Chng 1

Tng quan v h phn tn

1. nh ngha
I. Lch s pht trin II. Cc nh ngha III. V d

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Ni dung
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. nh ngha c im ca h phn tn Thnh phn ca h phn tn Cc loi h phn tn Cc vn cn nghin cu trong h phn tn

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I. Lch s pht trin ca cc h thng my tnh

Th h My tnh bng in t My tnh bng bn dn My tnh mch in My tnh c nhn Kch thc CPU KHz KHz xxM Hz Xxx Hz GHz GHz GHz RAM KB MB xxMB GB HDD MB xMB xxMB GBXXX GB GBTB xxGB MIPS Cch s dng Trm lm vic Trm lm vic Trm lm vic thng minh C nhn

My tnh xch tay My tnh b ti Cc thit b di ng

GB GB GB

C nhn di ng Ph tr c nhn Ph tr c nhn

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Lch s pht trin ca kt ni mng

Kt ni qua dy in thoi
Kt ni cc my tnh ln ca cc trng i hc

Kt ni mng cc b/kt ni im im tc cao

Kt ni cc my tnh c nhn thnh mng cc b v lin mng

Kt ni khng dy
Cho php cc thit b tnh ton c th di chuyn trong phm vi hp

Kt ni di ng
Cho php cc thit b tnh ton c th di chuyn phm vi rng
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Wireless Networks

Mng khng dy
Cellular - GSM (Europe+), TDMA & CDMA (US)
FM: 1.2-9.6 Kbps; Digital: 9.6-14.4 Kbps (ISDN-like services) Cellular Subscribers in the United States: 90,000 in 1984; 4.4 million in 1990; 13 million in 1994; 120 million in 2000; 187.6 million by 2004 (Cahner In-State Group Report). Handheld computer market will grow to $1.77 billion by 2002

Public Packet Radio - Proprietary

19.2 Kbps (raw), 9.6 Kbps (effective)

Private and Share Mobile Radio Paging Networks typically one-way communication
low receiving power consumption

Satellites wide-area coverage (GEOS, MEOS, LEOS)

LEOS: 2.4 Kbps (uplink), 4.8Kbps (downlink)

Thay i v cch thc s dng my tnh

Khng hn ch trong cng vic tnh ton Gii tr, lin lc, h tr cng vic Mt ngi c th c nhiu my tnh Nhu cu c mt phn mm phi hp cc my tnh kt hp vi nhau
n gin, hiu qu, thng nht

ng dng phn tn H thng phn tn

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II. nh ngha
H thng my tnh trao i thng tin ln nhau H thng cc my tnh
c lp trao i thng tin ln nhau thc hin nhim v tnh ton chung

H thng cc my tnh
c lp cung cp cc dch v cho NSD mt cch thng nht - nh mt my tnh duy nht
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Cc my tnh c lp
Khng ph thuc ln nhau C th l cc my tnh c kin trc khc nhau C th l cc my tnh c phn mm h thng khc nhau m bo kt ni ln nhau v thc hin nhim v chung

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Kt ni ln nhau
Cc my tnh c ni vi nhau bng mng my tnh Phn mm trn cc my tnh phi phi hp cc thc th phn mm c th trao i thng tin ln nhau

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Cung cp dch v mt cch thng nht

Cc my tnh phi phi hp vi nhau hng ti mt nhim v: cung cp dch v Dch v c cung cp ti NSD bng mt giao din thng nht
Thng nht v cch thc truy cp dch v Thng nht v giao din Mc thng nht

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III. V d v h phn tn
WWW system
Cc my tnh (web server, web client) c lp (cu hnh, hh ty ) Phi hp ln nhau (HTTP) Cung cp dch v (thng tin) Giao din duy nht (web page, .) Phn tn
Web page c th nm trn cc my tnh khc nhau Truy cp bng dng a ch <> click

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V d: h thng Email
Email client v server (my tnh) Cu hnh khc nhau Cung cp dch v trao i thng tin bng email Giao din thng nht

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H thng email
Ngi s dng Ngi s dng

SMTP

Web Mail POP/IMAP

SMTP

Web Mail POP/IMAP

B m th gi i

Hp th NSD

Web Server

B m th gi i

Hp th NSD

Web Server

Cc b danh SMTP MTA MDA

Cc b danh

Internet MTA MDA

Cc bn ghi MX

Cc bn ghi MX

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Ch
Phn bit h thng song song//phn tn Phn bit h phn tn v ng dng phn tn

