International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.15 No.5

IRRN GUIDELINES
The International Rice Research Newsletter objective is: "To expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for ricebased cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice, inasmuch as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land-scarce nations in the worId . . . IRRN is a mechanism to help rice scientists keep each other informed of current research findings." The concise reports contained in IRRN are meant to encourage rice scientists and workers to conmunicate with one another. In this way, readers can obtain more detailed information on the research reported. Please examine the criteria. guidelines, and research categories that follow. If you have comments or suggestions. please write the editor. IRRN, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila. Phillppines. We look forward to your continuing interest in IRRN. Criteria for IRRN research reports has intertnational, or pan-national, relevance has rice environment relevance advances rice knowledge uses appropriate research design and data collection methodology reports appropriate, adequate data applies appropriate analysis, using appropriate statistical techniques reaches supportable conclusions Guidelines for contributors (revised) The International Rice Research Newsletter is a compilation of brief reports of current research on topics of interest to rice scientists all over the world. Contributions should be reports to recent work and work-inprogress that have broad, pan-national interest and application. Only reports of work conducted during the immediate past three years should be submitted. Research reported in IRRN should be verified. Single season, single trial field experiments are not accepted. All field trials should be repeated across more than one season, in multiple seasons, or in more than one location, as appropriate. All experiments should include replicatlon and a check or control treatment. All work should have pan-national relevance. Reports of routine screening trials of varieties, fertilizer, and cropping methods using standard methodologies to establish local recommendations are not accepted. Normally, no more than one report will be accepted from a single experiment. Two or more items about the same work submitted at the same time will be returned for merging. Submission at different times of multiple reports from the same experiment is highly inappropriate. Detection of such submissions will result in rejection of all. Please observe the following guidelines in preparing submissions: Limit each report to two pages of double-spaced typewritten text and no more than two figures (graphs, tables, or photos). Do not cite references or include a bibliography. Organize the report into a brief statement of research objectives, a brief description of project design, and a brief discussion of results. Relate results to the objectives. Report appropriate statistical analysis. Specify the rice production environment (irrigated, rainfed lowland, upland, deepwater, tidal wetlands). Specify the type of rice culture (transplanted, wet seeded, dry seeded). Specify seasons by characteristic weather (wet season, dry season, monsoon) and by months. Do not use local terms for seasons or, if used, define them. Use standard, internationally recognized terms to describe rice plant parts, growth stages, environments, management practices, etc. Do not use local names. Provide genetic background for new varieties or breeding lines. For soil nutrient studies, be sure to include a standard soil profile description, classification, and relevant soil properties. Provide scientific names for diseases, insects, weeds, and crop plants. Do not use common names or local names alone. Quantify survey data (infection percentage, degree of severity, sampling base, etc.). When evaluating susceptibility, resistance, tolerance, etc., report the actual quantification of damage due to stress that was used to assess level or incidence. Specify the measurements used. Use generic names, not trade names, for all chemicals. Use international measurements. Do not use local units of measure. Express yield data in metric tons per hectare (t/ha) for field studies and in grams per pot (g/pot) or per specified length (in meters) row (g/ row) for mall scale studies. Express all economic data in terms of the US$. Do not use local monetary units. Economic information should be presented at the exchange rate US$:local currency at the time data were collected. When using acronyms or abbreviations, write the name in full on first mention, followed by the acronym or abbreviation in parentheses. Thereafter, use the abbreviation. Define any nonstandard abbreviations or symbols used in a table or graph in a footnote or caption/ legend. Categories of research published CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT soils soil microbiology physiology and plant nutrition fertilizer management inorganic sources organic sources crop management integrated pest management diseases insects weeds other pests water management farming systems farm machinery postharvest technology economic analysis ENVIRONMENT SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
genetic resources genetics breeding methods yield potential grain quality pest resistance diseases insects other pests stress tolerance drought excess water adverse temperature adverse soils integrated germplasm improvement irrigated rainfed lowland upland deepwater tidal wetlands seed technology
