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Seminar Report

On

Smart Vehicles

Submitted as a part of course curriculum for

Bachelor of Technology
in
Mechanical Engineering

Submitted to Submitted by
Er. Mani Bahnot Vikas Chahal
HOD mech. Engg. Roll No- 2103406
DIET Karnal Mechanical

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Doon Valley Institute Of Technology
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Karnal – 132001, Haryana (India)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me great pleasure to present this seminar report on

“SMART VEHICLES”

I am thankful to all the Lecturers of Mechanical Engineering Department

for their valuable suggestions and timely help. The well-experienced and
skilled staff of mechanical department imparted me good knowledge about
the small-scale industries. I have enhanced my technical knowledge to a
great extent by preparing this project report under the guidance of my guide
lecturer and other lecturers of mechanical department.

At last, I would like to thank the management of my college & university

for introducing this project report in our study curriculum.

VIKAS CHAHAL
2103406
B.Tech (Mechanical)

Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001

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DOON VALLEY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY,KARNAL-132001

CERTIFICATE

We hereby certify that the work, which is being presented in the seminar
report, entitled “Smart Vehicles” by me in partial fulfillment in requirement
for the award of degree of B.Tech (Mechanical Engg.) submitted in the
department of mechanical engineering at DOON VALLEY INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KARNAL under KURUKSHETRA
UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA is carried out under the guidance of Er.
Parveen Panchal

Er. Parveen Panchal

Lect. in Mech. Engg.
DIET Karnal

Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001

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ABSTRACT

This paper presents a study on the behavior of smart cars by

considering them as autonomous intelligent agents. In particular, a smart
car could behave as autonomous agent by extracting information from the
surrounding environment (road, highway) and determining its position in it,
detecting the motion and tracking the behavioral patterns of other moving
objects (automobiles) in its own surrounding space, exchanging information
via internet with other moving objects (if possible) and negotiating its
safety during travel with the other moving objects. The ideas presented
here are based on traffic rules that a smart car has to know and the way to
negotiate its safety by studying the other cars driving behavior like an
autonomous agent. A smart-vehicle system involves sensor-based systems,
which continuously evaluate the surroundings of the vehicle, display
relevant information to the driver and might even take control of the
vehicle.

The first part of this paper looks into the technologies related
to smart cars and modern technologies to improve safety. These
technologies are broken down into four broad, distinct classifications of
devices:
collision avoidance,
adaptive cruise control,

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imaging, and
Navigational aids.

Collision-avoidance systems protect the occupant by

preventing accidents. Adaptive cruise control seeks to allow a car to
maintain its speed and also its distance from cars in front of it. Imaging aids
enhance vision of humans in improper visibility situations. Navigational
aids assist drivers for better navigation.
The next part of the paper deals with the latest technologies
developed by the manufacturers all over the world, to make a vehicle
“SMART”.A smart vehicle not only takes care of passengers traveling in it
but also of those using roads and other vehicles.

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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. COLLISION AVOIDANCE
3. ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL
4. IMAGING TECHNOLOGY
5. NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
6. OTHER FEARURES INVOLVED IN “SMART” VEHICLES
7. HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE
8. VOLVO`S “SCC”
9. FUTURE EVOLUTION OF SMART VEHICLES
10.CONCLUSION
11.BIBLIOGRAPHY

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INTRODUCTION:

Just as the human brain coordinates memory, senses, thinking, and

physical reaction during driving, a vehicle needs a coordinating system to
integrate the various capabilities of information, safety, and automation
technologies. This coordinating system is the defining feature of a human-
centered intelligent vehicle. Without it, the vehicle is simply a container for
potentially overlapping or conflicting technologies. In a smart vehicle,
drivers will have access to more information than they are traditionally
accustomed. This includes information on road and weather conditions,
route directions, vehicle diagnostics, anti-collision warnings, the driver's
physiological status, etc. As a result, the vehicle itself must do some
information filtering, a process called "data fusion." Data fusion, however,
is a complicated task, which involves suppressing non-critical information
-- such as "the nearest fast food restaurant is two blocks to the left" -- when
a safety-critical message -- such as "brake immediately" -- is relayed to the
driver. Data fusion must also consider how many messages a driver can
receive within a given period without becoming overwhelmed or distracted.

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COLLISION AVOIDANCE:
Collision-avoidance systems will expand the paradigm of traffic
safety from protecting the occupant of the vehicle to preventing accidents
altogether.

