) 2.5 1.3 2.1 *39 PDOP (dilution of precision) Horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) Vertical dilution of precision (VDOP) the checksum data, always begins with *

d) GLL Cung cp thng tin v v tr ca cc thit b thu GPS S$GPGLL,4916.45,N,12311.12,W,225444,A,*31 Where: GLL Geographic position, Latitude and Longitude v 49 deg. 16.45 min. bc

4916.46,N

12311.12,W kinh 123 deg. 11.12 min. ty 225444 A *31 ly ti 22:54:44 UTC Data Active or V (void) checksum data

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c) RMC Cung cp d liu v v tr, vn tc, thi gian GPS- GPS PVT (position, velocity, time) $GPRMC,123519,A,4807.038,N,01131.000,E,022.4,084.4,230394,003.1,W*6A

Where: RMC 123519 A Recommended Minimum sentence C Fix taken at 12:35:19 UTC Status A=active or V=Void.

4807.038,N Latitude 48 deg 07.038' N 01131.000,E Longitude 11 deg 31.000' E 022.4 084.4 230394 003.1,W *6A Speed over the ground in knots Track angle in degrees True Date - 23rd of March 1994 Magnetic Variation The checksum data, always begins with *

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Chng 2: Tng quan v h thng GIS v k thut xy dng bn s

2.1 Tng quan v h thng GIS

2.1.1 Gii thiu v h thng GIS

GIS(GIS Geographic Information System) l h thng thng tin a l, n l mt nhnh ca cng ngh thng tin c hnh thnh v nhng nm 1960 v pht trin rng ri trong 10 nm tr li y. GIS c kh nng tr gip cc c quan chnh ph, cc nh qun l, cc doanh nghip, cc c nhn nh gi c hin trng ca qu trnh, cc thc th t nhin, kinh t - x hi thng qua cc chc nng thu thp qun l, truy vn, phn tch v tch hp cc thng tin c gn vi nn bn trn c s ta ca c s d liu u vo. Mt h thng GIS gm cc thnh phn: con ngi, phn cng, phn mm v c s d liu. Mc ch l chng ta c th s ha cc bn giy thnh cc bn s c th lu trn my tnh. Tuy c rt nhiu phn mm h tr s ha bn t mt bn giy sang bn s nhng trong ti ny ti dng phn mm Mapinfo 8.0 s ha bn . GIS c hnh thnh t cc ngnh khoa hc: a l, Bn , Tin hc v Ton hc. Ngun gc ca GIS l vic to cc bn chuyn , cc nh quy hoch s dng phng php chng lp bn , k thut ny cn c s dng trong vic tm kim v tr thch hp cho cc cng trnh c quy hoch. Vic s dng my tnh trong v bn c bt u vo cui thp nin 50, u 60, t y khi nim v GIS ra i nhng ch n nhng nm 80 th GIS mi c th pht huy ht kh nng ca n do s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh phn cng. Bt u t thp nin 80, GIS tr nn ph bin trong cc lnh vc thng mi, khoa hc v qun l, chng c th gp nhiu cch nh ngha v GIS: L mt tp hp ca cc phn cng, phn mm my tnh cng vi cc thng tin a l. Tp hp ny c thit k c th thu thp, lu tr, cp nhp, thao tc, phn tch, th hin tt c cc hnh thc thng tin mang tnh khng gian.

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C s d liu GIS l s tng hp c cu trc cc d liu s ha khng gian v phi khng gian v cc i tng bn , mi lin h gia cc i tng khng gian v cc tinh cht ca mt vng ca i tng GIS c vit tt ca: G: Geographic d liu khng gian th hin v tr, hnh dng (im, ng, vng) + I: Information thng tin v thuc tnh, khng th hin v tr + S: System S lin kt bn trong gia cc thnh phn khc nhau (phn cng, phn mm).

2.1.2 Cu trc d liu trong GIS

D liu ca mt h thng thng tin a l c th chia thnh hai dng: - Hnh nh (khng gian) - Phi hnh nh (thuc tnh)

2.1.2.1 D liu kiu khng gian

S liu hnh nh hay cn gi l d liu khng gian l s m t bng k thut s cc phn t bn . GIS s dng d liu hnh nh th hin bn ra mn hnh hay ra giy. Trong my tnh, d liu khng gian thng c th hin di cc dng sau: - im - ng - Vng - Cc im nh.

