Chapter 3 Slides

Figure 3.
Network types Range Bandwidth (Mbps) Latency (ms) LAN 12 kms 101000 110 WAN worldwide 0.010600 100500 MAN 250 kms 1150 10 Wireless LAN 0.151.5 km 211 520 Wireless WAN worldwide 0.0102 100-500 Internet worldwide 0.0102 100500
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3
Pearson Education 2001
Figure 3.2
Conceptual layering of protocol software

Message sent Layer n Layer 2 Layer 1 Sender Communication medium Recipient Message received
Figure 3.3
Encapsulation as it is applied in layered protocols

Application-layer message Presentation header Session header Transport header
Network header
Figure 3.4
Protocol layers in the ISO Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocol model
Message sent Layers Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Sender Communication medium Recipient Message received
Figure 3.5
Layer Application
OSI protocol summary

Description Protocols that are designed to meet the communication requirements of specific applications, often defining the interface to a service. Protocols at this level transmit data in a network representation that is independent of the representations used in individual computers, which may differ. Encryption is also performed in this layer, if required. At this level reliability and adaptation are performed, such as detection of failures and automatic recovery. This is the lowest level at which messages (rather than packets) are handled. Messages are addressed to communication ports attached to processes, Protocols in this layer may be connection-oriented or connectionless. Transfers data packets between computers in a specific network. In a WAN or an internetwork this involves the generation of a route passing through routers. In a single LAN no routing is required. Responsible for transmission of packets between nodes that are directly connected by a physical link. In a WAN transmission is between pairs of routers or between routers and hosts. In a LAN it is between any pair of hosts. The circuits and hardware that drive the network. It transmits sequences of binary data by analogue signalling, using amplitude or frequency modulation of electrical signals (on cable circuits), light signals (on fibre optic circuits) or other electromagnetic signals (on radio and microwave circuits).
Examples HTTP, FTP, SMTP, CORBA IIOP Secure Sockets (SSL),CORBA Data Rep.
Presentation
Session Transport
TCP, UDP
Network
IP, ATM virtual circuits Ethernet MAC, ATM cell transfer, PPP Ethernet baseband signalling, ISDN
5
Data link
Physical
Figure 3.6
Internetwork layers
Message Layers Application Internetwork protocols
Transport Internetwork Internetwork packets Network interface Network-specific packets Underlying network
Underlying network protocols
Figure 3.7
Routing in a wide area network
A Hosts or local networks 3 D
1 Links 6 E 4
B 2 C 5 Routers
Figure 3.8
Routing tables for the network in Figure 3.7 Routings from A To A B C D E Link local 1 1 3 1 Cost 0 1 2 1 2 Routings from B To A B C D E Link 1 local 2 1 4 Cost 1 0 1 2 1 Routings from C To A B C D E Link 2 2 local 5 5 Cost 2 1 0 2 1
Routings from D
To
Routings from E
To
A B C D E
Link 3 3 6 local 6
Cost 1 2 2 0 1
Link 4 4 5 6 local
Cost 2 1 1 1 0
A B C D E
Figure 3.9
Pseudo-code for RIP routing algorithm Send: Each t seconds or when Tl changes, send Tl on each non-faulty outgoing link. Receive: Whenever a routing table Tr is received on link n: for all rows Rr in Tr { if (Rr.link n) { Rr.cost = Rr.cost + 1; Rr.link = n; if (Rr.destination is not in Tl) add Rr to Tl; // add new destination to Tl else for all rows Rl in Tl { if (Rr.destination = Rl.destination and (Rr.cost < Rl.cost or Rl.link = n)) Rl = Rr; // Rr.cost < Rl.cost : remote node has better route // Rl.link = n : remote node is more authoritative } } }
Figure 3.10
Simplified view of the QMW Computer Science network

Campus 138.37.95.240/29 subnet router Staff subnet
138.37.88 138.37.95.241
router/ firewall
hammer
Student subnet
138.37.88.251 138.37.94.251 138.37.94
compute server
bruno 138.37.88.249
Eswitch
Eswitch
file server/ gateway

custard 138.37.94.246
dialup server
henry 138.37.88.230
printers
file server
hotpoint 138.37.88.162
other servers
web server
copper 138.37.88.248 138.37.94.247
hub
desktop computers 138.37.88.xx Campus router

138.37.95.248/29 subnet
138.37.88.247
hub
desktop computers 138.37.94.xx
sickle 138.37.95.249
router/ firewall
100 Mbps Ethernet 1000 Mbps Ethernet Eswitch: Ethernet switch

10
138.37.95.232/29 subnet
Figure 3.11
Tunnelling for IPv6 migration

IPv6 encapsulated in IPv4 packets IPv4 network A IPv6 IPv6 B
Encapsulators
11
Figure 3.12
TCP/IP layers
Layers Application Messages (UDP) or Streams (TCP) Transport UDP or TCP packets Internet IP datagrams Network interface Network-specific frames Underlying network Message
12
Figure 3.13
Encapsulation as it occurs when a message is transmitted via TCP over an Ethernet