Fig. 1 : Collision Avoidance

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General Motors and Delphi Delco Electronics system are currently

testing one type of collision avoidance system on Buick Lesabres. While
many technical details are being kept under raps, the new system promises
to determine the potential for collisions based on data about the car’s
movement, the current driving environment and previous driver reactions
obtained from radar, laser range-finders and other onboard sensors. The
system responds to potentially hazardous situations by sounding a warning
or, in the more pro-active concept versions, automatically adjusting cruise
control settings to compensate for and avoid the danger.
Various systems combines an eye tracker, which checks where
the driver is looking, and differential global positioning system, which is
designed to allow the system to keep track of its location both on the planet
and in relation to other similarly equipped vehicles. In addition to all that,
the system also integrates video equipment to monitor road conditions and a
laser rangefinder to aid in keeping track of other vehicles, combining
everything into one sleek package. These equipment can be used in order
to signal to the driver that other vehicles are occupying “blind spots” by
displaying a red triangle on rear and side-view mirrors. Unfortunately, this
early version can only pick up moving objects, but they are working hard to
overcome this limitation.
John Pierowicz and his team at Veridian are working on a device that
warns drivers of upcoming stop signs. Their device integrates 3 separate
radars to detect traffic signs; a unit and a map database of the roads
determine relative position, a Heads-Up-Display, and a secondary braking
system.
Whenever the vehicle determines that it is approaching a sign in an
unsafe way, it gives a physical cue on the Heads-Up-Display. As of right
now, Veridian’s system is only programmed to deal with stop signs, but they

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hope that it can be modified to assist drivers merging onto major roads and
maybe even to allow it to work with stop lights the same way it does with
stop signs. They’re also contemplating modifications to allow the system to
brake automatically on its own whenever it activates, rather than only
issuing a passive warning
Other safety innovations that are now in testing include automatic
collision notification systems, which will immediately signal for help if a
vehicle's air bag deploys, and drowsy-driver warning systems that will keep
drivers from falling asleep at the wheel.

ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL:-

Fig 2: Detecting pedestrians, vehicles & obstacles and

Moving accordingly by braking or acceleration.

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Adaptive cruise control is a new concept that is being explored by

many automakers and researchers for the Intelligent Vehicles Initiative.
These systems seek to allow a car to not only maintain its speed, like
traditional cruise control, but also its distance from cars in front of it. A
perfect example is the system being developed for the Jaguar line of cars.
To use it, the driver simply enters a speed and a distance (in seconds) to
keep between themselves and the car in front of them. The System works
like normal cruise control when the road is empty. When another car is
present, however, a Microwave radar mounted on the Jaguar measures the
distance to cars ahead and, a few equations to determine relative velocity,
acceleration, and position later, communicates to the brakes and throttle,
adjusting velocity as necessary to maintain the minimum following distance
specified. Jaguar’s adaptive cruise control system is currently available.
A competing adaptive cruise control concept, called the Platoon
system, is also being developed by the University of California. Two kinds
of sensors were responsible for keeping the vehicles bearings- 9 sensors
monitored speed and engine performance, while actuators controlled the
throttle and brakes. An antenna mounted on each car allowed it to
communicate with the front few vehicles.
An adaptive cruise control system called Vita- Video Technology
Application is being researched by Mercedes-Benz. What makes this
system unique is that rather than radars and rangefinders, the Vita-Video
approach uses stereo images from 2 cameras to collect data. The two
cameras scan road markings 12 times per second and scan for potential
obstacles to the side and back of the car. Mercedes is billing their system as
a safeguard against tired drivers that, in the future, will be able to brake,
steer, and accelerate the vehicle on its own.

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IMAGING TECHNOLOGY:-

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Fig 3: Image detection using cameras & sensors.

Another area of study is how to enhance the vision of humans in

situations where they may not be able to see very clearly. Few companies
are testing a concept similar to that used in Night Vision Goggles, where
sensors process differences between roadside temperatures and those of
objects ahead. The sensors send this information to a central computer,
which converts the information and uses it to put together images of the
surrounding roadside that are updated several times a second; this
processed composite image then shows up on a screen built into the
dashboard.

NAVIGATIONAL AIDS:-
“Smart” Navigational Systems

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Fig 4 Navigational system

Communication and navigation systems are increasingly headed in

this direction, and will be loaded with even more intelligent features. A car's
mobile phone or Internet connection will be more than just a luxury toy. It
will be integrated within a communicating navigation unit that
automatically tracks the actual location of the car and can reveal it if
necessary. So far, such systems have been used to track stolen cars and
calculate traffic flows. The latter option is still rather unpopular. From the
driver's point of view, a communicating navigation system is convenient
because it dynamically chooses the best route by tracking the actual
location of the car. In other words, instead of theoretically suggesting the
best way from point A to point B, the system constantly gets information
about road conditions and traffic jams and uses it to suggest the most
practical way from the car's current position to its destination. With the help
of Internet-based services, the navigation system can also tell the driver

