GII TCH MNG

GII TCH MNG

LI NI U
H thng in bao gm cc khu sn xut, truyn ti v phn phi in nng. Kt cu mt h thng in c th rt phc tp, mun nghin cu n i hi phi c mt kin thc tng hp v c nhng phng php tinh ton ph hp. Gii tch mng l mt mn hc cn c tn gi Cc phng php tin hc ng dng trong tnh ton h thng in. Trong , cp n nhng bi ton m tt c sinh vin ngnh h thng no cng cn phi nm vng. V vy, c mt cch nhn c th v cc bi ton ny, gio trnh i t kin thc c s hc nghin cu l thuyt cc bi ton cng nh vic ng dng chng thng qua cng c my vi tnh. Phn cui, bng ngn ng lp trnh Pascal, cng vic m phng cc phn mc ca bi ton c minh ho. Ni dung gm c 8 chng. 1. i s ma trn ng dng trong gii tch mng. 2. Phng php s dng gii cc phng trnh vi phn trong gii tch mng. 3. M hnh ha h thng in. 4. Graph v cc ma trn mng in. 5. Thut ton dng tnh ma trn mng. 6. Tnh ton tro lu cng sut. 7. Tnh ton ngn mch. 8. Xt qu trnh qu ca my pht khi c s c trong mng. II. Phn lp trnh: gm c bn phn mc: 1. Xy dng cc ma trn ca 1 mng c th 2. Tnh ton ngn mch. 3. Tnh ton tro lu cng sut lc bnh thng v khi s c. 4. Xt qu trnh qu ca cc my pht khi c s c trong mng in. GV: L Kim Hng

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GII TCH MNG

CHNG 1 I S MA TRN NG DNG TRONG GII TCH MNG

Trong chng ny ta nhc li mt s kin thc v i s ma trn thng thng c ng dng trong gii tch mng.

1.1. NH NGHA V CC KHI NIM C BN:

1.1.1. K hiu ma trn:
Ma trn ch nht A kch thc m x n l 1 bng gm m hng v n ct c dng sau: a11 a12 ... a1n a a22 ... a2 n A = 21 = ai j ... ... ... ... am1 am2 ... amn Nu m = 1 v n >1 th A gi l ma trn hng hoc vect hng. Ngc li n = 1 v m > 1 th A gi l ma trn ct hoc vect ct. 2

[ ]

V d:

A=

1 3

A= 2 3 1

1.1.2. Cc dng ma trn:

Ma trn vung: L ma trn c s hng bng s ct (m = n). V d: a11 a12 a13

A = a21 a31

a22 a32

a23 a33

Ma trn tam gic trn: L ma trn vung m cc phn t di ng cho chnh a j ca ma trn bng 0 vi i > j. a11 a12 a13 A = 0 0 a22 0 a23 a33

Ma trn tam gic di: L ma trn vung m cc phn t trn ng cho chnh aj ca ma trn bng 0 vi i < j. 0 a11 0 A = a21 a31 a22 a32 0 a33

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GII TCH MNG Ma trn ng cho: L ma trn vung nu tt c cc phn t trn ng cho chnh khc 0, cn cc phn t khc ngoi ng cho chnh ca ma trn bng 0 (aj = 0 vi i j ). a11 0 0

A = 0 a22 0 0 0 a33 Ma trn n v: L ma trn vung m tt c cc phn t trn ng cho chnh ca ma trn bng 1 cn tt c cc phn t khc bng 0 (aij = 1 vi i = j v aj = 0 vi i j ). 1 0 0 U = 0 1 0 0 0 1 Ma trn khng: L ma trn m tt c cc phn t ca ma trn bng 0. Ma trn chuyn v: L ma trn m cc phn t aj = aji (i hng thnh ct v ngc li). a11 a12 a a21 a31 v AT = 11 A = a21 a22 a12 a22 a32 a31 a32 Cho ma trn A th ma trn chuyn v k hiu l At, AT hoc A Ma trn i xng: L ma trn vung c cc cp phn t i xng qua ng cho chnh bng nhau aj = aji. V d: 1 5 3 A = 5 2 6 3 6 4 Chuyn v ma trn i xng th AT = A, ngha l ma trn khng thay i. Ma trn xin - phn i xng: L ma trn vung c A = - AT. Cc phn t ngoi ng cho chnh tng ng bng gi tr i ca n (aj = - aji) v cc phn t trn ng cho chnh bng 0. V d: 0 5 3 A = 5 0 6 3 6 0 Ma trn trc giao: L ma trn c ma trn chuyn v chnh l nghch o ca n. (AT .A = U = A .AT vi A l ma trn vung v cc phn t l s thc). Ma trn phc lin hp: L ma trn nu th phn t a + jb bi a - jb th ma trn mi A* l ma trn phc lin hp. Cho ma trn A th ma trn phc lin hp l A* j3 5 j3 5 v A = A= 4 + j 2 1 + j1 4 j 2 1 j1 -Nu tt c cc phn t ca A l thc, th A = A* -Nu tt c cc phn t ca A l o, th A = - A*. Ma trn Hermitian (ma trn phc i): L ma trn vung vi cc phn t trn ng cho chnh l s thc cn cc cp phn t i xng qua ng cho chnh l nhng s phc lin hp, ngha l A = (A*)t. 4 2 j3 A = 2 + j3 5

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GII TCH MNG Ma trn xin - Hermitian (ma trn xin - phc i): L ma trn vung vi cc phn t trn ng cho chnh bng 0 hoc ton o cn cc cp phn t i xng qua ng cho chnh l nhng s phc, tc A = - (A*)t. 0 2 j3 A = 2 j3 0 Nu ma trn vung phc lin hp c (A*) t. A = U = A. (A*)t th ma trn A c gi l ma trn n v. Nu ma trn n v A vi cc phn t l s thc c gi l ma trn trc giao.
Bng 1.1: Cc dng ma trn. K hiu Dng ma trn A = -A Khng A = At i xng A = - At Xin-i xng A = A* Thc A = - A* Hon ton o

K hiu A = (A*)t A = - (A*)t At A = U (A*)t A = U

Dng ma trn Hermitian Xin- Hermitian Trc giao n v

1.2. CC NH THC:
1.2.1. nh ngha v cc tnh cht ca nh thc:
Cho h 2 phng trnh tuyn tnh (1.1) a11x1 + a12x2 = k1 (1) a21x1 + a22x2 = k2 (2) Rt x2 t phng trnh (2) th vo phng trnh (1), gii c: a k a k x1 = 22 1 12 2 a11a22 a12 a21 Suy ra: a k a k x2 = 11 2 21 1 a11a22 a12 a21 Biu thc (a11a22 - a12a21) l gi tr nh thc ca ma trn h s A. Trong |A| l nh thc. a a12 | A | = 11 a21 a22 Gii phng trnh (1.1) bng phng php nh thc ta c: k1 a12 a11 k1 k 2 a22 a21 k 2 a . k a12 . k 2 a . k a21 . k1 x1 = = 22 1 v x2 = = 11 2 A a11 . a22 a12 . a21 A a11 . a22 a12 . a21

Tnh cht ca nh thc:

a. Gi tr ca nh thc bng 0 nu: - Tt c cc phn t ca hng hoc ct bng 0. - Cc phn t ca 2 hng (ct) tng ng bng nhau. - Mt hng (ct) l tng ng t l ca 1 hoc nhiu hng (ct). b. Nu ta i ch 2 hng ca ma trn vung A cho nhau ta c ma trn vung B v c det(B) = - det(A). c. Gi tr ca nh thc khng thay i nu: - Tt c cc hng v ct tng ng i ch cho nhau. - Cng thm k vo 1 hng (ct) th t tng ng vi cc phn t ca hng (ct) .

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GII TCH MNG d. Nu tt c cc phn t ca hng (ct) nhn vi tha s k, th gi tr ca nh thc l c nhn bi k. e. Tch ca cc nh thc bng tch ca tng nh thc. | A.B.C| = |A| .|B| .|C|. f. nh thc tng khc tng cc nh thc. |A + B - C| = |A| + |B| -|C|.

1.2.2. nh thc con v cc phn ph i s.

Xt nh thc: a11 a12 a13

A = a21 a31

a22 a32

a23 a33

Chn trong nh thc ny k hng, k ct bt k vi 1 [ k [ n. Cc phn t nm pha trn k t giao ca hng v ct chn to thnh mt nh thc cp k, gi l nh thc con cp k ca A. B k hng v k ct chn, cc phn t cn li to thnh 1 nh thc con b ca nh thc A. Phn ph i s ng vi phn t aij ca nh thc A l nh thc con b c km theo du (-1)i+j. a a13 a a13 A21 = ( 1) 2 +1 12 = 12 a32 a33 a32 a33 Mi lin h gia cc nh thc v phn ph: - Tng cc tch ca cc phn t theo hng (ct) vi phn ph tng ng bng nh thc |A|. - Tng cc tch ca cc phn t theo hng (ct) vi phn ph tng ng trong hng (ct) khc bng 0.

1.3. CC PHP TNH MA TRN.

1.3.1. Cc ma trn bng nhau:
Hai ma trn A v B c gi l bng nhau nu tt c cc phn t ca ma trn A bng tt c cc phn t ca ma trn B (aij = bj i, j; i, j = 1, 2, .. n).

1.3.2. Php cng (tr) ma trn.

Cng (tr) cc ma trn phi c cng kch thc m x n. V d: C hai ma trn A[aij ]mn v B[bij ]mn th tng v hiu ca hai ma trn ny l ma trn C[cij ]mn vi cij = aij6 bij M rng: R = A + B + C +..... + N vi rij = aij 6 bij6 cij 6 ...6 nij . Php cng (tr) ma trn c tnh cht giao hon: A + B = B + A. Php cng (tr) ma trn c tnh cht kt hp: A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C.

1.3.3. Tch v hng ca ma trn:

k.A = B. Trong : bij = k .aij i & j . Tnh giao hon: k.A = A.k.. Tnh phn phi: k (A + B) = k.A + k..B = (A + B) k. (vi A v B l cc ma trn c cng kch thc, k l 1 hng s ).

1.3.4. Nhn cc ma trn:

Php nhn hai ma trn A.B = C. Nu ma trn A c kch thc m x q v ma trn B c kch thc q x n th ma trn tch C c kch thc m x n. Cc phn t cij ca ma trn C l tng cc tch ca cc phn t tng ng vi i hng ca ma trn A v j ct ca ma trn B l:

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GII TCH MNG cij = ai1 .b1j + ai2 .b2j + ... + aiq .bqj V d: a11 a12 a11 . b11 + a12 . b21 b11 b12 A.B = a21 a22 x = a21 . b11 + a22 . b21 b21 b22 a31 a32 a31 . b11 + a32 . b21

a11 . b12 + a12 . b22 a11 . b12 + a12 . b22 a11 . b12 + a12 . b22

Php nhn ma trn khng c tnh cht hon v: A.B B.A Php nhn ma trn c tnh cht phn phi i vi php cng: A (B + C) = A.B + A.C. Php nhn ma trn c tnh cht kt hp: A (B.C) = (A.B) C = A.B.C. Tch 2 ma trn A.B = 0 khi A = 0 hoc B = 0. Tch C.A = C.B khi A = B. Nu C = A.B th CT = BT.AT

1.3.5. Nghch o ma trn:

Cho h phng trnh: a11x1 + a12x2 + a13x3 = y1 a21x1 + a22x2 + a23x3 = y2 (1.2) a31x1 + a32x2 + a33x3 = y3 Vit di dng ma trn A.X = Y Nu nghim ca h trn l duy nht th tn ti mt ma trn B l nghch o ca ma trn A. Do : X = B.Y (1.3) Nu nh thc ca ma trn A 0 th c th xc nh xi nh sau: A A A x1 = 11 y1 + 21 y2 + 31 y3 A A A
x2 = x3 = A A12 A y1 + 22 y2 + 32 y3 A A A

A A A13 y1 + 23 y2 + 33 y3 A A A Trong : A11, A12, .... A33 l nh thc con ph ca a11, a12, a13 v |A| l nh thc ca ma trn A. Ta c: Aij i, j = 1, 2, 3. Bi j = A Nhn ma trn A vi nghch o ca n ta c A.A-1 = A-1.A = U Rt X t phng trnh (1.3) sau khi nhn c hai v cho A-1. A.X = Y A-1.A.X = A-1 .Y U.X = A-1.Y Suy ra: X = A-1 .Y Nu nh thc ca ma trn bng 0, th ma trn nghch o khng xc nh (ma trn suy bin). Nu nh thc khc 0 gi l ma trn khng suy bin v l ma trn nghch o duy nht. Gi s 2 ma trn A v B cng cp v l kh o lc : (A.B)-1 = B-1.A-1 Nu AT kh o th (AT)-1 cng kh o: (At)-1 = (A-1)t

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GII TCH MNG

1.3.6. Ma trn phn chia:

A = A1 A2 A3 A4

Tng cc ma trn phn chia c biu din bi ma trn nh bng tng cc ma trn nh tng ng. A1 A2 A3 A4 6 B1 B2 B3 B4 = A16B1 A36B3 A26B3 A46B3

Php nhn c biu din nh sau: A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 = C1 C3 C2 C4

Trong : C1 = A1.B1 + A2.B3 C2 = A1.B2 + A2.B4 C3 = A3.B1 + A4.B3 C4 = A3.B2 + A4.B4 Tch ma trn chuyn v nh sau: A = A1 A2 A3 A4 A
T

AT1 AT2 AT3 AT4

Tch ma trn nghch o nh sau: A = A1 A2 A3 A4 A-1 = B1 B2 B3 B4

Trong : B1 = (A1 - A2.A4-1.A3)-1 B2 = -B1.A2.A4-1 B3 = -A4-1.A3.B1 B4 = A4-1 - A4-1.A3.B2 (vi A1 v A4 phi l cc ma trn vung).
B

1.4. S PH THUC TUYN TNH V HNG CA MA TRN:

1.4.1. S ph thuc tuyn tnh:
S ct ca ma trn A(m x n) c th vit theo n vect ct hoc m vect hng. {c1}{c1} ..... {c1} {r1}{r1} ...... {r1} Phng trnh vect ct thun nht.

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p1{c1} + p2{c2} + .... + pn{cn} = 0 Khi tt c Pk = 0 (k = 1, 2, ...., n). Tng t vect hng l khng ph thuc tuyn tnh nu. qr = 0 (r = 1, 2, ..., n). (1.5) q1{r1} + q2{r2} + ...... + qn{rn} = 0 Nu pk 0 tha mn phng trnh (1.4), th vect ct l tuyn tnh. Nu qr 0 tha mn phng trnh (1.5), th vect hng l tuyn tnh. Nu vect ct (hng) ca ma trn A l tuyn tnh, th nh thc ca A = 0.

GII TCH MNG (1.4)

1.4.2. Hng ca ma trn:

Hng ca ma trn l cp cao nht m tt c cc nh thc con khc 0. 0 [ r(A) [ min(m, n) vi A l ma trn kch thc m x n.

1.5. H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH:

H phng trnh tuyn tnh ca m phng trnh trong n h s c vit: a11x1 + a12x2 + .... + a1nxn = y1 a21x1 + a22x2 + .... + a2nxn = y2 ........................................ (1.6) am1x1 + am2x2 + .... + amnxn = ym Trong : ai j: L h s thc hoc phc ; xj: L bin s ; yj: L hng s ca h. H phng trnh c biu din dng ma trn nh sau: A. X = Y (1.7) Ma trn m rng: a11 a12 .... a1n y1 a22 .... a2 n y2 a A = 21 .... .... .... .... .... am1 am 2 .... amn ym Nu yi = 0 th h phng trnh gi l h thun nht, ngha l: A.X = 0. Nu mt hoc nhiu phn t ca vect yi 0 th h gi l h khng thun nht. nh l: iu kin cn v h phng trnh tuyn tnh c nghim l hng ca ma trn h s bng hng ca ma trn m rng. H phng trnh tuyn tnh v nghim khi v ch khi hng ca ma trn h s nh hn hng ca ma trn m rng. Nu hng ca ma trn r(A) = r() = r = n (s n) ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh (1.6) th h c nghim duy nht (h xc nh). Nu r(A) = r() = r < n th h phng trnh tuyn tnh c v s nghim v cc thnh phn ca nghim ph thuc (n - r) tham s ty .

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GII TCH MNG

CHNG 2 GII PHNG TRNH VI PHN BNG PHNG PHP S

2.1. GII THIU.
Nhiu h thng vt l phc tp c biu din bi phng trnh vi phn n khng c th gii chnh xc bng gii tch. Trong k thut, ngi ta thng s dng cc gi tr thu c bng vic gii gn ng ca cc h phng trnh vi phn bi phng php s ha. Theo cch , li gii ca phng trnh vi phn ng l mt giai on quan trng trong gii tch s. Trong trng hp tng qut, th t ca vic lm tch phn s l qu trnh tng bc chnh xc chui gi tr cho mi bin ph thuc tng ng vi mt gi tr ca bin c lp. Thng th tc l chn gi tr ca bin c lp trong mt khong c nh. chnh xc cho li gii bi tch phn s ph thuc c hai phng php chn v kch thc ca khong gi tr. Mt s phng php thng xuyn dng c trnh by trong cc mc sau y.

2.2. GII PHNG TRNH VI PHN BNG PHNG PHP S.

2.2.1 Phng php Euler:
Cho phng trnh vi phn bc nht. dy = f ( x, y) dx

(2.1) y = g(x,c)
Hnh 2.1: th ca hm s t bi gii phng trnh vi phn

y0
x

x0

Khi x l bin c lp v y l bin ph thuc, nghim phng trnh (2.1) s c dng: y = g(x,c) (2.2) Vi c l hng s c xc nh t l thuyt trong iu kin ban u. ng cong miu t phng trnh (2.2) c trnh by trong hnh (2.1). T ch tip xc vi ng cong, on ngn c th gi s l mt on thng. Theo cch , ti mi im ring bit (x0,y0) trn ng cong, ta c: dy y x dx 0

dy l dc ca ng cong ti im (x0,y0). V th, ng vi gi tr ban u x0 v y0, gi dx 0 tr mi ca y c th thu c t l thuyt l x:

Vi

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GII TCH MNG

dy h (t h = x) dx 0 Khi y l s gia ca y tng ng vi mt s gia ca x. Tng t, gi tr th hai ca y c th xc nh nh sau. dy h y 2 = y1 + dx 1

y1 = y 0 + y

hay

y1 = y 0 +

y y3 y2 y1 y0

y= g(x,c)

Hnh 2.2 : th ca li gii xp x cho phng trnh vi phn bng phng php Euler

h Khi

h x2

h x3 x

dy 0= f ( x1 , y1 ) x0 x1 dx 1 Qu trnh c th tnh tip tc, ta c: dy y3 = y 2 + h dx 2 y 4 = y3 +

dy h dx 3 ........................... Bng gi tr x v y cung cp cho ton b bi gii phng trnh (2.1). Minh ha phng php nh hnh 2.2.

2.2.2. Phng php bin i Euler.

Trong khi ng dng phng php Euler, gi tr dy/dx ca khong gi thit tnh ton bt u vt ra ngoi khong cho php. S thay th c th thu c bng cch tnh ton gi tr mi ca y cho x1 nh trc. x1 = x0 + h dy h y1( 0) = y 0 + dx 0 Dng gi tr mi x1 v y1(0) thay vo phng trnh (2.1) tnh ton gn ng gi tr ca cui khong. (0) dy = f ( x1 , y1( 0 ) ) dx 1 Sau tn dng gi tr y1(1) c th tm thy bi dng trung bnh ca

dy ti dx 1

dy dy v nh sau: dx 0 dx 1

(0)

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GII TCH MNG

dy dy + dx 0 dx 1 y1(1) = y 0 + h 2 (1) Dng x1 v y1 , gi tr xp x th ba y1(2) c th thu c bi qu trnh tng t nh sau: (1) dy dy + dx 0 dx 1 ( 2) y1 = y 0 + h 2 Ta c: ( 2) dy dy + dx 0 dx 1 y1( 3) = y 0 + h 2 Qu trnh c th tnh tip tc cho n khi hai s lin nhau c lng cho y l ngang bng nm trong phm vi mong mun. Qu trnh hon ton lp li thu c gi tr y2. Kt qu thu c c s chnh xc cao hn t s bin i ca phng php Euler c minh ha trong hnh 2.3.
(0)

y y2 y1 y0

y = g(x,c)

dy (0) dx 1

h 0 x0

dy dx 0

(0) dy dy + dx 0 dx 1 2

Hnh 2.3 : th ca li gii xp x cho phng trnh vi phn bng phng php bin i Euler.

x1

Phng php Euler c th ng dng gii h phng trnh vi phn cng lc. Cho hai phng trnh: dy = f1 ( x, y, z) dx dz = f 2 ( x, y, z) dx Vi gi tr ban u x0, y0 v z0 gi tr mi y1 s l: dz y1 = y0 + h dx 0 Vi:

dy = f1 ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) dx 0 Tng t.

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GII TCH MNG

z1 = z 0 +
Vi:

dz h dx 0

dz = f 2 ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) dx 0 Cho s gia tip theo, gi tr x1 = x0 + h, y1 v z1 dng xc nh y2 v z2. Trong phng php bin i Euler y1 v z1 dng xc nh gi tr o hm ti x1 cho nh gi gn ng cp hai y1(1) v z1(1).

2.2.3. Phng php Picard vi s xp x lin tc.

C s ca phng php Picard l gii chnh xc, bi s thay th gi tr y nh hm ca x trong phm vi gi tr x cho. y g(x) y l biu thc c lng bi s thay th trc tip gi tr ca x thu c gi tr tng ng ca y. Cho phng trnh vi phn (2.1). dy = f(x,y)dx V tch phn gia khong gii hn cho x v y.

Th Hay

y1 y0

dy = f ( x, y)dx
x0 x1 x0

x1

y1 y0 = f ( x, y)dx
y1 = y0 + f ( x, y) dx
x0 x1

(2.3)

S hng tch phn trnh by s thay i trong kt qu ca y vi s thay i ca x t x0 n x1. Li gii c th thu c bi s nh gi tch phn bng phng php xp x lin tc. Ta c th xem gi tr ca y nh hm ca x c th thu c bi s thay th y di dng tch phn vi y0, cho gi tr ban u nh sau:
y1(1) = y0 + f ( x, y0 ) dx
x0 x1

Thc hin biu thc tch phn vi gi tr mi ca y by gi c thay th vo phng trnh (2.3) thu c ln xp x th hai cho y nh sau:
y1( 2 ) = y0 + f ( x, y1(1) ) dx
x0 x1

Qu trnh ny c th lp li trong thi gian cn thit thu c chnh xc mong mun.. Tht vy, c lng tch phn lun lun phc tp th nhng phi gi thit cho bin c nh. Kh khn v cn thc hin nhiu ln tch phn, nn y l mt hn ch s p dng ca phng php ny. Phng php Picard c th p dng gii ng thi nhiu phng trnh nh sau:
dy = f 1 ( x, y , z ) dx dz = f 2 ( x, y, z) dx

Theo cng thc, ta c:

y1 = y0 + f 1 ( x, y0 , z0 ) dx
x0 x1

z1 = z0 + f 2 ( x, y0 , z0 ) dx
x0

x1

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GII TCH MNG

2.2.4. Phng php Runge- Kutta.

Trong phng php Runge- Kutta s thay i gi tr ca bin ph thuc l tnh ton t cc cng thc cho, biu din trong iu kin c lng o hm ti nhng im nh trc. T mi gi tr duy nht chnh xc ca y cho bi cng thc, phng php ny khng i hi thay th lp li nh phng php bin i Euler hay tch phn lin tip nh phng php ca Picard. Cng thc rt gn gn ng xut pht bi s thay th khai trin chui Taylor. RungeKutta xp x bc hai c th vit trong cng thc. (2.4) y1 = y0 + a1k1 + a2k2 Vi k1 = f(x0,y0)h k2 = f(x0 + b1h, y0 + b2k1)h Cc h s a1, a2, b1 v b2 l chnh xc. u tin khai trin f(x0+ b1h, y0+ b2k1) trong chui Taylor ti (x0,y0), ta c:
f f + ..... h k2 = f ( x0 , y0 ) + b1 h + b2 k1 x 0 y 0

Thay th hai iu kin k1 v k2 vo trong phng trnh (2.4), thu c:

y1 = y 0 + (a1 + a 2 ) f ( x 0 , y 0 )h + a 2 b1 f f h 2 + a 2 b2 f ( x 0 , y 0 ) h2 x 0 y 0

(2.5)

Khai trin chui Taylor ca y ti gi tr (x0,y0) l:

y1 = y 0 + dy dx
0

h+

d2y dx 2
0

h2 2
d2y dx 2

+ ....
=
0

(2.6)

dy = f ( x0 , y 0 ) dx 0

f f f ( x0 , y0 ) + x 0 y 0

Phng trnh (2.6) tr thnh.

y 1 = y 0 + f ( x 0 , y 0 )h + f x
0

h2 2

f y
0

f (x 0 , y 0 )

h2 2

......

(2.7)

Cn bng cc h s ca phng trnh (2.5) v (2.7), ta c: a1 + a2 =1; a2b1 = 1/2; a2b2 = 1/2. Chn gi tr ty cho a1 a1 = 1/2 Th a2 = 1/2; b1 = 1; b2 = 1. Thay th gi tr ny vo trong phng trnh (2.4), cng thc gn ng bc hai RungeKutta l:
y1 = y 0 + 1 k 1 + 1 k 2 2 2

Vi V th.

k1 = f(x0,y0)h k2 = f(x0+ h, y0 + k1)h

y = 1 ( k1 + k 2 ) 2

p dng ca phng php Runge-Kutta cho vic xp x bc hai i hi s tnh ton ca k1 v k2. Sai s trong ln xp x l bc h3 bi v chui ct sau iu kin bc hai. Tng qut cng thc xp x bc bn Runge-Kutta l: y1 = y 0 + a1 k 1 + a 2 k 2 + a 3 k 3 + a 4 k 4 (2.8) Vi k1 = f(x0,y0)h Trang 16

GII TCH MNG

k2 = f(x0 + b1h, y0 + b2k1)h k3 = f(x0 + b3h, y0 + b4k2)h k4 = f(x0 + b5h, y0 + b6k3)h Tip theo th tc ging nh dng cho ln xp x bc hai, h s trong phng trnh (2.8) thu c l: a1 = 1/6; a2 = 2/6; a3 = 2/6; a4 = 1/6. V b1 = 1/2; b2 = 1/2; b3 = 1/2; b4 = 1/2; b5 = 1; b6 = 1. Thay th cc gi tr vo trong phng trnh (2.8), phng trnh xp x bc bn Runge-Kutta tr thnh.
y1 = y 0 + 1 ( k1 + 2k 2 + 2k 3 + k 4 ) 6

Vi

k1 = f(x0,y0)h
k h k 2 = f ( x0 + , y 0 + 1 )h 2 2 k2 h k 3 = f ( x0 + , y 0 + )h 2 2 k 4 = f ( x0 + h, y 0 + k 3 )h

Nh vy, s tnh ton ca y theo cng thc i hi s tnh ton cc gi tr ca k1, k2, k3 v k4 : y = 1/6(k1+2k2+2k3+k4) Sai s trong s xp x l bc h5. Cng thc xp x bc bn Runge-Kutta cho php gii ng thi nhiu phng trnh vi phn.
dy = f ( x, y , z ) dx dz = g ( x, y , z ) dx

Ta co: y1 = y0+1/6 (k1+2k2+2k3+k4) z1 = z0+1/6 (l1+2l2+2l3+l4) Vi: k1= f(x0,y0,z0)h

k l h , y 0 + 1 z 0 + 1 )h 2 2 2 k l h k 3 = f ( x0 + , y 0 + 2 z 0 + 2 )h 2 2 2 k 2 = f ( x0 +

k4 = f(x0 + h, y0 + k3,z0 + l3)h l1 = g(x0,y0,z0)h

k l h l 2 = g ( x0 + , y 0 + 1 z 0 + 1 )h 2 2 2 k l h l3 = g ( x0 + , y 0 + 2 z 0 + 2 )h 2 2 2

l4 = g(x0 + h, y0 + k3,z0 + l3)h

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GII TCH MNG

2.2.5. Phng php d on sa i.

Phng php da trn c s ngoi suy, hay tch phn vt trc, v lp li nhiu ln vic gii phng trnh vi phn.
dy = f ( x, y ) dx

(2.9)
dy dx

c gi l phng php d on sa i. Th tc c bn trong phng php d on sa i l xut pht t im (xn,yn) n im (xn+1, yn+1). Th thu c phng trnh vi phn v sa i gi tr yn+1 xp x cng thc chnh xc. Loi n gin ca cng thc d on phng php ca Euler l: yn+1 = yn + ynh Vi:
' yn =

t
n +1

(2.10)

dy dx

Cng thc chnh xc khng dng trong phng php Euler. Mc d, trong phng php bin i Euler gi tr gn ng ca yn+1 thu c t cng thc d on (2.10) v gi tr thay th trong phng trnh vi phn (2.9) chnh l yn+1. Th gi tr chnh xc cho yn+1 thu c t cng thc bin i ca phng php l:
y n +1 = y n + ( y ' n +1 + y ' n ) h 2

(2.11)

Gi tr thay th trong phng trnh vi phn (2.9) thu c c s nh gi chnh xc hn cho yn+1, n lun lun thay th trong phng trnh (2.11) lm cho yn+1 chnh xc hn. Qu trnh tip tc lp li cho n khi hai gi tr tnh ton lin tip ca yn+1 t phng trnh (2.11) trng vi gi tr mong mun chp nhn c. Phng php d on bin i kinh in ca Milne. D on ca Milne v cng thc bin i, theo ng l:
4h (2 y ' n 2 y ' n 1 +2 y ' n ) 3 h y n +1 = y n 1 + ( y ' n 1 +4 y ' n + y ' n +1 ) 3 ( y ' n +1 = f ( x n +1 , y n0 )1 ) +
( y n0 )1 = y n 3 + +

Vi: Bt u ca s tnh ton i hi bit bn gi tr ca y. C th tnh ton bi RungeKutta hay mt s phng php s trc khi s dng cng thc d on sa i ca Milne. Sai s trong phng php l bc h5. Trong trng hp tng qut, phng php mong mun chn h nh nn ch vi ln lp l i hi thu c yn+1 hon ton chnh xc nh mong mun. Phng php c th m rng cho php gii mt s phng trnh vi phn ng thi. Phng php d on sa i l p dng c lp i vi mi phng trnh vi phn nh mt phng trnh vi phn n gin. V vy, thay th gi tr cho tt c cc bin ph thuc vo trong mi phng trnh vi phn l i hi s nh gi o hm ti (xn+1, yn+1).

