Chuyende - Pt.mu Logarit

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Bin son: Cao Long Trang 1/8
Chuyn : PHNG TRNH M PHNG TRNH LGARIT
MT S PHNG PHP GII CC PHNG TRNH M C BN

L thuyt:
a s cc phng trnh m c bn u bin i v dng

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f x g x
a a f x g x = =

( )
( ) log
f x
a
a c f x c = = , vi 0, 1, 0 a a c > >
Mt s Phng php gii cc phng trnh m c bn:
1. Phng php a (bin i) v cng mt c s
Dng 1.1: Bin i v dng
( ) ( ) f x g x
a a =
Lu cc cng thc .
x y x y
a a a
+
= ;
( ) ( )
y x
x y xy
a a a = = ;
x
x y
y
a
a
a
= ;
1
x
x
a
a
= .
Bi tp 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
2
7 12
2 1
x x +
= b)
3
1 1
5 .
5 125
x x
x
| | | |
=
| |
\ \

c)
1 2
2 .5 0, 2.10
x x x
= d)
( )
2 2 4
6 6 1
5
1
2 .3 6
6
x x x
=
e)
1
9 8 lg9
.
4 27 lg27
x x
| | | |
=
| |
\ \
f)
1 1
5 10 .2 .5
x x x x +
=
g)
2 1
2
5 5 5
x
x
+
= h)
5 17
7 3
32 0, 25.128
x x
x x
+ +

=
i) ( )
( )
( )
4 2 4
2
4 2
5 . 0, 2 125. 0, 04
x
x x
x
x x

+
+
= j)
1 2
4 .5 5.20
x x x +
=
k) ( )
1
3
2 4 . 0,125 4 2
x x
x = l)
3 2cos 2 1 cos 2 1/ 2
4 7.4 4 0
x x + +
=
( ) f x
a c =
a)
4
1 2x 3
2
5.4 2 16 3
x
x
+
+
+ = b)
( ) 2 1
1
2 3.2 7
x
x
+

=
c)
3 3 1 1
2 .3 2 .3 192
x x x x +
= d)
2
2 3 1
3
3 9 27 675
x
x x
+ =
( ) ( )
. .
f x f x
ma nb = . (m, n l cc s thc)
Sau a v dng
( )
( )
( ) f x
f x
f x
a n a n
m b m b
| |
= =
|
\
(C Dng 1.2).
Nhn dng: Phng trnh loi ny c 2 c s khc nhau. Hy chuyn cc s hng cha ly
tha vi c s bng nhau v cng mt v, sau bin i cho s m ca cc ly tha bng
nhau v lm tip nh trn.
a)
4 3 2
3 5 3 5
x x x x + + +
= b)
1 2 4 3
7.3 5 3 5
x x x x + + + +
=
Chuyn n thi tt nghip. Phng trnh m Lgarit http://caolong.wordpress.com