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Hnh 2.1 M hnh d liu khng gian c biu din trong my tnh Cc thnh phn ha trong c s d liu GIS thng c m t bng nhiu lp (layer), mi lp cha mt nhm i tng thun nht vi v tr ca chng theo h ta chung ca tt c cc lp.

2.1.2.2 D liu kiu phi khng gian

S liu thuc tnh th hin cc tnh cht, s lng, cht lng hay mi quan h ca cc phn t bn v cc v tr a l. Chng c lu tr di dng s hay k t. Thng thng d liu c qun l di dng bng (table) bao gm cc ct v mi ct l cc trng (field), mi hang l mt mu tin. nh ngha mt trng phi c tn trng (field name) v kiu d liu ca trng, kiu d liu c th l : kiu k t, kiu s nguyn, kiu s thc, kiu logic V d:

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Hnh 2.2: M hnh d liu phi khng gian

2.1.3 M hnh d liu trong GIS 2.1.3.1 M hnh d liu kiu RASTER
y l hnh thc n gin nht th hin d liu khng gian, m hnh Raster bao gm mt h thng vung hoc ch nht c gi l pixel. V tr ca mi pixel c xc nh bi s hang v s ct. Gi tr c gn vo pixel tng trng cho mt thuc tnh m n th hin. V d mt cn nh c th hin bng 1 pixel c gi tr l H, con sng c th hin bng nhiu pixel c cng gi tr l R, tng t khu rng cng c th hin bng mt nhm pixel c cng gi tr l D. Kch thc ca pixel cng nh th hnh nh n th hin cng sc nt, thng s th hin sc nt gi l tng phn. nh c tng phn cao, th sc nt cng cao, kch thc pixel nh. Tuy nhin, hai nh Raster c cng kch thc, nu nh no c tng phn cao th file d liu cha n s ln hn. V d nu 1 pixel th hin mt din tch l 250m X 250m mt t trn thc t, th th hin mt khong cch 1km ta cn 4 pixel, th hin mt din tch 1km x 1km ta cn 16 pixel. Khi ta gim kch thc pixel xung cn 100m X 100m, th hin mt khong cch 1km ta cn 10 pixel, th hin mt din tch 1km X 1km ta cn 100 pixel. V kch thc ca file d liu lin quan ti s lng pixel nn ta thy rng kch thc ca file tng ln ng k khi ta tng tng phn ca nh Raster.

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Hnh 2.3 M hnh d liu kiu RASTER

2.1.3.2 M hnh d liu kiu VECTOR

M hnh d liu vector th hin v tr chnh xc ca vt th hay hin tng trong khng gian. Trong m hnh d liu vector, ngi ta gi s rng h thng ta l chnh xc. Thc t, mc chnh xc b gii hn bi s ch s dng th hin mt gi tr trong my tnh, tuy nhin n chnh xc hn nhiu so vi m hnh d liu Raster. Vt th trn tri t c th hin trn bn da trn h ta hai chiu x,y, trn bn vt th c th c th hin nh l cc im (point), ng (line) hay vng (area). M hnh d liu vector cng tng t nh vy, mt vt th dng im (point feature) c cha di dng cp ta (x, y). Mt vt th dng dng (line feature) c cha di dng mt chui cc cp ta (x,y). Mt vt th dng vng (area feature) dc cha di dng mt chui cc cp ta (x,y) vi cp u ta bng vi cp ta cui, hay cn gi l a gic (polygon).

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Hnh 2.4 M hnh d liu kiu VECTOR

2.2

K thut xy dng bn s trn phn mm Mapinfo.

2.2.1 Cch ng k mt bn trn Mapinfo.

ng k mt bn giy vo Mapinof, trc ht bn phi c chuyn thnh nh trn my tnh. Nu ch s dng nh qut ng k nhm mc ch s ha trn Mapinfo th ta c th lu nh dnh dng JPEG.

2.2.1.1 Xc nh cc im khng ch.

Mun him th c nh qut ng ta trong Mapinfo, th cn t nht 3 im trn bn v np ta ca cc im vo lm c s nh v. ng k mt bn trong Mapinfo ta vo file -> Open v hp thoi Open table c m ra. Trong files of type chn Raster Image v sau chn nh cn dng. Mapinfo s him th hp thoi thng bao hi him th hay ng k nh, trong trng hp ny ta s chn Register ng k nh.