CONTENTS
Genetics
5 Genetic studies of seed dormancy in high grain quality cultivars
Integrated pest management diseases
Breeding methods
5 6 6
A supplementary pollination technique for hybrid rice seed production F 1 fertility in indica/japonica crosses Use of male gametocide to induce complete male sterility in a partially male sterile rice
19 Natural infection of rice yellow mottle virus disease (RYMV) on rice in Sierra Leone 20 Effect of urea applied with neem cake on disease intensity and insect population in ricefields 20 Efficacy of fungicides against enzyme produced by rice sheath blight (ShB) pathogen 21 Rice grain yield loss due to rice hispa damage 21 Behavior of the wolf spider Lycosa pseudoannulata (Boes. et Str.) 21 Alternate plant hosts of rice leaffolder (LF) 22 Predation of yellow stem borer (YSB) moths by wolf spider 22 Electroantennogram technique for studying olfactory sensitivity of insects to volatile compounds 23 Density-dependent mortality of rice leaffolder (LF) due to larval parasitization 24 Attractiveness of light color to selected predators of rice pests 25 Pheromone components of rice leaffolder (LF) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Marasmia patnalis 26 Correlation between Hirschmanniella oryzae population and rice grain weight 27 Effect of soil moisture content on tractor wheel slip
Integrated pest management insects
Yield potential
7 Genetic nature of high-density rice grain 8 Genotypic differences in rice yield potential and N, P, and K in leaves 9 Developing a functional model of rice panicle growth 9 Herbage potential of rice cultivars 10 Ratooning ability and potential herbage production from ratoon crops of rice cultivars 11 Reaction of promising rice cultivars to major diseases in Eastern Vidarbha Zone, India 11 Evaluation of resistance to blast (Bl) in promising rice cultivars 11 Evaluation of rice germplasm for resistance to grassy stunt virus (GSV) 12 Development of a brown planthopper (BPH) biotype and change in varietal resistance in Mekong Delta
Pest resistance diseases
Integrated pest management other pests
Pest resistance insects
Farm machinery
Stress tolerance drought
ANNOUNCEMENT
27 27 Modeling in agricultural research New IRRI publications
12 Genetic variability in midday leaf water potential (LWP) of irrigated rice 13 Germination and seedling development of floating rice at different soil moisture regimes 13 Screening rice cultivars at reproductive stage for low temperature tolerance in western Nepal 14 CICA8 and ITA222, new rice varieties for irrigated areas of Mbo Plain in West Cameroon 15 IET8717, a physiologically efficient rice variety for waterlogged areas of Assam 16 IET10522, a high-yielding medium-duration rice for waterlogged conditions
Stress tolerance excess water
Stress tolerance adverse temperature
Integrated germplasm improvement irrigated
Integrated germplasm improvement rainfed
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Soil microbiology
16 Influence of mycorrhizal association and inorganic nutrients on early growth of rice 17 Effects of paclobutrazol and KH2PO4 on rice seedlings and grain yield 17 Effect of straw + (NH 2)2 SO4 application on rice
Physiology and plant nutrition Fertilizer management Crop management
18 Effect of cultural practice for semideep water rice on yield and net income 18 Effect of seedling age on growth and yield of T. aman rice 19 Effect of summer plowing on N volatilization and rice yield in sandy loam soils
IRRN 15:5 (October 1990)
Genetics
Genetic studies of seed dormancy in high grain quality cultivars
Bui Chi Buu and Le Thi Hong Loan, Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute, Omon, Hau Giang, Vietnam
Rice varieties grown in wet season (He Thu) in the Mekong delta need to possess seed dormancy.
We studied the genetics of seed dormancy in crosses involving three varieties with grain dormancy and five without dormancy but with high grain quality. Two replications of 30 seeds each were grown in the greenhouse. Panicles were tagged as they emerged and harvested 30 d after flowering. IR24 and OM80 are very susceptible to preharvest sprouting. Seed dormancy in the F1 was not completely dominant (Table 1). However, KDML/OM80, KDML/IR64, and OM201/IR64 had
Table 1. Germination in the F 1 of rice hybrids and their parents (hull intact treatment) at 10-60 d after harvest. Designation Germination (%) 10 10 12 41 16 22 6 40 4 25 19 4 15 10 13 18 0 0 0 30 78 60 12 40 20 27 19 54 30 42 37 69 39 44 25 21 36 19 31 37 2 0 5 Cross 30 52 20 78 64 73 61 88 55 76 54 66 70 49 48 77 40 74 78 99 78 81 84 93 60 88 73 84 90 81 74 78 20 49 88 92 100 71 96 50 91 79 94 98 100 85 90 77 93 90 93 90 41 51 99 92 81 75 60 92 80 98
about 75% germination at 40 d after harvest (DAH). Seed dormancy in the segregating F2 populations at 10 DAH were tabulated as 0-25%, 26-50%, 51-75%, and 76-100% (Table 2). The F2 from KDML/OM87-9, MTL 43/OM80, and OM201/OM87-9 segregated in the ratio of 3 dormant: 13 nondormant. This indicates control of dormancy by digenic recessive genes. Two duplicate recessive genes control dormancy in OM201/OM80. The F2 populations from KDML/ OM80 and MTL 43/OM87-9 segregated in the ratio of 37:27 and 1:63, respectively, dormant to nondormant. This shows control of dormancy by trigenic gene action.