Trang 18

GII TCH MNG

2.3. GII PHNG TRNH VI PHN BC CAO.

Trong k thut trc y m t cho vic gii phng trnh vi phn bc nht cng c th p dng cho vic gii phng trnh vi phn bc cao bng s a vo ca bin ph. V d, cho phng trnh vi phn bc hai.
d2y dy a 2 + b + cy = 0 dx dx

Vi iu kin ban u x0, y0, v phng trnh vi phn bc nht.

dy = y' dx d 2 y dy ' by '+ cy = = 2 dx a dx

dy th phng trnh c th c vit li nh hai dx 0

Mt trong nhng phng php m t trc y c th l vic lm i tm li gii cho hai phng trnh vi phn bc nht ng thi. Theo cch tng t, mt vi phng trnh hay h phng trnh bc cao c th quy v h phng trnh vi phn bc nht.

2.4. V D V GII PHNG TRNH VI PHN BNG PHNG PHP S.

Gii phng trnh vi phn s minh ha bng s tnh ton dng in cho mch RL ni tip.
t=0 i(t) e(t) L R
Hnh 2.4: S biu din ca mch in RL

Cho mch in RL trong hnh 2.4 sc in ng hiu dng khi ng kha l: e(t) = 5t 0 [ t [ 0,2 e(t) = 1 t > 0,2 in tr cho theo n v ohms l. R = 1+3i2 V in cm theo n v henrys l. L=1 Tm dng in trong mch in theo cc phng php sau: Eulers Bin i Euler. Xp x bc bn Runge-Kutta Milnes Picards

Trang 19

GII TCH MNG

Bi gii: Phng trnh vi phn ca mch in l.

L di + Ri = e(t ) dt

Thay th cho R v L ta c:
di + (1 + 3i 2 )i = e(t ) dt

iu kin ban u ti t = 0 th e0 = 0 v i0 = 0. Khong chn cho bin c lp l: t = 0,025.

a. Phng trnh theo phng php Euler l.

in = di t dt n di dt
2 = en (1 + 3in )in

in+1 = in +in Vi
n

Thay th gi tr ban u vo trong phng trnh vi phn, in i1 = 0. Ti t1 = 0,025; e1 = 0,125 v

dy dt

= 0 v i0. V th, dng

0

di = 0,125 {1 + 3(0) 2 }0 = 0,125 dt 1

i1 = (0,125)0,025 = 0,00313 Th i2 = 0 + 0,00313 = 0,00313 Lp bng k kt qu li gii a vo trong bng 2.1 Bng 2.1: Gii bng phng php Euler n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Thi gian tn 0,000 0,025 0,050 0,075 0,100 0,125 0,150 0,175 0,200 0,225 0,250 0,275 0,300 Sc in ng en 0,000 0,125 0,250 0,250 0,375 0,500 0.625 0,750 0,875 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Dng
i n = i n 1 + di dt t
n 1

0,00000 0,00000 0,00313 0,00930 0,01844 0,03048 0,4534 0,06295 0,08323 0,10611 0,12837 0,15000 0,17100

0,00000 0,12500 0,24687 0,36570 0,48154 0,59444 0,70438 0,81130 0,91504 0,89031 0,86528 0,83988

di dt

2 = e n (1 + 3i n )i n n

Trang 20

GII TCH MNG

b. Phng trnh ca phng php bin i Euler l.

( i n0) =

di t dt n

( ( i n0 )1 = i n + i n0 ) +

(0) di di + dt n dt n+1 ( i n1) = t 2 (1) (1) i n +1 = i n + i n

Vi

di dt

(0) ( ( = en +1 {1 + 3(in0 )1 ) 2 }in0 )1 + +

n +1

Thay th gi tr ban u e0 = 0 v i0 = 0 vo trong phng trnh vi phn Do : i0(0) = 0 ; i1( 0) = 0 . Thay th vo trong phng trnh vi phn i1( 0) = 0 v e1 = 0,125
di = 0,125 {1 + 3(0) 2 }0 = 0,125 dt 1 0,125 + 0 ( i01) = ( )0,025 = 0,00156 2
(0)

di =0 dx 0

V Nn

i1(1) = 0 + 0,00156 = 0,00156

( Trong li gii v d cho phng php, khng thc hin lp li in1+)1 = in +1 . Bi gii thu c bng phng php bin i Euler c a vo trong bng 2.2.

Bng 2.2: Bi gii bng phng php bin i Euler. n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Thi Sc Dng Gian in in in tn ng en 0,000 0,025 0,050 0,075 0,500 0,625 0,750 0,175 0,200 0,225 0,250 0,275 0,300
di dt

( in0)

en +1

( in0)1 +

di dt

( 0)

n +1

( in1)

0,000 0,00000 0,00000 0,00000 0,125 0,00156 0,12344 0,00309 0,250 0,00617 0,34383 0,00610 0,375 0,01375 0,36124 0,00903 0,02423 0,47573 0,01189 0,625 0,03754 0,58730 0,01468 0,750 0,05360 0,69594 0,01740 0,875 0,875 0,07234 0,80152 0,02004 1,000 0,09367 0,90386 0,02260 1,000 0,11596 0,87936 0,02198 1,000 0,13763 0,85455 0,02136 1,000 0,15867 0,82935 0,02073 1,000 0,17908

0,125 0,00000 0,12500 0,00156 0,250 0,00465 0,24535 0,00461 0,375 0,01227 0,36272 0,00758 0,500 0,02278 0,47718 0,01048 0,03612 0,58874 0,01331 0,05222 0,69735 0,01606 0,07100 0,80293 0,01874 1,000 0,09238 0,90525 0,02133 1,000 0,11627 0,87901 0,02229 1,000 0,13794 0,85419 0,02167 1,000 0,15899 0,82895 0,02104 1,000 0,17940 0,80328 0,02041 Trang 21

GII TCH MNG

c. Phng trnh dng phng php Runge-Kutta gii.

di = e(t ) (1 + 3i 2 )i dt

Ta c:
2 k1 = {e(t n ) (1 + 3in )in }t

2 k1 k t k 2 = e(t n + ) 1 + 3 i n + . i n + 1 t 2 2 2 2 k k t k 3 = e(t n + ) 1 + 3 i n + 2 . i n + 2 t 2 2 2 2 k 4 = {e(t n + t ) 1 + 3(i n + k 3 ) . (i n + k 3 )}t in = 1 (k1 + 2k 2 + 2k3 + k 4 ) 6

in+1 = in + in Vi: e(tn) = en

e(t n +

e(tn + t) = en+1 Thay th gi tr ban u tm c k1: k1 = 0. Tm c k2:

0 + 0,125 k2 = 1 + 3(0) 2 00,025 = 0,00156 2

t e +e ) = n n +1 2 2

Tm c k3:

Tm c k4: Th

2 0 + 0,125 0,00156 0,00156 1 + 3 k3 = 0,025 = 0,00154 2 2 2

k 4 = {0 + 0,125 1 + 3(0,00154) 2 0,00154}0,025 = 0,00309

i0 = 1 (0 + 0,00312 + 0,00308 + 0,00309) = 0,00155 6

V i1 = i0 + i0 = 0+ 0,00155 = 0,00155 Bi gii thu c bng phng php Runge-Kutta c a vo trong bng 2.3. d. Cng thc d on sa i ca phng php Milne l.
( in0 )1 = in 3 + +

4 t (2i 'n 2 i 'n 1 +2i 'n ) 3 t in +1 = in 1 + (i 'n 1 +4i 'n +i 'n +1 ) 3

Vi
i 'n = di dt n

Trang 22

GII TCH MNG

di 2 = en (1 + 3in )in dt n

Cc gi tr ban u i hi phi thu c t li gii ca phng php Runge-Kutta. Vi i0 = 0; i1 = 0,00155; i2 = 0,00615; i3 = 0,01372. Thay th vo phng trnh vi phn, ta c: i0 = 0; i1 = 0,12345; i2 = 0,23485; i3 = 0,36127. Bt u ti t4 = 0,100 v thay th vo trong cng thc d on, c lng u tin cho i4 l:
( i40 ) = 0 + 4 (0,025)[2(0,12345) 0,24385 + 2(0,36127 )] = 0,02418 3

Thay th e4 = 0,500 v i4 = 0,02418 vo trong phng trnh vi phn, ta c: i4 = 0,500 [ 1 + 3(0,02418)2]0,02418 = 0,47578 D on v gi tr chnh xc, ch khc nhau mt s hng thp phn v vy khng i hi lp li nhiu ln. Kt qu sau tng bc c ghi vo bng 2.4. Ti t9 gi tr d on ca dng in l 0,11742 nhng trong khi gi tr chnh xc l 0,11639. Vic thc hin lp li bi s thay th gi tr chnh xc trong phng trnh vi phn thu c i9 = 0,87888. C ln lt dng trong cng thc sa i thu c c lng th hai cho i9 = 0,11640, trc khi kim tra gi tr chnh xc. Thc hin lp li trong tt c cc bc m bo yu cu chnh xc.

Trang 23

Bng 2.3: Gii bng phng php Runge-Kutta k1 en+ en+1 k1 -------- in + --2 2 k2 k3 en+1 in + k3 k4 k2 in + --2 in

Bng 2.4: Bi gii bng phng php ca Milne.

Thi gian tn

Sc Dng in in ng in en

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0,000 0,025 0,050 0,075 0,100 0,125 0,750 0,175 0,200 0,225 0,250 0,275

0,000 0,00000 0,00000 0,0625 0,00000 0,00156 0,00078 0,00154 0,125 0,00155 0,00309 0,1875 0,00310 0,00461 0,00386 0,00459 0,250 0,00615 0,00610 0,3125 0,00920 0,00758 0,00994 0,00756 0,375 0,01372 0,00903 0,4375 0,01824 0,01048 0,01896 0,01046 0,500 0,02419 0,01189 0,5625 0,03014 0,01331 0,03084 0,01329 0,625 0,03749 0,01468 0,6875 0,04483 0,01606 0,04552 0,01604 0,05354 0,01740 0,8125 0,06224 0,01874 0,06291 0,01872 0,875 0,875 0,07227 0,02004 0,9375 0,08229 0,02134 0,08294 0,02132 1,000 0,09360 0,02260 1,0000 0,10490 0,02229 0,10475 0,02230 1,000 0,11590 0,02199 1,0000 0,12690 0,02167 0,12674 0,02168 1,000 0,13758 0,02137 1,0000 0,14827 0,02105 0,14811 0,02105 1,000 0,15863 0,02073 1,0000 0,16900 0,02041 0,16884 0,02042

0,125 0,00154 0,00309 0,00155 0,250 0,00614 0,00610 0,00460 0,375 0,01371 0,00903 0,00757 0,500 0,02418 0,01189 0,01047 0,625 0,03748 0,01468 0,01330 0,750 0,05353 0,01740 0,01605 0,07226 0,02004 0,01873 1,000 0,09359 0,02260 0,02133 1,000 0,11590 0,02199 0,02230 1,000 0,13758 0,02137 0,02168 1,000 0,15863 0,02073 0,02105 1,000 0,17905 0,02009 0,02041

GII TCH MNG

Trang 24

GII TCH MNG

N 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 in

Thi gian tn 0,100 0,125 0,150 0,175 0,200 0,225 0,250 0,275 0,300

Sc in ng en 0,500 0,625 0,750 0,875 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

Dng in (d on) in 0,02418 0,03748 0,05353 0,07226 0,09359 0,11742 0,13543 0,16021 0,17894

in 0,47578 0,58736 0,69601 0,80161 0,90395 0,87772 0,87888 0,85712 0,85464 0,82745 0,82881 0,80387 0,80382

Dng in (sa i) 0,02419 0,03748 0,05353 0,07226 0,09358 0,11639 0,11640+ 0,13755 0,13753+ 0,15911 0,15912+ 0,17898 0,17898+

+ : gi tr sa i th hai thu c bi vng lp d. Phng trnh dng phng php Picard hm tng ng khi u cho i, cn i0 = 0 l:
i = i0 + e(t ) i 3i 3 dt
0
t

Thay th e(t) = 5t v gi tr ban u i0 = 0

i
(1)

Thay i(1) cho i trong phng trnh tch phn, thu c:

t 5t 2 375t 6 i ( 2 ) = 5t 0 2 8

5t 2 = 5 t dt = 0 2
t

5t 2 5t 3 375t 7 dt = 2 6 56

Qu trnh tip tc, ta c:

t 5t 2 5t 3 375t 6 375t 7 125t 8 + + + .... dt i ( 3) = 5t 0 2 6 8 7 8 2 3 4 7 5t 5t 5t 375t = + + .... 2 6 24 56 t 5t 2 5t 3 5t 4 375t 6 375t 7 ( 4) 5t + + + .... dt i = 0 2 6 24 8 7

5t 2 5t 3 5t 4 t 5 375t 7 + + .... 2 6 24 24 56

Gii hn chui sau s hn bc bn l:

5t 2 5t 3 5t 4 + i= 2 6 24

Nu hm dng xp x i chnh xc bn s thp phn vi s hn xp x u tin khng ch n sai s ln th . 5log t [ log0,00120 log t [ 9,415836 - 10 t [ 0,2605 Trang 25

GII TCH MNG

Gi tr gii hn l hm xp x hp l. V vy, trong v d ny hm c th dng ch thu c y cho trong khong 0 [ t [ 0,2; Bi v cho t > 0,2 th e(t) = 1. Cho nn, hm xp x khc phi chnh xc cho trong khong 0,2 [ t[ 0,3 nh sau:

{1 0,09367 3(0,09367 ) }dt = 0,09367+ 0,90386(t- 0,2) i = 0,09367 + {1 0,09367 0,90386(t 0,2 ) 3[0,09367 + 0,90386(t 0,2)] }dt = 0,09367 + 0,90386 {1 1,07897 (t 0,2) 0,76189(t 0,2 ) 2,45089(t 0,2) }dt
i (1) = 0,09367 +
t t

i = 0,09367 +

t 0, 2

( 1 i 3i ) dt
3

0, 2

( 2)

0, 2

0, 2

= 0,09367 + 0,90386 x (t 0,2) 2 (t 0,2) 3 (t 0,2) 4 x ( t 0,2) 1,07897 0,76189 2,45089 dt 2 3 4

Cui cng, ta c: i(3) = 0,09367 + 0,90386(t - 0,2) - 0,48762(t - 0,2)2 - 0,05420(t - 0,2)3 - 0,30611(t - 0,2)4 + 0,86646(t - 0,2)5 .... Chui gii hn, hm xp x l: i = 0,09367 + 0,90386(t - 0,2) - 0,48762(t - 0,2)2 - 0,05420(t - 0,2)3 - 0,30611(t - 0,2)4 Cho i hiu chnh trong bn s thp phn, ta c: 0,86646(t - 0,2)5 [ 0,00005 (t - 0,2) [ 0,14198 Hm hp l cho trong khong 0,2 [ t [0,342 Gi tr thu c bng phng php Picard c a vo trong bng 2.5.

2.5. SO SNH CC PHNG PHP.

Trong bi gii ca phng trnh vi phn hm quan h gia bin ph thuc y v bin c lp x cn tm tha mn phng trnh vi phn. Bi gii trong gii tch l rt kh v c mt s vn khng th tm c. Phng php s dng tm li gii bng cch biu din y nh mt s hm ca bin c lp x t mi gi tr xp x ca y c th thu c bng s thay th hon ton hay biu din tng ng quan h gia cc gi tr lin tip ca y xc nh cho vic chn gi tr ca x. Phng php Picard l phng php s kiu u tin. Phng php Euler, Runge-Kutta, v Milne l v d cho kiu th hai. Kh khn ch yu pht sinh t phng php xp x y bng hm s, nh phng php Picard, tm thy trong ln lp li s tch phn hin ti phi thc hin thu c hm tha mn. V vy phng php ny l khng thc t trong hu ht cc trng hp v t c dng.

Trang 26

GII TCH MNG

Bng 2.5: Gii bng phng php Picard. n Thi gian tn Sc in ng en 0 0 0 1 0,025 0,125 2 0,050 0,250 3 0,075 0,375 4 0,100 0,500 5 0,125 0,625 6 0,150 0,750 7 0,175 0,875 8 0,200 1,000 9 0,225 1,000 10 0,250 1,000 11 0,275 1,000 12 0,300 1,000

Dng in in 0 0,00155 0,00615 0,01372 0,02419 0,03749 0,05354 0,07229 0,09367 0,11596 0,13764 0,15868 0,17910

Cc phng php theo kiu th hai i hi php tnh s hc n gin o thch hp cho vic gii bng my tnh s ca cc phng trnh vi phn. Trong trng hp tng qut, n gin quan h i hi dng trong mt khong nh cho cc bin c lp nhng ngc li nhiu phng php phc tp c th dng trong khong tng i ln tn nhiu cng sc trong vic chnh xc ha li gii. Phng php Euler l n gin nht, nhng tr khi khong tnh rt nh th dng n cng khng ng vi thc t. Phng php bin i Euler cng s dng n gin v c thm thun li kim tra h thng vn c trong qu trnh thu c ci thin s c lng cho y. Phng php c s chnh xc gii hn, v vy i hi dng khong gi tr nh cho bin c lp. Phng php Runge-Kutta i hi s rt ln ca php tnh s hc, nhng kt qu cng khng chnh xc.
Phng php d on sa i ca Milne l t kh khn hn phng php Runge-Kutta v so snh c chnh xc ca bc h5. V vy, phng php ca Milne i hi c bn gi tr ban u cho bin ph thuc phi thu c bng mt s phng php khc, hu nh phng php bin i Euler hay phng php Runge-Kutta, l nh nhau. Trong s ng dng my tnh cho phng php s. Chng trnh i hi bt u li gii nh phng php ca Milne. Li gii tip tc dng cng thc khc cho d on v sau sa cha gi tr ca y cung cp qu trnh h thng cho kim tra tt bng sa cha c lng ban u. Nu s khc nhau gia d on v gi tr chnh xc l ng k, khong tnh c th c rt gn li. Kh nng trong phng php ca Milne khng c hiu lc trong phng php Runge-Kutta.

Trang 27

GII TCH MNG

Bi tp:
2.1. Gii phng trnh vi phn. Cho 0 [ t [ 0,3; vi khong phng trnh 0,05 v gi tr ban u x0 = 0 v y0 = 1, bng cc phng php s sau y. Euler Bin i Euler. Picard Xp x bc bn Runge-Kutta Milne dng gi tr bt u thu c phng php Runge-Kutta 2.2. Gii bng phng php bin i Euler h phng trnh vi phn.
dx = 2y dt dy x = 2 dt dy = x2 y dx

Cho 0 [ t [ 1,0; Vi khong phng trnh 0,2 v gi tr ban u i0 = 0,x0 = 0 v y0 = 1 2.3. Gii bng xp x bc bn Runge-Kutta phng trnh vi phn bc hai. y = y + xy Cho 0 [ x [ 0,4; Vi khong phng trnh 0,1 v gi tr ban ux0 = 0,y0 = 1, v y0 = 0

Trang 28

GII TCH MNG

CHNG 3 M HNH HA CC PHN T TRONG H THNG IN

3.1. GII THIU:
Trong h thng in gm c cc thnh phn c bn sau: a. Mng li truyn ti gm: - ng dy truyn ti. - Bin p. - Cc b t in tnh, khng in. b. Ph ti. c. My pht ng b v cc b phn lin hp: H thng kch t, iu khin.... Cc vn cn xem xt y l: Ngn mch, tro lu cng sut, n nh qu . Mng li truyn ti c gi thit l trng thi n nh v thi hng ca n nh hn nhiu so vi my pht ng b.

3.2. M HNH NG DY TRUYN TI.

3.2.1. ng dy di ng nht.
ng dy di ng nht l ng dy c in tr, in khng, dung khng, in dn r phn b u dc theo chiu di ng dy, c th tnh theo tng pha v theo n v di. Trong thc t in dn r rt nh c th b qua. Chng ta ch quan tm n quan h gia in p v dng in gia hai u ng dy, mt u cp v mt u nhn. Khong cch tnh t u cp n u nhn. tnh ton v xem xt mi quan h gia in p v dng in trn tng im ca ng dy ta c m hnh ton hc nh sau: (xem hnh 3.1). Ti ta x ly vi phn dx trn mi pha so vi trung tnh v kho st phn t dx.

IS + VS x =1 u cp

I + dI V + dV dx V

IR + VR x=0 u nhn
Hnh 3.1 : Quan h in p v dng in phn t di ca ng dy truyn ti

Vi phn t dx ny ta c th vit: dV = I .z .dx dV Hay = I .z dx V dI = V. y . dx Vi z: Tng tr ni tip ca mi pha trn mi n v di y: Tng dn r nhnh ca mi pha trn mi n v di dI Hay = V. y dx

(3.1)

(3.2)

Trang 29

GII TCH MNG Ly vi phn bc 2 ca (3.1) v (3.2) theo x ta c: d 2V dI = z. 2 dx dx 2 d I dV = y. 2 dx dx Th (3.1) v (3.2) vo (3.3) v (3.4) ta c: d 2V = z. y.V dx2 d2I = z. y.I dx2 Gii (3.5) ta c dng nghim nh sau: V = A1 exp( zy.x) + A2 exp( zy.x) Thay (3.7) vo o hm bc nht (3.1) ta c dng in 1 1 I = A exp( zy.x) A2 exp( zy.x) 1 z z y y A1 v A2 c xc nh t iu kin bin: V = VR v I = IR x = 0; Thay vo (3.7) v (3.8) cn bng ta c: z .I R VR + y A1 = 2 z .I R VR y A2 = 2 : Gi l tng tr ng dy t Z c = z y (3.3) (3.4)

(3.5) (3.6) (3.7) (3.8)

(3.9)

(3.10)

= z. y : Gi l hng s truyn sng Vy (3.9) v (3.10) c vit gn nh sau: V + I R .Z c V I R .Z c (3.11) V ( x) = R exp( .x) + R exp( .x) 2 2 VR + I VR I R R Zc Zc I ( x) = exp( .x) exp( .x) (3.12) 2 2 Cng thc (3.11) v (3.12) dng xc nh in p v dng in ti bt c im no ca ng dy theo ta x. Ta vit (3.11) li nh sau: V ( x) = VR . 1 . [exp ( . x) + exp ( . x)] + I R . ZC . 1 [ exp ( . x) exp ( . x)] 2 2 (3.13) = VR .ch ( . x) + I R .ZC .sh( . x) Tng t (3.12) I ( x) = I R ch( . x) + VR .sh( . x) (3.14) ZC Khi x = 1 ta c in p v dng in u cp:

Trang 30

VS = VR . ch ( .x) + I R . ZC .sh( .x)

GII TCH MNG (3.15) (3.16)

I S = VR

ZC

. sh( .x) + I R . ch( .x)

3.2.2. S tng ng ng dy di (l > 240):

S dng cng thc (3.15) v (3.16) lp s tng ng ca ng dy di nh hnh 3.2 (gi l s hnh ). IS + VS Z IR + VR Hnh 3.2 : S ca ng dy truyn ti

Y1 Y2

T s hnh 3.2 ta c: VS = VR + Z . I R + VR .Y 2 .Z = (1 + Y 2 .Z )VR + Z .I R (3.17) I S = ( I R + VR .Y 2 ) + VSY 1 (3.18) Thay VS (3.17) vo (3.18) v n gin ha ta c: I S = [(Y 1 + Y 2 ) + Z .Y 1 .Y 2 ].YR + (1 + Z .Y 1 ) I R (3.19) ng nht (3.17) v (3.19) tng ng vi (3.15) v (3.16) ta c: Z = ZC sh ( .l) (3.20) (3.21) Y1 = Y2 = Y (1+Z.Y) = ch ( .l) (3.22) ch( .l ) 1 1 .l = . th (3.23) Vy: Y = ZC .sh( .l ) ZC 2 Vit gn (3.20) v (3.23) li ta c: sh( .l ) z. l .sh( .l ) = Z = ZC . y.l (3.24) .l .l y. l th ( . l ) y.l th ( . l ) 2 2. 2 = (3.25) Y = . l l ZC 2 . 2 . 2 S dng s hnh (3.3) v khai trin sh v ch ta c th tnh Y v Z n chnh xc cn thit. Thng thng trong s ni tip ch cn ly 2 hay 3 phn t l t yu cu chnh xc: x3 x5 Sh( x) = x + + + ...... + ....... 3! 5! x2 x4 (3.26) Ch ( x) = 1 + + + ...... + ....... 2! 4! x3 2 17 7 Th ( x) = x + x5 x + ......... 3 15 315

Trang 31

GII TCH MNG

z. l . sh( . l ) .l

Is
+ VS -

IR
+

y. ( l ) th ( . l ) 2 . 2 Zc . l 2

l y. l th ( . 2 ) . 2 .( l ) 2

VR -

Hnh 3.3 : S ca mng tuyn ti

Nu ch ly hai s hng u. ( . l ) 2 Z z.l . 1 + 6

2 2 1 .l .l .l Y = 1 1 2 3 2 2 2

.l

(3.27)

3.2.3. S tng ng ca ng dy trung bnh:

Gm cc ng dy c .l << 1 gi l ng dy trung bnh (240km) Z = z.l = Z (tng cc tng tr ni tip) y. l Y (na ca tng dn r) Y = = 2 2 ZT1 ZT1 IS Z IS IR + VS + Y/2 Y/2 VR + VS YT

IR + VR -

Hnh 3.4 : S i xng ca ng dy truyn ti

Hnh 3.5 : S i xng T ca ng dy truyn ti

S thu c theo gi thit gi l s i xng (hnh 3.4) v cn c mt s th hin khc na gi l s i xng T (hnh 3.5) Tnh ton tng t nh s ta c (s T) l z. l th ( . 2 ) . Z T 1 = ZT 2 = ZT = 2 . l 2 sh( .l ) YT = y. l V .l Vi s i xng T (yl << 1) c th rt gn nh hnh 3.6 Hai s tng xng ny c chnh xc nh nhau nhng thng thng hay dng s p v khng phi tnh thm na. Trong trng hp ng dy kh ngn (l [ 80km) c th b qua tng dn mch r c hai s p v T v thu gn ch cn mt tng dn ni tip Z (hnh 3.7)

Trang 32

GII TCH MNG

IS + VS -

Z/2 Y

Z/2

IR + VR -

+ VS -

IS

IR

+ VR -

Hnh 3.6 : S i xng T

Hnh 3.7 : S tng ng ca ng dy tuyn ti ngn

3.2.4. Thng s A, B, C, D:
Cc thng s A, B, C, D c s dng thit lp cc phng trnh quan h gia in p v dng in u cung cp v u nhn ca ng dy truyn ti.
Bng 3.1 : Tham s A, B, C, D cho tng loi s

Loi ng dy -ng dy di ng nht -ng dy trung bnh .S i xng T .S i xng p -ng dy ngn

B C D Y.Z ZC .sh( . l ) = Z(1 + sh( . l ) ch( . l ) = A ch ( . l ) = 1 + = Y(1 + 2 2 2 Y .Z Y .Z ZC + + ... 2 2 Y .Z 6 240 Y .Z Y 2 . Z 2 + + ... + + ... 24 6 120
Y.Z Z (1 + ) 4

Y.Z 1+ 2 1+ Y.Z 2

Y
Y.Z Y (1 + ) 4

A A

Z Z

A 1 V d: ng thc 3.15 v 3.16 c vit li nh sau: VS = A.VR + B.IR IS = C.VR + D.IR Bng 3.1 cho gi tr A, B, C, D ca tng loi ng dy truyn ti. ng dy di, ng dy trung bnh v ng dy ngn, cc thng s ny c c tnh quan trng l: A.D - B.C = 1 (3.28) iu ny c chng minh.