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about free parking lots or the cheapest nearby gas station. And for safety
reasons, such systems will announce this information through speakers
instead of showing it on a displ

OTHER FEARURES INVOLVED IN “SMART” VEHICLES

:

 SMART VISION:

Smart vehicles use a vision system to detect other vehicles,

respond to traffic signals, and avoid pedestrians and obstacles. Researchers
at DaimlerChrysler Research (Ulm, Germany) have built a smart-vehicle-
theory demonstrator called the Urban Traffic Assistant (UTA). The
DaimlerChrysler research team has demonstrated that by using a multitude
of algorithms it can maintain separation from the vehicle ahead, see and
respond to traffic signals, and avoid pedestrians and obstacles while moving
through urban traffic situations at normal driving speeds under the
supervision of a human driver.

 MULTIFUNCTIONAL SMART CARD CAR KEYS

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Fig 5: Smart Card

The idea that a personal smart card could replace your car keys is not
futuristic. Mercedes CL owners can already open their car with a contact
less smart card developed by Siemens. The motor starts after pushing a
little ignition button, but only if the card is inside the vehicle. Without it, no
hairpin or fake key can help a thief start the car. The system also prevents
drivers from locking the car with the card inside, making it impossible to
lock oneself out. Again, the key-card is the more visible variation of a
different security system developed by Siemens, where a conventional
metal key is equipped to exchange codes with the starter unit. The engine
management control unit only works if this unique code which is
randomly regenerated each time is correct.
Other than this intelligent key, the new smart cards have further
advantages, as demonstrated by Renault. Its middle class model Laguna is
also opened using a smart card, but here you have to put the card into a slot
to start the car. What at first might seem less practical enables the card to
collect data about the automobile. Such information, including that on
mileage, gas, and oil consumption, makes it easier for drivers to keep track
of when the car has to be brought in for the next checkup. The card can also
remember personal settings for mirrors, seats, and the audio system.

 Run-Flat Tires

Just hitting the market on a couple special interest automobiles, it

won't be too long before run-flat tires become extremely common.

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Goodyear recently announced its intention to build such tires for most cars.
But the really big shift will be when most new cars come with tires that can
keep on going even after a complete loss of air. They can't run indefinitely,
but can be used for about the same distance and at similar speeds as today's
compact spares. When automakers use these tires, it will eliminate the need
for a spare tire, saving cargo space and weight while improving fuel
economy. The idea of never having to change a flat tire is also a wonderful
convenience for the driver.

Fig 6: Run Flat Tires

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 Smart Brakes

Fig 7: ABS
Anti-lock brakes (ABS) have been touted as being a major asset in
the fight against accidents, preventing cars from skidding on slippery
surfaces. But ABS has not proven as effective as its engineers had hoped.
The problem is that people still don't know how to use them. In many cases,
people fail to push the brake pedal firmly enough at first. Braking is less
effective and a car travels quite a bit of extra distance

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FIG 8: How to apply ABS

 HANDS OFF COMMUNICATION

Spoken communication between cars and drivers will become

increasingly sophisticated, in order to reduce the number of distracting side-
glances at displays. This will also help to increase safety, because with
mobile phones or car stereos efficiently controlled by spoken commands,
drivers can keep their eyes on the road. This is a field where silicon-based
security accompanies progress. The chips that Infineon has developed for
speech recognition are already used for voice control of mobile phones
inside cars. It is too early to say whether this development will one day lead
to voice authentication of drivers, but once there is a sophisticated speech
unit inside a car, it could very well be used for a number of purposes.

 Smart Highways

A number of manufacturers are working with highway designers to

make the roads smarter. Tie in onboard computers with cars and people will
have a more elaborate "cruise control" function. Eventually, lines of cars
will be able to travel along without human control, perhaps at very rapid
speeds in close proximity. A car would merge into a special lane at specific

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access points and then be whisked along in a train of cars. Punch in your
exit and the car leaves the line at that point and normal driving control is
returned to the driver. This technology is still many years in the future, but
testing is already going on in such places as Tokyo and San Diego.

 NEW SAFETY FEATURES

While this is a concept that has yet to be developed, special scanners in a

car can already locate the position of passengers and their heads (using
rather rough biometric patterns) and optimize the use of airbags. The
lifesavers go off only if it is really necessary, because the new mechanism
recognizes when passengers are at risk of a collision. Unnecessary,
expensive airbag activation is avoided without reducing passenger safety.
Other sensors check tire pressure or the distance to the next car and warn
the driver or react with a slight automatic reduction of speed. Such
intelligent safety features can reduce the number of accidents and injuries.
But if the intelligent car still gets into an accident, it will at least be able to
automatically phone an ambulance and give it precise directions to the
accident site.

