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ABSTRACT

Electromagnetic noise issues have long been a concern with switching


power supplies, as their high frequency switching of voltage and current
generate higher order harmonics that have the potential to cause interference
with system operation. While switch mode power supplies are well known
and appreciated for their significant benefits in reductions to both physical
size and internal power loss, the threat of generating electromagnetic
interference (EMI) from the high frequencies has always been a serious
concern. As advances in power supply technology have increased switching
frequencies, and allowed these supplies to be used in closer proximity to the
systems they power, these concerns – and the demands that designers react
to them – have only heightened. Thus, designing for electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC) has become an important requirement. While
international specifications and standardized testing procedures have at least
provided a greater understanding of the problems, optimum solutions must
still come from techniques that are applied during the design process. This
project attempts to describe the more significant causes of EMI in power
supplies and offer a technique to minimize its impact by designing a filter at
the source.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF FIGURES viii


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x

1. INTRODUCTION 01
1.1 WHAT IS EMI? 02
1.2 EMC : EXPLANATION 03
1.2.1 HISTORY 03
1.2.2 ACHIEVING COMPATIBILITY 03
1.2.3 EXAMPLES OF EMC PROBLEM 04
1.3 STANDARDS CONCERNING EMC 05
1.3.1 SOME IMPORTANT STANDARDS 05
1.3.2 STANDARDS IN DETAIL 06
1.3.2.1 FCC 06
1.3.2.2 VDE 10
1.3.2.3 CISPR22 ITE 12
1.4 SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLIES 16
1.4.1 REASONS FOR USING SMPS 16
1.4.2 WORKING OF SMPS 17
1.4.3 DISADVANTAGES OF SMPS 20

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2. INITIAL STUDY OF EMI 21
2.1 INITIAL MEASUREMENT 22
2.2 APPARATUS USED IN MEASUREMENT 22
2.2.1 LISN 22
2.2.2 EMI RECEIVER 24
2.2.3 CMNDC AND DMNDC 25
2.3 MEASUREMENT OF NOISE LEVEL 26
2.3.1 INITIAL MEASUREMENT 26
2.3.2 DIFFERENTIAL AND COMMON
MODE NOISES 28

3. FILTER DESIGN 32
3.1 FILTER PARAMETERS 33
3.2 EXISTING TECHNIQUES 36
3.3 OVERVIEW OF OUR TECHNIQUE 36
3.3.1 MEASUREMENT OF SUPPRESSION
LEVEL 37
3.3.2 SELECTION OF CUT-OFF FREQ. 38
3.3.3 SELECTION OF COMMON MODE
CAPACITOR 39
3.3.4 SELECTION OF COMMON MODE
INDUCTOR 39
3.3.5 SELECTION OF WIRE SIZE 40
3.3.6 SELECTION OF DIFFERENTAIL
MODE CAPACITOR 40
3.3.7 DETERMINATION OF

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NO. OF TURNS 41
3.3.8 SELECTION OF DIFFERENTIAL
MODE INDUCTOR 41
3.4 FILTER IMPLEMENTATION 41
3.5 FILTER RESPONSE 42
3.5.1 FILTER RESPONSE IN
DIFFERENTIAL MODE 44
3.5.2 FILTER RESPONSE IN
COMMON MODE 45
3.6 CONNECTING FILTER TO SMPS 46

4. FINAL MEASUREMENT 47
4.1 FINAL MEASUREMENT 48
4.2 LINE AND NEUTRAL MEASUREMENT
SETUP 48
4.2.1 EMI MEASUREMENT IN LINE 49
4.2.2 EMI MEASUREMENT IN NEUTRAL 50
4.3 MEASUREMENT OF DM AND CM NOISES 51

5. CONCLUSION 53
5.1 CONCLUSION 54
5.2 ADVANTAGES OF OUR DESIGN 54
5.3 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 56

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE NO.


1.1 Some Important Standards 06
1.2 FCC Emission Limits for Class A Digital Devices 08
1.3 FCC Emission Limits for Class B Digital Devices 08
1.4 CISPR 22 Emission Limits for Class A Devices 13
1.5 CISPR 22 Emission Limits for Class B Devices 14
3.1 Classification of X Capacitors 34
3.2 Classification of Y Capacitors 35

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE NO.


1.1 Classification of EMC 04
1.2 FCC Limits of Conducted Emissions 09
1.3 Comparison of FCC and VDE Standards 11
1.4 CISPR22 Limits of Conducted Emissions 15
1.5 Block Diagram of SMPS 18
2.1 LISN 23
2.2 EMI Receiver 24
2.3
2.4
2.5 Initial Measurement 26
2.6 Noise level in Neutral line of SMPS 27
2.7 Illustration of
(a) Differential Mode Noise 28
(b) Common Mode Noise 28
2.8 (a) DM Noise Separation 29
(b) CM Noise Separation 29
2.9 Differential Mode Noise levels 30
2.10 Common Mode Noise levels 31
3.1 Initial EMI level in the SMPS 37
3.2 Assembled Filter 42
3.3
3.4
3.5

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3.6
3.7 Filter connected to the SMPS and Load 46
4.1 Final Measurement setup 49
4.2 Final EMI level in Line of SMPS 50
4.3 Final EMI level in Neutral of SMPS 50
4.4 Measurement of CM and DM Noise 51
4.5 Final DM Noise levels 52
4.6 Final CM Noise levels 52

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AC Alternating Current
ANSI American National Standards Institute
CISPR International Special Committee on Radio Interference
CE Conducted Emission
CM Common Mode
CMNDC Common Mode Noise Diagnostic Circuit
DC Direct current
DM Differential Mode
DMNDC Differential Mode Noise Diagnostic Network
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMI Electromagnetic Interference
EMS Electromagnetic Susceptibility
EN European standard
FCC Federal Communications Commission (US)
FM Frequency Modulation
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
ITE Information Technology Equipment
PCB Printed Circuit Board
PSU Power Supply Unit
RE Radiated Emission
RF Radio Frequency
RFI Radio Frequency Interference
SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply

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VDE Verband Deutscher Elektrotechnik

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