3.2.5. Cc dng tng tr v tng dn:

Xt cc ng dy truyn ti theo cc tham s A, B, C, D cc phng trnh c vit di dng ma trn: VS A B VR (3.29) I = C D I R S Phng trnh 3.29 c vit li theo bin IS v IR s dng kt qu: A.D - B.C = 1 Nh sau:

Trang 33

GII TCH MNG

Z SR I S Z RR I R Vi ZSS = A/C; ZSR = -1/C; ZRS = 1/C; ZRR = -D/C Cng thc (3.30) c vit di dng k hiu: V = Z.I Thm mt cch biu din IS, IR theo bin VS, VR nh sau: I S YSS YSR VS I = Y R RS YRR VR VS Z SS V = Z R RS

(3.30)

(3.31) (3.32)

Hay I = Y. V Vi: YSS = D/B; YSR = -1/B; YRS = 1/B; YRR = -A/B y ma trn Z l ma trn tng tr mch h, ma trn Y l ma trn tng dn ngn mch v m bo Z = Y-1 ca mng hai ca. chng sau s tnh m rng cho mng n ca.

3.2.6. Cc thng s Z v Y dng cho cc gii thiu khc:

T bng 3.1 cc ng thc 3.30 v 3.31 thng s Z v Y c tnh nh sau (dng cho s p) Y.Z YSS = D = (1 + )/Z = 1 +Y B 2 2 2 YSR = 1 = 1 ; YRS = 1 (3.33) Cc B 2 2 Y.Z YRR = A = (1 + ) / Z = ( 1 + Y ) B 2 2 2 tham s ny c th tnh trc tip t s hnh 3.4 vit ra cc phng trnh nt v loi dng nhnh gia.

3.3. MY BIN P:
3.3.1. My bin p 2 cun dy:
S tng ng ca my bin p (MBA) nh hnh 3.8. Cc tham s c quy v pha s cp (pha 1).

I1 + V1 -

R1

X1

N1 N 2

N R2 1 N 2
2

X2
I2 + V2 -

Rm

Xm

Hnh 3.8 : S tng ng ca my bin p

Trang 34

GII TCH MNG Trong MBA lc, nhnh t ha c dng kh nh c th lt i v s tng ng c rt gn nh hnh 3.9
N R + 1 R2 1 N 2
2

I1 + V1 -

N X1 + 1 N 2

X2

I2 + V2 -

R I1 + V1 -

I2 + V2 -

Hnh 3.9 : S tng ng n gin ha ca MBA

3.3.2. My bin p t ngu:

My bin p t ngu (MBATN) gm c mt cun dy chung c s vng N1 v mt cun dy ni tip c s vng N2, s 1 pha v 3 pha di. u cc a-n i din cho pha in p thp v u cc a-n i din cho pha in p cao. T l vng ton b l: N Va' = 1+ 2 = 1+ a = N Ia Va N1 (a) (a) N2 (a) N2 IN1 (a) Va (c) Va N1 (b) N1 IN2 (n) (n) (b) (c)
Hnh 3.11 : S 1 pha ca MBATN Hnh 3.10 : MBA t ngu 3 pha Hnh hnh tng Zex l tng tr S tng ng ca MBATN c m phng nh 3 9: S3.12, trong ng n gino c pha h khi pha cap p ngn mch. Hai tng tr ngn mch na c tnh l: - ZeH: Tng tr o c pha cao p khi s vng N1 b ngn mch ni tt cc a-n. V d dng chng minh t hnh 3.12 (php quy i) (3.34) ZeH = Zex N2 - ZeL: Tng tr o c pha h p khi s vng N2 b ngn mch ni tt cc a-a

Trang 35

GII TCH MNG hnh 3.13. Ia a + Va n Zex 1:N Ia + a a Ia + I1 Va Zex 1:N Ia a + Va

Va n n

Hnh 3.12 : S tng ng ca MBATN

Hnh 3.13 : S tng ng khi ni a-a ca MBATN

T s hnh 3.13 ta c: Va = Va V ( N 1) I 1 = (Va a' ) / Z ex = Va / Z ex N N i vi my bin p l tng s ampe vng bng zero cho nn chng ta c: I1 = Ia N Hay Ia = I1/N Vi: Ia + Ia = I1 V vy: N 1 I a = I1 . N Tng tr : 2 V V N N Z eL = a = a = Z ex Ia I 1 ( N 1) N 1 Do :
2

(3.35)

N 1 (3.36) Zex = ZeL N S dng (3.34) ta c: ZeH = (N-1)2 Z eL = a2ZeL * Nhc im ca MBATN: - Hai pha cao v h p khng tch nhau v in nn km an ton - Tng tr ni tip thp hn MBA 2 cun dy gy ra dng ngn mch ln * u im ca MBATN: - Cng sut n v ln hn MBA 2 cun dy nn ti c nhiu hn - li cng ln khi t s vng l 2:1 hoc thp hn V d minh ha: Cho mt MBA 2 cun dy c thng s nh mc l 22KVA, 220/110V, f = 50Hz. Cun A l 220V c Z = 0,22 + j0,4 () cun B l 110V c tng tr l Z = 0,05 + j0,09 (). MBA u theo dng t ngu cung cp cho ti 110V vi ngun 330V. Tnh Zex, ZeL, ZeH dng ph ti l 30A. Tm mc iu tit in p. Gii: Cun B l cun chung c N1 vng, cun A l cun ni tip c N2 vng. Vy N2 /N1 = 2 = a v N = a+1 = 3, do ZA = 0,24 + j0,4 (), ZB = 0,05 + j0,09 () Nn: ZeH = ZA + a2ZB = 0,44+ j0,76 () ZeL = ZB + ZA/a2 = 0,11+j0,19 ()

Trang 36

GII TCH MNG

N 1 = Z eL = 0,049 + j 0,08 () N N I . R. cos + I . X . sin Mc iu chnh in p = .100% V 30 0,44 . 0,9 + 0,76 . 0,437 = . .100% = 2,21% 3 330 Z ex = Z eH
2 2

3.3.3. My bin p c b iu p:
Do ph ti lun thay i theo thi gian dn n in p ca h thng in cng thay i theo. gi cho in p trn cc dy dn nm trong gii hn cho php ngi ta iu chnh in p mt hoc hai pha ca MBA bng cch t b phn p vo MBA ni chung l t pha cao p iu chnh mm hn. Khi t s vng N bng t s in p nh mc ta ni l t l ng nht. Khi chng khng bng ta ni t l l khng ng nht. B iu p c hai loi: -B iu p di ti -B iu p khng ti B iu p di ti c th iu chnh t ng hoc bng tay, khi iu chnh bng tay phi da vo kinh nghim v tnh ton tro lu cng sut trc . T s u phn p c th l s thc hay s phc trong trng hp l s phc in p hai pha khc nhau v ln v gc pha. MBA ny gi l MBA chuyn pha.

3.3.4. My bin p c t s vng khng ng nht:

Chng ta xt trng hp t s vng khng ng nht l s thc cn xt hai vn sau: - Gi tr tng i ca tng tr ni tip ca MBA t ni tip trong my bin p l tng cho php c s khc nhau trong in p, t l khng ng nht c m t trn s bng ch a v gi thit rng a nm xung quanh 1 (a 1) - Gi thit tng tr ni tip ca MBA khng i khi u phn p thay i v tr. MBA khng ng nht c m t theo hai cch nh hnh 3.14, tng dn ni tip trong hai cch c quan h l Y1 = Y1/a2. a:1 p (1) Y1 p (2) a:1 q Y1 q
Hnh 3.14 : Hai cch gii thiu my bin p khng ng nht

Vi t l bin p bnh thng l a:1 pha a gi l pha iu p. V vy trong s 1 tng dn ni tip c ni n pha 1 cn s 2 th c ni n pha a. a:1 p a
Hnh 3.15 : S tng ng ca MBA khng ng nht Xt hnh 3.15 ca MBA khng ng nht y tng tr ni tip c ni n pha n v ca b iu p. Mng hai ca tng ng ca n l:

Y1 q

Trang 37

GII TCH MNG nt p: I pq = (Vp aVq )Y1 / a 2

a2 nt q:
' I pq = (Vq

V pY1

VqY1 a

(3.37)

Vp

= Vq .Y1

)Y a 1 V p .Y1
a

(3.38) Y1/a (1 a) a2 (b) Ipq p + Vp 0(1-a)Y1 aY1 a(a-1)Y1 (c) Ipq q + Vq - 0 (a 1) a2

Ipq

Y1 Y2 Y3 (a)

Ipq

+ Vp 0 -

q + Vq - 0

Ipq + Vp Y1

Ipq

Y1

q + Vq - 0

Hnh 3.16 : S tng ng ca MBA khng ng nht

s hnh 3.16a ta c: (3.39) Ipq = VpY2 + (Vp-Vq)Y1 (3.40) Ipq = VqY3 + (Vq-Vp)Y1 ng nht (3.39) v (3.40) vi (3.37) v (3.38) ta c: Y1 + Y2 = Y1/a2 Y1 =Y1/a Y1 + Y3 = Y1 Y Y Y Y Gii ra ta c: Y1 = 1 ; Y2 = 1 1 ; Y3 = Y 1 1 2 a a a a S l hnh 3.16b. Ch tt c tng dn trong s tng ng l hm ca t s vng a. V du lin hp gia Y2 v Y 3 lun ngc. V d: Nu Y1 l in khng a > 1; Y2 l in khng; Y3 l in dung; nu a < 1; Y2 l dung khng v Y3 l in khng. S hnh 3.16c l s tng ng theo Y1 khi a 1 th tng tr mch r v tng dn ni tip tin n Y1.

3.3.5. My bin p chuyn pha:

Trong h thng in lin kt c mch vng hay ng dy song song, cng sut tht truyn trn ng dy c iu khin bng my bin p chuyn pha, MBA c t s vng l s phc th ln v gc pha in p ph thuc vo v tr ca b iu p. Khi cun s cp v cun th cp c qun trn cng mt li th chng c cng pha v t l phn p l thc. Tuy nhin trong my bin p t ngu chuyn pha cun s cp v cun th cp c b tr ty theo lch pha khi thay i u phn p th gc pha cng thay i theo. S minh ha hnh 3.17a, s n gin ha ch c mt pha ca MBATN chuyn pha l y cho gn gng, d thy cun dy th 2 ca pha a b lm lch in p i 900 so vi pha a.

Trang 38

GII TCH MNG s vect hnh 3.17b khi u phn p chy t R A th in p thay i t zero n aa kt qu l in p th cp thay i t oa n oa.
a A b c (a) R A c c (b) b R A R b a a a

Hnh 3.17 : My bin p t ngu chuyn pha gm c ba pha a. S u dy b. S vect

Nh hnh 3.17 ta thy rng in p cun ni tip cao hn bnh thng cho php cng sut ln hn chy trn ng dy ngha l: Thay v lp my bin p thng ta lp my bin p chuyn pha s cho php nng cao in p cp v ng dy mang ti nhiu hn.

3.3.6. My bin p ba cun dy.

My bin p ba cun dy s dng trong nhng trng hp cn cung cp cho ph ti hai cp in p t mt cun dy cung cp. Hai cun dy ny gi l cun th hai v cun th ba (hnh 3.18). Cun th 3 ngoi mc ch trn cn c mc ch khc, chng hn c ni vo t chn sng bc 3. Trn s ta k hiu 11 l cun s cp (P), 22 l cun th 2 (S), 33 l cun th 3 (T).
P S
Hnh 3.18 : My bin p ba cun dy

Cc tham s o c t th nghim l: ZPS: L tng tr cun s cp khi ngn mch cun 2 v h mch cun 3 ZPT: L tng tr cun s cp khi ngn mch cun 3 v h mch cun 2 ZST: L tng tr cun th cp khi cun s cp h mch v cun 3 ngn mch
N quy i v pha s cp l: Z ST = P . Z ' ST N S S tng ng ca MBA ba cun dy hnh 3.19 ZPS, ZPT, ZST, quy i v pha s cp. Theo cch o ngn mch ta c: ZPS = ZP + ZS (3.41) (3.42) ZPT = ZP + ZT ZST = ZS + ZT (3.43) Tr (3.42) i (3.43) ta c:
2

ZST

Trang 39

ZPT - ZST = ZP - ZS T (3.41) v (3.44) ta c: ZP =1/2 (ZPS + ZPT -ZST) ZS =1/2 (ZPS + ZST -ZPT) ZT =1/2 (ZST + ZPT - ZPS) Zp ZT
Hnh 3.19 : S tng ng ca MBA ba cun dy

GII TCH MNG (3.44) (3.45) (3.46) (3.47) ZS

B qua tng tr mch r nn nt t q tch ri u cc 1 ni vi ngun cung cp, u cc 2 v 3 ni n ti, nu cun 3 dng chn sng hi th th ni.

3.3.7. Ph ti:
Chng ta nghin cu v ph ti lin quan n tro lu cng sut v n nh. iu quan trng l phi bit s thay i ca cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng theo in p. cc nt in hnh cc loi ti gm c: - ng c khng ng b 5070 % - Nhit v nh sng 2030 % - ng c ng b 510 % tnh chnh xc ngi ta dng c tnh P-V v Q-V ca tng loi ti nhng x l phn tch rt phc tp. V vy ngi ta a ra ba cch gii thiu chnh v ti dng cho mc ch phn tch. - Gii thiu theo cng sut khng i: C lng MVA v MVAR u bng hng s thng dng nghin cu tro lu cng sut. - Gii thiu theo dng in khng i: Dng in ti I trong trng hp ny c tnh P jQ I= | V | ( ) V V = |V|q v = tan-1 (Q/P) l gc h s cng sut, ln ca I c gi khng i. - Gii thiu theo tng tr khng i: y l cch gii thiu thng xuyn khi nghin cu n nh nu lng MVA v MVAR bit v khng i th tng tr ti tnh nh sau: V | V |2 Z= = I P jQ V tng dn: 1 P jQ Y= = Z | V |2

3.4. KT LUN:
Trong chng ny ta xem xt cc phn t ca h thng in nh ng dy truyn ti, bin p, ph ti. M hnh ha chng trong h thng in vi trng thi n nh nghin cu cc trng thi c bn ca h thng: Ngn mch, phn b dng chy cng sut, v n nh qu .

Trang 40

GII TCH MNG

CHNG 4 CC MA TRN MNG V PHM VI NG DNG

4.1. GII THIU:
S trnh by r rng chnh xc ph hp vi m hnh ton hc l bc u tin trong gii tch mng in. M hnh phi din t c c im ca cc thnh phn mng in ring bit nh mi lin h chi phi gia cc thnh phn trong mng. Phng trnh ma trn mng cung cp cho m hnh ton hc nhng thun li trong vic gii bng my tnh s. Cc thnh phn ca ma trn mng ph thuc vo vic chn cc bin mt cch c lp, c th l dng hoc p. V l , cc thnh phn ca ma trn mng s l tng tr hay tng dn. c im ring ca cc thnh phn mng in c th c trnh by thun li trong hnh thc h thng ma trn gc. Ma trn din t c c im tng ng ca mi thnh phn, khng cung cp nhiu thng tin lin quan n kt ni mng in. N l cn thit, v vy bin i h thng ma trn gc thnh ma trn mng l din t c cc c tnh quan h trong li in. Hnh thc ca ma trn mng c dng trong phng trnh c tnh ph thuc vo cu trc lm chun l nt hay vng. Trong cu trc nt lm chun bin c chn l nt p v nt dng. Trong cu trc vng lm chun bin c chn l vng in p v vng dng in. S to nn ma trn mng thch hp l phn vic tnh ton ca chng trnh my tnh s cho vic gii bi ton h thng in.

4.2. GRAPHS.
din t cu trc hnh hc ca mng in ta c th thay th cc thnh phn ca mng in bng cc on ng thng n khng k c im ca cc thnh phn. ng thng phn on c gi l nhnh v phn cui ca chng c gi l nt. Nt v nhnh ni lin vi nhau nu nt l phn cui ca mi nhnh. Nt c th c ni vi mt hay nhiu nhnh. Graph cho thy quan h hnh hc ni lin gia cc nhnh ca mng in. Tp hp con ca cc graph l cc nhnh. Graph c gi l lin thng nu v ch nu c ng ni gia mi cp im vi nhau. Mi nhnh ca graph lin thng c n nh hng th n s nh theo mt hng nht nh. S biu din ca h thng in v hng tng ng ca graph trnh by trong hnh 4.1. Cy l mt graph lin thng cha tt c cc nt ca graph nhng khng to thnh mt vng kn. Cc thnh phn ca cy c gi l nhnh cy n l tp hp con cc nhnh ca graph lin thng chn trc. S nhnh cy b qui nh cho mi cy l: b=n-1 (4.1) Vi: n l s nt ca graph Trang 42

GII TCH MNG G (a) 1 2 G Hnh 4.1 : M t h thng in. (a) S mt pha. (b) S th t thun. (c) Graph nh hng. G

4 3 0

(b) 1 6 (c) 1 0 2 5 2

7 4 3 3 4

Nhnh ca graph lin thng khng cha trong cy c gi l nhnh b cy, tp hp cc nhnh ny khng nht thit phi lin thng vi nhau c gi l b cy. B cy l phn b ca cy. S nhnh b cy l ca graph lin thng c e nhnh l: l=e-b T phng trnh (4.1) ta c l= e-n+1 (4.2) Cy v b cy tng ng ca graph cho trong hnh 4.1c c trnh by trong hnh 4.2
7 1 6 Nhnh cy Nhnh b cy 1 0 2 5 2 4 3 3 4 e=7 n=5 b=4 l=3

Hnh 4.2 : Cy v b cy ca graph lin thng nh hng

Nu nhnh b cy c cng thm vo cy th kt qu graph bao gm mt ng kn c gi l vng. Mi nhnh b cy c cng thm vo s to thnh mt hay nhiu vng. Vng ch gm c mt nhnh b cy c lp th gi l vng c bn. Bi vy, s vng c bn ng bng s nhnh b cy cho trong phng trnh (4.2). S nh Trang 43

GII TCH MNG

hng ca vng c bn c chn ging nh chiu ca nhnh b cy. Vng c bn ca graph cho trong hnh 4.2 c trnh by trong hnh 4.3.
7 1 6 2 F 2 1 0 Hnh 4.3 : Vng c bn nh hng theo graph lin thng 5 E G 3 3 4 4

Vt ct l tp hp ca cc nhnh, nu b i hoc chia graph lin thng thnh hai graph con lin thng. Nhm vt ct c th chn c lp duy nht nu mi vt ct ch bao gm mt nhnh cy. Vt ct c lp nh vy gi l vt ct c bn. S vt ct c bn ng bng s nhnh cy. S nh hng ca vt ct c bn c chn ging nh hng ca nhnh cy. Vt ct c bn ca graph cho trong hnh 4.2 c trnh by trong hnh 4.4
7 2 1 A 6 B 2 1 5 C 3 3 D 4 4

0 Hnh 4.4 : Vt ct c bn nh hng theo graph lin thng

4.3. MA TRN THM VO.

4.3.1. Ma trn thm vo nhnh - nt .
S lin h gia nhnh v nt trong graph lin thng trnh by bi ma trn thm vo nhnh nt. Cc thnh phn ca ma trn c trnh by nh sau: aj = 1 : Nu nhnh th i v nt th j c chiu hng t nhnh i vo nt j aj = -1: Nu nhnh th i v nt th j c chiu hng t nhnh i ra khi nt j aj = 0 : Nu nhnh th i v nt th j khng c mi lin h vi nhau. Kch thc ca ma trn l e x n, vi e l s nhnh v n l s nt ca graph. Ma trn thm vo nhnh nt cho trong graph hnh 4.2 trnh by nh trn. Vi:

Trang 44

GII TCH MNG

a
j =0

i j

=0 n e

i = 1, 2, ... e 0 1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 2 3 4

1 2 3

4 5 6 7

Cc ct ca ma trn l ph thuc tuyn tnh. V vy hng ca < n.

4.3.2. Ma trn thm vo nt A.

Cc nt ca graph lin thng c th chn lm nt qui chiu. Nt qui chiu c th thay i, n c xem nh mt nt trong graph c th cn nhc khi n nh c th mt nt no lm nt qui chiu. Ma trn thu c t ma trn b i ct tng ng vi nt chn lm nt qui chiu l ma trn nhnh - nt A, n s c gi l ma trn nt. Kch thc ca ma trn l e x (n-1) v hng l n-1 = b. Vi: b l s nhnh cy ca graph. Chn nt 0 lm nt qui chiu th hin trn graph trong hnh 4.2. nt
e 1 2 3 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 2 3 4

A=

4 5 6 7

Ma trn A l hnh ch nht v l duy nht. Nu hng ca A sp xp theo mt cy ring bit th ma trn trn c th phn chia thnh cc ma trn con Ab c kch thc b x (n-1) v At c kch thc l l x (n-1). S hng ca ma trn Ab tng ng vi s nhnh cy v s hng ca ma trn At tng ng vi s nhnh b cy. Ma trn phn chia ca graph trn hnh 4.2 c trnh by nh sau: Trang 45

GII TCH MNG e nt 1 2 3 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 2 3 4 e nt Cc nt

Nhnh cy

Ab

A=

4 5 6 7

= Nhnh b cy At

Ab l ma trn vung khng duy nht vi hng (n -1).

4.3.3. Ma trn hng ng - nhnh cy K:

Hng ca cc nhnh cy n cc ng trong 1 cy c trnh by bng ma trn hng ng - nhnh cy. Vi 1 ng c nh hng t 1 nt qui chiu. Cc phn t ca ma trn ny l: kij = 1: Nu nhnh cy i nm trong ng t nt j n nt qui chiu v c nh hng cng hng. kij = -1: Nu nhnh cy i nm trong ng t nt j n nt qui chiu nhng c nh hng ngc hng. kij = 0: Nu nhnh cy i khng nm trong ng t nt j n nt qui chiu. Vi nt 0 l nt qui chiu ma trn hng ng - nhnh cy lin kt vi cy c trnh by hnh 4.2 c dng di y.
ng Nhnh cy 1 2 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 3 4

K =

3 4

y l ma trn vung khng duy nht vi cp l (n-1). Ma trn hng - ng nhnh cy lin h nhnh cy vi cc ng nhnh cy ni n nt qui chiu v ma trn Ab lin kt cc nhnh cy vi cc nt. V vy c t l tng ng 1:1 gia cc ng v cc nt. (4.3) Ab.Kt = 1 t -1 (4.4) Do : K = Ab

Trang 46

GII TCH MNG

4.3.4. Ma trn vt ct c bn B.
Lin h gia nhnh vi vt ct c bn ca graph lin thng c th hin trong ma trn vt ct c bn B. Cc thnh phn ca ma trn l. bj = 1 : Nu nhnh th i v hng cng chiu vi vt ct c bn th j bj = -1 : Nu nhnh th i v hng ngc chiu vi vt ct c bn th j bj = 0 : Nu nhnh th i khng lin quan vi vt ct th j Ma trn vt ct c bn c kch thc l e x b ca graph cho trn hnh 4.4 l:
e b 1 2 3 Vt ct c bn A B D C

1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1

B=

4 5 6 7

Ma trn B c th phn chia thnh cc ma trn con Ub v Bt. S hng ca ma trn Ub tng ng vi s nhnh cy v s hng ca ma trn Bt tng ng vi s nhnh b cy. Ma trn phn chia c biu din nh sau:
e b 1 2 3 Vt ct c bn A B C D 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 b e Vt ct c bn

Nhnh cy

Ub

B=

4 5 6 7

= Nhnh b cy

Bt

Trang 47

GII TCH MNG

Ma trn n v Ub cho ta thy quan h tng ng ca mt nhnh cy vi mt vt ct c bn.. Ma trn con Bt c th thu c t ma trn nt A. Lin h gia nhnh b cy vi nt cho thy bi ma trn con At v gia nhnh cy vi nt l ma trn con Ab. T y tng ng quan h ca mt nhnh cy vi mt vt ct c bn, Bt.Ab cho thy quan h gia cc nhnh b cy vi cc nt nh sau: Bt.Ab = At V vy Bt = At .Ab-1 Theo phng trnh (4.4) ta c Ab-1 = Kt V vy ta c (4.5) Bt = At .Kt
4.3.5. Ma trn vt ct tng thm B .

Vt ct gi thit c gi l vt ct rng buc c th a vo sau tng bc s vt ct ng bng s nhnh. Mi vt ct rng buc ch gm mt nhnh b cy ca graph lin thng. Vt ct rng buc ca graph cho trn hnh 4.4 c trnh by trong hnh 4.5. 7
G F 2 1 A 6 B
2

E 5 C 0

D 3 3 4 4 Vt ct c bn Vt ct rng buc

Hnh 4.5 : Vt ct c bn v rng buc nh hng theo graph lin thng

Ma trn vt ct tng thm c hnh thc biu din nh ma trn vt ct c bn cng thm s ct ca vt ct rng buc. Vt ct rng buc c nh hng ph thuc vo hng ca nhnh b cy. Ma trn vt ct tng thm ca graph trnh by trn hnh 4.5 l ma trn B nh sau:

Trang 48

GII TCH MNG e e 1 2 Vt ct c bn Vt ct gi to E F G A B C D 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1

B =

3 4 5 6 7

B : L ma trn vung c kch thc e x e v khng duy nht. Ma trn B c th

phn chia nh sau:

e e 1 2

Vt ct c bn A 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 B C D

Vt ct gi to E F G e e
Nhnh cy

Vt ct c bn

Vt ct gi to

B =

3 4 5 6 7 -1

Ub

1 -1 1

1 1

Nhnh b cy

=
Bt Ut

4.3.6. Ma trn thm vo vng c bn C.

Tc ng ca nhnh cy vi vng c bn ca graph lin thng th hin bi ma trn vng c bn. Thnh phn ca ma trn l: cj = 1 : Nu nhnh cy th i v hng cng chiu vi vng c bn th j cj = -1: Nu nhnh cy th i v hng ngc chiu vi vng c bn th j cj = 0 : Nu nhnh cy th i khng lin quan vi vng c bn th j Ma trn vng c bn c kch thc e x l theo graph cho trn hnh 4.3 nh sau:

Trang 49

GII TCH MNG e l 1 2 3 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 Vng c bn E F 1 -1 G

C=

4 5 6 7

Ma trn C c th phn chia thnh cc ma trn con Cb v Ut. S hng ca ma trn Cb tng ng vi s nhnh cy v s hng ca ma trn Ut tng ng vi s nhnh b cy. Ma trn phn chia nh sau:
e l 1 2 3 1 -1 -1 1
Nhnh b cy

Vng c bn E F 1
Nhnh cy

Vng c bn

-1

Cb

C=

4 5 6 7

=
1 1

Ut

Ma trn n v Ut cho thy mt nhnh b cy tng ng vi mt vng c bn.

4.3.7. Ma trn s vng tng thm C .

S vng c bn trong graph lin thng bng s nhnh b cy. c tng s vng bng s nhnh, thm vo (e-l) vng, tng ng vi b nhnh cy, gi l vng h. Vng h c v bn cc nt ni bi nhnh cy. Vng h ca graph cho trn hnh 4.3 c trnh by trong hnh 4.6. Hng ca vng h c xc nh theo nh hng ca nhnh cy. Trang 50

GII TCH MNG 7 2 1 A 1 0 6 F

2

3 D 5 E B G 3 4 C

Vng c bn Vng h

Hnh 4.6 : Vng c bn v vng h nh hng theo graph lin thng

Ma trn vng tng thm c hnh thc nm bn cnh ma trn vng c bn, cc ct ca n biu din mi quan h gia cc nhnh vi vng h. Ma trn ca graph trnh by trong hnh 4.6 c biu din di y. C : L ma trn vung, kch thc e x e v khng duy nht.
Vng h A 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 B C D Vng c bn E F 1 -1 1 -1 G

e 1 2

C =

3 4 5 6 7

Trang 51

GII TCH MNG

Ma trn C c th phn chia nh sau:

e 1 2 3

Vng h A 1 1 1 1 B C D

Vng c bn E F 1
Nhnh cy

Vng h

Vng c bn

1 -1 -1 1

-1

1 -1

Ub

Cb

C =

4 5 6 7

=
1 1

Nhnh b cy

Ut

4.4. MNG IN GC.

Thnh phn ca mng in l tng tr v tng dn c trnh by trong hnh 4.7. c tnh ca cc thnh phn c th biu din trong mi cng thc. Bin v tham s l: vpq: L hiu in th ca nhnh p-q epq: L ngun p mc ni tip vi nhnh p-q ipq: L dng in chy trong nhnh p-q jpq: L ngun dng mc song song vi nhnh p-q zpq: L tng tr ring ca nhnh p-q ypq: L tng dn ring ca nhnh p-q Mi mt nhnh c hai bin vpq v ipq. Trong trng thi n nh cc bin v tham s ca nhnh zpq v ypq l mt s thc i vi dng in mt chiu v l mt s phc i vi dng in xoay chiu.