c)
2lg 4 1 lg4 lg 4 1 lg 4
2 7 7 3.4
x x x x
= d)
2 1 1
1 1
3.4 .9 6.4 .9
3 4
x x x x + + +
+ =
e)
2 2 2 2
1 1 2
2 3 3 2
x x x x +
= f)
0,5 3,5 2 1
9 2 2 3
x x x x + +
=
Dng 1.4: Bin i v phng trnh tch
Bi tp : Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
2 2
5 3 2.5 2.3
x x x x
= + + b)
2 2 2
.2 8 2 2
x x
x x
+
+ = +
c)
2 2 2 2
.6 6 .6 6
x x x x
x x
+
+ = + d)
3
8 .2 2 0
x x
x x
+ =
Hng dn: a)
( )( )
2 2
5 3 5 3 5 3
x x x x x x
= +
2. Phng php t n s ph (a phng trnh m v phng trnh i s bc hai,
bc 3, bc cao theo n s ph)
( ) ( ) 2
. . 0
f x f x
ma n a p + + = . (1)
Phng php:
Trc khi gii cn lu iu kin xc nh ca (1).
Bc 1: t
( )
, 0
f x
t a t = > . Ta c
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 f x f x
t a a = = .
PT cho tr thnh
2
. . 0 (*)
0
mt nt p
t
+ + =
>
.
Bc 2: Gii (*), tm nghim 0 t > .
Bc 3: Vi t tm c, gii phng trnh
( ) f x
a t = tm x.
Bc 4: Kt lun (nghim ca (1)).
a)
2 5 2
3 3 2
x x + +
= + b)
2 2
1 3
9 36.3 3 0
x x
+ =
c)
2 4
3.2 7.2 20
x x
= d)
1
27 13.9 13.3 27 0
x x x+
+ =
e)
1 3
3
64 2 12 0
x x
+
+ = f)
2 3 3
8 2 12 0
x
x x
+
+ =
g)
( ) ( )
10
5 10
3 3 84
x x
+ = h)
4 8 2 5
2
3 4.3 28 2log 2
x x + +
+ =
i)
( ) 2 1 2 1 2
3 3 1 6.3 3
x x x x + + +
= + +
( ) ( )
. . 0
f x f x
ma n a p
+ + = hay
( )
( )
1
. . 0
f x
f x
ma n p
a
+ + = (2)
Phng php:
Bc 1: t
( )
, 0
f x
t a t = > . Ta c
( )
( )
1 1
f x
f x
a
t a
= = .
PT cho tr thnh ( )
2
. . 0 (*)
0, 0
0
mt p t n n
mt p t
t t
+ + =
+ + = >

>
.
( ) f x
a t = tm x.

a)
1
3 18.3 29
x x +
+ = b)
2 2
2 2 15
x x +
=
c)
1 2
5 5.0, 2 26
x x
+ = d)
2 2
sin cos
2 4.2 6
x x
+ =
e)
( ) ( )
5 24 5 24 10
x x
+ + = f)
( ) ( )
7 48 7 48 14
x x
+ + =
g)
2
2 10 9
4
2
x
x
+
= h)
2 2
1 1
10 10 99
x x +
=
i)
( ) ( )
3
3 5 16 3 5 2
x x
x+
+ + = j)
( ) ( )
2
5 1 6 5 1 2
x x
x+
+ + =
k)
( ) ( )
3
5 21 7 5 21 2
x x
x+
+ + = l)
( ) ( )
7 4 3 3 2 3 2 0
x x
+ =
( )
( )
( )
( ) 2 2
. . . . 0
f x
f x f x
ma n a b p b + + = . (m, n, p l cc s thc) (3)
Phng php:
Bc 1: Chia c hai v ca (3) cho
( ) 2 f x
b , (hoc
( ) 2 f x
a ), ta c:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2
.
. . . 0
f x f x f x f x
f x f x f x
a a b b
m n p
b b b
+ + =
( )
( )
( )
2
. . 0
f x
f x
f x
a a
m n p
b b
| |
+ + =
|
\

( ) ( ) 2
0
f x f x
a a
m n p
b b
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ \
.
Phng trnh ny c Dng 2.1, bit cch gii.
Bc 2: t
( )
, 0
f x
a
t t
b
| |
= >
|
\
. Ta c
( ) ( )
2
2
2
f x f x
a a
t
b b
| |
| | | |
= = |
| |
|
\ \
\
.
PT cho tr thnh
2
. . 0 (*)
0
mt nt p
t
+ + =
>
.
( ) f x
a
t
b
| |
=
|
\
tm x.
a)
2 4 2 2
3 45.6 9.2 0
x x x + +
+ = b)
1 1 1
4 6 9
x x x

+ =
c)
2 2 2
7.4 9.14 2.49 0
x x x
+ = d)
2 1
9 6 2
x x x+
+ =
e)
2 1 1
10 25 4, 25.50
x x x
+ = f)
2 2 2
2 6 9 3 5 2 6 9
3 4.15 3.5
x x x x x x + + +
+ =

3. Phng php lgarit ha
Nhn dng: Phng trnh loi ny thng c dng
( ) ( ) ( )
. .
f x g x h x
a b c d = .
Ni chung, l trong phng trnh c cha nhiu c s khc nhau v s m cng khc
nhau.
Cch gii: Ly lgarit c s a (hoc b, hoc c) c hai v.

Ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
log . . log
f x g x h x
a a
a b c d =
( ) ( ) ( )
log log log log
f x g x h x
a a a a
a b c d + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) log log log
a a a
f x g x b h x c d + + = .
Bit log ;log ;log
a a a
b c d l cc s thc. Gii phng trnh thu c theo n x.
Bi tp: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
2
1
2 3
x x
= b)
7 5
5 7
x x
=
c)
2
3 .8 6
x
x
x+
= d)
4. Phng php s dng tnh ng bin, nghch bin ca hm s.
(Phng php nh gi hai v).
Dng s dng tnh n iu
- Thng bin i phng trnh cho v dng ( ) ( ) f x g x = , hay ( ) f x c =
Vi phng trnh ( ) ( ) f x g x = , chng ta thng gp trng hp x a = l nghim ca
phng trnh, cn vi mi x a th ( ) f x b > v ( ) g x b < . Ngha l mi x a khng
phi l nghim ca phng trnh ( ) ( ) f x g x = .
Vic chng minh ( ) f x b > v ( ) g x b < ta s dng tnh n iu ca hm ( ) y f x = v
hm ( ) y g x = .
V d: Gii phng trnh
a)
2
2 2 2
3 2 2
x x
x x
+
= + b)
1
4
3
x
x
| |
= +
|
\

a) Nhn xt:
Thng thng nh gi cc tam thc bc hai chng ta thng bin i n v dng tng
ca cc bnh phng. y ta bin i
( )
( )
2
2 2
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 x x x x x + = + + = + .
Li gii:
V ( )
2
1 0 x nn ( )
2
2
2 2 1 1 1 x x x + = + . Suy ra
2
2 2 1
3 3 3
x x +
= . (1)
Cn v phi
( )
( )
2
2 2
2 2 3 2 1 3 1 3 x x x x x + = + = . (2)
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra phng trnh cho ( )
2
2 2
2
2
3 3
1 0 1
2 2 3
x x
x x
x x
+
= =
+ =

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht 1 x = .
b) Nhn xt: Hm s
1
3
x
y
| |
=
|
\
nghch bin trn , cn hm s 4 y x = + ng bin trn .
Nu dng th chng ta co th nhn thy hai th ny ch ct nhau ti nhiu nht 1 im nn
phng trnh cho c nhiu nht 1 nghim.
Li gii:
D nhn thy 1 x = l mt nghim ca phng trnh, ta s chng minh nghim ny duy
nht.

Vi mi 1 x > ta c :
1
1 1
3
3 3
x
| | | |
< =
| |
\ \
(1) (do hm s
1
3
x
y
| |
=
|
\
nghch bin trn )
4 1 4 3 x + > + = (2)
So snh (1) v (2) ta nhn thy mi 1 x > khng tha mn phng trnh cho. Ngha l
mi 1 x > khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Tng t ta chng minh c, mi 1 x < khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Vy, 1 x = l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.
Bi tp: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
2
3
2 6 9
4
x
x x
| |
= +
|
\
b)
2
cos 2
3 3
x
x = +
c)
2
2
1
2
x x
x
x
= + d)
4 2
16 2 2
x x
x

= +
Mt s bi ton c cch gii khc
Bi ton a c v dng ( ) ( ) f u f v u v = = , trong f l hm lun ng bin hoc
nghch bin trn tp xc nh ca n.
Bi tp: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a) ( )
2
2
1
2 2 1
x x x
x