MTL 43/1R64 MTL 43/1R24 MTL 43/OM80 MTL 43/OM86-9 MTL 43/OM87-9 KDML/IR64 KDML/IR24 KDML/OM80 KDML/OM86-9 KDML/OM87-9 OM201/IR64 OM201/IR24 OM201/OM80 OM201/OM86-9 OM201/OM87-9 MTL 43 KDML OM201 IR64 IR24 OM80 OM86-9 OM87-9
Breeding methods
A supplementary pollination technique for hybrid rice seed production
Huang Peijin, Lingling District Seed Co., Hunan; and Tang Shande, Hunan Crop Science Institute, China
85
Dormant parents 3 0 28
Nondormant parents 48 72 79 85 79 92 22 55 65 92
Table 2. Segregation for seed dormancy in the F2 10 days after harvest (hull intact treatment), by germination percentage. Cross KDML/OM87-9 KDML/OM80 MTL 43/OM87-9 MTL 43/OM80 OM201/OM87-9 OM20I/OM80 F2 segregants (no.) by germination class 0-25% 21 180 4 58 62 21 26-50% 14 33 20 63 55 29 51-75% 31 24 44 61 67 43 76-100% 58 63 232 118 116 207 Ratio of 0-25:26-100 germination 3:13 37:27 1:63 3:13 3:13 1:15 c 2 0.27 0.59 0.10 0.70 0.72 0.29 P 0.75-0.50 0.50-0.25 0.75-0.50 0.90-0.75 0.50-0.25 0.75-0.50
We monitored the flowering characters of CMS, maintainer, and restorer lines (V20A, V20B, Zhensan 97A, Zhensan 97B, IR26, R314, Zei 64-7, Zei 64-49, and R8312) 1987-89. Three samples of 30 plants each were examined for each line. Maintainer and restorer lines had one or two obvious flowering peaks in a day: 70-90% of the glumes flowered within these peaks (see figure). In lines with two peaks, each peak lasted 30-40 min; in lines with one peak, the peak lasted 40-60 min. After glume opening, the anther exserted in 2-4 min, anther stalk elongated in 4-6 min, and pollen grains appeared in 7-8 min. Pollen grain spread followed the flowering peak, lasting for 10-15 min with two peaks and 20-30 min with one peak. In CMS lines, the flowering peak did not appear before the end of flowering of the male parents.
These results indicate that supplementary pollination during the pollen grain spreading peak of the male parent had more effect on seed yield than the previous method of pollinating each half hour from maternal flowering to end of flowering of male parent. Seed set increased more than 7.6% and seed yield 8%. We devised a new technique for supplementary pollination. A nylon rope 0.4 cm in diameter is pulled at 1 m/s along the length of the plots, to scatter pollen grains during the spreading peak. This is carried out two times for each peak, at a 15-min interval, in double peaks; 3-4 times for only one peak.
Time
Flowering curves of CMS, maintainer, and restorer lines. Lingling, Hunan, China, 1987-89.
F1 fertility in indica/japonica crosses

Zhang Xian-guang, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
Low F1 fertility in crosses of indica and japonica is still a problem. In 1988, we tested the F1 fertility of two sets of combinations under irrigated conditions. One set was a direct japonica/indica cross (a native japonica variety was crossed with an exotic indica); the other was a modified japonica/indica cross (an advanced line or native japonica variety deComparison of F 1 fertility in japonica/indica crosses. Wuhan, China, 1988. Cross
LK58/IR36 HLR4/IR36 Gh 4/IR28 105/TKM6 H857/TKM6 Mean (x 2) LSD
rived from indica/ japonica was crossed with a japonica or an indica parent). Modified japonicalindica crosses showed significantly higher spikelet fertility (74.1-90.25%) than the typical japonica/indica cross (9.75-35.75%) (see table). The sterility of F1 hybrids in direct indica/japonica cross was reportedly the result of genic or cryptic structural hybridity between chromosomes of the
indica and japonica varieties. We infer that the higher fertility in the modified japonicalindica crosses must be the result of the effectiveness of the advanced lines or native japonica varieties used as bridge parents. They presumably carry either dominant genes, to neutralize the effects of recessive complementary lethal genes in the indica and/or japonica variety, or wide compatible genes, to overcome the hybrid sterility barrier.
Use of male gametocide to induce complete male sterility in a partially male sterile rice
Huang Qun-ce and Wang Li-zhu, Biological Department, Xiangtan Teacher's College, P.O. Box 411201, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
Fertility (%) Direct japonica/indica

9.75 16.46 35.35 19.82 24.23 21.22 9.59 86.53 90.25 77.70 87.00 86.37 74.10 83.66 6.28
Modifed japonica/indica 607 a /Longfu 6 b 607/Bamboo rice c 6107 a /VN51 c 6107/857 b HLRS b /GS1 c HLR5/I 636 c Mean (x 1) LSD t = 13.01 > 1% level
a Advanced line. b Japonica variety derived from an indica/ japonica cross. c Indica variety.
Photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile rice (PGMSR) is also very sensitive to temperature. While photoperiod is relatively even from year to year, temperature is variable. This means a PGMSR grown in the summer can show variation in pollen sterility, making it unsuitable as female parent in hybrid seed production. We evaluated a new indica PGMSR. CIS28-15, that was isolated from a B9F4 progeny of the cross Caloro/IR28. The critical stage of its sterility-transformation is about 20 Jul, with fertility-transformation 5 Sep under normal conditions in Xiangtan (29 N). But in 1989, male
sterility in the field was not complete between 20 Jul and 15 Aug because the air temperature was unusually low (mean 23 C) and fluctuated widely. We sought to induce complete pollen sterility by spraying the male gametocide (CH3As O3Zn.H2O) in 30, 40, 50, and 60 ppm concentrations on the leaves of CIS28-15 at 5 d before heading. Other plants of CIS28-15 were sprayed with plain water. The experiment had four replications, with 20 hills of 1 plant each. Initiation of panicle primordium starts about 30 d before heading. From 20 Jul to 15 Aug, we recorded the heading date of every panicle, including those of the main shoot and all tillers, to infer the development stage of each panicle when the plant was sprayed with the male gametocide. Observations on pollen and spikelet fertility were made on bagged panicles and open-pollinated panicles. The results indicated the following (see table):
Effect of male gametocide on pollen and spikelet fertility and outcrossing rate of the PGMSR CIS28-15. Xiangtan, China, 1989. Panicle development stage at tim e of spraying Branch differentiation Spikelet differentiation Reduction division of pollen mother cell Pollen fertility (%) 30 ppm 7.5 3.5 1.1 40 ppm 7.8 3.1 1.1 50 ppm 6.0 3.1 0 60 ppm 7.1 3.5 0 Check 7.7 7.1 7.4 30 ppm 1.3 1.1 0.5 Spikelet fertility (%) on bagged panicle 40 ppm 1.3 1.2 0.5 50 ppm 1.4 1.2 0 60 ppm 1.4 1.1 0 Check 1.39 1.3 1.4 9.8 9.8 11.4 30 ppm Seed set on open-pollinated panicle 40 ppm 50 ppm 60 V20A ppm (check)
Pollen wall 0 (exine) formation
7.3
1.4
10.3
10.1
10.2
10.0
11.0
At branch differentiation stage, there was no difference in pollen fertility and self-fertilization between materials sprayed with the male gametocide and check. The male gametocide had no effect on the young panicle. At the spikelet differentiation stage, there was obvious difference, but effectiveness was low.
At the reduction division stage of the pollen mother cell, effectiveness of 30 and 40 ppm spray was best. At the pollen exine stage, all spray levels were effective, with no fertile pollen in the anther and no self-fertilization. We concluded the effect of low temperature can be controlled and complete
sulfate, 2 g single superphosphate, and 2 g muriate of potash. The number of HD grains produced on primary branches (Pb) and secondary branches (Sb) of the panicles was determined by salt solution. Mean data from 15 plants of parents and F1, 50 plants of backcrosses, and 100 plants of F2 were used for analysis. The HD grain index (HDI) was calculated as the number of HD grains divided by the number of spikelets per plant. The parents differed significantly in number of HD grains and HDI (Table 1). Rewa 353-5 had the most HD grains (1,088) but IR28211-43-1-1-2 had the highest HDI (53.2%). Although heterobeltiosis for number of HD grains was 113% for F1 of IRS6/Rewa 353 and 50%
pollen sterility of CIS28-15 maintained by spraying with the male gametocide 5 d before heading, at the pollen exine stage. A second treatment may be necessary to sterilize all tillers at the appropriate development stage. The treatment does not affect the outcrossing rate of CIS28-15.
Yield potential
Genetic nature of highdensity rice grain
S. Mallik, A. M. Aguilar, and B. S. Vergara, Plant Physiology Department, IRRI
In 1988 dry season, we studied the genetic nature of HD grain production using the parents, F1, F2, and two backcrosses of Rewa 353-5/IR56, IR56/Rewa 353, and Rewa 353-4/IR28211-43-1-1-2. Single seeds of the six generations were sown separately in 4-liter pots containing 3 kg of Maahas clay soil (Andaqueptic Haplaquolls) mixed with 4 g ammonium
for Rewa 353-4/IR28211-43-1-1-2, the HDI of Rewa 353-4/IR28211-43-1-1-2 was very close to that of the higher parent because of the higher number of spikelets. The HDI of Rewa 353-5/IR56 was much lower than the mid-parent value. In all crosses, mean HD grain was lower in the F2 than in the F1 and the better parent. Backcrosses with the better parent produced more HD grains than backcrosses with the lower parent. The F2 plants produced more than the better parent. These results indicate scope for selecting of parents and the possibility of getting heterotic lines from such crosses. Estimates of gene effects (Table 2) indicate highly significant additive and
Table 1. Mean HD grains in 6 generations of Rewa 353-5/IR56 (l), IR56/Rewa 353 (2), and Rewa 353-4/IR28211-43-1-1-2 (3). IRRI, 1988.