Trang 52

GII TCH MNG

CHNG 5 CC THUT TON DNG CHO VIC THNH LP NHNG MA TRN MNG
5.1. GII THIU.
Nhng phng php trnh by trong cc mc trn i hi mt s chuyn i v o ngc nhng ma trn c c nhng ma trn mng. Mt phng php thay th da trn mt thut ton c th c dng thnh lp trc tip ma trn tng tr nt t nhng thng s h thng v s nt c m ho. Nguyn tc ca thut ton l thnh lp ma trn tng tr nt theo tng bc, m phng cu trc ca mng bng cch thm vo tng nhnh mt. Mt ma trn c thnh lp cho mng ring c biu th sau khi mi phn t c ni vi mng. Ngoi ra, mt thut ton c biu th chuyn ha ma trn tng dn vng t ma trn tng tr nt nh. Cc phng trnh mng: INt = YNt .ENt ENt = ZNt .INt YNt = At .y. A ZNt = (YNt)-1

5.2. XC NH MA TRN YNT BNG PHNG PHP TRC TIP.

Gi Ei, Ej, Ek l in p ti cc nt khi bm mt dng vo nt i.
Ei Ii i yiik yik Yii Ek k Hnh 5.1 : S m t mng in ti 1 nt ykki yii yiij yij yjji Ej j

Ij = 0; j i
j i

I i = ( yiij .Ei ) + ( Ei E j ) yij

j i

Trang 67

= ( yiij .Ei ) + yij Ei yij E j = Ei ( yiij + yij ) + E j ( yij ) = Ei ( yii + yij ). E j ( yij )
j i j i j i j i j i j i j i j i

GII TCH MNG

Ta c:

Yii = yiij + y ij = y ii + yij

Yij = yij

Do :

I i = Yii .Ei + Yij E j = Yij E j

j i

Vy : YNt l ma trn c cc thnh phn trn ng cho chnh l Yii thnh phn ngoi ng cho l Yij. Ch : Nu c tng h th chng ta phi tnh thm cc thnh phn tng h.
Yii = yiij + yij + yij , rs = yii + yij + yij , rs Yij = ( yij , ij + yij ,rs )

5.3. THUT TON THNH LP MA TRN TNG TR NT:

5.3.1. Phng trnh biu din ca mt mng ring. Gi thit rng ma trn tng tr nt ZNt c bit t mt mng ring m nt v mt nt qui chiu 0. Phng trnh biu din ca mng ny cho trong hnh (5.2) l:
1 2 I2 Mng ring m E
m

I1

E1 Im E2 Hnh 5.2 : S biu din ca mt

mng ring

H qui chiu

0
r r ENut = Z Nut.I Nut r Trong : ENut= m x 1 vect ca cc in p nt c o i vi nt qui chiu. r I Nut= m x 1 vect ca cc dng in c bm vo nt khi mt nhnh p - q c

thm vo mng ring, n c th l mt nhnh cy hoc mt nhnh b cy nh cho hnh (5.3) Trang 68

GII TCH MNG

(a) S thm vo ca mt nhnh cy (b) S thm vo ca mt nhnh b cy - Nu p - q l mt nhnh cy, mt nt mi q c thm vo mng ring v to thnh ma trn tng tr nt kch thc l (m + 1) x (m + 1). Cc vect in p mi v dng in mi c kch thc l (m + 1) x 1. xc nh ma trn tng tr nt mi yu cu ch tnh cc phn t trong hng v ct mi.

- Nu p - q l mt nhnh b cy, khng c nt mi c thm vo mng ring. Trong trng hp ny, kch thc ca cc ma trn trong phng trnh biu din c gi nguyn, nhng tt c cc phn t ca ma trn tng tr nt phi c tnh li bao hm nh hng ca nhnh b cy c thm vo.
(a) 1 2
M

(b)

1 2
M

p m

q Nhnh pq Mng in

p Nhnh pq q

Mng in
M

0 H qui chiu

m 0 H qui chiu

Hnh 5.3 : S biu din ca mt mng ring vi mt nhnh c thm vo

5.3.2. S thm vo ca mt nhnh cy.

Gi s ma trn ZNt ban u c kch thc m x m, sau khi thm 1 nhnh cy kch thc m m +1. Gi s ta thm vo 1 nt q ta c phng trnh biu din ca mng ring vi mt nhnh cy p - q c thm vo l nh (5.1). iu c ngha l mng tn ti cc nhnh b ng c hai pha. 1 2 p
M

vpq

Nhnh pq q Ep Eq

Mng in

M Ii = 1 M

Hnh 5.4 : Dng in c bm vo v s tnh ton cc in p nt ca Zqi

0 H qui chiu

Trang 69

GII TCH MNG

Do : Zqi = Ziq, vi i = 1, 2, ..., m v c lin quan n cc nt ca mng ring, nhng khng k n nt mi q. Nhnh cy p - q thm vo c xem l c h cm vi mt hoc nhiu nhnh ca mng in.
E1 Z11 E Z 2 21 * * = E p Z p1 Em Z m1 Eq Z q1 * * Z1m * * Z2m * * * * * Z pm * * Z mm * * Z qm Z1q Z2q * Z pq Z mq Z qq I1 I 2 * I p I m I q

(5.1)

Cc phn t Zqi c th c xc nh bng cch bm vo mt dng in ti nt i v tnh

in p ti nt q vi im qui chiu nh trnh by hnh (5.4). Gi s ta bm dng I = 1A vo nt i (Ij = 0 j i) v tt c cc dng in ti cc nt khc bng 0, t phng trnh (5.1) suy ra:

Eq = Zqi .Ii = Zqi Tng t nh trn ta bm vo cc nt cn li E1 = Z1i .Ii E2 = Z2i .Ii ............... (5.2) Ep = Zpi .Ii ................ Em = Zmi .Ii Eq = Zqi .Ii Cho Ii = 1 trong phng trnh (5.2), Zqi c th thu c trc tip bng cch tnh Eq Cc in p nt lin kt vi nhnh thm vo v in p qua nhnh c th hin bi: (5.3) Eq = Ep - vpq

Cc dng in trong cc nhnh ca mng trong hnh (5.4) c din t trong cc s hng ca cc tng dn ban u v cc in p qua cc nhnh l:
ipq irs = ypq,pq yrs,pq ypq,rs yrs,rs vpq Vrs (5.4)

Trong phng trnh (5.4), pq l mt ch s c nh v lin quan vi nhnh thm vo, v rs l ch s bin i, lin quan n cc nhnh khc. Trong : - ipq v vpq: L dng in v in p chy qua tng ng vi nhnh thm vo. - irs v vrs: L cc vect dng in v in p trong cc nhnh ca mng ring. - ypq,pq: L tng dn ring ca nhnh thm vo. - ypq,rs : L vect ca cc tng dn tng h gia nhnh thm vo p - q v cc nhnh r - s ca mng ring. - yrs,pq : L vect chuyn v ca ypq,rs - [yrs,rs]: L ma trn tng dn ban u ca mng ring. Dng in chy trong nhnh cy thm vo cho trong hnh 5.4 l: Trang 70

GII TCH MNG

ipq = 0 (5.5) Tuy nhin, vpq khng bng 0 v nhnh cy thm vo h cm vi mt hoc nhiu nhnh ca mng ring. Ngoi ra: r r r vrs = Er Es (5.6) Trong : Er v Es l cc sut in ng ti cc nt trong mng ring. T phng trnh (5.5) ta c:
r r i pq = y pq, pq .v pq + y pq,rs .vrs = 0
v pq = 1

Do :
y pq, pq r Th vrs t phng trnh (5.6) ta c: r r 1 r v pq = y pq,rs ( Er Es ) y pq, pq

pq, rs

r .vrs

(5.7)

Th vpq vo trong phng trnh (5.3) t (5.7) ta c:

Eq = E p + 1 y pq, pq 1 y pq, pq

y
r

pq, rs

r r ( Er Es )

Cui cng, th Ep, Eq, Er v Es t phng trnh (5.2) vi Ii = 1, ta c:

Z qi = Z pi + r r r y pq,rs ( Z ri Zrs )

i = 1, 2, ....m

i j

(5.8)

Phn t Zqq c th c tnh bng cch bm mt dng in ti nt q v tnh in p ti nt . Gi s ta bm dng I = 1A vo nt q (Ij = 0 j q) v tt c cc dng in ti cc nt khc bng 0, t phng trnh (5.1) ta suy ra. Eq = Zqq .Iq = Zqq Tng t nh trn ta bm vo cc nt cn li E1 = Z1q.Iq Ep = Zpq.Iq
M M

(5.9)

Em = Zmq.Iq Trong phng trnh (5.9), Zqq c th thu c trc tip bng cch tnh Eq. Tng t ta c in p gia 2 nt p v q l: Eq = Ep - vpq in p ti cc nt p v q c lin kt vi nhau bi phng trnh (5.3) v dng in chy qua nhnh thm vo l: (5.10) ipq = -Iq = -1 Cc in p qua cc nhnh ca mng ring c cho bi phng trnh (5.6) v cc dng in chy qua cc nhnh cho bi phng trnh (5.4) v (5.10) ta c:
r r i pq = y pq, pq .v pq + y pq,rs .vrs = 1
v pq = r r 1 y pq,rs .vrs

Do :

y pq, pq r Th vrs t phng trnh (5.6) ta c: r r r 1 y pq,rs .( Er Es ) v pq = y pq, pq

(5.11) Trang 71

GII TCH MNG

Th vpq vo trong phng trnh (5.11) t (5.3) ta c: r r

y pq, pq r r Cui cng, th Ep, Eq, Er v Es t phng trnh (5.9) vi Iq = 1, ta c: r r r 1 + y pq,rs ( Zrq Zsq ) Z qq= Z pq + y pq, pq Eq = E p + r 1 + y pq,rs .( Er Es )

(5.12)

Nu khng c h cm gia nhnh cy thm vo v cc nhnh khc ca mng ring, th cc phn t ca ypq,rs bng 0. V ta c:
Z pq, pq =

1
y pq, pq

T phng trnh (5.8), ta suy ra rng: i = 1, 2, ....m i j Zqi = Zpi , V t phng trnh (5.12), ta c: Zqq = Zpq + Zpq,pq Hn na, nu nh khng c h cm v p l nt qui chiu i = 1, 2,......m i q Zpi = 0, i = 1, 2,......m i q Nn: Zqi = 0, Tng t: Zpq = 0 V v vy: Zqq = Zpq,pq

5.3.3. S thm vo ca mt nhnh b cy.

Nu nhnh p - q thm vo l mt nhnh b cy, phng php tnh cc phn t ca ma trn tng tr nt l mc ni tip vi nhnh thm vo mt sut in ng el nh cho trong hnh 5.5. Vic ny to thnh mt nt gi l m nt s c loi tr ra sau . Sut in ng el c chn nh th no m dng in chy qua nhnh b cy thm vo bng 0. p Ep Ypq,pq l ipq =0 el Eq

Gi s ma trn ZNt ban u c kch thc m x m, khi ta thm nhnh b cy v to nt gi l th ma trn ZNt c kch thc l (m+1) x (m+1).

Trang 72

GII TCH MNG

1
M M

2 i p Ii = 1 vpq ipq q 0 Ep l el Eq H qui chiu El Hnh 5.5 : Dng in bm vo,

sut in ng trong mch ni tip vi nhnh b cy thm vo v cc in p nt cho vic tnh ton ca Zli

Mng in

Phng trnh t trng cho mng ring vi nhnh p-l thm vo v mch ni tip sc in ng el l .
E1 Z11 E Z 2 12 * = * Em Z m1 el Z l 1 * * Z1m * * * * * * * * Z mm * * Zlm Z1l Z2l * Z ml Z ll I1 I 2 * I m Il

(5.13)

V: el = El - Eq Phn t Zli c th c xc nh bng cch bm vo mt dng in ti nt i v tnh in p ti nt l thuc v nt q. V tt c cc dng in ti cc nt khc bng 0, t phng trnh (5.13) ta suy ra: Ek = Zki .Ii = Zki Tng t nh trn ta bm vo cc nt cn li E1 = Z1i .Ii Ep = Zpi .Ii i =1, 2, ....m (5.14) el = Zli.Ii , Cho Ii = 1 trong phng trnh (5.14), Zli c th thu c trc tip bng cch tnh el. Sut in ng trong mch ni tip l: (5.15) el = Ep - Eq - vpl V dng in chy qua nhnh b cy thm vo l: ipq= 0 Nhnh p - l c th c l gii nh mt nhnh cy. Dng in trong nhnh ny, ng vi cc s hn ca tng dn ban u v in p qua cc nhnh l:
r r i pq = i pl = y pq, pl .v pl + y pq,rs .vrs = 0
M M

Vi: ypq,pq: L tng dn ring ca nhnh p - q ipl = ipq = 0 V vy:

ypq,rs: L tng dn tng h ca nhnh p - q vi nhnh r - s

Trang 73

GII TCH MNG y pl , pl r r Do : y pl ,rs = y pq,rs v y pl , pl = y pq, pq v pl = 1

pl , rs

r .vrs

Nn ta c:
v pl = 1 y pq, pq

pq, rs

r .vrs

(5.16)

Th ln lt phng trnh (5.16), (5.6) v (5.14) vi Ii = 1 vo phng trnh (5.15) ta c:

Zli = Z pi Zqi + 1 y pl , pl

pl , rs

r r ( Z ri Z si )

i = 1, 2, .....m,i l

(5.17)

Phn t Zll c th c tnh bng cch bm vo mt dng in ti nt l vi nt q l im nt qui chiu v tnh in p ti nt th l thuc v nt q. Gi s ta bm dng I = 1A vo nt l (Ij = 0 i l), v tt c cc dng in ti cc nt khc bng 0. T phng trnh 5.13) ta suy ra: k = 1, 2, .....m Ek = ZklIl = Zkl Tng t nh trn ta bm vo cc nt cn li. E1 = Z1l.Il Ep = Zpl.Il
M M

(5.18)

el = Zll.Il = Zll Tng t ta c in p gia 2 nt p v l l: el = Ep - Eq - vpl Cho Il = 1 phng trnh (5.18), Zll c th thu c trc tip bng cch tnh el. Dng in trong nhnh p - l l: ipl = -Il = -1 Dng in ny trong cc s hng ca cc tng dn ban u v cc in p qua cc nhnh l:
r r i pq = i pl = y pq, pl .v pl + y pq,rs .vrs = 1

Vi: ypq,pq: L tng dn ring ca nhnh p - q ypq,rs: L tng dn tng h ca nhnh p - q vi nhnh r - s Tng t, v: r r y pl ,rs = y pq,rs v y pl , pl = y pq, pq Nn: v pl =
r r 1 + y pl ,rs .vrs y pl , pl

(5.19)

Th ln lt phng trnh (5.19), (5.6) v (5.18) vo phng trnh (5.15) vi Il = 1 ta c:

Zll = Z pl Zql + r r r 1 + y pq,rs ( Zrl Zsl ) y pq, pq

(5.20)

Nu nhnh thm vo khng h cm vi cc nhnh khc ca mng ring, th cc phn t ypq,rs = 0 V: Z pq, pq =
1 y pq, pq

T phng trnh (5.17) ta suy ra: Trang 74

GII TCH MNG

Zli = Zpi - Zqi, i = 1, 2, ....m i l V t phng trnh (5.20): Zll = Zpl - Zql + Zpq,pq Hn na, nu s thm vo m khng h cm v p l nt qui chiu th: il i = 1, 2, .....m Zpi = 0, il V: Zli = -Zqi, i = 1, 2, .....m V tng t:: Zpl = 0 V vy: Zll = - Zql + Zpq,pq Cc phn t trong hng v ct th l ca ma trn tng tr nt vi mng ring thm vo c tm thy t cc phng trnh (5.17) v (5.20). Vic cn li ca tnh ton i hi ma trn tng tr nt bao hm nh hng ca nhnh b cy thm vo. iu ny c th hon thnh bng cch bin i cc phn t Zij, trong i, j = 1, 2, .....m, v loi tr hng v ct l tng ng vi nt gi. Nt gi c loi tr bng cch ngn mch ngun sut in ng mch ni tip el. T phng trnh (5.13) ta c: r r r ENut = Z Nut.I Nut + Zil .I l (5.21) i, j = 1, 2, ....m V: el = Zlj .I Nut + Zll .I l = 0 Gii Il t phng trnh (5.22) v th vo (5.21): r r
r Zil .Zlj r ENut = ( Z Nut ).I Nut Zll

r r

(5.22)

y l phng trnh biu din ca mng ring bao hm nhnh b cy. T suy ra yu cu ca ma trn tng tr nt l: r r ZNt (c bin i) = ZNt (trc lc loi tr) Vi : Bt k phn t ca ZNt (c bin i) l: Zij (c bin i) = Zij (trc lc loi tr) Zil .Zlj Zll

r r Zil .Zlj Zll

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GII TCH MNG

BEGIN Vo s liu Nt qui chiu k := 1 Thm nhnh cy Da vo bng s liu nhp tng tr ban u Z Tnh ZNt Thm Nhnh b cy Da vo bng s liu nhp li tng tr ban u Z Tnh ZNt Thm nhnh cy S k=e Hnh thnh ma trn END LU THNH LP MA TRN TNG TR NT S

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GII TCH MNG

CHNG 6 TRO LU CNG SUT

6.1. GII THIU:
Nhim v ca gii tch mng l tnh ton cc thng s ch lm vic, ch yu l dng v p ti mi nt ca mng in. Vic xc nh cc thng s ch mng in rt c ngha khi thit k, vn hnh v iu khin h thng in. Mt s ln cc thut ton c xut trong 20 nm tr li y. Trong chng ny ta gii thiu cc phng php trn cc kha cnh nh: D chng trnh ha, tc gii, chnh xc.... Vic tnh ton dng cng sut phi c tin hnh tng bc v hiu chnh dn. Bn cnh mc ch xc nh trng thi tnh th vic tnh ton dng cng sut cn l mt phn ca cc chng trnh v ti u v n nh. Trc khi c s xut hin ca my tnh s, vic tnh ton dng cng sut c tin hnh bng thit b phn tch mng. T nm 1956, khi xut hin my tnh s u tin th phng php tnh dng cng sut ng dng my tnh s c xut v dn dn c thay th cc thit b phn tch mng. Ngy nay cc thit b phn tch mng khng cn c dng na.

6.2. THIT LP CNG THC GII TCH.

Gi s mng truyn ti l mng 3 pha i xng v c biu din bng mng ni tip dng nh trn hnh 6.1a. Cc phn t ca mng c lin kt vi nhau nn ma trn tng dn nt YNt c th xc nh t s . Theo s 6.1a ta c: (6.1) INt = YNt .VNt
1 p . . 0 (a) Ip Sp + Vp P

(b)

Hnh 6.1 : S a cng ca ng dy truyn ti

YNt l mt ma trn tha v i xng. Ti cc cng ca mng c cc ngun cng sut hay in p. Chnh cc ngun ny ti cc cng lm cho p v dng lin h phi tuyn vi nhau theo (6.1) chng ta c th xc nh c cng sut tc dng v phn khng bm vo mng (quy c cng sut dng khi c chiu bm vo mng) di dng hm phi tuyn ca Vp v Ip. Ta c th hnh dung ngun cng sut bm vo mng ni ngang qua cng ti u dng ca ngun bm nh hnh 6.1b. Trang 77

GII TCH MNG

Phn loi cc nt: - Nt P -Q l nt m cng sut tc dng P v cng sut phn khng Q l c nh, nh nt P 6.1 chng hn SP SP SP SP SP SP Vp I p = Sp + jQ p = ( PGP PLP ) + j (QGP QLP ) (6.2) Vi Vp = ep +jfp Ch s GP v LP ng vi cng sut ngun pht v cng sut tiu th P. S cho bit cng sut c nh (hay p t). - Nt P -V tng t l nt c cng sut tc dng P c nh v ln in p c gi khng i bng cch pht cng sut phn khng. Vi nt ny ta c: SP SP Re[Vp I * ] = PpSP = PGP PLP (6.3) p
Vp = (e2 + f p2 ) = Vp p
SP

(6.4)

- Nt V-q (nt h thng) r rng nt ny in p v gc pha l khng i. Vic a ra khi nim nt h thng l cn thit v tn tht I2R trong h thng l khng xc nh trc c nn khng th c nh cng sut tc dng tt c cc nt. Nhn chung nt h thng c ngun cng sut ln nht. Do ngi ta a ra nt iu khin in p ni chung l n c cng sut pht ln nht. nt ny cng sut tc dng PS (s k hiu nt h thng) l khng c nh v c tnh ton cui cng. V chng ta cng cn mt pha lm chun trong h thng, gc pha ca nt h thng c chn lm chun thng mc zero radian. in p phc V c nh cn Ps v Qs c xc nh sau khi gii xong tro lu cng sut cc nt.

6.3. CC PHNG PHP GII QUYT TRO LU CNG SUT:

Theo l thuyt th c hai phng php tn ti l phng php s dng ma trn YNt v phng php s dng ma trn ZNt. V bn cht c hai phng php u s dng cc vng lp. Xt v lch s phng php th phng php YNt a ra trc v ma trn YNt d tnh v lp trnh, thm ch ngy nay n vn s dng vi h thng khng ln lm, phng php ny gi l phng php Gauss -Seidel. ng thi phng php Newton cng c a ra phng php ny c u im hn v mt hi t. Sau khi cch loi tr trt t ti u v k thut lp trnh ma trn vevt tha lm cho tc tnh ton v s lng lu tr t hn, th phng php Newton tr nn rt ph bin. Ngy nay vi h thng ln ti 200 nt hay hn na th phng php ny lun c dng. Phng php dng ma trn ZNt vi cc vng lp Gauss - Seidel cng c tnh hi t nh phng php Newton nhng ma trn ZNt l ma trn y nn cn b nh hn ct gi chng, l hn ch chnh ca phng php ny Trong chng ny chng ta ch gii thiu nguyn l ca cc phng php, cn cc phng php c bit nh: S l ma trn tha, sp xp ti u php kh, lc , ..... khng c cp n.

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GII TCH MNG

6.4. LCH V TIU CHUN HI T.

Php gii tro lu cng sut c coi l chnh xc khi tha mn iu kin t (6.2) n (6.4) m ch yu l phi m bo chnh xc (6.4), hai tiu chun hi t ph bin l: - Mc cng sut tnh ton nt no theo Vp v Ip bn tri ng thc (6.2) n (6.4) ph hp tng ng vi gi tr cho sn bn phi. S sai khc ny gi l lch cng sut nt. - lch in p nt gia 2 vng lp k tip nhau. Sau y ta xt tng tiu chun c th: + Tiu chun lch cng sut nt: T (6.1) v (6.2) ta c
Sp = S
SP p

Vp I = P
* p

SP p

+ jQ

SP p

* V p YpqVq* q=1

(6.5)

Tch phn thc v phn o ca (6.5) ta c lch cng sut tc dng v lch cng sut phn khng thch hp cho c (6.2) v (6.3). Biu din trong ta vung gc nh sau: Ta s dng k hiu sau: V p = e p + jf p = V p p
Y pq = G pq + jB pq

pq = p q Vi tng nt P -V hay P - Q Dng ta vung gc:

PP = PPSP Re[(ep + jf p ) (G pq jB pq )(eq jf q )]
q=1 n

(6.6a)

Dng ta cc:
n Pp = P | V p | (G pq cos pq + B pq sin pq ) | Vq | q=1 Vi tng nt P - Q
SP p

(6.6b)

Dng ta vung gc:

SP Q p = Q p Im[(ep + jf p ) (Gpq jB pq )(eq jf q )] q=1 n

(6.7a)

Dng ta cc:
n SP Q p = Q p | V p | (G pq sin pq B pq cos pq ) | Vq | q=1

(6.7b)

Tiu chun hi t chung nht c dng trong thc t l: Pp Cp cho tt c nt P -V v P -Q Qp Cq cho tt c nt P -Q Gi tr Cp v Cq c chn t 0,01 - 10 MVA hay MVAR ty theo trng hp. + Tiu chun lch in p: Gi s bc lp l k, lch in p gia hai vng lp k v k +1 l: V p = V (k +1) V (k ) cho tt c cc nt P - Q Tiu chun hi t l: Vp Cv cho tt c cc nt P - Q Trang 79

GII TCH MNG

Gi tr Cv t 0,01 n 0,0001

6.5. PHNG PHP GAUSS - SEIDEL S DNG MA TRN YNT:

d hiu phng php ny ta gi thit tt c cc nt l nt P-Q tr nt h thng V - q. V in p ca nt h thng hon ton bit nn khng c vng lp no tnh cho nt ny. Ta chn nt h thng l nt cn bng. Do Vq (q s) coi l p ca nt q so vi nt s (k hiu nt s l nt h thng). Vi tt c cc nt, tr nt th s l nt h thng ta rt ra c t (6.1) v (6.2):
IP =
* n SP = YpqVq * VP q=1

p = 1,2...n ; p s

(6.8)

Tch Ypq, Vp trong ra ri chuyn v ta c:

* n 1 SP Vp = * YpqVq Ypp VP q=1 q p
V1( k +1) = 1 Y11

p = 1,2...n ; p s

(6.9)

Cc vng lp ca phng trnh Gauss - Seidel c thnh lp nh sau:

P1 jQ1 Y12V2( k ) Y13V3( k ) .... Y1sVs ... Y1nVn( k ) ( k ) V1 1 P2 jQ2 = Y21V1( k ) ....... Y2 sVs ... Y2 nVn( k ) Y22 V2( k )

V2( k +1)

V p( k +1) =
Vn( k +1) =

1 Ypp
1 Ynn

PP jQ P ( ) ( ) YP1V1( k +1) ..... YPP1VP k1 YPP+1VP k1 ....... YpsVs .... YpnVn( k ) + ( k ) VP

Pn jQ n k Yn1V1( k +1) .... YnsVs ... Ynn1Vn(1+1) ( k ) Vn

(6.10)

Hay vit di dng tng qut l:

n p1 Sp 1 V p( k +1) = YpqVq( k +1) YpqVq( k ) + ( k )* . V q= p q=1 Ypq p

Ma trn YNt l ma trn thu c khi ta xa i hng s v ct s ma trn YNt. V VNt, INt cng c c bng cch xa i phn t s. Ta vit li ma trn YNt bng cch gm cc phn t ng cho, ma trn gm cc phn t tam gic di ng cho, ma trn gm cc phn t tam gic trn ng cho. (6.11) YNt = D - L - W Vi:
X D= O O X O X W = O O O O O L= O X O

Trang 80

GII TCH MNG

Vy cc vng lp c vit gn li nh sau:

(k (k (k (k Vnut+1) = D 1 L.Vnut+1) + W.Vnut) + YNut(Vnut) .VS )

]
(6.12)

P1 jQ1 Y1SVs ( k )* V1 Pp jQ p (k) YpsVs Vi : YNut(VNut,VS ) = ( k )* Vp P jQ n n YnsVs Vn( k )*

BEGIN

Xc nh s liu vo Chn tr s in p ban u Vp(0), p = 1, 2,... n k:=1 Tnh Vp(k+1) theo (6.10) P = 1, 2,.... n Xc nh thay i cc i ca in p Max|Vp(k+1)| = |Vp(k+1) - Vp(k)| p = 1, 2,... Kim tra max < Cv
(k+1) p p Vp = Vp(k+1) + 0 V0

k : =1

|Vp(k+1)|

Tnh dng cng dng sut, in sut, p...... cng

In kt qu END
Hnh 6.2 : S khi phng php Gauss _ Seidel

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GII TCH MNG

Kim tra hi t nh sau: (6.13) Thng thng ti bc u tin ta ly tr s ban u bng in p nh mc ca mng in v ch gm phn thc. Nh vy thut ton lp Gauss - Seidel i vi (6.10) c m t nh hnh 6.2. + Xc nh Ypq,Yqp, vi p = 1... n; q = 1... n + Chn gi tr ban u ti cc nt: Vp(0) (p = 1... n). Thng ly Vp(0) = Um. + Tnh gi tr bc 1 theo (6.10). Qu trnh tnh theo vng trn, ngha l gi tr in p ti nt p bc k+1 c tnh qua gi tr in p ti bc k+1 ca tt c cc nt cn li p - 1, p - 2, ..., 1 v in p ti bc k ca cc nt p + 1, p + 2, ... n. + Tnh lp vi k tng dn + Kim tra iu kin dng. Max|Vp(k+1)| < Cv. Nu sai th tr v bc 3, nu ng th tip tc tnh ton cc i lng khc nh cng sut trn ng dy, in p, ... v dng. L thuyt chng minh rng phng php Gauss - Seidel hi t khi modul tr ring ln nht ca YNt nh hn 1. u im chnh ca phng php Gauss - Seidel l n gin, d lp trnh, tn b nh (do ma trn YNt d thnh lp) v khi lng tnh ton ti mi bc lp cng t. Nhc im ca phng php l tc hi t chm, do cn c phng php nng cao tc hi t. iu ny c xt n trong phn sau. Vp(0)
Max | Vp( k +1) Vp( k ) | < CV

6.5.1. Tnh ton nt P-V:

nt P-V s tnh ton c khc v cng sut phn khng Q cha bit nhng ln in p c gi V sp . Mt khc thit b ch pht gii hn cng sut phn khng p trong khong t Q min n Q max nt P-V cng sut Q sp c thay bng Q cal . p p p p Vi:
Q cal = Im(Vp .I * ) p p
* = Im(V p YpqVq* ) q=1 n = Im(ep + jf p ) (Gpq jB pq )(eq jf q ) q=1 n

(6.14)
n

= e2 Bpp f p2 Bpq ep (eq Bpq + f q Bpq ) + f p (eq Bpq f q Bpq ) p

q=1 q p q=1 q p

Pha bn phi (6.14) l gi tr mi nht ca in p tnh ton v tnh c Q cal p thay vo (6.10) ta tnh c gi tr mi ca in p V ln khng i |Vp| nn phn thc v o ca V iu kin ny trong khi gi gc pha nh sau:
( pk +1) = tan 1

( k +1) p

. V in p nt ny c

sp

( k +1) p

phi c iu chnh tha mn (6.15)

f P( k +1) ( ePk +1)

(6.16) Cc gi tr ny c dng cho cc tnh ton tip theo. So snh cng sut phn khng tnh c v gii hn ca n.