= b) ( )
2 2
2
1
4 2 1
x x x
x
+
= +
c)
( )
2
2 2
1 1
4 2 2 1
x x x x + +
+ = + d)
( ) ( )
5 3 5 3 4
x x
x
+ =

MT S PHNG PHP GII CC PHNG TRNH LGARIT C BN

L thuyt:
a s cc phng trnh m c bn u bin i v dng
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0, 0
log log
a a
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x
> >
=

=
hoc

( ) ( ) log
c
a
f x c f x a = = , vi 0, 1 a a > .
Ngoi ra cn hc thuc v s dng ng cc cng thc bin i lgarit.
Mt s Phng php gii cc phng trnh lgarit c bn:
1. Phng php a (bin i) v cng mt c s
Dng 1.1: Bin i v dng ( ) ( ) log log
a a
f x g x =
Lu : Nu cc em hc sinh tm iu kin xc nh ca phng trnh ( ) ( ) log log
a a
f x g x =
th cn gii h (hoc nu ra)
( )
( )
0
0
f x
g x
>
>
.
Cn nu gii theo php bin i ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0, 0
log log
a a
f x g x
f x g x
f x g x
> >
=

=
hoc
th
khng cn nu h iu kin xc nh trn.
Khuyn khch: Thng cc em d mc li v hiu khng k v php bin i, do vy khuyn
cc em nn nu ra h iu kin xc nh ca phng trnh trc khi gii. V c nhiu
phng trnh cha nhiu lgarit.
Bi tp 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a)
( )
2
2
log 4 7 2 x x + = b)
2 1
2
2
2log log log 9 x x x + + =
c)
3 1
3
3
log log log 6 x x x + + = d) ( )
3 1/3
log 2 log 2 1 0 x x + =
e) ( ) ( )
3
2
1
2log 36 log 1 log 6 2log3 log2
3
x x x + + = + + +
f) ( )
( )
1
log lg2 log 2 1 log6
2
x x + + + = g)
3 3
3 3
2log 1 log
7 1
x x
x x

+ =

h)
2
log 1 3log 1 log 1 2 x x x + + =
i)
( )
( ) ( )
2
3 1 9
3
log 2 54 log 3 2log 4 x x x + + =
j)
( )
( )
2
log 3 12 19 log 3 4 1 x x x + + + = k) ( )
3 3 3
log 5 log 2 log 3 20 0 x x =
m)
( ) ( ) log 2 19 log 3 20
1
log
x x
x

=
n)
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
1
log 10 25 log 6 3 2log 5 log 3
2
x x x x x + + + = +

2. Phng php t n s ph (a phng trnh m v phng trnh i s bc
hai, bc 3 theo n s ph)
Lu : Ngoi vic t iu kin biu thc ( ) log
a
f x c ngha l ( ) 0 f x > , chng ta cn
ch n c im ca phng trnh ang xt (cha cn bc hai, cha n mu) v phi t
iu kin cho phng trnh c ngha.
Cc php bin i cn ch :
2
log 2 log
n
a a
x n x = vi iu kin 0 x .
Bi tp 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a) 4 log 3 log x x = b)
2
2 1
2
2
log 3log log 2 x x x + + =
c)
2
2 2
2
log log 2
1
log 1
x x
x