Generation I P1 P2 F1 F2 BC 1 BC 2 475 p 5.4 253 p 5.3 228 p 4.4 182 p 4.1 274 p 4.5 9 p 0.6 HD grain/plant (no.) Primary branch 2 253 p 5.3 273 p 8.2 704 p 5.7 248 p 4.6 203 p 8.8 389 p 5.9 3 244 p 4.7 530 p 5.3 731 p 5.0 411 p 7.3 173p4.6 695 p 9.2 1 613 p 7.7 317 p 7.1 357 p 6.8 204 p 5.7 376 p 9.7 10 p 0.8 Secondary branch 2 317p 7.1 419p 10.8 771p 8.7 359p 7.2 220p 12.8 595p 8.6 3 399 p 9.4 398p6.1 719 p 3.8 440 p 7.5 215 p 7.2 561 p 8.9 1 1088 570 585 386 650 19 Total HD grain (no.) 2 570 692 1475 607 423 984 3 643 928 1450 851 388 1256 High density grain index 1 47.6 33.3 23.1 18.3 27.9 1.0 2 33.3 25.9 53.6 27.4 17.5 41.1 3 33.8 53.2 54.7 38.9 18.8 62.7
dominance effects for Rewa 353-S/IR56 and IR56/Rewa 353. In Rewa 353-4/ IR2811-43-1-1-2, only the additive effects were significant for both Pb and Sb. Among the epistatic effects, additive/ dominance was significant for all crosses. In Rewa 353-5/IR56, dominance/dominance was also significant for Pb and Sb. Duplicate epistasis indicated by the negative value of 'h' and positive value of '1' in Rewa 353-5/IR56 may hinder selection.
Heritability estimates for both Pb and Sb were high in Rewa 353-5/IR56 and Rewa 353-4/IR28211-43-1-1-2 and low in IR56/Rewa 353. Estimates of the number of effective factors were very low for Rewa 353-5/IR56, but two and above for IR56/Rewa 353 and Rewa 3534/IR28211-43-1-1-2. With the significant additive effects and high heritability in Rewa 353-5/IR56 and Rewa 353-4/IR28211-43-1-1-2, mass
selection in early generations to improve heterogeneous populations by modifying the frequencies of desirable genes, followed by single plant selection, may be advantageous in increasing the number of HD grains. Because of high variation due to dominance and epistatic effects in IR56/Rewa 353, selection in later generations would be better, to diminish dominance effects.
Table 2. Estimates of gene effects for number of HD grains in Rewa 353-5/IR56 (1), IR56/Rewa 353 (2), and Rewa 353-4/IR28211-43-1-1-2 (3). IRRI, 1989.
Parameter Mean Additive Dominance Additive/additive Additive/dominance Dominance/dominance Heritability Effective factors
Primary branch 1 182* 18.7 265** 20.2 - 298** 51.3 - 162 85.0 391** 25.5 780** 121.3 70.7 0.5 2 248** 20.4 186** 42.4 633** 122.2 8 117.8 176** 43.0 558** 119.3 15.6 5.5 3 411** 73.2 - 522** 103.2 436 369.9 92 358.3 - 379** 110.6 408 521.9 85.2 13.6 1 204** 25.9 366* 43.5 - 152 98.2 - 44 135.4 524** 48.4 916** 215.8 58.8 0.7
Secondary branch 2 359** 32.0 - 375** 61.7 597** 184.0 194 177.9 - 324** 67.2 454 293.6 14.6 1.5 3 440** - 346** 113 - 208 - 346** 891 83.5 6.1 75.1 114.6 383.4 377.7 126.6 563.6
** = significant at the 1% level.
Genotypic differences in rice yield potential and N, P, and K in leaves

S. M. Alam and A. R. Azmi, Atomic Energy Agricultural Research Centre, Tandojam, Pakistan
Yield potential of rice genotypes and N, P, and K content in plant leaf. Rice genotype IR6 (control) Mutant IR6-18 Mutant IR6-93 Mutant IR6-104 Mutant IR6-113 IR8 (parent) Mutant IR8-5 Bas 370 (parent) Mutant 370-1 Mutant 370-5 Mutant 370-24 Mutant 370-28 Jajai 77 (parent) Jajai 77-1 Mutant 77-2 Mutant LG-1 Mutant Jajai 30 Sada Gulab (parent) Mutant SG-EF/SD-78 Mutant SG-EF/SD-55 Sonahri SG (parent) Mutant SS-EF/SD-6 Mutant SS-EF/SD-8 Pokkali (parent) Mutant pokkali Lateefy (Dokri) DR82 (parent) LSD (0.05) (0.01) Straw yield (t/ha) 8.1 6.6 6.7 7.2 7.0 8.2 6.8 12.0 6.7 11.0 7.1 6.7 13.5 12.8 6.5 6.6 8.4 12.8 10.7 9.2 17.9 10.6 10.5 7.0 5.7 5.5 6.7 4.2 5.5 Grain yield (t/ha) 5.5 5.0 4.7 3.8 4.6 6.1 5.2 3.4 1.9 2.3 2.9 2.8 3.6 2.9 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.7 2.0 2.1 5.2 3.2 2.6 3.8 3.2 3.1 3.7 2.0 2.7 Leaf nutrient content (% dry wt) N 1.54 1.40 1.35 0.77 0.77 2.10 1.82 1.82 1.60 1.49 1.59 1.69 2.03 1.26 1.61 1.73 1.69 1.82 1.12 1.54 1.68 1.26 1.26 1.87 1.75 1.68 1.70 0.40 0.50 P 0.31 0.33 0.29 0.28 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.30 0.25 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.24 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.30 0.27 0.24 0.24 0.28 0.23 0.29 0.26 0.27 0.28 ns ns K 1.86 1.96 1.81 1.79 1.69 1.75 1.80 1.89 1.63 1.67 1.48 1.53 1.58 1.73 1.33 1.43 1.53 1.63 1.77 1.61 1.66 1.60 1.53 1.63 1.73 1.68 1.69 ns ns
We studied the yield potential and leaf N, P, and K at peak growth (55 d) in 27 rice genotypes. Soil was alluvial, sandy loam, and alkaline, with pH 7.8, 0.061% N, 0.05% P, 0.45% K, 4.5 ppm available P, and 0.14% total soluble solids. Standard 120 kg N and 60 kg P/ha were broadcast and incorporated before planting. There were 16 hills/m2 . The plots were laid out in a randomized design with four replications. Normal agronomic practices were followed. The first fully emerged leaf from each genotype was collected at 55 d and its N, P, and K content measured. Leaves were dried and ground in a wiley mill. A 1-g sample was digested using H 2 SO4 and H2O2 .P was determined colorimetrically by the vanadomolybdoyellow color method; N, by microkjeldahl method; and K, by flame photometer. Straw and grain yields were measured at harvest (115 d).