+1) ( ( +1) Vp((kmi) =| Vpsp | cos pk +1) + j | Vp | sp sin pk +1) = e(pk( +1) ) + jf p((kmi) mi

Trang 82

Nu Q > Q t Q = Q , nu Q < Q t Q Tnh nh tnh vi nt P - Q v khng iu chnh in p. Nu trong tnh ton tip theo Q cal gim xung trong phm vi gii hn th tnh ton nh nt P - V p
cal p max p cal p max p cal p min p cal p

GII TCH MNG = Q min p

6.5.2. Tnh ton dng chy trn ng dy v cng sut nt h thng:

Sau khi cc php tnh v vng lp hi t. Dng chy trn ng dy v cng sut nt h thng c tnh nh sau:
Ipq p + Vp 0
Hnh 6.3 : S ca ng dy truyn ti

Ypq

Ipq q + Vq 0

Ypq/2

Ypq/2

Ypq,

Xt ng dy ni t nt p n nt q c tng dn ni tip v Ypq v tng dn r dng in ng dy c xc nh:

' I pq = (V p Vq )Y pq + V p Y pq / 2

Dng cng sut chy t p n q l:

* * '* Ppq + jQ pq = Vp [(Vp Vq ) * Ypq + VP Ypq / 2]

(6.17) (6.18)

Dng cng sut chy t q n p l:

* '* Pqp + jQqp = Vq [(Vq Vp ) * Ypq + Vq*Ypq / 2]

Tn tht cng sut ng dy s bng tng i s ca Ppq +jQpq v Pqp +jQqp Cng sut nt h thng c tnh bng tng cc dng cng sut chy trn cc ng dy c u ni vi nt h thng:

6.5.3. Tng tc hi t:
Phng php s dng vng lp YNt hi t chm bi v trong h thng ln mi nt thng c dy ni n 3 hay 4 nt khc. Kt qu l lm cho tin trnh lp yu i vic ci thin in p mt nt s nh hng n cc nt ni trc tip vo n. V vy k thut tng tc c s dng nng cao tc hi t. Phng php ph bin nht l SOR (Successive - over - relaxation) phng php gim d qu hn lin tip. Ni dung phng php l c sau mi vng lp th s hiu chnh in p trn cc nt P - Q bng cch sau: +1) Vp( k +1) = (Vp((ktnh) Vp( k ) ) (6.19) (k+1) V Vp l: ( k +1) Vp = Vp( k ) + Vp( k +1) (6.20) H s a gi l h s tng tc c xc nh theo kinh nghim gia 1 v 2, thng (1 < a < 2).

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GII TCH MNG

Nu a chn hp l th tc hi t tng mnh, nhn chung gi tr thc ca a l t 1,4 n 1,6. Nu a l s phc th phn thc v phn o ca in p c tng tc ring bit: +1) +1) Vp( k +1) = Re[Vp((ktnh) Vp( k ) ] + j Im[Vp((ktnh) Vp( k ) ] (2.21) V
Vp( k +1) = Vp( k ) + Vp( k +1)

(6.22)

Vi a v b u l s thc:

6.5.4. u v nhc im ca phng php dng YNt:

Ma trn YNt kh d thnh lp v phng php gii l trc tip nn lp trnh tr nn n gin. B nh c dng lu tr cc phn t khc khng nm trn ng cho chnh. Sau khi s dng tnh i xng ca YNt th vic tnh ton v lu tr cng gn hn. V trong h thng mi nt ni n 3 hay 4 nt khc nn mi vng lp cho tng nt s dng n s lu tr cc nt ny, do php tnh s tng ln rt nhiu. S php tnh trong mi bc lp t l vi s nt n, nu s nt l n th s php tnh l n2. Vi h thng c 200 nt hay hn na phng php ny t ra km hiu qu v rt kh hi t nu c nh hng ca iu kin no chng hn c mt ca t ni tip (t b dc) so vi phng php Newton.

6.6. PHNG PHP S DNG MA TRN Z NT:

gii thch v phng php ny u tin ta gi thit khng c nt P-V cc nt u l P - Q (gm n nt) v mt nt cn bng (chn nt cn bng l nt h thng). Trng hp c tn ti nt P - V s xt phn 6.6.3: Gi thit cc thng s ca mng tuyn tnh khi c th xem ngun dng nt th p l Jp l t hp tuyn tnh ca dng in gy ra bi in p Vp v in p cc nt khc Vq (q = 1... n, q p). y l nguyn l xp chng ca mng in. YNt .VNt = INt YNt, VNt , INt c ngha nh (6.1) Nhim v ca chng ta l tm VNt. tm VNt c th dng phng php kh lin tip hay phng php Crame nhng cc phng php ny rt cng knh khi n ln. y ta cp n phng php ma trn. Do YNt l ma trn vung, i xng v khng suy bin nn ta c: VNt = YNt-1 . INt -1 YNt = ZNt : Gi l ma trn tng tr nt ca mng in. Do ta c th vit: VNt = ZNt . INt ZNt c th xc nh theo ba cch sau: + Xc nh t Y 1 : Phng php ny c th dng c khi n b bng cch dng Nut ma trn phn ph i s ca YNt. Khi n ln c th dng thut ton lp, cng thc ca thut ton lp xc nh ma trn nghch o ti bc th k l:
1 1 1 1 YNut [k ] = YNut [k 1] + YNut [k 1]( I YNut.YNut [k 1]) * * * * 1 Vi Y 1 *[k 1] : L ma trn nghch o gn ng ca YNut[k 1] v I l ma trn Nut 1 n v. C th ly YNut [0] l ma trn ng cho suy ra t YNt bng cch gi li cc * 1 phn t trn ng cho chnh. Qu trnh lp dng li khi YNut [k ].YNut I . * + Xc nh t s mng: V ZNt cng c ngha vt l nh YNt do ta cng c th thit lp t s :

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GII TCH MNG

k p.

Zpp: L tng dn u vo nhn t nt i n nt cn bng khi mi nt k c Ik = 0,

Zpq, p q l tng tr tng h gia nt p v nt q. + Khi c s tr gip ca my tnh in t th ZNt c xc nh theo phng php m rng dn s nh sau: Chn vi phn t ca mng d lp ZNt theo cch 2 trn. Sau m rng dn s cho n khi n nt: Phng php ny thng c s dng khi gii tch mng c cu trc thay i v bi ton c chng trnh ha. Qua y ta thy vic xc nh ZNt t s kh hn so vi vic xc nh YNt t s . By gi ta xt tng phng php lp c th sau khi xc nh c ZNt.

6.6.1. Phng php tha s zero:

Xt ma trn YNt ta b i hng, ct ng vi nt h thng ta c ma trn YNt t (6.12) b i cc k hiu vng lp ta c: YNt . VNt = g(INt,Vs) Ly nghch o YNt ta c:
1 YNut = Z Nut (k+ (k) VNut1) = Z Nut.g( I Nut,Vs )

Cc vngklp theo phng php Gauss - Seidel: ( +1) (k )

VNut = Z Nut.I Nut

Vit rng ra cc vng lp l:

P jQ1 1 V (k ) Y1sVs V1(k +1) 1 M = ZNut M Pn jQn Vn(k +1) YnsVs (k ) Vn

(6.26)

Ma trn ZNt c c khi nghch o YNt bng tin trnh phn t ha ba gc. Theo phng php c V p(k ) (p = 1, 2... n, p s) pha bn phi (6.26) c thay bng V p(k +1) v phi gii phng trnh bc 2 iu ny s gp kh khn nu cn bc 2 ca l s m. Chng ta s xy dng thut ton tnh lp vi ma trn ZNt c sn. Qu trnh tnh lp dng li khi Max|Vp(k+1) - Vp(k)| < Cv

6.6.2. Phng php s dng ma trn ZNt :

tin li ta a phng trnh nt h thng vo ma trn VNt = ZNt .INt v sp xp li nh sau:
M V1 I1 M Z M Zb M a L = L L L L L M T M Zd I n Vn Zb Vs I s M

(6.27)

V Vs bit trc nn ta tm Is t (n -1) phng trnh u nh sau: Rt t (6.27) v chuyn v nghch o Zd ta c: Trang 85

GII TCH MNG

I s = Z Z I Nut + Z V
T b

1 d

1 d s

(6.28)

Vi:

T I Nut = ( I 1 , I 2 ,.....I s , I s+1 ,....I n )

Th vo phn cn li ca (6.27) ta c:
T VNut = ( Z a Zb Z d 1 Zb ) I Nut + Zb Z d 1VS

= Z NutI Nut + bVS

T Vi: b = Z b Z d1 v Z Nut = ( Za Zb Zd 1 Zb ) Ch rng ZNt Z Nut T 6.29 ta thnh lp cc vng lp Gauss - Seidel nh sau:

(6.29)

( k +1) p

= Z pq (
q=1 q s

p1

* Sq

Vq*( k +1)

) + Z pq (
q= p q s

* Sq

Vq*( k )

) +bpVs

p = 1, 2, ...n; p s

(6.30)

Qu trnh lp dng li khi: Max|Vp(k+1) - Vp(k)| < Cv p = 1, 2, ... n. Ta thy phng php ny hi t nhanh hn phng php tha s Zero v ngay ti bc lp k+1 cc nt p c iu chnh bng in p ti cc nt p-1, p-2, ..., 1 ti bc k+1 ny.

6.6.3. Phng php s dng ma trn Z vi nt h thng lm chun:

Trong phng php ny, tt c tng tr mch r c b i v nh hng ca n c thay th bng dng bm thch hp v nhnh ni t h mch. V in p nt h thng bit nn tt c (n -1) nt cn li vi nt ni t lm chun, in p c tnh nh sau: VNt = ZBS.INt + hVS (6.31) Vi hT = (1.......1) th hin tng dn mch r ti nt p l Yp, ta bm vo mng dng m nn dng in bm vo mng thc t l:
Ip = S* p
* Vp

YpV p
n

(6.32)

Bit Ip thnh lp vng lp Gauss - Seidel tnh Vp rt t (6.31) nh sau:

( ( V p( k +1) = Z pq I qk +1) + Z pq I qk ) +Vs q=1 q s q= p q s p1

p = 1, 2, ... n; p s

(6.33)

Vi

Iq =

* Sq

Vq*

YqVq

6.6.4. Phng php tnh lun c nt iu khin p:

Nu a lun cc nt iu khin p vo tin trnh tnh ton th lm tng t nh phng php ma trn YNt. Trong tnh ton dng in nt ta thay Q cal bng Q sp (gi tr p p phng on). in p ca nt c c chng nh s dng gi tr Q trn, phn thc v phn o ca n c iu chnh tha mn ln in p v gi cho gc pha khng i. S dng gi tr gii hn ca Q chuyn t nt P-V sang nt P-Q hay ngc li khi vt qu gii hn. Trang 86

GII TCH MNG

6.6.5. Hi t v hiu qu tnh ton:

Nu tt c cc nt u l nt P-Q th c th tnh ton ma trn ZNt mt cch trc tip l sung s, v dng in ca mi nt u nh hng n tt c cc nt khc thng qua ma trn ZNt gn nh y hi t nhanh vo 8 n 20 vng lp so vi mt s ln vng lp theo phng php vng lp YNt. Tr ngi ln nht ca phng php l cn phi ct gi ma trn ZNt y , thm ch khi s dng tnh i xng ca n cng cn hn n2 bin (gm c phn thc v phn o ca ma trn ZNt) c ct gi. V vy cch gii b hn ch s dng. Khi s dng b nh ph nh a hay bng t th thi gian tnh ton li gia tng, trong trng hp phng php ma trn ZNt t hiu dng. Phng php ny ch yu dng cho cc bi ton v ti u ha vic truyn cng sut khi c tr gip ca nhiu my tnh. S dng n trc tip trong phn iu cng sut ti u.

6.7. PHNG PHP NEWTON:

Phng php ny s dng phng php ni ting ca Newton - Raphson gii phng trnh phi tuyn mt bin: Nhc li tinh thn ch yu ca phng php newton nh sau : Nu f(x) = 0 l phng trnh phi tuyn th khai trin f(x) theo gi tr u x(0) nh sau:
f ( x (0) ) + ( x x (0) ) f ' ( x (0) ) + ( x x ( 0) ) 2 f ' ' ( x ( 0 ) ) + ... = 0 2

(6.34) (6.35)

B qua s hng bc cao ch gi li phn tuyn tnh ta c:

f ( x (0) ) + ( x x (0) ) f ' ( x (0) ) = 0

Gii (6.35) bng phng php lp nh sau: Thay x = x(1) ta c:

f ( x(k ) ) f ' ( x(k ) ) x (1) = x ( 0 ) f ( x (0) ) f ' ( x (0) )

(6.36)

Tip tc khai trin ti x (1) ri tnh x(1) c nh th x(k+ 1)

x ( k +1) = x ( k )

(6.37)

y l cng thc lp Newton. Khi m rng cng thc (6.37) cho hm nhiu bin th ta c phng php Newton - Raphson. Phng php ny mi l phng php ma trn c ng dng trong gii tch mng. Vi trng hp gi thit c n phng trnh phi tuyn n bin, ta c phng trnh nh sau: i = 1, 2,.... n (6.38) F(x) = 0; fi(x1,x2,.....xn) = 0; ( k +1) (k) ( k ) 1 (k) = x [ F ' ( x )] .F ( x ) (6.39) Vy: x Trong F(x) l ma trn Jacobien ca F(x):
f 1 x 1 M f i F ' ( x) = = M x j M f n x1 f 1 x2 f 1 xn f n L L xn L L

(6.40)

f n x2

Trang 87

GII TCH MNG

Cc vng lp ca (6.39) c chia ra lm hai phn: Phn hiu chnh v phn gm khi cc phng trnh tuyn tnh. t J(k) = F(x(k)) th phng trnh (6.39) tng ng vi h sau: - F(x(k)) = -J(k)X(k) (6.41a) (k+1) (k) (k) = X + X (6.41b) -X Phng php Newton c c tnh hi t bc 2 v din mo hi t khng ging cc phng php khc. Tr ngi ca n l phng on ban u phi gn vi li gii cho phng php hi t. Vi h thng in, iu ny khng nghim trng lm v ta kinh nghim c th a ra phng on tt.

6.7.1. Gii quyt tro lu cng sut:

Xt phng trnh h thng (6.1) di dng m rng:
I p = Y pqVq
q =1 n

p = 1, 2... n
n

(6.42)

Lin hp ha v nhn (6.42) vi Vp ta c:

* V p I * = Sp = Vp YpqVq* p q=1

(6.43)

Tch phn thc v phn o ra:

n * Pp = Re V p YpqVq* q=1 n * Q p = Im V p YpqVq* q=1

p = 1, 2, .... n p = 1, 2, .... n

(6.44) (6.45)

6.7.2. Phng php lch cng sut trong ta cc:

Phng php Newton s dng lch cng sut trong ta cc c s dng rng ri trong tnh ton tro lu cng sut phng php ta vung gc km hiu qu nn khng xt y, trong phn ny ta k hiu: Vp = |Vp| (p) qpq = qp - qq Ypq = Gpq +jBpq Do (6.44) v (6.45) biu din trong ta cc nh sau:
Pp | Vp | (G pq cos pq + Bpq sin pq ) | Vq | = 0
q=1 n n

(6.46) p = 1, 2... n (6.47)

Q p | Vp | (Gpq sin pq Bpq cos pq ) | Vq | = 0

q=1

Gi thit n l tng s nt ca mng in, nt th n+1 l nt cn bng, s nt P-Q l n1, P-V l n2 v 1 nt h thng v vy n = n1+n2+1. Nhim v ca chng ta l tm ln in p cha bit |V| (n1 s) i vi nt P-Q v gc pha cha bit (n1 + n2 s) c nt P-V v P-Q. Coi X l vect bin (gm c n |V| v q), v vect Y l vect cc bin bit [th X gm 2(n1 + n2) phn t v Y gm 2n1 +2n2 +2 phn t ].

Trang 88

GII TCH MNG

nut V mi P- Q X= mi nut P- V

Vs nut hthng s P sp p Y = sp mi P Q nut Q p sp P p mi P V nut V sp p

T h phng trnh (6.46) v (6.47) ta chn s phng trnh bng s bin ca X t a dng phng trnh tro lu cng sut phi tuyn F(X,Y) = 0 v dng F(X) = 0 bng cch kh i cc bin bit ca Y. Chng ta c dng F(x) nh sau:
2.46 Cho cacnutP Q vaP V vi Pp = P sp p F(X) = =0 vi Q p = Q sp 2.47 cho cacnutP Q p

(6.48)

Cui cng ta c 2n1 + 1n2 phng trnh va bng s bin ca X. Cc phng trnh ny vit li di dng ma trn:
P Q = 0

(6.49) (6.50a) (6.50b)

Vi

n Pp = Ppsp | V p | (G pq cos pq + B pq sin pq ) | Vq | q=1 n sp Q p = Q p | V p | (G pq sin pq B pq cos pq ) | Vq | q=1 p = 1, 2....n; p s, p nt P-V

Vit di dng cng thc Newton phng trnh (6.41a) H N P

Q = M (k) x | V | L (k) | V | (k)

(6.51)

q l vect con gia s ca gc pha ti cc nt P-Q v P-V. S khi thut ton Newton - Raphson trong ta cc c trnh by trong hnh i y.

Trang 89

GII TCH MNG BEGIN

Xc nh s liu vo Gpp, Bpp, Gpq, Bpq

Chn tr s in p ban u Vp(0), p = 1, 2, ... n k: = 0

Tnh Pp(k), Qp(k) theo Vp(k) Lu MaxPp, MaxQp.Tnh Jacobi, p = 1, 2, ...., n

Xc nh thay i cc i ca in p Max|Vp(k+1)| = |Vp(k+1) - Vp(k)| p = 1, 2,... n

Kim tra MaxPp < Cp MaxQp < Cq S Nghch o ma trn Jacobi Tnh q v |V| / |V| Cp nht in p nt v gc pha |Vp|(k+1) = |Vp(k)| + |Vp(k)| qp(k+1) = qp(k) + qp(k)

Vp = Vp(k+1) + V0 Vp = Vp(k+1) + V0 p = 1,2,....,n p = 1, 2,...., n

Tnh dng sut, Tnhdng cngcng sut,in p...... ... in p...

k:= k+1

In kt qu

END
Hnh 6.4 : S khi thut ton Newton - Raphson trong ta cc

Trang 90

GII TCH MNG

CHNG 7 TNH TON NGN MCH

7.1. GII THIU.
Tnh ton ngn mch cho ta bit dng v p ca h thng in trong trng thi s c. Vic tnh ton gip ta d nh cho h thng bo v rle tng ng v xc nh cc gi tr ct ca my ct ng vi mi v tr khc nhau. H thng rle phi nhn ra s tn ti ca ngn mch v bt u my ct tc ng ct s c d dng. S tc ng i hi phi m bo tin cy gii hn s thit hi cho thit b. Gi tr dng v p nhn c l kt qu ca nhiu dng ngn mch xy ra ring bit ti nhiu v tr trong h thng in nn phi tnh ton cung cp d liu c hiu qu cho h thng rle v my ct. Tng t my tnh, cc thng tin thu c ng dng vo cc mc ch ring bit c gi l gii tch mng c dng rng ri trong nghin cu ngn mch trc khi k thut s pht trin. G1 G2 Gn
M

H thng truyn ti

i
M

Eia,b,c

...... L1 L2 L Ti

Epa,b,c

Hnh 7.1 : Gii thiu h thng in dng 3 pha Cu trc nt qui chiu trong hnh thc tng dn l vic lm u tin trong ng dng ca my tnh s cho nghin cu ngn mch. Tng t nh phng php tnh ton tro lu cng sut, dng k thut lp. Hon ton lp li mt cch y ng vi mi dng s c. Th tc chi tit tn nhiu thi gian, thng trong mi trng hp, dng v p i hi cho mt s ln v tr ngn mch. V vy phng php ny khng c ng dng rng ri. S php trin ca k thut vi s ng dng ca my tnh s, hnh thc ma trn tng tr nt c th tnh ton c bng cch dng nh l Thevenin cho vic tnh ton ngn mch. Php tnh gn ng cung cp gi tr trung bnh cho dng v p lc ngn mch, v gi tr c th thu c vi vi php ton s hc theo sau ch lin h vi ma trn tng tr nt.

Trang 91

GII TCH MNG

7.2. TNH TON NGN MCH BNG CCH DNG MA TRN ZNT .
7.2.1. M t hthng
M t h thng in 3 pha trong trng thi bnh thng nh hnh 7.1. Trong trng hp tng qut chnh xc khi nghin cu ngn mch c th thu c vi s trnh by n gin ha. Miu t 3 pha n gin trong hnh 7.2 v thu c bi: My pht e1a,b,c
M

H thng truyn ti

i
M

p Eia,b,c Epa,b,c

ena,b,c

Hnh 7.2 : Gii thiu h thng in dng 3 pha cho nghin cu ngn mch - Miu t mi my pht bng in p khng i pha sau my pht l in khng qu hay siu qu . - Khng ch n nhnh mch r, ti hay ng dy ... - Coi tt c cc my bin p nh l mt cun dy khng ng k. Trong nghin cu ngn mch, c bit vi h thng in cao p, c th miu t tng tr my bin p v ng dy truyn ti nh 1 s thc bng ng in khng ca n.

7.2.2. Dng v p ngn mch.

Dng ma trn tng tr nt cung cp nhng thun li cho vic tnh ton dng v p khi ta xem t l im qui chiu. Mt iu thun li ring l hnh thnh ma trn tng tr nt, cc thnh phn ca ma trn c th tnh ton trc tip dng v p ng vi mi v tr v dng ngn mch. H thng miu t vi im ngn mch ti nt p trnh by trong hnh 7.3. y ta s dng nh l Thevenin, gi tr tng tr ring c miu t bng ma trn tng tr nt c tnh n in khng my pht v gi tr in p mch h c biu din bi in p nt trc ngn mch. Phng trnh c tnh ca h thng trong lc s c. r a, b c r a, b c r a, b c a, b (7.1) E Nut,( F ) = E Nut,( 0 ) Z Nut, c . I Nut(, F ) Gi tr n ca vect in p l: Trang 92

GII TCH MNG

Eia,0b),c (

Ma trn tng tr nt (h thng truyn ti v in khng my pht)

i
a M E p(,b,)c 0

p
b Eia,F ,)c (

a I p (, b, c F)

Ngn mch

a E p(,b,c F)

Hnh 7.3 : Gii thiu h thng in 3 pha vi ngn mch ti nt p

b E1a(,F ,)c

.........

r a,b, ENut( c ) = F

a E p(,b, )c F

.........
a En(,b,)c F

a, b b Vi : ENut,( c ) : Cc thnh phn l cc vect in p 3 pha Eia(,F ,) c F Cc gi tr vect in p bit trc lc ngn mch l:

i = 1, 2, 3, ...., n

E1a(,0b), c
.........

r a,b, ENut(c ) = 0

a E p(,b,)c 0

.........
ab En(,0 ,) c

Trang 93

GII TCH MNG

Gi tr n vect dng in lc ngn mch ti nt p l: 0 .........

r a, b c I Nut(, F ) =

0
a I p(,b, )c F 0 .........

0 Ma trn tng tr nt 3 pha l:

a Z11,b, c

...... Z a,b, c ...... 1p ...... ...... ......

Z1an,b, c

......
a,b Z Nut, c =
a, Z p1b, c

......

......
a Z n1,b, c

...... Z a,b, c ...... Z a,b, c pn pp ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... Z a,b, c ...... np
a, Z nnb, c

a,b Trong cc thnh phn ca ma trn Z Nut, c l ma trn c kch thc 3x3. Phng trnh (7.1) c th vit li nh sau:
a E1a(,Fb), c = E1a(,0b), c Z1ap,b, c . I p(,b, )c F a b ab a, a E2(,F ), c = E2 (,0 ), c Z 2 pb, c . I p(,b, )c F

........................................
a a a, a E p(, b ,) c = E p(,b,) c Z ppb, c . I p(,b, )c F 0 F

(7.2)

.........................................
a b ab a, a En(,F ,) c = En(,0), c Z npb, c . I p(,b, )c F

Vect in p 3 pha lc ngn mch ti nt p theo hnh 7.3 l:

a a a E p(,b, )c = Z F ,b, c . I p(,b, )c F F

(7.3)

a Trong : Z F , b, c l ma trn tng tr 3 pha lc ngn mch. Ma trn kch thc 3x3 c cc thnh phn ph thuc vo dng v tng tr ngn mch. Th phng trnh (7.3) vi a E p(, b,)c vo trong phng trnh (7.2) ta c. F
a b a a b a, a Z F ,b ,c . I p(, F,)c = E p(, 0 ), c Z ppb, c . I p(, b,)c F

(7.4) (7.5)

T phng trnh (7.4) ta thu uc I

a a a, ab I p(, b,)c = ( Z F , b, c + Z ppb, c ) 1 E p(, 0,)c F

a, b, c p( F )

Thay I

a, b, c p( F )

vo trong phng trnh (7.3) in p 3 pha lc ngn mch ti nt p nh sau.

Trang 94

GII TCH MNG

a, b, c p( F )

=Z

a, b, c F

(Z

a, b, c F

+Z

a, b, c 1 pp

) E

a, b, c p( 0 )

(7.6)

a Tng t in p 3 pha ti cc im khc p c th thu c bng s thay th I p(, b,)c vo F trong phng trnh (7.5) ta c: a a a, ab Eia,Fb), c = Eia,0b, c Zip, b, c ( Z F , b, c + Z ppb, c ) 1 E p(, 0,)c ip (7.7) ( ( ) y l cch biu din thng dng cc tham s dng ngn mch trong hnh thc tng tr, dng 3 pha ngn mch ti nt p l: a a a I p(, b,)c = YF, b, c . E p(, b,)c (7.8) F F a a Trong YF, b, c l ma trn tng dn lc ngn mch. Thay I p(, b,)c t phng trnh (7.8) vo F phng trnh (7.2) tr thnh. a a b a, a E p(, b,)c = E p(, 0 ), c Z ppb, c .YFa, b, c . E p(, b,)c (7.9) F F a T phng trnh (7.9) rt E p(, b,)c ta c. F a a, ab E p(, b,)c = (U + Z ppb, cYFa, b, c ) 1 E p(, 0 ,)c F a Th E p(, b,)c vo trong phng trnh (7.8) dng ngn mch 3 pha ti nt p l: F a a, ab I p(, b,)c = YFa, b, c (U + Z ppb, cYFa, b, c ) 1 E p(, 0 ,)c F

(7.10) (7.11)

a Tng t in p 3 pha ti cc nt khc p c th thu c bng cch thay th I p(, b,)c t F phng trnh (7.11). a a, ab Eia,Fb), c = Eia,0b, c Zip, b, cYFa, b, c (U + Z ppb, cYFa, b, c ) 1 E p(, 0,)c ip (7.12) ( ( ) Dng ngn mch qua mi nhnh ca mng c th c tnh vi in p nt thu c t phng trnh (7.6) v (7.7) hay t phng trnh (7.10) v (7.12). Dng in qua mi nhnh trong mng l:

ra , i ( F,)b, c = y a, b, c v(aFb, c )

Trong thnh phn ca vect dng in l:

i ija( F )
b i ija(, F,)c = i ijb( F )

i ijc( F )

Cc thnh phn ca vect in p l:

vija( F )

vija (, b ,)c = vijb( F ) F

vijc ( F )

Cc thnh phn ca ma trn tng tr gc l:

yijaa yijab yijac ,kl ,kl ,kl
b yija,,kl, c =
bc yijba yijbb yij ,kl ,kl ,kl cc yijcakl yijcbkl yij ,kl , ,

Trang 95

GII TCH MNG

Vi y l tng dn tng h gia nhnh i-j ca pha b v nhnh k-l ca pha c. Dng in 3 pha trong nhnh i-j c th thu c t. r b rab b i ija(,F ,)c = yija,,rs, c . vrs (, F,)c (7.13) Vi r - s lin h vi nhnh i-j nh nhng phn t tng h ni n nhnh i-j. r b ra b ra (7.14) vrs,(b, )c = Era(,F ,)c Es(,F ,)c F
Phng trnh (7.13) tr thnh ra b r b r b b i ija(,F ,)c = yija,,rs, c ( Era(,F ,)c Es(,F ,)c )

bc ij , kl

Nhng cng thc trn c th p dng tnh dng v p cho c dng ngn mch 3 pha i xng hay khng i xng.

7.3. TNH TON NGN MCH CHO MNG 3 PHA I XNG BNG CCH DNG ZNT
7.3.1. Bin i thnh dng i xng.
Nhng cng thc a ra trn tnh ton dng v p lc ngn mch c th n gin ha i vi mt h 3 pha i xng bng cch dng cc thnh phn i xng. Ma trn tng tr gc i vi mt thnh phn 3 pha i xng n nh l:
zs pq
a, zpqb, c =

zm pq zs pq zm pq

zm pq zm pq zs pq

zm pq zm pq

Ma trn c th tr thnh ma trn ng cho bng php bin i (Ts* ) t za, b, cTs ta c. pq
0 z(pq)

0, zpq1, 2 =

1) z(pq 2 z(pq)

0 1 2 Vi z(pq) , z(pq) v z(pq) th t l tng tr th t khng, th t thun, th t nghch. i vi h 3 pha i xng tng tr th t thun v th t nghch bng nhau b Tng t, yija,, kl, c trong ma trn tng dn gc v zija, b, c trong ma trn tng tr nt c th ng cho ha bng php bin i ma trn Ts thu c tng ng.