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2. c im ca h phn tn
I. Cc c im chung II. Chia s ti nguyn III. Tnh trong sut IV.Tnh m V. Tnh co gin (scallability)

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I. Cc c trng ca mt h thng phn tn

Khng c ng h chung cho cc thnh phn x l Khng c b nh chung Phn tn trn cc v tr a l khc nhau T ch Khng ng nht

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II. Chia s ti nguyn

Kt ni ti nguyn Gim chi ph Tng tnh sn sng H tr lm vic nhm Tng ri ro v an ton thng tin

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Kt ni ti nguyn
Ti nguyn
Phn cng
CPU, my in, RAM

Phn mm
Ti liu, trang web, tp,

H phn tn:
kt ni cc my tnh bng mng my tnh Cho php chia s cc ti nguyn ca cc my tnh

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V sao cn chia s
NSD s dng ti nguyn ca h thng t xa Chia s ti nguyn: cho php nhiu NSD cng chia s nhiu ti nguyn: Gim chi ph Tng kh nng trao i gia NSD v NSD (web, groupware) Tng cng kh nng sn sng ca h thng

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Ri ro khi chia s ti nguyn

Chia s ti nguyn: thm l hng bo mt Ti nguyn chia s: vn v quyn truy cp Ti nguyn chia s: theo di cc thng tin c nhn > hnh thnh cc thng tin vi phm tnh ring t

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III. Tnh trong sut (transparency)

H thng l duy nht vi NSD
Giao din ging nhau Cch thc truy cp ging nhau

Trong sut v qui m v v tr Che giu tnh phn tn ca h phn tn

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Tnh trong sut

Loi trong sut M t Che giu s khc nhau trong biu din d liu v cch thc truy cp ti nguyn. Che giu v tr ca ti nguyn Che giu vic ti nguyn chuyn n a im khc Che giu vic ti nguyn chuyn n a im khc trong khi ang c s dng Che giu vic d liu c cung cp t nhiu bn sao khc nhau

Truy cp
a im Di tr

Chuyn a im
Sao lu

Tng tranh Th li
Bn vng
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Che giu vic ti nguyn c truy cp ng thi bi nhiu NSD Che giu li v qu trnh phc hi ca ti nguyn
Che giu vic ti nguyn/d liu c lu tr bn vng (disk) hoc khng (RAM)

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Mc trong sut
Trong sut tuyt i?
Thng bo cho NSD M v VN Thi gian truyn tin gia 2 my tnh trong phng v xuyn lc a Cp nht cc bn sao d liu

Trong sut<>hiu nng C phi khi no cng cn trong sut

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IV. Tnh m
H phn tn m cung cp cc dch v theo cc c t v c php v ng ngha ca cc dch v, gi l giao thc Thng c m t bng IDL Tnh y ca c t
Qu chi tit: ph thuc vo ci t c th ca dch v Khng chi tit: Khi ci t phi b sung thm: ph thuc vo ci t c th ca dch v

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Tnh m (2)
Kh nng phi hp (interoperability) Tnh kh chuyn (portability) Tnh m rng c (extensibility) Thc hin: tch bit chnh sch v c ch

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V. Tnh co gin
Kch thc:
s lng NSD v ti nguyn thay i

Khng gian a l
Qui m vng a l c ti nguyn v NSD thay i

T chc
Qui m t chc thay i

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Co gin theo s lng

M hnh tp trung
Dch v: c chai D liu: lu tr, x l Gii thut: thng tin vo ra, x l

M hnh khng tp trung

Phc tp, v v bo mt v ring t Quyt nh cc b Khng c thng tin chung Khng pht hin c li
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Co gin theo khng gian a l

Gn: mng cc b
qung b, tc cao, tin cy, tr c nh)

Xa: mng din rng

im im, tc thp, khng tin cy, tr thay i

Khc nhau
Tc truyn tin, tr, . ng b/khng ng b Cc thao tc qung b

Ch yu m bo trao i thng tin trn mng din rng nh vi mng cc b

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3. Cc thnh phn h phn tn

I. Phn cng h phn tn II. Phn mm h phn tn III. Phn trung gian

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I. Thnh phn phn cng h phn tn/song song

