1.

Lin kt ion: Lin kt ion, hay lin kt in tch, l mt lin kt ha hc c bn cht l lc ht tnh in gia hai ion mang in tch tri du. Lin kt ion thng l lin kt gia cc nguyn t nguyn t phi kim vi cc nguyn t nguyn t kim loi. Cc nguyn t kim loi (c 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi cng) c m in nh, d mt electron to ra ion dng (cation). Cc nguyn t phi kim (c 5, 6, 7 electron lp ngoi cng) c m in ln, d nhn electron to ra ion m (anion). Lin kt ion c hnh thnh do lc ht tnh in gia kim loi in hnh v phi kim in hnh. Tnh cht ca cc hp cht c lin kt ion

im nng chy cao do lin kt ion tng i bn Dn in trng thi nng chy v trong dung dch, trng thi rn thng khng dn in. Cng v d v Hnh thnh tinh th, c dng rn Tinh th ion thng khng mu

2. Lin kt cng ha tr: Lin kt cng ha tr l lin kt c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t bng mt hay nhiu cp in t (electron) chung. Nh s hnh thnh phn t H2, nguyn t H c cu hnh electron l 1s2. Mi nguyn t H gp chung 1 electron to thnh 1 cp electron trong phn t H2, nh vy, trong phn t H2, mi nguyn t c 2, ging bn vng ca kh him heli. Lin kt cng ha tr c chia lm hai loi: Lin kt ha tr khng phn cc v lin kt ha tr phn cc.

Lin kt ha tr khng phn cc L lin kt gia cng ha tr gia nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c m in bng nhau. Do , cc cp electron chung khng b nghing v bt c bn no, lin kt khng phn cc (Ging v d nu trn). Lin kt cng ha tr phn cc L lin kt cng ha tr gia nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c m in khng bng nhau. Do , cc cp electron chung b nghing v nguyn t c m in ln hn, lin kt b phn cc. V d: Lin kt cng ha tr gia H v Cl: Mi nguyn t gp chung 1 electron to nn 1 lin kt cng ha tr, m in ca Cl l 3.16, ln hn ca H l 2.2 nn cp electron chung b nghing v pha Cl, lin kt b phn cc. Tnh cht ca lin kt cng ha tr Cc cht m phn t ch c lin kt cng ha tr c th l cht rn nh: ng, lu hunh, st; cht lng nh: nc, ru, hoc cht kh nh: cacbonic, clo, hir, Cc cht c cc nh ancol ethylic, ng, tan nhiu trong dung mi c cc nh nc. Phn ln cc cht khng cc nh iot v cc cht hu c khng cc tan trong dung mi khng cc nh benzen, cacbon tetraclorua Ni chung, cc cht ch c lin kt cng ha tr khng cc khng dn in mi trng thi. 3. Lin kt cng ha tr phi hp: Lin kt cng ha tr phi hp (cn c bit n nh l lin kt cho nhn) l mt dng c bit ca lin kt cng ha tr, trong cc in t chia s ch n t mt nguyn t duy nht. Khi lin kt c to thnh, bn ca n khng khc g so vi lin kt cng ha tr. Cc lin kt cng ha tr phi hp c to thnh khi mt baz Lewis (cht cung cp in t) cung cp mt cp in t cho axt Lewis (cht nhn in t) v hp cht to thnh sau c gi l adduct. Tnh cht ca lin kt cng ha tr phi hp Cc lin kt phi hp c th tm thy trong nhiu cht khc nhau, chng hn nh trong cc phn t n gin nh mnxt cacbon (CO), trong c mt lin