( ) yij0kl ,

( zij0) ( yij1,)kl ( ) yij2kl ,

,1 yij0,kl, 2 =

zij0, 1, 2 =

( zij1) ( zij2)

Thng thng xem tt c cc in p nt trc lc ngn mch l bng nhau v ln v gc lch pha. Xem ln in p pha t Ei(0) bng mt n v. Lc in p nt th i trc ngn mch c dng. Trang 96

GII TCH MNG

Dng ngn mch a b c zF + z0 z0 z0

Cc thnh phn ba pha

a Z F , b, c

YFa, b, c

z0 zF + z0 z0

z0 z0 zF + z0
1 3

y0 + 2yF y0 - yF y0 - yF Vi y0 =

y0 - yF y0 + 2yF y0 - yF
1 zF + 3z0

y0 - yF y0 - yF y0 + 2yF

zF zF zF zg Ba pha chm t a b c zF zF zF

2 Khng xc nh
2

-1 2 -1 0 0 0

-1 -1 2 0 0 0

yF 3

-1 -1 yF 0 0

Ngn mch ba pha a b c zF

zF 0 0

0 8 0

0 0 8

Mt pha chm t a b c zF zg Hai pha chm t a b c zF zF zF

0 zF + z0 z0

0 z0 zF + z0

0 0 0
2 F

0
zF + z0 z + 2 zF z0 z0 z + 2 zF z0
2 F

0
z0
2 zF + 2 zF z0

8 0 0

zF + z0 z + 2 zF z0
2 F

0 Khng xc nh
yF 2

0 1 -1

0 -1 1

0 0

Ngn mch hai pha

Bng 7.1 : Ma trn tng tr v tng dn ngn mch

Trang 97

GII TCH MNG

Dng ngn mch a b c

0 Z F,1, 2

YF0,1, 2

zF + 3z0 0 0

0 zF 0

0 0 zF

yF 0 0 Vi y0 =

0 yF 0
1 zF + 3z0

0 0 yF

zF zF zF zg Ba pha chm t a b c

0 zF 0

0 0 zF yF

0 0 0 1 1 1

0 1 0 1 1 1

0 0 1 1 1 1

8 0 0 Ngn mch ba pha a b c zF

zF

zF

zF

Khng xc nh
2

yF 3

Mt pha chm t b a c zF Khng xc nh 1

2
2 F

2zF
1 -zF 3( z + 2 zF z0 )

-zF 2zF + 3z0

-zF -(zF + 3z0) 2zF + 3z0

Eia( ,0b , c = a2 )
zg a Hai pha chm t a b c zF zF

-zF -(zF + 3z0)

0 Khng xc nh
yF 2

0 1 -1

0 -1 1

0 0

Ngn mch hai pha

Cc thnh phn i xng

Trang 98

GII TCH MNG

Bin i v cc thnh phn dng i xng l:

Ea,b,c = (Ts* ) t Eia,0b, c i(0) ( )
Th

Eia( ,0b , c = )

0
a Ma trn tng tr ngn mch Z F , b, c c th c bin i bi ma trn Ts vo trong ma trn 0 ZF,1, 2 . Ma trn thu c l ma trn ng cho nu dng ngn mch l i xng. Ma trn tng tr v tng dn lc ngn mch coi nh 3 pha i xng ca nhiu dng ngn mch trnh by trong bng 7.1. Tng t cc phng trnh tnh ton dng v p ngn mch c th c vit di dng cc thnh phn i xng. Dng in ti nt ngn mch p l: 0 0 0, 0 I p,(1F, 2 = ( Z F,1, 2 + Z pp1, 2 ) 1 E p,(1,)2 (7.15) ) 0
0 0, 0 Hay I p,(1F, 2 = YF0,1, 2 (U + Z pp1, 2YF0,1, 2 ) 1 E p,(1,)2 ) 0 in p ngn mch ti nt p l: 0 0 0 0, 0 E p,(1F, 2 = Z F,1, 2 ( Z F,1, 2 + Z pp1, 2 ) 1 E p,(1,)2 ) 0 0 0, 0 Hay E p,(1F, 2 = (U + Z pp1, 2YF0,1, 2 ) 1 E p,(1,)2 ) 0 in p ti cc nt khc p l: 1 0 0 0, 0 Ei0(,F,)2 = Ei0(,01), 2 Zip,1, 2 ( Z F,1, 2 + Z pp1, 2 ) 1 E p,(1,)2 0 1 0 0, 0 Hay Ei0(,F,)2 = Ei0(,01), 2 Zip,1, 2YF0,1, 2 (U + Z pp1, 2YF0,1, 2 ) 1 E p,(1,)2 0 Dng ngn mch 3 pha trong nhnh i-j l:

(7.16) (7.17) (7.18) (7.19) (7.20) (7.21)

r 1 r0 1 r i ij0(,1, 2 = yij0,,1, 2 ( Er0(,F,)2 Es(,F,)2 ) F) rs

7.3.2. Ngn mch 3 pha chm t.

Dng v p trong ngn mch 3 pha chm t c th c c bng cch thay ma trn tng tr tng ng bng cc s hng ca nhng thnh phn i xng vo trong phng trnh (7.15), (7.17) v (7.19). hai pha ca phng trnh thu c ta c th nhn trc n vi Ts nhn c cc cng thc tng ng vi cc thnh phn pha. Ma trn tng tr ngn mch cho h thng 3 pha chm t l: zF + 3z0
0 zF , 1, 2 =

zF

(7.22)

zF 0 Dng 3 pha v in p nt ngn mch thu c bng s thay th Z F,1, 2 t phng trnh (7.22) vo trong phng trnh (7.15), (7.17) v (7.19). Dng ngn mch ti nt p l: -1 (0) (0) zF + 3 z0 + Z pp 0 I p( F )
( I p1()F ) ( I p2)F ) (

(1 zF + Z pp) (2 zF + Z pp)

Trang 99

GII TCH MNG

Bin i ta c:
( I p0( )F ) ( I p1()F )

0 =
3 zF + Z (1) pp

(7.23)

( I p2)F ) (

Cc thnh phn pha ca dng ngn mch ti nt p c th thu c bng cch nhn c hai v ca phng trnh (7.23) vi Ts. Ta c dng thu c:
a I p( F ) b I p( F ) c I p( F )

1 =
1 zF + Z (1) pp

a2 a

in p ngn mch ti nt p l:
( E p0( )F ) ( E p1()F ) ( E p2 )F ) (

zF + 3z0 = zF zF

0
3 zF + Z (1) pp

Bin i n gin ta c:
( E p0( )F ) ( E p1()F ) ( E p2 )F ) (

0
3

zF + Z (1) pp

Cc thnh phn pha ca in p ngn mch l:

a E p( F ) b E p( F ) c E p( F )

1 =
zF zF + Z (1) pp

a2 a

in p ti cc nt khc p l:
Ei((0F) )
) Ei((1F )

0
=

( zip0)

0
3

3 0

(1) ip ( zip2)

z F + Z (1) pp

Ei((2F) )

Trang 100

GII TCH MNG

Bin i n gin ta c:
Ei((0F) )
) Ei((1F )

0
=

( Z ip1 ) (1 z F + Z pp)

Ei((2F) )

Cc thnh phn pha l:

Eia F ) ( Eib F ) ( Eic( F )

1 =
(1) 1 Zip zF + Z (1) pp

a2 a

Cc cng thc thu c trong cc mc trn tng kt trong bng 7.2. in p ca mt pha i vi t xem nh mt n v so vi gc qui chiu. Cng thc trong bng 7.2 bao gm in p mt pha i vi t, n c th xem nh mt n v.
Dng lc ngn mch trong cc nhnh ca mng in c th tnh ton t cng thc (7.21). T y cc gi tr in p th t khng, th t nghch bng 0 i vi ngn mch 3 pha m khng c tng h thnh phn th t thun ca h l yij(1,)rs = 0 , ngoi tr rs = ij, phng trnh (7.21) tr thnh.
I ij( 0()F ) I ij(1()F ) I ij( 2()F )

0 =
y ij(1,)ij ( E i1( F ) E (j 1 )F ) ) (

Cc thnh phn pha l:

i i i
a ij ( F ) b ij ( F ) c ij ( F )

1 = 1 3
( ) y ij1,)ij ( Ei((1F ) E (j1)F ) ) (

a2 a

Trang 101

GII TCH MNG Bng 7.2 : Cng thc dng v p lc ngn mch 3 pha chm t ti nt p Thnh phn 3 pha 1
I
a, b, c p( F ) =

Thnh phn i xng 0

I
0, 1, 2 p( F ) =

E p(0) zF + Z (1) pp

a2 a 1

3 E p( 0) zF + Z (1) pp

1 0 0

a, b, c p( F ) =

zF E p( 0) zF + Z (1) pp

a2 a

0, 1, 2 p( F ) =

3 zF E p( 0) zF + Z (1) pp

1 0

1
b E ia(,F,)c = Ei ( 0) zF + Z (1) pp ip
(1 Z ip ) E p( 0)

0
E i0(,1, )2 = 3 Ei (0) F zF + Z (1) pp ip
(1 Zip ) E p(0)

a2 a

1 0

7.3.3. Ngn mch 1 pha chm t.

1 1 1
Y
0, 1, 2 = F

yF 3

1 1 1 1 1 1

(7.24)

Ma trn tng dn ngn mch 1 pha chm t pha a thu c t bng 7.1. Dng ngn mch v in p nt thu c bng cch thay th YF0,1, 2 t phng trnh (7.24) vo trong (7.16), (7.18) v (7.20). Dng ngn mch ti nt p l:
-1
I
(0) p(F )

1 1 1 =
yF 3

1+ Z
Z (1) pp

( 0) pp

yF 3

Z (0) pp 1+ Z
(1) pp

yF 3 yF 3

Z ( 0) pp Z (1) pp 1+ Z

yF 3 yF 3 yF 3

0 3 0

(1) p (F )

1 1 1 1 1 1

yF 3 yF 3

I (p2()F )

Z (1) pp

Z (1) pp

yF 3

( 2) pp

Trang 102

GII TCH MNG

Bin i n gin ta c:
I I I
(0) p(F ) (1) p(F ) ( 2) p(F )

1 =
Z ( 0) pp + 3 2Z (1) pp + 3 zF

1 1

(7.25)

Thnh phn pha ca dng ngn mch ti nt p c th thu c bng cch nhn c hai v ca phng trnh (7.25) bi Ts. Dng thu c l:
I I I
a p(F ) b p(F ) c p(F )

Z (0) pp

+ 2Z (1) + 3zF pp

0 0

in p ngn mch ti nt p l:
-1
E (p0()F )
1 E (p)(F ) =

1+ Z
Z (1) pp

( 0) pp

yF 3

Z (0) pp
1+ Z
(1) pp

yF 3
yF 3

Z ( 0) pp Z (1) pp 1+ Z

yF 3 yF 3 yF 3

0 3 0

yF 3

( E p2()F )

Z (1) pp

yF 3

Z (1) pp

yF 3

( 2) pp

Bin i n gin ta c:
( E p0( )F ) ( E p1()F ) (0 Z pp)

3 Z ( 0) pp + 2Z (1) pp + 3 zF

(0 (1) Z pp) + Z pp + 3zF

(1 Z pp)

( 2) p( F )

Thnh phn pha ca in p ngn mch.

( E p0( )F )

3zF Z ( 0) pp + 2Z (1) + 3 zF pp

( E p1()F )

a2
a

Z (0) Z (1) pp pp Z (0) + 2Z (1) + 3zF pp pp

Z ( 0) Z (1) pp pp

( 2) p( F )

Z ( 0) + 2 Z (1) + 3zF pp pp

Trang 103

GII TCH MNG

in p ti cc nt khc nt p l:
Ei((0F) )
) Ei((1F )

( Zip0)

1
(1 Zip ) ( Zip2)

3 0

3 Z (0) pp + 2Z (1) + 3zF pp

1 1

Ei((2F) )

Bin i n gin ta c:
Ei((0F) )
) Ei((1F )

0 = 3 0 3 Z ( 0) pp + 2Z (1) pp + 3zF

( Zip0) (1 Zip ) ( Zip2)

( 2) i (F )

Cc thnh phn pha l:

Eia F ) ( Eib F ) ( Eic( F )

1 = a2 a 1 Z (0) pp + 2Z (1) + 3zF pp

( (1 Zip0) + 2Zip ) ( (1 Zip0) Zip ) ( (1 Zip0) Zip )

Cc cng thc thu c trong cc mc trn tng kt trong bng 7.3. in p ca mt pha i vi t xem nh mt n v so vi gc qui chiu. Cng thc trong bng 7.2 bao gm in p mt pha i vi t, n c th xem nh mt n v. Dng lc ngn mch trong cc nhnh ca mng in c th tnh ton t cng thc (7.21).

Trang 104

GII TCH MNG Bng 7.3 : Cng thc dng v p ngn mch 1 pha chm t (pha a) ti nt p
Thnh phn 3 pha
I a,( b,)c = p F 3E p( 0) Z (0) + 2 Z (1) + 3 zF pp pp

Thnh phn i xng

1 0 0
3zF
I 0,(1, 2 = p F)

3 E p( 0) Z ( 0) + 2Z (1) + 3 zF pp pp

1 1 1

Z(0) + 2Z(1) + 3zF pp pp

(0 Z pp)

a, b, c p( F )

= E p( 0 )

Z(0) Z(1) pp pp Z(0) + 2Z(1) + 3zF pp pp

Z ( 0) pp Z (1) pp

E0,(1, 2 = p F)

3 Ep( 0) Z ( 0) pp + 2Z (1) pp + 3zF

(0) (1) Zpp + Zpp + 3zF

(0 Z pp)

Z ( 0) + 2 Z (1) + 3zF pp pp
(0 (1 Zip ) + 2Zip)

1
2 E p( 0 ) Eia,Fb), c = Ei ( 0 ) a (

Z(0) + 2Z(1) + 3zF pp pp

(0 Zip ) (1 Zip)

0
1 Ei0(,F,)2 = Ei ( 0 )

( Zip0 )

Z (0) pp

+ 2Z (1) pp

+ 3zF

3 0

3 Ep( 0) Z ( 0) pp + 2Z (1) + 3zF pp

(1 Zip)
( Zip1)

(0 Zip )

(1 Zip)

ij

Z (0) + 2Z (1) + 3zF pp pp

ij

7.4. TNH TON NGN MCH BNG CCH DNG ZVNG

Dng v p lc ngn mch c th tnh ton bng cch dng ma trn tng tr vng cho h thng n gin trnh by trong hnh 7.2. Dng in vng ca h thng in n gin l bng 0 trc lc ngn mch khng ch n tt c cc dng nt. l cn thit v vy kt qu tnh ton dng in vng trong tng dng ngn mch xc nh dng v p ngn mch. Tnh ton ngn mch c th thc hin c bng cch tnh theo h thng 3 pha hoc l tnh theo cc thnh phn i xng. Phng php sau y s biu din bng cch dng h thng 3 pha. S nhnh ca h thng 3 pha n gin bng s nhnh ca mng in cng vi s my pht tng ng. S nt bng s nt n cng vi t, ngha l bng n+1. S nhnh cy hay s vng c bn ca h thng n gin l: ln = (e + eq) - (n + 1) + 1 Hay ln = e + eq + n Vi e l s nhnh ca h thng 3 pha v eq l s my pht tng ng 3 pha.

Trang 105

GII TCH MNG

Ngn mch ti nt p tng ng vi cng thm mt nhnh cy t nt n t. Dng din t h thng trong hnh 7.3, in p lc ngn mch l:
r a, b c r a, b c a, b, c E Nut(, F ) = E Nut(, 0 ) + E Nut
a, b, c

(7.26)

Trong vect E Nut biu din thay i trong in p nt thu c t in p nt ab ngun E p(, 0,)c lc ngn mch. Phng trnh t tnh ca mng in trong dng vng nh sau.
r a, b, c r a, b, a, b, c EVong = ZVong . I Vongc

Cho h thng ngn mch trnh by trong hnh 7.3, vect in p vng bit l:
0 r a, b, c EVong = ..... 0
a b E p(, 0 ,) c

Kch thc ca ma trn tng tr vng, n bao gm c vng ngn mch l 3(ln + 1) x 3(ln + 1). Vevt dng in vng cha bit trong ngn mch l:
I 1a(,Fb), c

r a, b, I VongcF ) = (

.....
I la,(b, c n F)
a I L (, b,)c F

a Trong I L (, b,)c l dng in lin kt vi vng ngn mch. Dng in vng c th tnh F ton t.

r a, b, r a, b, c a, b, c I VongcF ) = ( ZVong ) 1 EVong (

Dng in trong tt c cc nhnh ca mng in lc ngn mch c th tnh nh sau:

r a, b, ra i ( F,)b, c = CI VongcF ) (

(7.27)

Vi C l ma trn vng hng c bn trn 3 pha. Vect dng c th phn chia nh sau:
a, b, c r a, b, c i b( F ) i(F ) = i la(,Fb), c

Trang 106

Vi

r , i baFb), c : L vect dng in trong nhnh b cy ( r a, b, c i l ( F ) : L vect dng in trong nhnh cy

r , a, b, c a, E Nut = K t zbbb, c . i baFb), c (

GII TCH MNG

Do vect in p thay i l:

Vi K l ma trn ng dn - nhnh b cy c bn trn 3 pha.

[z ] : L ma trn tng tr gc i vi nhnh b cy

a, b, c bb

in p nt lc ngn mch thu c bng cch cng thm in p thay i vi in p trc lc ngn mch. Phng trnh (7.26) tr thnh.
r a, b c r a, b c r , a, E Nut(, F ) = E Nut(, 0 ) + K t zbbb, c . i baFb), c (
a, b, c L( F )

(7.28)

Dng ti nt ngn mch l ging nh dng trong vng ph l I . Phng php c th l mt cng vic biu din tnh ton ngn mch ti nhiu v tr trong h thng bng cch cng thm cc nhnh cy, ti mi thi im, gia nt ngn mch vi t. Yu cu hnh thnh v nghch o ma trn tng tr vng cho mi v tr ngn mch khc nhau. Php ton ma trn cn thit i hi cung cp d liu ngn mch cho mt s ln v tr v vy n tn rt nhiu thi gian. Phng php tng bc, mi nhnh cy ng thi c cng thm vo gia mi nt v t, yu cu hnh thnh ma trn tng tr vng n v ch nghch o mt ma trn con. Trong phng php ny, dng in trong vng ph l thay i ng vi tng v tr ngn mch khc nhau. Dng in pha c xem nh l lin kt trong vng ph vi nt ngn mch p n ph thuc vo dng ngn mch. Xem dng in pha l mt n v, dng in trong vng ph th p l: i vi ngn mch 3 pha.
1
a I L p, b,Fc) = (

a2 a

i vi ngn mch 1 pha chm t (trn pha a). 1

a I L p, b,Fc) = (

0 0

i vi ngn mch hai pha (gia pha b v pha c). 0

a I L p, b,Fc) = (

1 -1

Trang 107

GII TCH MNG

Dng trong tt c cc vng ph khc l xem nh bng 0. Vect in p, dng in v ma trn tng tr vng trong phng trnh biu din cho ton mng in, bao gm vng ph c th phn chia nh sau:
a EL , b, c a Z L , b, c a ( Z M, b, c ) t a Z M, b, c a Z A, b, c a I L , b, c a I L (, b,)c F

a, b, c L( F )

(7.29)

a Trong phng trnh (7.29) vect EL , b, c v I La, b, c c xem nh l cc vect dng in ra r b v in p vng trong h thng n gin v EL (, b,)c v I La(,F,)c c xem nh l cc vect F dng in v in p vng ph. r Vect I La, b, c c th tnh ton cho ngn mch ti nt p t phng trnh (7.29) bng cch xem dng in trong vng ph l:

0 ...... 0 r b I a, b, c I La(,F,)c = Lp( F ) 0 ...... 0

a Trong I lp,(b, c c xem nh vect dng 3 pha ca vng ph th p. T phng trnh F) (7.29) ta c. r r b ra a a (7.31) Z L , b, c . I La, b, c + Z M, b, c . I La(,F ,)c = E L , b, c

(7.30)

a T EL , b, c = 0 phng trnh (7.31) tr thnh.

r r b a a Z L , b, c . I La, b, c + Z M, b, c . I La(,F ,)c = 0

i vi h thng n gin dng in vng tm c l:

r r b a a I La, b, c = ( Z L , b, c ) 1 Z M, b, c . I La(,F ,)c

(7.32)

in p vng ph t phng trnh (7.29) l: Th I La, b, c vo trong phng trnh t (7.32) ta c .

ra b a a a a EL (, F,)c = Z A, b, c ( Z M, b, c ) t ( Z L , b, c ) 1 Z M, b, c

ra b r r b a a EL (, F,)c = ( Z M, b, c ) t I La, b, c + Z A, b, c . I La(,F ,)c

(7.33) Phng trnh (7.33) xc nh ngun in p vng ph, t dng in vng ph tnh bi phng trnh (7.30). Thc t xc nh dng ngn mch vi ngun in p trong vng ph th p a, b, c E p( 0 ) phi bng in p nt th p trc ngn mch. Tnh ton ngun in p ca vng
L( F )

}I

r a, b, c

a, , ph th p ELpbFc) thu c t phng trnh (7.33) dng tng ng tnh ton dng ( in. Dng ngn mch thc t ti nt p l:

Trang 108

GII TCH MNG

i vi pha a:
a a I Lp( F ) (thc t) = I Lp( F ) (tng ng) a E p( 0 ) a ELp( F )

i vi pha b:
b b I Lp( F ) (thc t) = I Lp( F ) (tng ng) b E p( 0 ) b ELp( F )

................ ................ r Dng in vng I La, b, c ca h thng n gin c th thu c t phng trnh (7.32) dng dng in vng hin ti. Dng nhnh b cy c th tnh ton t phng trnh (7.27) v in p nt, sau c th xc nh t phng trnh (7.28). ra Trong phng trnh (7.33) xem dng in vng ph I Lp, b, c trong cc nhnh cy ph kt ni cc nt ca mng in vi t v v vy n c xem l dng nt. in p ra vng ph EL (, b,)c l in p nt thu c t dng in hin ti. Trong phng trnh F (7.33).
a a a a a, b Z A, b, c ( ZM, b, c ) t ( Z L , b, c ) 1 ZM, b, c = Z Nut, c

V vy trong phng php ma trn tng tr vng dng xc nh ma trn tng tr nt cho tnh ton ngn mch.

7.5. CHNG TRNH M T TNH TON NGN MCH

Phn ln nghin cu ngn mch l ch cn tnh cho ngn mch 3 pha v 1 pha chm t. Tnh ngn mch trong h thng in l nhm mc ch tnh ton nhng s c, dng ma trn tng tr nt th t thun v th t khng biu din nh mc 7.3 v h thng in n gin trnh by trong mc 7.2. D liu nhp vo din t h thng l thuyt thnh lp ngun nng lng v cc bin i trung gian. D liu cho my pht, b t, s im ni v in khng th t thun th t khng. V l thuyt 1 pha gm 2 thnh phn, thnh phn th nht l cho mi mt im ni dc theo chiu di ng dy l mt in khng ng dy, thnh phn th hai ca ng dy l in khng tng h i hi gia hai dy vi nhau. My bin p v l thuyt c xem nh mt im ni ti mi trm vi s cun dy, s kt ni v in khng th t thun th t khng ca n. Chng trnh tnh ton u tin gn cho mt dy s nt v sp xp h thng d liu cho thun li, hnh thnh cc ma trn tng tr nt th t thun, th t khng. Kim tra v biu din d liu trong mi pha. Tip theo, thit lp cc ma trn tng tr nt th t thun, th t khng. Ma trn c lu tr tm thi trong vng nh ph cung cp cho chng trnh tnh tip theo. Sau cc ma trn tng tr nt th t thun v th t khng c gi ra dng trong tnh ton ngn mch. T ma trn i xng ch lu tr cc thnh phn trn ng cho. Chng trnh tnh ngn mch th t tng bc c trnh by trong hnh 7.6.

Trang 109

GII TCH MNG

S thut ton tnh ton ngn mch trong h thng in:

Bt u c h thng d liu Nhp s nt, sp xp v kim tra h thng d liu D liu b li ? Kt thc cng vic Vo d liu

Lp ma trn tng tr nt th t thun. Lu tr ma trn tng tr nt th t thun. Lp ma trn tng tr nt th t khng. Tm ma trn tng tr nt th t thun. Tnh ton dng v p ngn mch 3 pha 1 pha chm t Vit kt qu Kt thc cng vic Hnh 7.6 : S thut ton tnh ton ngn mch trong h thng in Mng d liu

Xut kt qu

Trang 110

GII TCH MNG

CHNG 8 NGHIN CU TNH N NH CA QU TRNH QU

8.1. GII THIU.
Nghin cu tnh n nh ca qu trnh qu cung cp nhng thng tin lin quan ti kh nng mt ng b ca h thng in trong thi gian nhiu lon quan trng, nguyn nhn l do mt ngun pht, hoc s truyn dn t ngt ca cc thit b hoc chng d s thay i ca ph ti hoc s c tm thi. c bit vn nghin cu ny cung cp nhng thay i v in p, dng in, cng sut, tc v mment ca cc my trong h thng in cng nh l s thay i v in p ca h thng v cng sut trong khong thi gian ngay tc khc theo sau s nhiu lon. n nh ca h thng in l yu t quan trng trong vic vch phng thc vn hnh. tng tin cy phi c ch bo dng lin tc cho cc thit b in, khi thit k h thng in iu quan trng l tnh n nh ca h thng bt k s nhiu lon no. Cng c phn tch h thng in xoay chiu c dng cho vic nghin cu tnh n nh ca qu trnh qu c c t c trng vn hnh ca h thng in trong sut thi gian nhiu lon, s tnh ton tng bc, m t s vn hnh ca cc my c thc hin bng tay. Vic s dng my tnh thc hin tt c cc php tnh cho mng li ca my pht l phn m rng t nhin ca vic nghin cu chng trnh tnh tro lu cng sut. c tnh ca h thng in trong sut thi gian qu trnh qu c th c c t phng trnh c trng ca mng in. Vic s dng cc phng trnh c trng di hnh thc tng tr nt c dng trong vic tnh ton n nh ca qu trnh qu . Trong vic nghin cu tnh n nh ca qu trnh qu th vic tnh ton tro lu cng sut c lm u tin, c c tnh trng ca h thng trc s nhiu lon. Trong vic tnh ton ny, mng in bao gm h thng thanh gp, ng dy truyn dn v my bin p. Hn na s c trng ca mng in dng cho vic nghin cu tnh n nh ca qu trnh qu bao gm: Nhng thnh phn cu thnh mng in, s mch tng ng i vi my in v tr khng tnh hoc l tng dn so vi t i vi ph ti. V th sau khi tnh ton tro lu cng sut, ma trn tng tr hay tng dn ca mng in phi c hiu chnh phn nh s thay i tnh c trng ca mng in. ng c tnh vn hnh ca my in ng b v my in cm ng c m t bi h phng trnh vi phn. S phng trnh vi phn yu cu cho cc my in cn ph thuc vo chi tit cn m t c trng ca my mt cch chnh xc. Hai phng trnh vi phn bc nht cn phi c i vi s c trng n gin nht ca my in ng b. S phn tch tnh n nh ca qu trnh qu c thc hin bi s kt hp li gii ca cc phng trnh i s m t mng in, vi cch gii bng phng php s ca cc phng trnh vi phn. Vic gii cc phng trnh mng in dng nhn dng h thng bng cch ly in p, dng in ca vo h thng trong qu trnh qu . Trang 110

GII TCH MNG

Phng php bin i Euler v Runge - Kuta c thc hin gii cc phng trnh vi phn trong vic nghin cu tnh n nh ca qu trnh qu .

8.2. PHNG TRNH DAO NG.

xc nh gc chuyn dch gia cc my in v h thng in trong iu kin qu , iu cn thit l phi gii cc phng trnh vi phn m t chuyn ng ca rto my in. T cc nh lut c hc lin quan n vt th quay, mment tc ng trn rto ca my in l:
W . R2 . T= g

(8.1)

T: Tng i s cc mment, N -m W . R2 : Mment qun tnh, N - m2 g: Gia tc trng trng = 9,8m / s2 a: Gia tc gc (rad/s2) Gc lch in e c tnh t gc lch c qm v s i cc P/2 l:
e =
f = P . m 2

Trong :

(8.2) (8.3) (8.4)

Tn s f trong mi giy ca chu k l:

P n . 2 60 60 f . m n

T phng trnh (8.2) v (8.3) gc lch in tnh bng radian l:

e =

V tr ca gc lch in d tnh bng radian ca rto lin quan n s quay ng b h trc ta l: d = qe - w0t Vi: w0: L tc ng b nh mc (rad/s) t: Thi gian (s) Lc vn tc gc hoc trt lin quan n h trc ta l: d d e = 0
dt dt

V gia tc gc l: d 2 d 2 e
dt 2 = dt 2

bin i ta ly o hm theo thi gian ca phng trnh (8.4) v thay th: d 2 60 f d 2 m M

= . n dt 2 dt 2 d 2 m = dt 2

Sau thay th vo trong phng trnh (8.1), mment hu ch l: W . R2 n d 2

T= g . 60 f . dt 2

l gii php din t mment trong h n v tng i. Mment c bn c nh ngha l mment cn thit trin khai cng sut nh mc ti tc nh mc l: Trang 111

GII TCH MNG 555 n vc bankva 0,746 Mment c ban= n 2 60

M mment c bn l foot - pound. V th mment trong h n v tng i l: 2 W . R2 2 n 0,746 . . g f 60 550 d 2

T= n vc bankva . dt 2

(8.5)

Hng s qun tnh H ca my in c nh ngha nh mt ng nng ti tc nh mc trong n v kw hay kva. ng nng trong foot - pound l:
1 W. R2 2 W = . . 0 g 2 n 0 = 2 . 60 1 W . R2 n 0,746 . .(2 ) 2 2 g 60 550 H= n vc bankva
2

Vi: n l tc nh mc. V vy.