Multiprocessors:
a vi x l s dng chung mt b nh chia s Kt ni CPU-Memory c th thng qua BUS hoc mng switching tc cao

MultiComputer
H thng gm nhiu nt, mi nt c 1 hoc nhiu CPU+b nh ring Thng c m phng thnh mt my tnh c mt b nh phn tn

Homogenous MultiComputer System: PC Cluster

H thng cc my tnh ng nht (ging nhau) Kt ni bng mng cc b tc cao

Heterogenous MultiComputer System

H thng cc my tnh khng ng nht Kt ni bng mng din rng Grid, Cloud
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Cc loi phn cng h phn tn

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H a vi x l(1)

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H a vi x l (2)

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H thng cc my tnh ng nht

1-9

a) Li b) Siu li
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H my tnh khng ng nht

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Phn loi ca Flynch vi cc my tnh song song

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II. Phn mm h phn tn

System DOS Description Main Goal Trong sut Cung cp dch v cc b cho cc my tnh khc Tnh trong sut phn tn

OS gn cht vi h thng phn cng (my a vi x l hoc my tnh ng b) multicomputers

NOS trn cc my tnh cc b Ci t cc dch v c bn thc hin, pht trin cc ng dng

NOS Middleware

DOS (Distributed Operating Systems) NOS (Network Operating Systems) Middleware

ng dng phn tn
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H iu hnh phn tn

1.11

H iu hnh thng thng trn 1 CPU

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Kin trc h iu hnh nhiu my tnh

1.14

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ng b trong h iu hnh nhiu my tnh

Alternatives for blocking and buffering in message passing.

1.15

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H iu hnh nhiu my tnh(3)

Synchronization point Block sender until buffer not full Block sender until message sent Block sender until message received Block sender until message delivered Send buffer Yes No No No Reliable comm. guaranteed? Not necessary Not necessary Necessary Necessary

Relation between blocking, buffering, and reliable communications.

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H thng vi b nh chia s phn tn

C th c trng hp gi chia s vi m hnh b nh chia s phn tn

1.18

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H thng vi b nh chia s phn tn

a) Cc trang b nh c chia s gia 4 CPU
CPU 1 gi trang 10 Trng hp trang 10 ch c v s dng sao lu

b) c)

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H iu hnh mng
H phn tn vi h iu hnh mng

1-19

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H iu hnh mng

1-20

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H iu hnh mng
Tnh trong sut ca h iu hnh mng

1.21

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III. Middleware
Xy dng ng dng phn tn i hi thc hin nhiu thao tc k thut ging nhau, khng lin quan n logic ca chng trnh Tp hp cc thao tc c lp trnh sn to ra b th vin dnh cho cc nh pht trin Mt s cc thao tc c cung cp khi thc hin: cc dch v h tr ca phn mm trung gian
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Dch v ca Middle ware

Truy cp trong sut Cc phng tin trao i thng tin bc cao Dch v nh danh Dch v lu tr bn vng Giao tc phn tn Bo mt Cc dch v khc

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Middleware v tnh m

1.23

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IV. So snh cc phn mm ca h phn tn

Tiu ch so snh Tnh c lp
S lng CPU, b nh, phn cng/phn mm ging nhau, khc nhau, s lng hh, .

Tnh m
Kh nng b sung mt thnh phn mi vi phn cng/phn mm/khc nhau, ging nhau

Tnh trong sut

S lng giao din dnh cho ngi s dng/nh pht trin
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Cc loi phn mm h phn tn

Item Mc trong sut
Mt HH trn cc nt Distributed OS Multiproc. Multicomp. Network OS Middlewarebased OS

Rt cao
Yes

Cao
Yes

Thp
No

Cao
No

S lng bn HH
Trao i thng tin Qun l ti nguyn Co gin M

1
B nh chia s Ton cc tp trung Khng ng

N
Chuyn thng bo Ton cc phn tn C th ng

N
Tp Theo nt C M

N
Ty thuc Theo nt Ty thuc M

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3. Cc loi h phn tn
H thng tnh ton phn tn H thng thng tin phn tn H thng tnh ton khp ni v di ng

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I. H thng tnh ton phn tn

Cc siu my tnh
L my tnh n chic, gi thnh cao, cng ngh tnh ton tin tin, kh nng x l cao Mt giao din duy nht

H thng my tnh b
Tp hp cc my tnh ng nht Kt ni bng mng my tnh tc cao Thng c mt master iu khin cc trm khc Kt ni thng qua mt giao din duy nht
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H thng tnh ton li