kt phi hp v hai lin kt cng ha tr thng thng gia nguyn t cacbon v nguyn t xy, hay trong ion amni (NH4+), trong lin kt phi hp c to thnh gia prton (ion H+) v nguyn t nit. Cc lin kt phi hp cng c to ra trong cc hp cht thiu in t, chng hn nh trong clorua berili rn (BeCl2), trong mi nguyn t berili c lin kt ti bn nguyn t clo, hai vi lin kt cng ha tr thng thng v hai vi lin kt phi hp, iu ny s to cho n mt cp tm (octet) n nh ca cc in t. Cc lin kt phi hp cng c th tm thy trong cc phc cht phi hp c s tham gia ca cc ion kim loi, c bit nu chng l cc ion kim loi chuyn tip. Trong cc phc cht ny, cc cht trong dung dch hot ng nh cc baz Lewis v cung cp cc cp in t t do ca chng cho ion kim loi, trong lt n hot ng nh cc axt Lewis v nhn cc in t. Cc lin kt phi hp to ra cc hp cht gi l phc cht phi hp, trong khi cht cung cp in t c gi l cc phi t. C rt nhiu ha cht vi cc nguyn t c cc cp in t c c, chng hn xy, lu hunh, nit v cc halgen hay cc ion halua, m trong dung dch c th cung cp cc cp in t tr thnh cc phi t. Mt phi t thng thng l nc (H2O), n s to thnh cc phc cht phi hp vi bt k ion kim loi ngm nc no, chng hn Cu2+, to ra [Cu(H2O)6]2+ trong dung dch nc. Cc phi t n gin khc l amnic (NH3), cc ion florua (F-), clorua (Cl-) v xyanua (CN-). 4. Lin kt kim loi: Lin kt kim loi l lin kt bn trong ca cc kim loi. N l s chia s cc in t t do gia cc nguyn t kim loi trong li tinh th. Theo quan im truyn thng, lin kt kim loi l khng phn cc, trong hoc l khng c s sai khc v m in (i vi kim loi nguyn t) hoc rt nh (i vi hp kim) gia cc nguyn t tham gia vo tng tc lin kt, v cc in t tham gia trong tng tc ny l t do trong cu trc mng tinh th ca kim loi.Lin kt kim loi c trng cho nhiu c trng vt l ca kim loi, chng hn nh tnh d dt mng, d ko di, tnh dn in v dn nhit cng nh nh kim.Mt s tnh cht khc ca kim loi nh tnh cng, nhit nng chy nhit, nhit si ph thuc vo mt electron trong bn knh nguyn t kim loi. C hc lng t cng c th c dng gii thch v lin kt kim loi. Cc kim loi khi lin kt s to thnh mt mng li tinh th m c th l mng kim loi (c c trng bng cc ion dng nm ti nt mng v lin kt gia chng l lin kt kim loi). Mng kim loi thng thng i vi hu ht cc

kim loi l: lp phng tm din, lp phng tm khi v lc phng. Trong , mng lc phng v lp phng tm din l kht nht. 5. Lin kt hir: Lin kt hir l lin kt ha hc khi c lc ht tnh in gia:

H mang in dng: l nguyn t hidro lin kt vi nguyn t c m in mnh nh N, Cl, O, F Nguyn t c m in mnh, mang in m

nh hng ca lin kt hidro n tnh cht l, ha hc ca cc cht

Lin kt hidro lin phn t lm tng nhit nng chy, nhit si Lin kt hidro lin phn t lm gim in ly ca axit Gy bin i tan : nu cht tan to c lin kt hidro vi dung mi th cht tan tan tt trong dung mi . V d: ru etilic tan v hn trong nc, amoniac tan rt tt trong nc

Mi lin kt ha hc pht sinh ra t tng tc gia cc in t ca cc nguyn t khc nhau a n qu trnh hnh thnh lin kt chnh l s gim mc nng lng. iu ny cho thy, cc qu trnh hnh thnh lin kt lun c nng lng nh km entanpi < 0 (h to nng lng). Trong lin kt in tch, nguyn t cc in tch lin kt vi nhau qua lc hp dn in gia hai in tch. Vy, cc nguyn t cho hay nhn in t m tr thnh in tch dng hay m s d dng lin kt vi nhau. Lin kt in tch ion c m t bi vt l c in bng lc hp dn gia cc in tch. Trong lin kt cng ha tr, Cc dng lin kt ha hc c phn bit bi khong khng gian m cc in t tp trung hay phn tn gia cc nguyn t ca cht . Cc in t nm trong lin kt khng gn vi cc nguyn t ring bit, m chng c phn b trong cu trc ngang qua phn t, c m t bi hc thuyt ph bin ng thi l cc qu o phn t. Khng ging nh lin kt ion thun ty, cc lin kt cng ha tr c th c cc thuc tnh khng ng hng. Trng thi trung gian c th tn ti, trong cc lin kt l hn hp ca cc c trng cho lin kt ion phn cc v cc c trng ca lin kt cng ha tr vi in t phn tn. Lin kt cng ha tr th phi da ch yu vo cc khi nim ca c hc lng t v khong khng gian m cc in t tp trung hay phn tn vi mt nng lng nhit tng ng