INTRODUCTION: On a daily basis, individuals use cutting tools in everyday life, whether it is knives, lawnmowers, to more industrial tools

in plumbing, woodworking and metalwork. The tool is wedge shape object of hard material. Single point simplest from of cutting tool & it have only one cutting edge. ITS CHARACTERISTICS Hardness: Particularly at elevated temperatures (hot hardened).So, that the hardness, strength and wear resistances of the tool are maintained at the temperatures encountered in cutting operation. Toughness: The impact forces on the tool is interrupted during cutting operation or due to the vibration and other chatter during the machining do not chipping or fracture the tool Wear resistances: The acceptable tool life is obtained before the tool is indexed or replaced .it is based up on the wear of the tool. Chemical stability: It is with respect to work piece, so that any adverse reaction to tool wear is avoided. PROPERTIES OF THE SINGLE POINT CUTTING TOOL:
It should be harder than work piece material.

It should be tough.
It should have very high hot hardness. It should have very low thermal expansion coefficient. The tool should be able to withstand the heat generated in the metal cutting

process.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE CUTTING TOOLS: i. ii. Single point cutting tool. Multi point cutting tool.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE SINGLE POINT CITTING TOOL: Based up on the direction of the feed 1. Right hand tool 2. Left hand tool Based up on the method of manufacture. 1. Solid tools 2. Brazed tools 3. Inserted or bit tool Based up on the method of using tool. 1. Turning tool 2. Rough turning tool 3. Finish turning tool 4. Chamfering tool 5. Shoulder tool 6. External thread cutting tool 7. Internal thread cutting tool 8. Facing tool 9. Forming tool 10. Grooving tool 11. Boring tool 12. Counter boring tool 13. Under cutting tool
14. Parting tool.

TYPES OF SINGLE POINT TOOL BITS MATERIALS: Tool bits generally made of seven materials Carbon and medium Alloy steel: Carbon steels are the oldest tool materials and have been used for drills, taps, broaches, and reamers since 1880.low and medium alloys steels were developed for the similar application but with longer tool life. These do not have no sufficient hot hardness and wear resistances for high speeds .hard ness decreases with the increases of the temperature. High-speed steel: High speed steel are account for the large tonnage tool material today usage. High speed steel are so named because they were developed to cut at high speeds. They produced in early 1900sthey are High speed steels belong to the Fe-C-X multicomponent alloy system where X represents chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, or cobalt. They are highly alloyed of the tool steel. They can be hardened to various depth .They have good wear resistances . They are Two types of high speed steels .they are
1) Molybdenum (M-series):

Contains up to 10% Molybdenum with chromium, vanadium, Tungsten and cobalt and alloying elements.

2) Tungsten (T-series): Contains 12% to 18 % tungsten with chromium, vanadium and cobalt or alloying element. Cast alloys: These are introduced in 1995. They have fallowing ranges of the composition 38%to53% cobalt, 30%to 33%chromium and 10% to 20% tungsten. Because of their high hard ness, they have good wear resistance. Commonly known as the satellite tools.

Cemented Carbides: To meet the challenges of the high speed steels for production range carbides were introduced in the 1930s. The two basics groups of the carbides used for the machining operation are tungsten carbide and titanium carbide. 1) Tungsten carbide: Tungsten carbide (WC) is a composite material consisting of the tungsten carbide particles bonded together in a cobalt matrix .these are manufactured in a powder metallurgy .the amount of the cobalt result the change of the properties such as strength, hardness, wear resistances . 2) Titanium carbide: Titanium carbide has higher wear resistances than the tungsten carbide but in not tough with a nickel-molybdenum alloy or matrix .TIC can suitable for machining hard materials like mild steel, cast iron and for cutting at higher speeds. CERAMICS: Ceramics tool materials are introduced in early 1950s consists primarily of fine grained, high, purity aluminum oxide. They are cold pressed in to insert shapes under high pressure and sintered at high temperature. The end product is referred to white or cold pressed ceramics. Addition of titanium carbide and zinc chromium oxide helps improve properties such as the toughness and thermal shock resistance

Cubic Boron Nitride:

Next to the diamond, cubic boron nitride (CBN) is the hardest material presently available .it introduced in the 1962s .it also used as the abrasive particles and good adhesives cubic nitride is made by bonding 0.5-1mm (0.02-0.04inches) layers of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride to a carbide substrate by sintering under pressure .while carbide provide shock resistance. The CBN layers provide very high wear resistance and cutting edges strength

Polycrystalline Diamond: Of all known material, the hardest substances are diamond. It has high wear resistance and ability to maintain the sharp edges .singlecrystal diamond of various carats is used for special application. It is a brittle material .size and shape is important .these materials are consists of very small synthetic crystal fused by a high-pressure high temperature process to thick ness of about 0.5to 1mm (0.02to0.04inches) .diamond is also used as abrasive in grinding and polishing operation.