Thay th vo trong phng trnh (8.5) l: H d 2 T= . (8.6) . f dt Biu din mment trn rto ca my pht bao gm mment c a vo t cc ng c chnh, mment do s suy gim tc quay (do ma st, gi, li thp,.....), mment in ly ra v s suy gim mment do ng c chnh, my pht v h thng in. Mment in v mment c tc ng ln rto ca mt ng c c k hiu i ngc nhau l kt qu ca in a vo v ph ti c ly ra. B qua s suy gim v hm tc quay, mment gia tc Ta l: Ta = Tm - Te Vi Tm: L mment c. Te: L mment in ca khe h khng kh. Vy phng trnh (8.6) tr thnh: H d 2 . = Tm Te (8.7) . f dt 2 T mment v cng sut trong n v tng i bng nhau i vi lch nh trong tc , phng trnh (8.7) tr thnh: d 2 . f Pe: Cng sut in khe h khng kh. Vy phng trnh vi phn bc hai ny c th c vit nh hai phng trnh vi phn bc nht. d 2 d . f
dt 2 = dt = H .( Pm Pe ) = .( Pm Pe ) H dt 2 Trong : Pm: Cng sut c

Trang 112

GII TCH MNG

d d e = 0 dt dt

(8.8)

T tc ng b nh mc tnh bng radian trong mi giy l 2pf, phng trnh (8.8) tr thnh. d = 2 . f
dt

8.3. PHNG TRNH MY IN.

8.3.1. My inng b.
Trong vic nghin cu n nh ca qu trnh qu , c bit ch phn tch nhng vn lin quan trong khong thi gian ngn vo khong thi gian 1 giy hoc nh hn, my in ng b c th c m t bng ngun p sau in khng qu c ln khng i, d c s thay i v v tr gc. S biu din ny b qua nh hng ca s li lm v gi thit t thng mc vng khng i v s thay i nh v tc . in p sau in khng qu c xc nh t.
' E' = Et + ra .I t + jx d . I t

Vi:

E: L in p sau khng in qu

Et: L in p u cc my in. It: L dng in u cc my in. ra: L in tr phn ng. xd: L in khng qu . xd E ra It Et d It (a) S mch tng ng (b) th gc pha Et raIt E

jxdIt Trc qui

hi

Hnh 8.1 : S biu din ca my in ng b. S biu din ca my in ng b c s dng gii quyt mng in v tng ng th gc pha c biu din nh hnh 8.1 S li lm v s bin thin ca t thng mc vng c th c a vo tnh ton bng vic biu din nhng nh hng ca i lng xoay chiu 3 pha ca my in ng b do tc ng ca cc thnh phn dc trc v ngang trc. Dc trc l dc theo ng trc ca cc my v ngang trc l sm pha hn dc trc 900 in. V tr ca trc ngang c th c xc nh bi s tnh ton in p gi thit t ln trc ny. y l in p sau in khng ng b ngang trc v c xc nh.
Eq = Et + raIt +jxqIt

Vi:

Eq: L in p sau khng in ng b ngang trc. xq: L in khng ng b ngang trc Trang 113

GII TCH MNG

Nhng c trng ca my in ng b s dng cho cch gii tch mng in v th gc pha tng ng c trnh by trn hnh 8.2 xd ra It
E

Eq Trc d d Trc It jxdIt raIt Trc qui

hi

Et

Et

(a) S mch tng ng

(b) th gc pha Hnh 8.2 : S biu din ca my in ng b T thng hnh sin sinh ra bi dng in kch t tc ng dc trc. in p cm ng sinh ra bi dng kch t chm tr sau t thng ny 900 v th gi l in p ngang trc. in p ny c th c xc nh bng cch cng in p trn cc Et, in p ri trn in tr phn ng v in p ri c trng nh hng ca s kh t dc trc v ngang trc. Lc b qua nh hng ca s bo ha. Trong :
ET = Et + raIt + jxdId + jxqIq

ET: L in p tng ng vi dng in kch t. xd: L in khng ng b dc trc xq: L in khng ng b ngang trc

Iq: L thnh phn ngang trc ca dng in cc my. th gc pha biu din ET cng nh in p sau in khng qu c trnh by trn hnh 8.3 Thnh phn ngang trc ca in p sau in khng qu t th gc pha l: Eq = Eq - j(xq - xd)Id j(xq-xd)Id Eq Trc dc Trc ngang Id Iq d It Trc qui chiu Et raIt E jxdId jxdIt Eq Et jxqIq jxqIt

Id: L thnh phn dc trc ca dng in cc my

Hnh 8.3 : th gc pha xc nh thnh phn ngang trc ca in p sau

in khng qu

M Eq l in p t l vi t thng mc vng kt qu ny t s kt hp nh hng ca t trng v dng in phn ng. T t thng mc vng s khng thay i mt cch tc thi theo sau s nhiu lon, Eq cng khng thay i mt cch tc thi. Tc thay Trang 114

GII TCH MNG

i ca Eq dc theo trc ngang ty thuc vo in p kch t c iu khin bi b iu chnh v b kch t, in p t l vi dng in kch t v hng s thi gian mch h ca qu trnh qu dc trc c cho bi:
dE' q dt = 1 (E T 'd0
f d

ET )

Vi

Efd: L s hng c trng cho in p kch t tc ng dc theo trc ngang. Td0: L hng s thi gian mch h dc trc ca qu trnh qu .

8.3.2. My in cm ng.
Vic nghin cu tnh n nh qu trnh qu ca ph ti trong h thng in, gm cc ng c cm ng, thng thng c th c trng mt cch thch hp bi cc tng tr mch r. Tuy nhin trong vic nghin cu ph ti s lin quan ca cc ng c cm ng ln, l iu cn thit c trng cc ng c cm ng mt cch chi tit. ng c cm ng c s dng rng ri trong qu trnh cng nghip v c th c nhng nh hng quan trng trong c trng qu trnh qu ca h thng in. rs It E E X Hnh 8.4 : c trng n gin ha my
in cm ng

Mt c trng tuyn tnh hp l ca my in cm ng c th thu c bng cch a vo tnh ton nh hng ca qu trnh qu c v qu trnh qu in t ca rto. nh hng ca qu trnh qu in t stato trong h thng lun c b qua. S mch tng ng biu din trong hnh 8.4 c s dng biu din cch thc qu trnh qu ca mt ng c cm ng bao gm nh hng ca qu trnh qu c in ca rto. Vi hng s thi gian ring khng i. Phng trnh vi phn m t mc thay i ca in p sau in khng qu X l :
dE' 1 = j 2 f s E' { E' j ( X X ' ) I t } dt T0

M hng s thi gian mch h rto T0 tnh bng giy l:

T0 = xr + xm 2 f rr

V dng in ti u cc l:
I t = ( Et E' ) 1 rs + jX '

in khng X v X c th thu c t trng thi n nh thng thng mch tng ng ca my in cm ng nh trn hnh (8.5) .

Trang 115

GII TCH MNG rs It Et xm

rr s

xs

xr
Hnh 8.5 : S mch tng ca my in cm ng trng thi n nh

Vi: rs: L in tr ca stato trong n v tng i. xs: L in khng ca stato trong n v tng i rr: L in tr ca stato trong n v tng i. xr: L in khng ca rto trong n v tng i. xm: L in khng t ha trong n v tng i. s: L h s trt ca rto trong n v tng i in tr v in khng u cng cng sut c bn. T s in p c bn ca stato v rto bng vi t s in p mch h lc dng. H s trt lc dng l:

s=

Tc ng b tc thc Tc ng b

Khi in tr ca rto rr nh hn so vi in khng Xr th trong tnh ton ca X v X c th b qua. T mch tng ng ca trng thi n nh, th in khng ca mch h xp x l: in khng ca khi rto xp x l:
X ' = xs + xr . xm xm + xr X = xs + xm

8.4. PHNG TRNH H THNG IN.

8.4.1. c trng ca ph ti.
Ph ti ca h thng in ng hn l cc ng c c c trng bi cc mch tng ng, x l trong thi gian qu trnh qu . Nhng c trng c s dng thng thng l tr khng tnh hoc l tng dn i vi t, dng in khng i ti h s cng sut xc nh, cng sut tc dng v phn khng khng i hay l s kt hp ca nhng c trng ny. Ph ti khng i bng cng sut tc dng v phn khng cho trc ti nt ph ti hoc l t l phn trm ca nhng gi tr nh r trong trng hp biu din kt hp. Cc thng s kt hp vi tr khng tnh v dng in khng i c c t nt ph ti cho trc v nt in p tnh ton t cch gii tro lu cng sut i vi h thng trc s nhiu lon. Gi tr u ca dng in i vi s biu din ca dng in khng i c c t:
Trang 116

GII TCH MNG

I p0 = PLp jQ Lp E* p

Vi: PLp v QLp l ph ti ca nt cho trc v Ep in p ca nt c tnh ton, dng in Ipo chy t nt p n t, l nt 0. ln v h s gc cng sut ca Ipo vn gi khng i. Tng dn tnh ypo s dng biu din ph ti ti nt p, c th c c t : Trong : Ep l in p nt tnh ton v E0 l in p ti mt t bng 0. V th.
y p0 = I p0 Ep

(Ep - Eo) ypo = Ipo

(8.9)

Nhn c hai s, s chia v s b chia ca phng trnh (8.9) bi Ep v tch bit phn thc v phn o.
g p0 = PLp e + f
2 p 2 p

b p0 =

QLp e + f p2
2 p

M ypo = gpo - jbpo

8.4.2. Phng trnh c trng ca mng in.

Phng trnh c trng ca mng in s dng cho vic tnh ton tro lu cng sut ca mng in, c th c ng dng m t c trng ca mng in trong khong thi gian qu trnh qu . S dng ma trn tng tr nt vi t nh h quy chiu, phng trnh in p cho nt p l:
Ep = ( Pp jQ p ) L p E* p Y . L pq . Eq
q=1 q p n

(8.10)

S hn (Pp - jQp ) / Ep* trong phng trnh (8.10) c trng cho dng in ph ti ti nt p. i vi s biu din ca dng in ph ti khng i.
Pp jQ p (E )
k * p k = I p0 / ( p + p )

k Vi: p l h s gc cng sut v p l gc lch in p lin quan n trc ta . Khi cng sut khng i c dng c trng cho ph ti ( Pp jQ p ) L p s l hng s nhng in p nt Ep s thay i theo mi php lp. Khi ph ti ti nt p c c trng bi tng dn tnh i vi t th dng in tc ng ti nt p bng 0 v th.

( Pp jQ p ) L p E* p

=0

Trong vic s dng phng trnh (8.10) m t c trng ca mng in i vi vic phn tch qu trnh qu th cc thng s phi c hiu chnh bao gm nh hng ca cc phn t tng ng cn c trng tnh ng b my in cm ng v ph ti. Thng s ng dy YLpq phi c hiu chnh i vi phn t mi v thng s ng dy thm vo phi c tnh ton cho mi phn t mng in mi. H thng trnh by trn hnh 8.6 m n cng c s dng minh ha k thut gii quyt tro lu cng sut.

Trang 117

GII TCH MNG 1

5 2 8

7 0 Nt qui chiu Cc phn t c trng my in v ph ti

Phn t mng in

Hnh 8.6 : S h thng cng sut i vi vic phn tch qu trnh qu

c trng tt c ph ti nh tng dn tnh i vi t, phng trnh in p cho nt 1 l.

E1 = Y . L12 . E2 Y . L13 . E3 Y . L14 . E4 Y . L10 . E0

Y.L12 = Y12.L1 Y.L13 = Y13.L1 Y.L14 = Y14.L1 Cc phn t Y12, Y13 v Y14 t ma trn tng dn nt ca mng in l ging nh trong s biu din tro lu cng sut. Tuy nhin.
Vi:

L1 =

1 Y11

Vi Y11 = y12 + y13 + y14 + y10 Bao gm s biu din tng dn tnh ph ti. T E0 bng 0, thng s ng dy YL10 khng c trong vic tnh ton, phng trnh in p cho nt 2 l: E2 = -Y.L21.E1 - Y.L25.E5 - Y.L26.E6 - Y.L28.E8 Vi nt 8 l nt mi. Trong trng hp ny phn t tng dn ng cho i vi nt 2 l: Y22 = y21 + y25 + y26 + y20 + y28 Vi y20 l tng dn tnh biu din ph ti, y28 l tng dn tng ng ca my. Cng thc i vi php lp Gauss - Seidel ca mng in trnh by trn hnh 8.6 l:
k k E1k +1 = Y . L12 . E2 Y . L13 . E3k Y . L14 . E4 k E2 +1 = Y . L21 . E1k +1 Y . L25 . E5k Y . L26 . E6k Y . L28 . E8

E3k +1 = Y . L31 . E1k +1 Y . L35 . E5k

Trang 118

GII TCH MNG

k +1 4

= Y . L41 . E

k +1 4

Y . L46 . E Y . L47 . E7
k 6

k E5k +1 = Y . L52 . E2 +1 Y . L53 . E3k +1 k k E6k +1 = Y . L62 . E2 +1 Y . L64 . E4 +1

in p ca nt u tin thu c t cch gii tro lu cng sut trc s nhiu lon. in p u tin i vi nt th 7 v 8 c c t mch tng ng biu din my in. in p i vi nhng nt tip theo c tnh t phng trnh vi phn m t c trng ca my in. Trong qu trnh tnh ton th ln v gc lch pha ca in p nt sau tng dn tng ng ca my in c gi khng i. Nu s c 3 pha th c m phng bng cch t in p ti nt s c bng 0 v gi khng i. Nu ma trn tr khng nt c s dng i vi vic nghin cu tnh n nh ca qu trnh qu , th mt t c xem nh mt im quy chiu, bi v tt c in p nt ca mng in ngoi tr nt s c thay i trong sut thi gian qu trnh qu . khi cn hiu chnh ma trn tr khng nt i vi s thay i nt qui chiu, mt t cng c s dng nh mt nt quy chiu trong vic tnh ton tro lu cng sut. Khi t c s dng nh mt nt qui chiu i vi vic tnh ton tro lu cng sut v ph ti c c trng nh ngun dng th ma trn tr khng nt ch gm t in, b in khng v cc phn t ca ng dy i vi t. Trong trng hp ny ma trn tr khng nt ri vo iu kin xu v tnh hi t ca cch gii khng t c. Trong cch dn dt khc nu cc ph ti c c trng ch nh tr khng ci thin c tnh hi t th nhng tr khng ny v ma trn tr khng nt s c hiu chnh trong php gii lp i vi s thay i in p nt. khc phc kh khn ny ch mt phn ca mi ph ti c c trng nh mt tr khng i vi t. Phn cn li ca ph ti c th c c trng nh ngun dng m ngun dng thay i cng vi in p nt sao cho tng dng in nt phi tha mn vi cng sut ca ph ti xc nh. Sau khi cch gii tro lu cng sut c c th ma trn tr khng phi c hiu chnh bao gm cc phn t mi ca mng in, biu din my in v tnh ton i vi nhng thay i trong s c trng ca ph ti. Mi c trng ca my in l mt nhnh i vi nt mi, v mi s biu din ca phn t ph ti thay i l cng thm mt nhnh b cy i vi t. Cng thc lp i vi c tnh ca mng in trong sut thi gian qu s dng t nh h quy chiu l:
k E p +1 = ( Z pq . I q ) q=1 n+ m

p = 1, 2, ........, n ;

p f

Vi n l s nt ca mng in, m l s nt sau tr khng tng ng ca my in v f l nt s c. Vect dng in Iq c bao gm dng in ph ti hoc l dng in khng i hoc l cng sut khng i v dng in c c t s mch tng ng ca my in. Trong s ng dng ca ma trn tr khng nt ch nhng hng v ct ph hp vi my in, cng sut khng i, ngun dng khng i cn c gi li i vi cch gii mng in. Tt c cc hng v ct phi c duy tr li, tuy nhin nu in p ca h thng v lun cng sut c i hi trong vic tnh ton qu trnh qu . Nhng phng php m t s dng ma trn tr khng v tng dn nt v vic biu din mi my nh mt in p sau tr khng ca my l mt s ng dng ca nh l Thevenins. Mt h thng xoay chiu c trng cho my in nh ngun dng gia nt Trang 119

GII TCH MNG

u cc my vi t v ni song song vi tr khng ca my. y l s ng dng ca nh l Nortons. iu ny loi b yu cu thit lp nt ph sau tr khng ca mi my. Dng in ca my c tnh ton bng cch s dng in p bn trong my v tr khng ca my. Dng in ny c gi khng i trong cch gii lp ca mng in.

8.5. K THUT GII QUYT.

8.5.1. Tnh ton m u.
Bc u tin ca vic nghin cu tnh n nh ca qu trnh qu l tnh ton tro lu cng sut c c iu kin ca h thng trc s nhiu lon. Sau d liu ca h thng phi c hiu chnh ph hp vi c trng mong mun i vi s phn tch qu trnh qu . Hn na dng in ca my in trc s nhiu lon c tnh ton t:
Iti = Pt i jQ t i E *i t i = 1, 2, ........, m

Vi m l s my Pti v Qti l cng sut c cho trong lch trnh hoc tnh ton cng sut tc dng v phn khng trn cc my. Cng sut tnh ton cho my ti nt d b nh hng v in p cc nt c c t li gii tro lu cng sut ban u. Cui cng in p sau tr khng ca my phi c tnh li. Khi my in th i c c trng bi ngun p sau in khng qu c ln khng i th in p c c t:
E i' ( 0) = Et i + ra i . I t i + jx 'd i . I t i

Vi

Ei(0) = ei(0) +j f i(0)

V Ei(0) l gi tr ban u s dng trong li gii ca phng trnh vi phn, gc lch in p u cc lc u l:

i ( 0 ) = tan 1 . (
f ' i ( 0) e ' i (0) )

Tc ban u wi(0) tnh bng radian trong mi giy l 2pf, m f l tn s trong mi giy ca chu k. Cng sut c u tin a vo Pmi(0) bng vi cng sut in khe h khng kh Pei trc s nhiu lon c th thu c t.
Pe i = Pt i + I t i . ra i
2

|Iti|2.rai biu th cho tn tht ca stato. Khi nh hng ca ch li lm v s thay i ca t thng mc vng c a vo tnh ton th in p sau khng in ng b ngang trc c s dng m t my in. in p ny c tnh ton t: Vi
Eq i = Et i + ra i . I t i + jx q i .I t i

M Eqi = eqi + jfqi Khi gc lch in p u cc my lc u l:

i ( 0) = tan 1 (
f qi eq i )

Khi biu din mt cch n gin ha th tc ban u bng 2 f v cng sut c ban u bng cng sut in khe h khng kh Pei. Trang 120

GII TCH MNG

S tnh ton in p t l vi dng kch t Eti v in p t l vi t thng mc vng Eqi(0) cng yu cu i vi s bin i ny. in p ny c c t:
ET i = Et i + ra i . I t i + jx d i . I d i + jx q i . I t i

V Eqi(0) = Eqi - (xqi - xdi)Idi Vi Eqi(0) l gi tr ban u s dng trong li gii ca phng trnh vi phn, cui cng in p kch t ban u Efdi(0) bng vi ETi nu b qua s bo ha. Bc tip theo l thay i cc thng s ca h thng m phng s nhiu lon. Vic ct b cc phn t thch hp ca mng in c th nh hng n tn tht ca s pht in, ph ti v thit b truyn dn. Mt s c 3 pha c th c m phng bng cch t in p ti nt s c bng 0. Sau cc phng trnh ca mng in hiu chnh c gii quyt c c trng thi ca h thng ti mt thi im tc thi sau khi xy ra s nhiu lon. Cc phng php k thut i vi cch gii tro lu cng sut c th c s dng c c in p nt mi i vi mng in. Tuy nhin trong li gii lp th thanh gp sau in khng ca my phi c x l khc nhau ty thuc vo c trng ca my. Khi my in c c trng bi ngun p c ln khng i sau in khng qu th in p ca nt bn trong my c gi c nh trong ton b qu trnh mt ln lp. Khi my in c c trng bi thnh phn dc v ngang trc, th in p ca nt bn trong my c gi c nh trong mt ln lp. Tuy nhin giai on cui ca mi php lp in p phi c tnh li phn nh s thay i in p cc my Eti. Lc u in p mi i vi thanh gp bn trong c c bng cch tnh ton dng in cc my mi t:
I
k +1 ti

= ( E k i E tki+1 ) q

1 ra i + jx q i

Sau thnh phn mi ca dng in dc theo trc dc c xc nh. Cui cng in p sau in khng ng b ngang trc c tnh t:
E k +1 = E ' q i ( 0 ) +( xq i x' d i ) I qi
k +1 di

Vi Eqi(0) v di(0) gc lch ca Eqi c gi c nh. Khi li gii mng in t c th dng in cc my tr thnh gi tr ban u i vi cch gii cc phng trnh vi phn. Phng trnh ny c s dng tnh ton cng sut khe h khng kh ban u ca my.
P P
e i (0)

= Re( I t i ( 0 ) . E '*( 0) ) i = Re( I t i ( 0 ) . E * i ( 0) ) q

Khi ln ca in p sau khng in qu c gi c nh hoc t:

e i (0)

Khi nh hng ca nhng ch li lm v s thay i t thng mc vng c a vo tnh ton. in p ban u Eqi(0) c c cng t cch gii ca mng in ti thi im tc thi sau s nhiu lon.

8.5.2. Phng php bin i Euler

Khi my in c c trng bng ngun p c ln khng i sau in khng qu th n cn thit cho vic gii 2 phng trnh vi phn bc nht thu c s bin thin gc lch in p bn trong di, v tc my wi. Tht vy i vi m my m tt c cc my c c trng mt cch n gin ha th cn gii 2m phng trnh cng mt lc l iu cn thit. Nhng phng trnh l: d i (8.11) = i ( t ) 2 f
dt

Trang 121

GII TCH MNG d i f = ( Pmi Pe i ( t ) ) dt Hi i = 1, 2, ......., m

Nu khng c tc ng ca b iu chnh th Pmi vn khng i v: Pmi = Pmi(0) Trong vic p dng phng php bin i Euler, phng php c tnh ban u ca gc lch in p bn trong v tc my ti thi im (t + t ) c c t. d i((0t)+ t ) = i(1t)) + i t (
dt
(t )

(0) i ( t + t )

1 i (t )

d i dt

t
(t )

i = 1, 2, .......m

M cc o hm c tnh t phng trnh (8.11) v Pei(t) l cng sut ca my ti thi im t. Khi t = 0 cng sut ca my Pei(t) c c t cch gii mng in ti thi im sau khi xy ra nhiu lon. c tnh th hai c c bng cch tnh cc o hm ti thi im t + t . iu ny i hi c tnh ban u phi c xc nh i vi cng sut ca my ti thi im t + t . Cng sut ny c c bng cch tnh ton cc thnh phn mi ca in p bn trong t: e' i((0t)+ t ) = E' i cos i((0t)+ t )
f ' i((0t)+ t ) = E' i sin
( 0) i ( t + t )

Sau cch gii ca mng in t c s cn bng th in p ti nt bn trong my c nh. Khi c s c 3 pha trn nt f th in p nt Ef cng gi c nh bng 0. vi s tnh ton in p ca nt v in p bn trong th dng in u cc my c th c tnh t:
I
(0) t i ( t + t )

= ( E' i((0t)+ t ) E i((0t)+ t ) ) .

1 ra i + jx ' di

V cng sut my tnh t:

P
( 0) e i ( t + t )

= Re I

( 0) t i ( t + t )

. ( E' i((0t)+ t ) ) *

c tnh th hai i vi gc lch in p bn trong v tc my c c t . d i d i

+ dt (t + t ) dt (t ) i(1t)+ t ) = i(1t)) + t ( ( 2 d i d i + dt (t + t ) dt ( t ) i(1t)+ t ) = i(1t)) + t ( ( 2 d i = i((0t)+ t ) 2 f dt ( t + t )
d i dt =
( t + t )

i = 1, 2, ......., m

Vi

f
Hi

(P

mi

( 0) e i ( t + t )

in p cui cng ti thi im (t + t ) i vi thanh gp bn trong my l: Trang 122

GII TCH MNG

e'

(1) i ( t + t )

= E' i cos

(1) i ( t + t ) (1) i ( t + t )

i = 1, 2, ..............., m Cc phng trnh ca mng c gii quyt tr li ly li in p cui cng ca h thng ti thi im (t + t ) . in p nt c s dng cng vi in p bn trong c c dng in ca my, cng sut v lung cng sut ca mng in. Thi gian c tng ln t v mt s th nghim ng mch xc nh, nu s vn hnh ca b ngt tc ng hay l tnh trng s c b thay i. Nu s vn hnh c cho trong lch trnh th s thay i thch hp l s ng mch cc thng s hay bin s ca mng in hoc c hai. Cc phng trnh ca mng c gii quyt c c tnh trng ca h thng ti thi im tc thi sau khi xy ra s thay i. Trong cch tnh ton ny in p bn trong c gi c nh ti mt tr s ca dng in. Sau cc c tnh c c i vi thi gian gia tng tip theo. Qu trnh c lp li cho n khi thi gian t bng thi gian cc i Tmax nh trc. Trnh t ca cc bc i vi s phn tch qu trnh qu bng phng php bin i Euler v t cch gii tro lu cng sut bng phng php lp Gauss - Seidel s dng Ynt. Phng php trnh by cng c tha nhn rng tt c cc ph ti ca h thng c c trng nh tng dn c nh i vi t. Khi nh hng ca ch li lm v s thay i t thng mc vng c tnh n trong s c trng ca my in th cc phng trnh vi phn theo sau phi c gii quyt ng thi. d i = i ( t ) 2 f
dt d i f ( P mi P e i (t ) ) = dt Hi dE' qi 1 = ( E fdi Eti ) dt T ' d 0i

f ' i(1t)+ t ) = E' i sin (

(8.12) i = 1, 2, ..............., m

Tr li, nu khng c tc ng ca b iu chnh th Pmi vn c nh v Pmi = Pmi(0) Nu nh hng ca h thng iu khin kch t khng k n th Efdi vn khng i v Efdi = Efdi(0) Nu mt my in ca h thng c m t bng phng trnh (8.12) th 3m phng trnh c gii quyt cng mt lc.

8.5.3. Phng php Runge - Kuta.

Trong vic p dng th t bn php tnh gn ng ca Runge - Kuta, tr li i vi s c trng n gin ha ca my th s thay i ca gc lch in p bn trong v tc my in tnh t: i (t + t ) = 1 (k1i + 2 k 2i + 2 k3i + k 4i ) 6

i ( t + t )

= 1 (l 1i + 2 l 2i + 2 l 3i + l 4i ) 6

Cc ch s ca k v l c thay i trong di v wi tun t c c bng cch s dng cc o hm nh gi ti nhng thi im xc nh trc. Khi : i (t + t ) = i (t ) + 1 6 (k1i + 2 k 2i + 2 k3i + k 4i ) (8.13)

i ( t + t )

i (t )

+ 1 (l 1i + 2 l 2i + 2 l 3i + l 4i ) 6

Nhng c tnh ban u ca s thay i thu c t. Trang 123

GII TCH MNG

k1i = (
l 1i =

i (t )

2 f ). t
mi

f
Hi

(P

e i (t )

). t

y wi(t) v Pei(t) l tc v cng sut khe h khng kh ca my ti thi im t. H s ca c tnh th hai v s thay i trong di v wi thu c t :
l k 2i = i ( t ) + 1i 2 f . t 2 f (1 l 2i = ( P mi P ei) ). t Hi

i = 1, 2, ..............., m
i (t )

y P (e1i) l cng sut ca my khi gc lch in p bn trong bng

+(

k1 i

).