=
+
d)
( )
( )
log 6
1
2 3log 6 1
x
x
=

e)
( ) ( )
1
3 3
log 3 1 .log 3 3 6
x x+
= f)
2 4
1 log 4log 2 4 x x + + =
g)
( )
( ) ( )
2
1 log 1 2
2
1 log 1 1 log 1
x
x x
+
+ =
+ +
h) ( )
3 2 3
4
4
log log 9 2 log 1
log
x
x
| |
= +
|
\

i)
2 6 2
log log log 3 9 x x = j) ( ) ( )
3
log 10 .log 0,1 log 3 x x x =
k) ( )
2 2
4 4
4log 2log 1 0 x x + + = l) ( ) ( )
2 2
1
log 100 log 10 14 log x x
x
+ = +
m)
( )
2
2 2
2
6
log 7 5 log
7
log
x x
x
x
+ = +
| |
+
|
\

n) ( )
2 2
2 0,5 8 2 2
2
log 2log 3log 1 2log .log
4 2
x
x x x
| |
+ =
|
\

p)
( )
2
9 3 3
2log log .log 2 1 1 x x x = +
3. Phng php m ha
Bi tp 3 : Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
2 3
log log 1 x x + = b)
3 5
log log lg15 x x + =
c) ( ) ( )
3 5
log 1 log 2 1 2 x x + + + = d) ( )
2 5
log log 3 x x = +
Gi : a) t 2
t
x = , ta c
3 3 3
log log 2 log 2
t
x t = =
Phng trnh cho tr thnh
2 3
log 2 log 2 1
t t
+ =
( )
3 3
log 2 1 1 log 2 1 t t t + = + =
6
3 3
1 1
log 3
1 log 2 log 6
t = = =
+
.
Vy phng trnh a) c nghim
6
log 3
2 x = .

4. Phng trnh lgarit nhiu cp (tng)
Phng php: H tng cp mt t ngoi vo trong theo tnh cht ( ) ( ) log
c
a
f x c f x a = =
a) ( ) ( )
log log log 0 x = b) ( )
( ) ( )
2
3 4 3
log log log 3 0 x =
c) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 2 3
1
log 2log 1 log 1 3log
2
x + + = d)
2
3 1 1
2 2
log log 3log 5 2 x x
| |
+ =
|
\

e) ( )
( )
2
3 2
log log 4 0 x = f) ( ) ( )
4 2 2 4
log log log log 2 x x + =
5. Phng php bin i v phng trnh tch
a)
3 27
3 .log 6 6 log x x x x + = + b)
2
2 4
2 .log 2 4 4log x x x x + = +
c) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
log 4 log 4 .log 2log
2 2
x x x x
| | | |
+ + = +
| |
\ \

d)
( )
2 2 2 2
6 1/6
log 5 2 3 log 5 2 3 2 x x x x x x x x = +
6. Phng php s dng tnh n iu ca hm s
Ch dng: log log
a a
u u v v = , c dng ( ) ( ) f u f v u v = = trong trng hp f l
hm s ng bin (hoc nghc bin) trn tp xc nh ca n. V phng php nh gi hai v
ca phng trnh.
a)
2
log 3 x x = b)
( )
( )
2
log 6 4 log 2 x x x x + = + +
c)
1
3
log 4 x x = d)
2
2
3
2
3
log 3 2
2 4 5
x x
x x
x x
+ +
= + +
+ +

e)
( )
( )
2
log 12 log 3 5 x x x x + = + + f)
( )
2 2
3 3
log 1 log 2x x x x x + + =
Gi :
a) iu kin xc nh: 0 x > .
Nhn thy 2 x = l nghim ca phng trnh a). Ta chng minh nghim ny duy nht.
Tht vy, vi mi 2 x > , ta c :

2 2
log log 2 1 x > = (do hm s
2
log y x = ng bin trn khong ( ) 0; + ) (1)
3 3 2 1 x < = (2)
So snh (1) v (2) suy ra mi 2 x > u khng tha mn phng trnh a), nn khng phi l
nghim ca phng trnh.
Lm tng t ta chng minh c mi 0 2 x < < cng khng phi l nghim ca phng
trnh.
Vy, phng trnh c nghim duy nht 2 x = .

Chuyn v cc dng ton n thi i hc, cao ng s bin son sau. Hn cc em
vo dp ti. Chc cc em hc v n tp tt !

Chuyende - Pt.mu Logarit

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