2.2.1.2 Thit lp h ta
Sau khi ng k xong bn ta phi chn h quy chiu cho chng y l bc rt quan trng trong ng k nh v nu ta chn sai th cc tp tin s ha sau ny cn c trn nh qut s khng chnh xc v trong nhiu trng hp bn sau khi s ha xong lc m s b mo. Nh vy khi ng k mt bn nht thit ta phi chn

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mt h quy chiu cho n. chn h quy chiu trong Mapinfo ta vo Projection -> Choose Projection hp thoi s m ra nu khng bit h quy chiu m li c ta cc im khng ch tnh bng kinh / v th ta chn h ta WGS84 (Longgitude/Latitude ) xong nhn OK, sau nhn vo Units ta chn n v cho h ta . Trong trng hp mc nh th n ly n v l (degrees). Bc tip theo l ta s np ta ca cc im khng ch bng cch di chut vo trong t bn va ang k khi no xut hin du cng v nhn chut v hp thoi np im khng ch hin ra v chng ta np vo im khng ch. trong kha lun ny em s dng 3 im khng ch l : im cui ng Hong Quc Vit, im Ca Nam, v cu Long Bin.

2.2.2 Cch s ha bn trn Mapinfo.

Trong Mapinfo, bn c t chc theo tng lp, nh vy mt bn trong Mapinfo s gm nhiu lp, mi lp cha thng tin a l nht nh cng vi d liu ca mt loi i tng trn bn . Nh vy sau khi ng k xong bn v h quy chiu ta s phi phn tch ra cc lp i tng. Bn trong Mapinfo c th c cc loi i tng sau: im: im tng trng cho nhng thong tin c tnh cht v tr, v tr nh Thnh ph, trm xng, trng hc ng: ng tng trng cho nhng thng tin c chiu di v d nh ng giao thng, sng sui, h thng ng in, Mapinfo phn bit ra 3 loi ng khc nhau l ng thng, cung, ng gp khc Vng: vng tng trng cho nhng thong tin c din tch, vng thng c dng biu din cho cc tnh, qun, ao h K t: y l mt kiu i tng c bit, n l nhng k t m ta c th ghi trc tip ln bn v lu li thnh mt lp ring.

Nh vy sau khi phn tch ra cc lp i tng ta trong bn th c th to cc lp i tng trn bn v chnh sa cc i tng trn lp . to mt lp mi ta vo Map -> Layer control -> New layer Trong kho lun ny em ch to ra cc lp text th hin tn cc a im v tn cc ng, lp ng th hin cc tuyn ng H Ni.

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Chng 3: Ngn ng lp trnh C#

3.1

Ngn ng C#

3.1.1 Tng quan v ngn ng C#

C# l mt ngn ng lp trnh mi, n c thit k ring dng cho .NET FrameWork. y l mt ngn ng hon ton hng i tng, c thit k da trn kinh nghim ca cc ngn ng hng i tng khc. C# l mt ngn ng c lp, n c th sinh ra m ch trong mi trng .NET v n khng phi l mt phn ca .NET. Bi vy, c mt s c trng c h tr bi .NET nhng khng c h tr bi C#, tuy nhin phin bn mi ca C#, cc c trng ny c b sung dn dn. C# c tnh din t cao, h tr lp trnh c cu trc, hng i tng v hng thnh phn (Component Oriented). Trng tm ca ngn ng hng i tng l lp. Lp nh ngha kiu d liu mi, cho php m rng ngn ng theo hng cn gii quyt. C# c nhng t kha dnh cho vic khai bo lp, phng thc, thuc tnh mi. N h tr y cc khi nim tr ct trong lp trnh hng i tng: ng gi, tha k, a hnh. nh ngha lp trong C# khng i hi tch ri tp tin tiu vi tp tin ci t nh trong C++. C# cng h tr khi nim giao din (Interfaces) tng t nh Java. Mt lp ch c th k tha t mt lp cha nhng c th ci t ca nhiu giao din. Kiu cu trc ca C# khng ging vi C++, cu trc khng th k tha lp hay c k tha nhng n c th ci t giao din. C# cung cp nhng c trng ca lp trnh hng thnh phn nh cc thuc tnh (property), s kin v dn hng khai bo. Lp trnh hng thnh phn c h tr b CLR thng qua siu d liu (metadata). Siu d liu m t cc lp bao gm cc phng thc v cc thuc tnh, cc thng tin bo mt C# cho php truy cp trc tip b nh dng con tr iu khin C++, nhng vng m c xem nh khng an ton. CLR s khng thc thi vic thu gom rc t ng cc i tng tham chiu bi con tr cho n khi lp trnh vin phi t gii phng.