Tht vy, l2i c th c tnh trc, cc thnh phn mi ca in p cho cc nt bn trong my phi c tnh t:
e' i(1) = E' i cos ( f ' i(1) = E' i sin (
i (t ) +

k1 i 2 k1 i 2

) )

i (t )

i = 1, 2, ..............., m

Tip theo nhng phng trnh mng in c gii quyt c c in p nt i vi s tnh ton cng sut ca my P (e1i) . c tnh th ba c c t:
l k 3i = i ( t ) + 2i 2 f . t 2 f 2 l 3i = ( P mi P (ei ) ). t Hi

i = 1, 2, ..............., m

Vi P (e2i ) c c t cch gii th hai ca cc phng trnh mng in vi gc lch in p bng

i (t )

+(

k2 i

) v cc thnh phn in p i vi thanh gp bn trong my bng:

i (t ) +

e' i( 2 ) = E' i cos ( f ' i( 2 ) = E' i sin (

k2 i 2 k2 i 2

) )

i (t )

i = 1, 2, ..............., m

c tnh th t c c t: k4i = {( i (t ) + l 3 i ) 2 f } t . f ( 3)
l 4i = Hi ( P m i P ei ). t

i = 1, 2, ..............., m

Vi Pei(3) c c t cch gii th 3 ca cc phng trnh mng in vi gc lch in p bn trong bng di (t)+ k3i v thnh phn in p bng. e' i(3) = E'i cos ( i (t ) + k3 i ) i = 1, 2, ..............., m c tnh cui cng ca gc lch in p bn trong v tc my ti thi im (t + t ) c c bi s thay th cc ch s ca k v l vo phng trnh (8.13). Gc lch in p bn trong i (t + t ) c s dng tnh ton nhng c tnh, i vi thnh phn in p dng cho cc nt bn trong my in c tnh t:
i (t )

f ' i(3) = E'i sin (

+ k 3i)

Trang 124

GII TCH MNG

e' i (t + t ) = E'i cos f ' i ( t + t ) = E'i sin

i ( t + t ) i ( t + t )

i = 1, 2, ..............., m Cc phng trnh mng in c gii quyt n thi im th t c c in p nt i vi s tnh ton ca dng in, cng sut my in v lun cng sut ca mng in. Thi gian c tng ln t v cch gii ca mng in t c i vi bt k s vn hnh ca b ngt c cho trong lch trnh v s thay i trong tnh trng s c. Qu trnh ny c lp li cho n khi t = Tmax. ng vi gi tr Ei va tnh c ta quay li bi ton phn b cng sut tnh cc gi tr in p nt v cng sut pht thi im (t + t ) . Qu trnh tnh ton lp li cho ti khi t = tct. Sau cu trc mng thay i ta cng tip tc tnh n khi t = TMax th dng li. Vi cc gi tr i , i tnh ton c ta v c tnh i (t ) , i (t ) minh ha r rng hn bi ton n nh. S thut tnh ton n nh ng bng phng php bin i Euler c trnh by di y.

Trang 125

GII TCH MNG

Tnh ton phn b cng sut trc s c

Thay i d liu h thng tng ng cch biu din mi Tnh ton dng my pht
I
G

P G jQ EG

c tnh th 1 ca , ti t + t.

(0) i

(t + t ) =

(1 ) i

(t ) +

d ( i ) t

t
(t )

Tnh in p tng ng sau khng qu Ei(0) = Eti + rai.Iti + jxdi.Iti t := 0

i( 0 ) ( t + t ) = i(1) ( t ) +

d ( i ) t t (t )

c tnh th 1 ca in p

e (t + t ) = E'i cos i( 0 ) (t + t )
'( 0 ) i

Khi ngn mch b loi tr t = tct Thay i d liu mng j := 0

f i '( 0) (t + t ) = E'i sin i( 0) (t + t )

j := 1

Gii h phng trnh mng

k k E p +1 = YLpq .E p +1 q=1 p1 q= p+1

YL

pq

k Eq YLpi E'i i =1

p = 1, 2, ......n

p f (f l nt khi ngn
E 'G E G r ai + jx ' di

c tnh th 2 ca , ti t + t.

i(1) (t + t ) = i(1) (t ) +
i(1) (t + t ) = i(1) (t ) +

Tnh ton dng my pht

I
G

d t d ( ( i ) + ( i ) ) 2 t t (t ) ( t + t )
t d d ( (i ) + (i ) ) 2 t t (t ) (t +t )

Tnh cng sut in Pti -jQti = Iti.Eti j=0

c tnh th 2 ca in p

e (t + t ) = E' i cos i(1) (t + t )

'(1) i

f i '(1) (t + t ) = E' i sin i(1) (t + t )

j := 2

j=1 j := 0 t TMax
Xem t tnh

Trang 126

GII TCH MNG

8.6. CC H THNG IU CHNH V B KCH T.

Trong k thut gii quyt m t trong phn 8.5 nh hng ca b kch t v h thng iu khin van iu chnh ln s phn ng ca h thng cng sut c b qua. Trong c trng in p kch t Efd v cng sut c Pm c gi khng i trong vic tnh ton qu trnh qu khi yu cu s nh gi chi tit vic phn ng li ca h thng hoc thi gian phn tch ko di hn 1 giy th vic k n nh hng ca b kch t v h thng van iu chnh rt quan trng. H thng iu khin kch t cung cp in p kch t thch hp duy tr in p ca h thng theo mong mun, thng l ti thanh gp in p cao ca nh my in. Mt c trng quan trng ca h thng iu khin kch t l kh nng p ng mt cch nhanh chng i vi lch in p trong c hai qu trnh iu khin h thng bnh thng v h thng tnh trng s c trm trng. Nhiu kiu h thng iu khin kch t khc nhau c s dng trong h thng cng sut. Nhng thnh phn c bn ca h thng iu khin kch t l b iu chnh, b khuch i v b kch t. B iu chnh o in p iu chnh thc v xc nh lch in p. Tn hiu lch sinh ra bi b iu chnh th sau c khuch i cung cp tn hiu yu cu thay i dng in kch t. iu ny c lm cho n khi to ra s thay i in p u ra ca b kch t. S thay i ny ng vi kt qu ca mt mc kch t mi i vi ngun pht in. Mt hnh thc thun tin ca s c trng h thng iu khin l mt dy s khi lin h qua cc chc nng chuyn i bin s u vo v s u ra ca cc thnh phn chnh yu ca h thng. Dy s khi dng c trng n gin ha s hot ng lin tc ca h thng in khin b kch t c trnh by trn hnh 8.7. y l 1 trong nhng iu kin quan trng ca h thng iu khin b kch t. S c trng ny bao gm nhng chc nng chuyn i m t b iu chnh, b khuch i, b kch t v vng n nh. Vng n nh phi c iu chnh tng ng loi tr i nhng dao ng khng mong mun v s vt qu in p iu chnh. Nhng phng trnh vi phn lin quan n nhng bin s u vo, u ra ca b iu chnh, b khuch i, b kch t v vng n nh mt cch ln lt l:
dEv 1 = ES Et E v dt TR

)
(8.14)

dEiii Eiii 1 = K A Ev + 0 Eiv Eiii dt TA KA dEf d 1 ii = (E K E E fd ) dt TA

dEfd dEiv 1 = E iv K F dt TF dt

Vi: Es: L in p c ghi trong lch trnh tnh n v tng i. iii E0 : L in p ly ra ca b khuch i trong n v tng i trc s nhiu lon.

Trang 128

Trang 129
Evi Efd Evi Ev + B khch Eiv B kch My pht + + Eii Eiii Efd Et Gii hn u ra gia Eiiimax v Eiii i Vng n nh

Es

B bin

Et

GII TCH MNG

Hnh 8.7 : S khi biu din h thng iu khin kch t

GII TCH MNG

TR: L hng s thi gian ca b iu chnh. KA: L h s khuych i ca b khuch i. TA: L hng s thi gian ca b khuych i. KE: L h s khuych i ca b kch t. TE: L hng s thi gian ca b kch t. KF: L h s khuch i ca vng n nh TF: L hng s thi gian ca vng n nh. V cc bin s trung gian c nh r bi Eii, Eiii, Eiv, Ev v Evi . Bin s trung gian Eii l: Eii = Eiii - Evi M Evi tng ng vi nh hng ca s kh t do s bo ha trong b kch t. iu ny c xc nh t Evi = AtBEfd
Pm(0 0 +
1 2 fR
) Pmiv + - Piiim

P(ma
x)

Piim

0 Gii

1 1 + pTc

Pim

1 1 + pTs

Pm Tua bin

Vng

H thng

H thng

Hnh 8.8 : S khi i vi s biu din n gin ha ca h thng iu chnh tc

y A, B l cc hng s da vo c tnh bo ha ca b kch t. tnh n cc nh hng ca h thng iu khin kch t, th cc phng trnh (8.14) c gii ng thi vi cc phng trnh (8.12) m t my in. Anh hng ca s iu chnh tc trong thi gian qu trnh qu c th c a vo tnh ton bng cch s dng c im c n gin ha ca h thng iu khin van iu chnh biu din trn hnh (8.8). c trng ny bao gm hm truyn m t h thng x l hi vi hng s thi gian khng i Ts v hm truyn m t h thng iu khin vi hng s thi gian khng i Te. Cc phng trnh vi phn lin quan n cc bin s u vo v u ra ca hm truyn mt cch ln lt l.
dP 1 i m = ( Pm Pm ) dt Ts
i dPm 1 ii i = ( Pm Pm ) dt Tc

(8.15)

Trong : Pm l cng sut c v cc bin s trung gian c nh r bi Pim, Piim, Piiim, v Pivm. Cc bin s Piim, Piiim lin quan nh sau: Piiim 0 Piim = 0 0 < Piiim < Pmax Piim = Piiim Pim = Pmax Piii Pmax Vi Pmax: L dung lng cc i ca tua bin. Bin s trung gian Piiim l: Piiim = Pm(0) - Pivm Trong : Pm(0): L cng sut c ban u. Bin s trung gian Pivm l:

Trang 130

GII TCH MNG

iv Pm =

1 0 ( DBT ) R 2f

y R l s iu chnh tc trong n v tng i v DBT l s dch chuyn ca vng cht, l s thay i tc cn thit vt qua vng cht ca h thng van iu chnh. Mt c tnh tiu biu ca van iu chnh c trnh by trong hnh 8.9.

1,05 Tc nh mc trong n v tng i

ht
iu chnh tc

1,00

0,5

1,0

Ph ti nh mc trong n v tng i 0,95

Hnh 8.9 : c tnh loi iu chnh cng sut nh mc ti tc nh mc Phng trnh (8.15) c gii ng thi vi phng trnh (8.12) nu nhng nh hng ca h thng iu khin van iu chnh c tnh n.

8.7. RLE KHONG CCH.

S phi hp trong k hoch pht in, truyn ti in v vic thit k h thng bo v rle c hiu qu l khng th thiu c i vi c trng tin cy ca h thng in. Mc ch chnh ca rle l bo v h thng in khi nhng nh hng ca s c bng s khi u vn hnh ct mch loi i nhng thit b h hng. Vic thit k h thng bo v rle phi m bo vn hnh chn lc, khng ct nhm thit b khc lm tng thm mc trm trng ca s nhiu lon v n phi m bo thit b h hng c ct ra nhanh chng (kp thi) gim i nh hng ca s c. Hn na, h thng rle phi khng gii hn kh nng thit k ca s pht in v thit b truyn ti. X R Hnh 8.10 : c tnh vn hnh ca rle khong cch trn biu h trc RX

Z 0

Trang 131

GII TCH MNG

Mt loi rle quan trng c s dng i vi vic bo v ng dy truyn ti cao p l rle khong cch. Rle ny p ng vi t s in p v dng in o c m c th xem nh mt tng tr. Mt cch thun tin ch ra c tnh vn hnh ca rle khong cch l biu RX trn mt vng trn c v vi bn knh bng tng tr t nh hnh 8.10. Khi gi tr ca tng tr nhn thy bi rle ri vo trong ng trn th rle s tc ng. d phng vic bo v chn lc, rle khong cch phi c 3 b phn. c tnh tc ng ca mi b phn c th c iu chnh c lp. Hn na, chc nng chn lc ca rle khong cch i hi kh nng phn bit hng. iu ny c cung cp bi hoc b phn nh hng nh trong rle khong cch loi tng tr hoc l c sn trong c tnh vn hnh ca rle, nh trong rle khong cch loi mho. c tnh vn hnh ca hai loi rle ny c trnh by trong hnh 8.11. Cc vng trn tng ng vi 3 b phn c nh du vng 1, vng 2 v vng 3.
X X Vng 3 Vng 2 Vng 1 0 (a) c tnh ca b phn chnh hng R (b) Vng 2 Vng 1 Vng 3

Hnh 8.11 : c tnh vn hnh ca rle khong cch

(a) Loi tng tr; (b) Loi mho Khi s c xy ra v gi tr ca tng tr o c bi rle ri vo vng 1 v trn ng c tnh ca b phn nh hng ca loi tng tr th tip im ca vng 1 s ng v ct ngn mch tc thi. Trong trng hp ny tt c 3 b phn s khi ng bi v vng 1 l vng trn nh nht. Khi tr khng gim xung v ri vo vng 2 v 3 hay vng 3 th tip im ca cc b phn tng ng s ng v cung cp nng lng cho rle thi gian. Ti mt thi im t theo tnh ton th rle thi gian s ng b th hai ca tip im tng ng vi vng 2. Nu b tip im u tin tng ng vi vng 2 c ng th my ct s c ct. Nu tip im vng 2 khng c ng, th tng tr o c bi rle khng ri vo vng 2, khi rle thi gian sau thi gian chnh nh s ng b tip im th 2 tng ng vi vng 3. Nu b tip im u tin tng ng vi vng 3 c ng th khi my ct s c ct. Thi gian tr i vi vng 2 v 3 c th c t c lp. Vng 1 v 2 cung cp bo v on u tin i vi phn ng dy truyn ti, ngc li vng 2 v 3 cung cp s bo v on sau, trong trng hp h hng nhng rle hoc l ngn mch ca nhng thit b lin hp, lc ny vn vn hnh hp l. Trong sut s nhiu lon ca h thng v sau khi tc ng ca b ngt vn hnh i ct thit b s c, s dao ng cng sut s xy ra trong h thng truyn ti cho n khi trng thi vn hnh bn vng mi c xc lp. S dao ng ny khng lm cho rle tng ng vi cc phn t khng h hng tc ng. S hot ng ca h thng Trang 132

GII TCH MNG

rle c th c kim tra i vi s nhiu lon khc nhau ca h thng in bng cch tnh ton tr khng, biu kin tng bc trong sut s tnh ton qu trnh qu , l tng tr thy c ca rle. Tng tr biu kin o c ti mi gia s thi gian c th c so snh vi c tnh khi ng ca rle. Cch thun tin ca vic so snh ny l lp biu cc gi tr ca tng tr trn biu RX ca rle nh trn hnh 8.12. X

Vng 3 Vng 2 Vng 1 0 Tng tr gi tng

Hnh 8.12 : Qu o ca tng tr biu kin trong dao ng cng sut Tng tr biu kin c tnh t nhng kt qu cui cng c c t cch gii ca mng in ti thi im t + t. u tin dng in trong ng dy truyn ti theo l thuyt p-q c tnh t.
Ipq = (Ep - Eq).ypq
Zp = Ep

Khi tng tr biu kin i vi nt p l:

I pq Hay dng s phc Rp + jX p =

e p + jf p a pq + jb pq

Trong :

Rp = Xp =

e p .a pq + f p .bpq
2 a 2 + bpq pq

f p .a pq + e p .bpq
2 a 2 + bpq pq

Gi tr Rp v Xp l to ( n v tng i) trn th RX ca tng tr biu kin ti thi im t + t. Thng tin thng thng lin quan n c tnh vn hnh ca rle bao gm ng knh ca nhng ng trn i vi mi vng, gc lin quan ti trc R v ng dc qua tm ca ng trn, cc vng trn v v tr ca tm vng trn dc theo ng dy.Thng tin ny c s dng xc nh ta trong n v tng i ca tm mi vng trn. Nhng tm ny c xc nh t:

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GII TCH MNG

D kva n vc ban cos Rc = 2 (n vc ban )2 10 3 kv D n vc ban kva sin Xc = 2 (n vc ban )2 10 3 kv

Vi D l ng knh ca ng trn trong n v ohms. Khong cch d gia tm C ca ng trn v im tng tr Zp l:

d = ( R) 2 + ( x) 2

M R = Rp - Rc v x = xp - xc

Nh trn hnh 8.13 gi tr ca d c so snh vi bn knh r trong n v tng i ca ng trn.

X

Xp Xc

x C

Zp Hnh 8.13 : So snh tng tr biu kin v c tnh vn hnh ca rle

R
0

Rc

Rp

Trnh t ca cc bc i vi vic m phng s hot ng ca loi rle khong cch mho trong vic nghin cu n nh ca qu trnh qu c trnh by trong hnh 8.14. i vi ng dy c th mt tng tr biu kin tnh ti t + t. c so snh vi c tnh vn hnh ca mt trong ba vng. iu ny c tnh hon thnh bng cch tnh cc khong cch d11, d21 v d31 t im tng tr biu kin n cc tm ca vng trn trong vng 1, 2 v 3 mt cch ln lt. Mi khong cch c so snh vi bn knh ng trn thch hp, l d11 c so snh vi bn knh r11 v d21 c so snh vi r21 v d31 c so snh vi r31. Nu tr khng biu kin trong vng 1 th s hot ng ca b ngt c tin hnh tc th. Nu tng tr biu kin ri vo vng 2 v 3 hoc vng 3 th nhng tip im tng ng C21 v C31 hoc C31 c ng v rle thi gian T1 bt u hot ng. Khi thi gian c gia tng bi t th trong tnh ton qu trnh qu rle thi gian T1 phi c tng ln t, khi rle thi gian tin n thi gian t T21 hoc T31 i vi vng 2 hoc 3 mt cch ln lt v tip im tng ng C21 hoc C31 c ng s hot ng ca b ct c tin hnh.

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Khi s hot ng c tin hnh thi gian ca b ct c xc nh bng cch cng vo t + t ca rle c sn v thi gian mch ct Til, l thi gian yu cu i vi rle v my ct ct ng dy. Nhng rle tc cao v mch ct hot ng xp x 0,04 (s). S hot ng ca b ct b nh hng trong tng bc tnh ton qu trnh qu ti thi gian ghi trong lch trnh.

LP CHNG TRNH GII QUYT CC BI TON TRONG H THNG IN

Sau khi nghin nghin cu xong l thuyt, trong phn ny trnh by v cc chng trnh tnh ton trong h thng in nh: Cch xy dng cc ma trn mng, bi ton tro lu cng sut, ngn mch, n nh ...

CHN NGN NG LP TRNH:

i vi cc bi ton k thut ni chung v cc bi ton tnh ton h thng in ni ni ring, thng lp trnh bng cc ngn ng nh Fortran, Basic, Pascal...Mi ngn ng lp trnh u c nhng u im ring v c s dng trong nhng ng dng thch hp. Chng hn chng ta thng hay gp Fortran trong cc bi ton c khi lng tnh ton ln. Trong s cc chng trnh tnh ton li in ang s dng ti in lc Nng ni ring v cng ty in lc 3 ni chung a s u s dng Fortran, v d chng trnh tnh li in ca PC3, mun tnh ton ca chng trnh SwedNet (Thy in). Tuy nhin, s dng thnh tho Fortran l vn khng n gin. Basic cng c nhc im tng t l kh s dng. Ring i vi Pascal, y l mt ngn ng (hay ni ng hn l mt trnh bin dch) ni ting v quen thuc vi tt c lp trnh vin. Hu ht cc lp trnh vin Pascal u yu thch tnh n nh ca trinhg bin dch, s uyn chuyn, mc d hiu v c bit l tc m Pascal mang n. Mi trng Windows pht trin, cc hng sn xut phn mn chuyn i v pht trin cc ngn ng ni trn vi cc phin bn lp trnh ng dng Windows trc quan (Visual), chng hn, hng Borland a ra sn phm Delphi m hin nay c n phin bn th 6 (Delphi 6). Ngoi ra, trong lnh vc tnh ton k thut, cn c ngn ng Mathlab, cng c mt cng c rt mnh phc v cc tnh ton phc tp. Trong chuyn ny em chn ngn ng lp trnh Pascal gii quyt cc bi ton trong h thng in.

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Chng trnh m phng

Giao din chnh i n cc mc ca chng trnh con.

S ca bi ton mu s l tm cc ma trn

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S biu din cho 1 mng ring, t y c th thm 1 nhnh cy hoc nhnh b cy

Giao din biu din hnh nh v cc ma trn mng

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GII TCH MNG

S ca 1 mng c th tnh ton ngn mch

S c th tnh ton ngn mch

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GII TCH MNG

Biu din dng ngn mch trn s .

Biu din cng sut chy trn ng dy

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GII TCH MNG

ng c tnh tc ca cc my pht khi trong mng c s c.

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KT LUN
Trong gii tch mng, mun nghin cu mt mng in u tin ta s dng nhng kin thc v i s ma trn thnh lp nn nhng ma trn mng, t y c th a ra m hnh ha cc phn t trong h thng in bng cc ma trn nh ma trn tng tr z, ma trn nhnh cy...Ngy nay vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut cng vi cng ngh my tnh ta c th xy dng nn cc ma trn mng trn my tnh nh ma trn A, C, Ynt, Znt, c bit ma trn Znt bng phng php m rng dn s . T y c th tnh c cng sut phn b trong mng in nh NEWTON - RAPHSON phng php c hi t cao, thy c gii hn truyn ti ca ng dy v lch in p ti cc nt. Vi ma trn Znt, Zvng xy dng c vn dng tnh cc dng ngn mch 1 pha, 3 pha cng nh cc im ngn mch ca mng in. Cc phng trnh vi phn ca my pht trong qu trnh qu khi mng c s c c gii bng phng php s nh phng php Euler, Runge-Kutta. xt tnh n nh ng cho cc my pht khi c s c trong mng ta dng phng php bin i Euler vi cc bc tnh c lng a ra c ng c tnh ca cc my pht ti cc nt trong h thng in.
Nng, ngy 30 thng 05 nm 2003

TI LIU THAM KHO.

1. NG NGC DINH, TRN BCH, NG HNG QUANG, TRNH HNG THM, H thng in Tp 1, 2, NXB, i hc v trung hc chuyn nghip, H Ni, 1981. 2. L KIM HNG, ON NGC MINH T, Ngn mch trong h thng in, NXB Gio dc, 1999. 3. TRN BCH, n nh ca h thng in, HBK H Ni, 2001. 4. GLENNN.W.STAGG
AHMED.H.EL-ABIAD Computer methods in power system analysis, Mc Graw-Hill, 1988

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GII TCH MNG

MC LC
Li ni u . CHNG 1: I S MA TRN NG DNG TRONG GII TCH MNG. 1.1. NH NGHA V CC KHI NIM C BN. 1.1.1. K hiu ma trn. 1.1.2. Cc dng ma trn. 1.2. CC NH THC. 1.2.2. nh ngha v cc tnh cht ca nh thc. 1.2.2. nh thc con v cc phn ph i s. 1.3. CC PHP TNH MA TRN. 1.3.1. Cc ma trn bng nhau. 1.3.2. Php cng (tr) ma trn. 1.3.3. Tch v hng ca ma trn. 1.3.4. Nhn cc ma trn. 1.3.5. Nghch o ma trn. 1.3.6. Ma trn phn chia. 1.4. S PH THUC TUYN TNH V HNG CA MA TRN. 1.4.1. S ph thuc tuyn tnh. 1.4.2. Hng ca ma trn. 1.5. H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH. CHNG 2: GII PHNG TRNH VI PHN BNG PHNG PHP S. 2.1. GII THIU. 2.2. GII PHNG TRNH VI PHN BNG PHNG PHP S. 2.2.1. Phng php Euler. 2.2.2. Phng php bin i Euler. 2.2.3. Phng php Picard vi s xp x lin tc. 2.2.4. Phng php Runge-Kutta. 2.2.5. Phng php d on sa i. 2.3. GII PHNG TRNH BC CAO. 2.4. V D V GII PHNG TRNH VI PHN BNG PHNG PHP S. CHNG 3: M HNH HA CC PHN T TRONG H THNG IN. 3.1. GII THIU. 3.2. M HNH NG DY TRUYN TI. 3.2.1. ng dy di ng nht. 3.2.2. S tng ng ng dy di (l > 240). 3.2.3. S tng ng ca ng dy trung bnh. 3.2.4. Thng s A, B, C, D. 3.2.5. Cc dng tng tr v tng dn. 3.3. MY BIN P. 3.3.1. My bin p 2 cun dy. 3.3.2. My bin p t ngu. 35 3.3.3. My bin p c b iu p. 3.3.4. My bin p c t s vng khng ng nht. 3.3.5. My bin p chuyn pha. 4 4 4 4 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 10 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 13 15 16 18 19 19 29 29 29 29 31 32 33 33 34 34 37 37 39

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GII TCH MNG 3.3.6. My bin p ba cun dy. 3.3.7. Ph ti. 3.4. KT LUN. CHNG 4: CC MA TRN MNG V PHM VI NG DNG. 4.1. GII THIU. 4.2. GRAPHS. 4.3. MA TRN THM VO. 4.3.1. Ma trn thm vo nhnh -nt . 4.3.2. Ma trn thm vo nt A. 4.3.3. Ma trn hng ng - nhnh cy K. 4.3.4. Ma trn vt ct c bn B. 4.3.5. Ma trn vt ct tng thm B . 4.3.6. Ma trn thm vo vng c bn C. 4.3.7. Ma trn s vng tng thm C . 4.4. MNG IN GC. 4.5. CCH THNH LP MA TRN MNG BNG S BIN I TRC TIP. 4.5.1. Phng trnh c tnh ca mng in. 4.5.2. Ma trn tng tr nt v ma trn tng dn nt. 4.5.3. Ma trn tng tr nhnh cy v tng dn nhnh cy. 4.5.4. Ma trn tng tr vng v ma trn tng dn vng. 4.6. CCH THNH LP MA TRN MNG BNG PHP BIN I PHC TP. 4.6.1. Ma trn tng tr nhnh v ma trn tng dn nhnh. 4.6.2. Ma trn tng tr vng v tng dn vng. 4.6.3. Ma trn tng dn vng thu c t ma trn tng dn mng thm vo. 4.6.4. Ma trn tng tr nhnh cy thu c t ma trn tng tr thm vo. 4.6.5. Thnh lp mt tng dn, tng tr nhnh cy t mt tng dn v tng tr 64 4.6.6. Thnh lp mt tng dn, tng tr nt t mt tng dn, tng dn nhnh cy. 39 40 41 42 42 42 44 44 45 46 46 48 49 50 51 52 52 53 54 55 57 57 60 62 64 nt 65

CHNG 5: CC THUT TON DNG THNH LP NHNG MT MNG. 74 5.1. GII THIU. 74 5.2. XC NH MA TRN YNT BNG PHNG PHP TRC TIP. 74 5.3. THUT TON THNH LP MA TRN TNG TR NT. 75 5.3.1. Phng trnh biu din ca mt mng ring. 75 5.3.2. S thm vo ca mt nhnh cy. 76 5.3.3. S thm vo ca mt nhnh b cy. 79 CHNG 6: TRO LU CNG SUT. 6.1. GII THIU. 6.2. THIT LP CNG THC GII TCH. 6.3. CC PHNG PHP GII QUYT TRO LU CNG SUT. 6.4. LCH V TIU CHUN HI TU. 6.5. PHNG PHP GAUSS-SEIDEL S DNG MA TRN YNT. 6.5.1. Tnh ton nt P-V. 6.5.2. Tnh ton dng chy trn ng dy v cng sut nt h thng. 6.5.3. Tng tc hi t. 6.5.4. u v nhc im ca phng php dng Ynt . 6.6. PHNG PHP S DNG MA TRN ZNT . 6.6.1. Phng php tha s zero. 6.6.2. Phng php s dng ma trn Znt . 84 84 84 85 85 87 89 90 90 91 91 92 92

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GII TCH MNG 6.6.3. Phng php s dng ma trn Znt vi h thng lm chun . 6.6.4. Phng php tnh lun c nt iu khin p. 6.6.5. Hi t v hiu qu tnh ton. 6.7. PHNG PHP NEWTON. 6.7.1. Gii quyt tro lu cng sut. 6.7.2. Phng php lch cng sut trong ta cc.

93 94 94 94 95 95

CHNG 7: TNH TON NGN MCH. 98 7.1. GII THIU. 98 7.2. TNH TON NGN MCH BNG CCH DNG MA TRN ZNT . 99 7.2.1. M t h thng. 99 7.2.2. Dng v p ngn mch. 99 7.3. TNH TON NM CHO MNG 3 PHA I XNG BNG CCH DNG ZNT . 103 7.3.1. Bin i thnh dng i xng. 103 7.3.2. Ngn mch 3 pha chm t. 106 7.3.3. Ngn mch 1 pha chm t . 109 7.4. TNH TON NGN MCH BNG CCH DNG ZVNG . 111 7.5. CHNG TRNH M T TNH TON NGN MCH . 115 CHNG 8: NGHIN CU TNH N NH CA QU TRNH QU . 8.1. GII THIU. 8.2. PHNG TRNH DAO NG. 8.3. PHNG TRNH MY IN. 8.3.1. My in ng b. 8.3.2. My in cm ng 8.4. PHNG TRNH H THNG IN . 8.4.1. c trng ca ph ti. 8.4.2. Phng trnh c trng ca mng in. 8.5. K THUT GII QUYT. 8.5.1. Tnh ton m u. 8.5.2. Phng php bin i Euler. 8.5.3. Phng php Runge-Kutta. 8.6. CC H THNG IU CHNH V B KCH T . 8.7. RLE KHONG CCH. PH LC : CC HNH TIU BIU CHO CHNG TRNH TNH TON . Kt lun. Ti liu tham kho. Mc lc. 117 117 118 120 120 122 123 123 124 127 127 129 131 135 138 137 146 147

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