Rice mutants and their mother cultivars differed in yield potential (see table). IR6, IR8, Bas 370, Jajai 77, Sada Gulab, Sonahri Sugdasi, Pokkali, Lateefy, and DR82 yielded more straw and grain than their mutants. N and P were higher in the parents than in the mutants; K content was variable. The higher N and P content in parent genotypes contributed to increased yield.
Developing a functional model of rice panicle growth

R. Sadasivam, C. Kailasam, R. Chandrababu, A. Arjunan, M. Nagarajan, and S. R. Sree Rangasamy, Crop Physiology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
We grew short-duration rice cultivars ASD 16 and CO 41 under field conditions using a randomized complete block design with 12 replications during 1988 wet season. The pattern of panicle growth on 60 panicles/plot that emerged on the same day was studied from emergence to maturity. Five panicles per plot were removed 12 times to 30 d after emergence and dry weight recorded. Panicle development followed a sigmoidal pattern (see figure). Two distinct lag phases, one at the beginning and one at the end of panicle growth, were evident. These two lag phases were separated by rapid linear growth between 3 and 21 d after emergence. We tried
Panicle growth in rice cultivars, Coimbatore, India, 1988 wet season.
several growth equations: Richard's function, logistic function, nonlinear function, and negative exponential function.
Type of function Functional form R 2 value ASD16 CO 41 Richards function Logistic function Nonlinear function Negative exponential W1 = (1+eb-kt)-1/n W1 = (1+e b-kt )-1 W1 = (a+bt)-1 W1 = ae -b1 0.960 0.863 0.780 0.632 0.945 0.810 0.693 0.542
rice cultivars. The Richards equations of panicle growth follow:

ASD16 CO41 W 1 = 295(1+e 1.188-0.242t ) W 1 =1.79(1+e 1.259-0.228t )
-1.852 -2.0
(R2= 0.960)
(R2 = 0.945)
ASD16 had a mean relative growth rate (R) of 157 mg/panicle per day, compared with 151 mg in CO 41. Mean relative growth rate was calculated as
R=
-
function
(n + 1)
(Suggested by D R Causton and J C Venus [1981])
Richard's function gave the best fit to describe panicle growth in short-duration The experimental field was plowed twice. Fertilizer was incorporated basally at 60-40-40 kg NPK/ha 1 d before transplanting. Twenty-day-old seedlings were transplanted at 20- 20-cm spacing with two seedlings/hill. Herbage was cut at the collar level of the last fully developed leaf 40 d after transplanting (DT) and from different plots at 60 DT. Treatments were repeated three times. Differences in growth and herbage yield were observed at 40 and 60 DT (Table 1). There was a positive relationship between herbage yield at 40 and 60 DT (R = 0.595**). Deepwater cultivars Khao Mali, Pan Tawng, Khao Lod
The biochemistry of plant growth. Edward Arnold, London. p. 92.) Chong, and Khao Praguad gave high herbage yields, similar to lowland cultivars; Khao Puang Nak, Pin Gaew 56, Ban Daeng, Plai Ngahm, and Sai Bua gave poor herbage yields. Herbage yields from one cutting were more than 1 t/ha at 40 DT and about 2 t/ ha at 60 DT, suggesting the potential production of rice herbage as animal feed. Simple linear correlation analysis showed highly significant positive relationships between herbage yield and growth parameters (Table 2). The relationship of herbage yield with sheath and culm weight was high at 40 DT, but
Herbage potential of rice cultivars

T. Kupkanchanakul, B. S. Vergara, and F. T. Parao, Agronomy, Physiology, and Agroecology Division, IRRI
Rice herbage can be an important animal feedstuff: it has high nutritive value, it is readily available in most ruminant production areas, and rice grain yield is not sacrificed by herbage removal. We studied the herbage potential of 20 deepwater and 4 lowland rice cultivars under irrigation at IRRI in the 1989 wet season.
very low at 60 DT. There was no relationship between plant height and herbage yield at 40 DT and a negative association at 60 DT (the sheath and culm became the dominant plant part as rice plants grew taller, especially in traditional tall cultivars). High herbage yields can be obtained from rice varieties with vigorous growth during vegetative stage. Cultivar differences should be considered in herbage production.