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3.1.2 M chng trnh

using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Data; using System.Drawing; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.Windows.Forms; using System.Reflection; using MapInfo.Data; using MapInfo.Mapping; using MapInfo.Engine; using MapInfo.Windows.Dialogs; using MapInfo.Geometry;

namespace TestMapinfo { public partial class MainForm : Form { private MICommand miCommand; private MIConnection miConnection; private string dataRec = "dslkvnldsvndskvndk"; public MainForm() { InitializeComponent(); }

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private void timer1_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e) { mapControl1.Refresh(); } private void LoadTables(MapInfo.Mapping.MapLoader tl) { try { // Set table loader options mapControl1.Map.Load(tl); } catch (Exception ex) { string s = ex.Message + "\r\nMake sure the TableSearchPath '" + Session.Current.TableSearchPath.Path + "' is set to point to the location where the sample data is installed"; MessageBox.Show(s); } }

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { double temp = 0; if (double.TryParse(lblXCoor.Text, out temp) && double.TryParse(lblYCoor.Text, out temp)) { miConnection = new MIConnection();

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Mc ng Huy miCommand = miConnection.CreateCommand(); miConnection.Open();

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CoordSysFactory factory = Session.Current.CoordSysFactory; MapInfo.Geometry.CoordSys coordSys; Datum datum = factory.CreateDatum(DatumID.WGS84); coordSys = factory.CreateCoordSys(CoordSysType.LongLat, datum, DistanceUnit.Degree, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, null); DPoint myMotoDpoint = new DPoint(double.Parse(lblXCoor.Text), double.Parse(lblYCoor.Text)); MapInfo.Geometry.Ellipse myMoto = new MapInfo.Geometry.Ellipse(coordSys, myMotoDpoint, 0.0002, 0.0002, DistanceUnit.Degree, DistanceType.Spherical); miCommand.CommandText = "UPDATE Hanhtrinh set Obj = @myMoto"; miCommand.Parameters.Add("@myMoto", myMoto); miCommand.ExecuteNonQuery(); miCommand.Dispose(); miConnection.Close(); MapTableLoader tl = new MapTableLoader(@"C:\MAP\HanoiMap.TAB", @"C:\MAP\Hanhtrinh.TAB"); LoadTables(tl); } }

private void ToolBarButtonClickEventArgs e) {

mapToolBar1_ButtonClick(object

sender,

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private void MainForm_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { MapTableLoader tl = new MapTableLoader(@"C:\MAP\HanoiMap.TAB", @"C:\MAP\Hanhtrinh.TAB"); LoadTables(tl); MIConnection connection = new MIConnection(); MICommand command = connection.CreateCommand(); command.CommandText = "Select * From Hanhtrinh"; connection.Open(); MIDataReader reader = command.ExecuteReader(); reader.Read(); object o = reader.GetValue(0); Ellipse myMoto = (Ellipse)o; lblXCoor.Text = myMoto.GeometricCentroid.x.ToString(); lblYCoor.Text = myMoto.GeometricCentroid.y.ToString(); mapControl1.Map.SetView(new DPoint(myMoto.GeometricCentroid.x, myMoto.GeometricCentroid.y), Session.Current.CoordSysFactory.CreateCoordSys(CoordSysType.LongLat, Session.Current.CoordSysFactory.CreateDatum(DatumID.WGS84), DistanceUnit.Degree, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, null), 25000); reader.Close(); connection.Close(); } private void mapControl1_MouseClick(object sender, MouseEventArgs e) {

System.Drawing.PointF DisplayPoint = new PointF(e.X, e.Y);

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MapInfo.Geometry.DPoint MapPoint = new MapInfo.Geometry.DPoint(); MapInfo.Geometry.DisplayTransform this.mapControl1.Map.DisplayTransform; converter.FromDisplay(DisplayPoint, out MapPoint); lblXCoor.Text = MapPoint.x.ToString(); lblYCoor.Text = MapPoint.y.ToString(); } converter =

private void button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { MIConnection connection = new MIConnection(); MICommand command = connection.CreateCommand(); command.CommandText = "Select * From Hanhtrinh";

connection.Open(); MIDataReader reader = command.ExecuteReader(); int i, n = reader.FieldCount; for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { MessageBox.Show(reader.GetName(i)); } while (reader.Read()) { for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { object o = reader.GetValue(i); if (o == DBNull.Value) MessageBox.Show("null\t");

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Mc ng Huy else MessageBox.Show(o.ToString()); } Console.Out.WriteLine(); } reader.Close(); command.Dispose(); connection.Close();