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HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE:

A pair of video cameras serves as the eyes for the vehicle. The
cameras are mounted on a horizontal bar near the rear-view mirror. The
horizontal scan lines of both cameras must be tightly aligned and strictly
parallel to the line joining their optical axes. The cameras' optical axes must
be coplanar, as well. These specifications are needed because the vision
system must infer a correspondence between the scan lines of one camera
and those of the other. These video cameras provide progressive-scan
images with 720 x 576-pixel resolution.

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Fig 9: Cameras for image scanning.

The UTA uses an Imaging Technology Inc. IMPCI frame grabber

and a commercial monitor with 1024 x 786-pixel resolution.

Information from a car may be provided through data servers, which

are in turn connected to a centralized computer which gets all the
information about the vehicle. By using this kind of loop, any urgent
information or direction can be provided to the vehicle using wireless, and a
tragedy can be avoided .This process is shown in figure on the next page.

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Fig 10: schematic of hardware

architecture

VOLVO’S “SCC”:

One of the more interesting concept cars to appear lately is Volvos

Safety Concept Car (SCC). The hallmark of the SCC is “superior vision” –
that is, improving the sightlines for the driver and providing more visual
information.

Active rearview mirrors: Sensors in rear of the car alert the driver
when a car is in driver’s “blind spot”.

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Rearward-facing cameras: To enhance rear visibility further the

Volvo SSC has several rear facing cameras mounted in the back the car.
Images are displayed on a video monitor in the instrument panel.

Adaptive headlights: The headlights monitor the car’s road speed

and steering wheel movements and adjust accordingly.

Night vision: Volvo proposes using infrared night vision in the SSC.

Collision warning sensors: If the distance to the car in front is too

short, or the gap is closing too fast, the SSC’s driver is alerted via a red
warning light.

Flashing brake lights: If the driver has to brake suddenly and

firmly, the SSC’s brake lights automatically flash, warning drivers to the
rear.

Lane centering: If the vehicle shows signs of veering to either side

without activation of turn signals, the driver is alerted via an acoustics
signal. This is an excellent feature for monitoring sleepiness or intoxication
behind the wheels.

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FUTURE EVOLUTION OF SMART VEHICLES :

In about 20 years, we could see fully automated highway systems,

cooperative systems of vehicles and infrastructure, and advances in the
driver-vehicle interface, such as use of vision enhancements and head-up
displays.

1. Capabilities of Individual In-Vehicle Systems Will Improve :-

Most current systems, for example, provide routes based on "static"
maps irrespective of traffic considerations. Dynamic route guidance
systems could determine optimum routes based on prevailing "real-
time" conditions on the roadway, such as the location of bottlenecks
caused by accidents or construction. Automated vehicles will share
many of the sensing elements of collision-avoidance systems and must
also possess an intelligence that can continuously assess the changing
contexts and circumstances of the driving environment.

2. Driver-Vehicle Interface Will Become Increasingly Sophisticated :-

The integration of individual in-vehicle technologies will be
reflected in coordinated and streamlined information displays and
controls. Over time, the vehicle will become increasingly sophisticated
in how it communicates information to and accepts commands from
the driver. This sophistication will stem from the use of voice
recognition, head-up displays, and vision-enhancement technologies
that can relay information and commands and can also allow the driver

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to keep both hands on the steering wheel. Voice recognition software is

already becoming increasingly common in Japanese in-vehicle
navigation systems although it is still quite expensive for the average
consumer.

3. Intelligent Vehicles Will Communicate With Other Vehicles and With a

Smart Infrastructure :-
Communication with a smart infrastructure would allow an
intelligent vehicle to learn of incidents and then proactively suggest
alternative routes in real time. Smart vehicles could also act as probes
that could send information about travel conditions back to the
infrastructure to create a richer base of knowledge about travel
conditions on roads and highways. In addition, fully automated
vehicles will likely rely to some extent on the guidance provided by an
intelligent infrastructure and on communication with other smart
vehicles.

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CONCLUSION:

Smart vehicals makes driving safer and comfertable. As an engineer we

must try to reduce fetalities caused by accedents. Slow reaction times,
distractions, misjudgments, all are costly reasons due to which accidents
occur, There would be much less fatalities if we provide automations as
well as safety features.

Our job is to introduce new safety and automation technologies smart

vehicles that are advanced in various features like safety, efficiency, and
economy.The development in technologies will prove invaluable in man’s
search for safer ,comfortable and an enjoyable drive.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. http://www.ce.unipr.it/people

2. http: //www.vision-systems.com

Automotive Engineering International

June 2002
4. NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration)
http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/
5. http://www.howstuffworks.com

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Doon Valley Institute of Engg. & Technology, Karnal-132001