Table 1. Herbage yield at 40 and 60 DT of 24 rice cultivars grown with irrigation. IRRI, 1989 wet season.
Rice cultivar Deepwater rice Ban Daeng Huntra 60 Khao Hoi Khao Kaset Khao Lod Chong Khao Mali Khao Praguad Khao Puang Nak Khao Rachinee Leb Mue Nahng 111 Luang Pratharn Mali Tawng Nahng Khiew Pan Tawng Pin Gaew 56 Plai Ngahm RD19 Sai Bua Sam Ruang Tapow Gaew 161 Lowland rice B4259 Binato H4 IR29723-143-3-2 LSD (0.0.5) Herbage yield (t/ha) 40 DT 0.82 0.88 0.74 0.84 1.05 1.14 1.10 0.66 0.93 0.88 1.11 0.93 0.93 1.21 0.84 0.83 0.91 0.93 0.83 0.88 1.16 1.20 1.32 0.90 0.23 60 DT 1.39 2.00 1.59 1.53 1.95 2.06 1.89 1.38 1.88 1.56 1.76 1.59 1.47 1.98 1.25 1.38 1.65 1.29 1.39 1.83 1.98 1.64 1.78 0.44
Ratooning ability and potential herbage production from ratoon crops of rice cultivars
T. Kupkanchanakul, B. S. Vergara, and K. Kupkanchanakul, Agronomy, Physiology, and Agroecology Division, IRRI
A rice ratoon crop has high potential for both grain and herbage production. However, most studies on rice ratooning have emphasized grain yield. Using the herbage from a ratoon crop to provide a continuous supply of ruminant feed after harvest of the main rice crop has received little attention. We evaluated the ratooning ability and potential herbage production from the ratoon crops of 20 deepwater and 4 lowland rices in irrigated fields at IRRI in the 1990 dry season. Cultivars were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main crop straw was cut 15 cm aboveground 7 d after harvest and 60 kg N/ha surface applied. The field was
irrigated to 1-5 cm water depth throughout the ratoon crop. Of 24 cultivars studied, only 17 produced ratoons (see table). Deepwater cultivars Huntra 60, Khao Rachinee, and Luang Pratharn had very good ratooning ability, similar to that of lowland cultivars. Plants were sampled 30 and 60 d after ratooning (DAR) and at maturity of the ratoon crop to measure biomass yield (excluding the 15-cm stubble). Deepwater rice cultivars with high ratooning ability showed high biomass yield at 30 and 60 DAR, indicating the potential of a ratoon rice crop as forage during the dry season where natural forage in rice areas is limited. Cultivars with high ratooning ability also produced higher grain yield, suggesting the potential for grain yield from ratoon crop in areas where water is available. Herbage and grain production from a ratoon rice crop might be another approach to increasing production, adding crop value, and increasing land use efficiency and farmer income, especially in single-crop deepwater rice areas.
Ratooning ability and production of ratoon crops. IRRI, 1990 dry season.
Rice cultivar Lowland rice B4259 Binato H4 IR29723- 143-3-2 Deepwater rice Ban Daeng Huntra 60 Khao Hoi Khao Kaset Khao Lod Chong Khao Mali Khao Praguad Khao Puang Nak Khao Rachinee Leb Mue Nahng III Luang Pratharn Mali Tawng Nahng Khiew Pan Tawng Pin Gaew Plai Ngahm RD19 Saibua Sam Ruang Tapow Gaew 161 LSD (0.05) Ratoon hills (% of main crop) Biomass yield a (tha) 30 DAR 1.18 1.41 1.29 1.48 3.30 0.80 0.85 0.65 3.30 1.93 1.11 0.91 1.51 60 DAR 4.89 5.44 4.44 4.42 6.75 3.50 3.40 3.47 8.85 8.80 4.28 2.43 2.70 Maturity 7.53 8.45 9.43 8.74 10.28 6.14 5.35 9.08 9.40 12.92 9.25 5.12 ns Grain yielda (t/ha) 2.3 2.9 2.3 2.6 2.3 1.6 1.1 2.0 2.7 2.7 2.5 1.2 1.1
59 56 56 65 11 72 0 23 20 10 29 9 64 0 59 0 13 43 0 4 32 0 0 0 18
Table 2. Relationship between herbage yield and growth parameters of 24 rice cultivars at 40 and 60 DT.a IRRI, 1989 wet season.