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private void serialPort_DataReceived(object System.IO.Ports.SerialDataReceivedEventArgs e) { this.dataRec = serialPort.ReadLine(); }

sender,

private void MainForm_Shown(object sender, EventArgs e) { try { serialPort.Open(); } catch { MessageBox.Show("COM port ERROR!"); //Application.Exit(); }

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private void button3_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { //string "$GPGGA,180453.000,2101.1512,N,10549.8171,E,2,08,1.2,4.8,M,20.7,M,1.8,0000*5F"; UPDATE(); } private void UPDATE() { if (dataRec.Substring(0, 6).Equals("$GPGGA")) { try { double X, Y; Y = (double.Parse(dataRec.Split(',')[2].Substring(0, 2))) + double.Parse(dataRec.Split(',')[2].Substring(2, 7)) / 600000; X = (double.Parse(dataRec.Split(',')[4].Substring(0, 3))) + double.Parse(dataRec.Split(',')[4].Substring(3, 7)) / 600000; //Cap nhat lai ban do miConnection = new MIConnection(); miCommand = miConnection.CreateCommand(); miConnection.Open(); CoordSysFactory factory = Session.Current.CoordSysFactory; MapInfo.Geometry.CoordSys coordSys; Datum datum = factory.CreateDatum(DatumID.WGS84); coordSys = factory.CreateCoordSys(CoordSysType.LongLat, datum, DistanceUnit.Degree, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, null); dataRec =

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Mc ng Huy DPoint myMotoDpoint = new DPoint(X, Y);

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MapInfo.Geometry.Ellipse myMoto = new MapInfo.Geometry.Ellipse(coordSys, myMotoDpoint, 0.0002, 0.0002, DistanceUnit.Degree, DistanceType.Spherical); miCommand.CommandText = "UPDATE Hanhtrinh set Obj = @myMoto"; miCommand.Parameters.Add("@myMoto", myMoto); miCommand.ExecuteNonQuery(); miCommand.Dispose(); miConnection.Close(); MapTableLoader MapTableLoader(@"C:\MAP\Hanhtrinh.TAB"); LoadTables(tl); //refresh ban do MIConnection connection = new MIConnection(); MICommand command = connection.CreateCommand(); command.CommandText = "Select * From Hanhtrinh"; connection.Open(); MIDataReader reader =_command.ExecuteReader(); reader.Read(); object o = reader.GetValue(0); myMoto = (Ellipse)o; lblXCoor.Text = myMoto.GeometricCentroid.x.ToString(); lblYCoor.Text = myMoto.GeometricCentroid.y.ToString(); mapControl1.Map.SetView(new DPoint(myMoto.GeometricCentroid.x, myMoto.GeometricCentroid.y), Session.Current.CoordSysFactory.CreateCoordSys(CoordSysType.LongLat, datum, DistanceUnit.Degree, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, null), 10000); reader.Close(); tl = new

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Mc ng Huy connection.Close(); } catch {

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} } }

private void timer2_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e) { UPDATE(); }

} }

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Kt lun
Sau mt khong thi gian nghin cu v tm hiu c v l thuyt v thc hnh em thu c mt s thnh qu sau kha lun ca mnh: Nm c l thuyt c bn v h thng GPS, chnh l nhng c im v cng ngh GPS Nm c nhng khi nim v giao thc c bn c bn trong truyn thng GPS Nm c l thuyt c bn v h thng GIS v cch s ha mt bn s. Tuy nhin do thi gian v kin thc cn hn ch, kha lun ca em vn cn nhiu thiu st v khuyt im, cc ng dng hp, ch mang tnh cht nghin cu. Nhng thiu st c th k ra nh: Cha thnh tho trong lp trnh C# nn thit k giao din hin th trn my tnh cn n gin Cha tm hiu v cch khi phc tn hiu trong cc my thu GPS Cha khc phc c sai s Vi ti THIT B GPS V NG DNG TRN BN S s l tin cho em trong vic xy dng mt h thng qun l phng tin giao thng cng nh h thng dn ng phng tin ng b s dng cng ngh GPS.

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[1] http://en.wikipedia.org [2] http://www.gpsinformation.org [3] http://vi.wikipedia.org [4] Global Positioning Systems, Inertial Navigation, and Integration John Wily & Sons

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MT S T VIT TT TRONG KHA LUN

GPS Global Positioning System GIS Geographic Information System C/A Coarse/Acquisition

PRN - Pseudo Random Noise MCS - master control station OCS - operational control system (OCS)

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