PROPERTIES OF THE CUTTING TOOL PROPERTIES High speed steel (HSS) 1) Unstable. 2) Inexpensive. 3) Retains hardness at moderate temperatures. 4) The most common cutting tool material used today. 5) Used extensively on drill bits and taps. 6) Hardness up to about HRC 67. Sharp cutting edges possible

Carbon steel: Unstable. Very inexpensive. Extremely sensitive to heat. Considered obsolete today although it is still found in non-intensive applications such as hand operated tools). HSS cobalt: Unstable. Moderately expensive. The high cobalt versions of high speed steel are very resistant to heat and thus excellent for machining abrasive and/or work hardening materials such as titanium and stainless steel. Used extensively on milling cutters and drill bits. Hardness up to about HRC 70. Sharp cutting edges possible. Cast cobalt alloys: Stable. Expensive. Somewhat fragile. Despite its stability it doesn't allow for high machining speed due to low hardness. Not used much. Hardness up to about HRC 65. Sharp cutting edges possible Cemented carbide: Stable. Moderately expensive.

 The most common material used in the industry today. It is offered in several "grades" containing different proportions of tungsten carbide and binder (usually cobalt). High resistance to abrasion.
High solubility in iron requires the additions of tantalum carbide and

niobium carbide for steel usage. Its main use is in turning tool bits although it is very common in milling cutters and saw blades. Hardness up to about HRC 90. Sharp edges generally not recommended.

Ceramics: Stable. Moderately inexpensive. Chemically inert and extremely resistant to heat, ceramics are usually desirable in high speed applications, the only drawback being their high fragility. Ceramics are considered unpredictable under unfavorable conditions.
The most common ceramic materials are based on alumina

(aluminum oxide), silicon nitride and silicon carbide. Used almost exclusively on turning tool bits. Hardness up to about HRC 93. Sharp cutting edges and positive rake angles are to be avoided.

Cubic boron nitride (CBN):

 Stable. Expensive. Being the second hardest substance known, it is also the second most fragile. It offers extremely high resistance to abrasion at the expense of much toughness. It is generally used in a machining process called "hard machining", which involves running the tool or the part fast enough to melt it before it touches the edge, softening it considerably. Used almost exclusively on turning tool bits. Hardness higher than HRC 95.

Sharp edges generally not recommended. Diamond: Stable. Very Expensive. The hardest substance known to date. Superior resistance to abrasion but also high chemical affinity to iron which results in being unsuitable for steel machining. It is used where abrasive materials would wear anything else. Extremely fragile. Used almost exclusively on turning tool bits although it can be used as a coating on many kinds of tools. Sharp edges generally not recommended

NOMENCLATURE:

CUTTING FLUIDS: A cutting fluids basically may be a coolant or a lubricant .Its effectives in cutting operation depends up on a number of factors such as method of application ,temperature ,cutting speed and type of machining operation .

Cutting fluids are used to achieve the fallowing results;

Reduce the friction and wear, thus improve tool life and surface finish. Reduce forces and energy consumption. Cool the cutting zone thus reduces.

Wear away the chip.

Protect the machine surface from environment cross ion

ITS ACTION; Its appears that the fluid is drawn in to the tool. Chip inter face by capillary action of the inter locking network of the surface aspects .because of the small size of the capillary network the cutting fluid should have a small molecular size and possess proper wetting characteristic. When the cutting fluid is shunt off: The fallowing chain of events takes place when fluids are shut off; The Friction at the tool-chip of inters face increase. The shear angle decreases. The shear strain decreases.
The chip becomes thick.

A built-up edges is likely to form. The total energy increases. The temperatures in cutting zone increases. Dimensions tolerances may be difficult to maintain.

Types of cutting fluids;

Oils: Emulsions: Synthetics and semi synthetics solutions