Application message TCP header IP header Ethernet header
IP TCP port
Ethernet frame
13
Figure 3.14
The programmer's conceptual view of a TCP/IP Internet
Application TCP IP
Application UDP
14
Figure 3.15
Internet address structure, showing field sizes in bits

7 Class A: 0 Network ID 14 Class B: 1 0 Network ID 21 Class C: 1 1 0 Network ID 28 Class D (multicast): 1 1 1 0 Multicast address 27 Class E (reserved): 1 1 1 1 0 unused 24 Host ID 16 Host ID 8 Host ID
15
Figure 3.16
Decimal representation of Internet addresses

octet 1 Network ID Class A: Class B: Class C: 1 to 127 0 to 255 Network ID 128 to 191 0 to 255 192 to 223 224 to 239 240 to 255 Network ID 0 to 255 octet 2 octet 3 Host ID 0 to 255 Host ID 0 to 255 0 to 255 0 to 255 Host ID 1 to 254 1 to 254 1 to 254 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 0 to 255 1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 Range of addresses
Class D (multicast): Class E (reserved):
Multicast address 0 to 255 0 to 255 0 to 255 0 to 255
16
Figure 3.17
IP packet layout
header IP address of source IP address of destination up to 64 kilobytes data
17
Figure 3.18
IPv6 header layout

Version (4 bits) Priority (4 bits) Payload length (16 bits) Flow label (24 bits) Next header (8 bits) Source address (128 bits) Hop limit (8 bits)
Destination address (128 bits)
18
Figure 3.19
The MobileIP routing mechanism

Sender Subsequent IP packets tunnelled to FA
Mobile host MH
Address of FA returned to sender First IP packet addressed to MH
Internet Home agent Foreign agent FA First IP packet tunnelled to FA
19
Figure 3.20
Firewall configurations
a) Filtering router Router/ filter Internet web/ftp server b) Filtering router and bastion Protected intranet
R/filter Bastion
Internet web/ftp server
c) Screened subnet for bastion
R/filter Bastion R/filter
Internet web/ftp server

Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 3 Pearson Education 2001 20
Figure 3.21
IEEE 802 network standards IEEE No. 802.3 802.4 802.5 802.6 802.11 Title CSMA/CD Networks (Ethernet) Token Bus Networks Token Ring Networks Metropolitan Area Networks Wireless Local Area Networks Reference [IEEE 1985a] [IEEE 1985b] [IEEE 1985c] [IEEE 1994] [IEEE 1999]
21
Figure 3.22
Wireless LAN configuration

A Laptops radio obstruction Palmtop D Server E Wireless LAN Base station/ access point B C
LAN
22
Figure 3.23
ATM protocol layers

Message Layers Application
Higher-layer protocols ATM adaption layer ATM cells ATM layer ATM virtual channels Physical
23
Figure 3.24
ATM cell layout

Header: 5 bytes Virtual path id Virtual channel id Flags 53 bytes Data
24
Figure 3.25
Switching virtual paths in an ATM network
Host VPI = 2
VPI = 3
VP switch VPI = 4 VPI = 5
VP/VC switch
VPI in VPI out 2 3 4 5
VP switch Host Virtual channels
VPI : virtual path identifier Virtual path
25

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Figure 3.

Pearson Education 2001

Conceptual layering of protocol software

Pearson Education 2001

Encapsulation as it is applied in layered protocols

Pearson Education 2001

Pearson Education 2001

OSI protocol summary

Underlying network protocols

Pearson Education 2001

Routing in a wide area network

A Hosts or local networks 3 D

Pearson Education 2001

Pearson Education 2001

Pearson Education 2001

Simplified view of the QMW Computer Science network

file server/ gateway

desktop computers 138.37.88.xx Campus router

desktop computers 138.37.94.xx

100 Mbps Ethernet 1000 Mbps Ethernet Eswitch: Ethernet switch

Pearson Education 2001

Tunnelling for IPv6 migration

Pearson Education 2001

Pearson Education 2001

Encapsulation as it occurs when a message is transmitted via TCP over an Ethernet

Pearson Education 2001

The programmer's conceptual view of a TCP/IP Internet

Pearson Education 2001

Internet address structure, showing field sizes in bits

Pearson Education 2001

Decimal representation of Internet addresses

Class D (multicast): Class E (reserved):

Multicast address 0 to 255 0 to 255 0 to 255 0 to 255

Pearson Education 2001

Pearson Education 2001

IPv6 header layout

Destination address (128 bits)

Pearson Education 2001

The MobileIP routing mechanism

Address of FA returned to sender First IP packet addressed to MH

Internet Home agent Foreign agent FA First IP packet tunnelled to FA

Pearson Education 2001

Internet web/ftp server

c) Screened subnet for bastion

R/filter Bastion R/filter

Internet web/ftp server

Pearson Education 2001

Wireless LAN configuration

Pearson Education 2001

ATM protocol layers

Pearson Education 2001

ATM cell layout

Pearson Education 2001

Switching virtual paths in an ATM network

VP switch VPI = 4 VPI = 5

VPI in VPI out 2 3 4 5

VP switch Host Virtual channels

VPI : virtual path identifier Virtual path

Pearson Education 2001

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