H thng my tnh li Kt ni ti nguyn ca n v t chc o Kin trc 4 lp Lp ng dng Lp phi hp Lp kt niti nguyn Lp sn xut
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H thng tnh ton li

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H thng tnh ton m my

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II. H thng x l thng tin phn tn

Cc giao dch phn tn

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H thng thng tin qun l

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Tch hp cc ng dng

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 Cng ngh thng tin pht trin Cc thit b

III. H thng tnh ton khp ni v di ng

Phn cng, phn mm, truyn thng
Hin i v chc nng, nh gn, kh nng x l cao, tiu tn in nng t Truy cp mi ni, mi lc, bng mi phng tin

Ngi s dng
m bo mi trng cho cc thit b hot ng Kch hot cc thit b khi c nhu cu s dng Cu hnh, qun tr cc thit b Qu nhiu yu cu i vi ngi s dng
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H thng tnh ton khp ni v di ng

Cng ngh thng tin
Cng ngh h tr cho mi lnh vc Chuyn xung background

Ngi s dng khng cn thc hin cc thao tc kch hot, cu hnh H thng thng tin phn tn t tm hiu nhu cu ca ngi s dng thc hin cc thao tc tng ng H thng thng tin phn tn t tm hiu mi trng cu hnh cho ph hp
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H thng cung cp thc n

Theo di lng thc n ang c trong cc t lnh Theo di lng thc n tiu th T ng loi cc thc n qu hn T ng t hng Cp nht cc thng tin v thc n mi v cnh bo Nu c ngi mun theo di thi quen n ung

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H thng qun l lch xe but

Hin ti:
Theo di lch, bn , lp lch trnh n xe Khng cp nht tnh hnh tr, kt xe, lng khch

Tng lai
Xc nh s khch mun i phn phi xe Khng cn bn xe Hnh khch c thng bo khi no xe n gn th n

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Ngi nh thng minh

Xc thc c nhn ng m ca, bt n, iu khin cc thit b in theo yu cu

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5. Cc vn cn nghin cu trong h phn tn

I. Quan im h thng II. Quan im thut ton III. Quan im cng ngh v ng dng

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I. Quan im h thng
M hnh v kin trc
Trao i thng tin gia cc thnh phn ca h phn tn nh danh cc thc th ng b Lu tr v truy cp d liu Sao lu v thng nht

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Quan im h thng
Qun l cc tin trnh (cc lung m thc hin)

Th li Bo mt Giao din lp trnh

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II. Quan im thut ton

M hnh hnh thc thc hin ca cc h thng/thut ton phn tn th ng, nh tuyn ng Thi gian v trng thi ton cc Phi hp v ng b gia cc tin trnh
ng b ng h vt l, tuyn chn, loi tr ln nhau, pht hin v loi tr im cht, pht hin trng thi kt thc, thu dn h thng.

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Quan im thut ton

Trao i thng tin nhm, a im, trt t cc thng bo Gim st cc s kin phn tn Thit k v kim tra cc chng trnh phn tn Sa li chng trnh phn tn Cc m hnh sao lu, b m M phng b nh dng chung
Cc gii thut khng ch i, loi tr ln nhau, xy dng cc thanh ghi, m hnh thng nht d liu
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Quan im thut ton

Bi ton th li
Cc gii thut vi gi nh li, c ch bu, thng nht kt qu, giao tc phn tn, h thng t n nh, cc im kim sot v phc hi, pht hin li phn tn

Cn bng ti
Dch chuyn d liu, lp lch phn tn

Thi gian thc Hiu nng h thng

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III. Quan im ng dng v cng ngh

H thng di ng
Qun l thu bao, nh v, chn ng, thit lp knh truyn

Mng cm bin Tnh ton khp ni/di ng P2P Phn phi ni dung a phng tin Tc t phn tn Khai ph d liu phn tn Tnh ton li/tnh ton m my
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Cc ti liu tham kho quan trng

Distributed systems: concept and design, George Coulouris et al. 4th edition, 2005 Distributed Systems: Principles and Paradigm, Tanenbaum et al. 2nd edition, 2006 Distributed Computing Principles, Algorithms, and Systems, Ajay D. Kshemkalyani, Mukesh Singhal Cc bi bo v cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc c lin quan

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