Parameter Active leaves wt (t/ha) Leaf area index Shoot wt (t/ha) Sheath and culm wt (t/ha) Dead leaves wt (t/ha) Tillers (no./m 2) Tiller wt (g) Root wt (g/m 2) Height (cm)
ficant.
40 DT +0.948** +0.714** +0.878** +0.766** +0.266ns +0.334ns +0.129ns +0.016ns +0.005ns
60 DT +0.816** +0.730** +0.536** +0.137ns +0.247ns +0.422* -0.283ns +0.122ns -0.450*
a Significant at the 5% (*) and 1% (**) levels. ns = nonsigni-
a Cultivars with less than 20% ratoons were not sampled.
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Pest resistance diseases

Reaction of promising rice cultivars to major diseases in Eastern Vidarbha Zone, India
B. G. Patil and P. G. Moghe, Plant Pathology Department, Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola 444104 (MS), India
Evaluation of rice germplasm for resistance to grassy stunt virus (GSV)

R. Devika, N. R. Bai, A. Regina, and C. A. Joseph, Rice Research Station, Kerala Agricultural University, Moncompu, India
We screened 20 promising rice cultivars against major diseases prevailing in the Eastern Vidarbha Zone of Maharashtra State for 4 yr (1985-89). Promising highyielding rices SKL-6, Sye 75, RP4-14, and SKL-6-1-23 were resistant or moderately resistant to blast, bacterial blight, and false smut (see table).
Resistancec of 4 rice cultures to major diseases in Eastern Vidarbha zone, India, 1985-89. Rice culture SKL-6 Sye 75 RP4-14 SKL-6-1-23 Reaction Blasta 1 2 1 2 Bacterial blight a 1 1 2 1 False smut (%) 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 Duration (d) 115-120 130-135 125-130 135-140 Yield (t/ha) 4.0-5.0 4.5-5.5 5.0-5.5 4.5-5.0
a Scored by the Standard evaluation system for rice.
Evaluation of resistance to blast (BI) in promising rice cultivars

B. G. Patil and P. G. Moghe, Plant Pathology Department, Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola 444104 (MS), India
Screening for Bl caused by Pyricaluria oryzae Cav. in different geographical zones is necessary because of different
physiogenic races and variation in environmental conditions. We screened 20 promising rice cultivars under field conditions at Sindewahi, Eastern Vidarbha Zone, Maharashtra State. Resistant cultivars were SKL-6, Pusa 33, and Sye 148-95 in the short-duration group, and RP4-14 and Jaya in the medium-duration group (see table).
Scorea
GSV is a serious constraint to rice production in the Kuttanad area of Kerala, India. Severe yellowing and stunting were observed in 1988 wet season (kharif) (May-Jun to Aug-Sep). All varieties grown were affected to some degree. Serological tests at Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad, confirmed the presence of GSV. We evaluated 362 rice accessions, including local varieties, under this heavy natural incidence. Each accession was planted in 2-m rows at 20- 15-cm spacing and disease scored at panicle initiation. Thirty accessions were moderately resistant to GSV; 15 were local and the remaining improved cultivars (see table).
Rice cultivars with moderate resistance to GSV. Kerala, India, 1988 wet season. Variety Nampiaparamban 10 Nampiaparamban 133 Navara Thonnooran Pokkali 372 Nanthiyar vattom Vasaramundan Malakkaran Chettiviruppu-Vettackal Anakkodan Ptb 23 (Cheriya Aryan) Athikira mundakan Ponnaryan Mundakan (D) Kuruka ARC6650 ARC 10550 Culture 74 IR42079 RP2547-988 K332 IR42076 RP1579-1367-68 KAU24-79-2 IET6315 IR24 KAU 1533-2 Intan V643 IR42 TN1 susceptible checks IR50
a By the Standard evaluation system for rice.
Damage scorea (0-9) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 9 9
Reaction of promising rice cultivars to Bl in Eastern Vidarbha, Maharashtra, India. Rice cultivar Short duration SKL-6 Nagpur 22 Tallahmsa Ratna IR36 Pusa 33 Sye 148-95 Tuljapur (check) Medium duration Sye 75 RP4-14 Jaya Sye 14-65-11 SKL 6-1-23 Sye 88-13-3-31 CR400-5 (check) Long duration Pankaj Jagannath Chinoor RTN68 Isha (check) Mean score
1985-86 0 5 5 1 2 0 0 7 2 1 0 5 2 2 9 3 2 4 3 7
1986-87 0 4 5 3 2 1 2 6 2 1 2 4 2 2 7 3 2 3 2 5
1987-88 2 4 6 2 2 2 2 6 2 2 1 4 2 5 6 4 3 4 2 5
1988-89 2 3 4 2 1 1 0 5 2 0 1 3 2 4 6 2 2 3 2 5
1 4 5 2 1.7 1 1 6 2 1 1 4 2 3.2 7 3 2.2 3.5 2.2 5.5
By the Standard evaluation system for rice.
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Pest resistance insects

Development of a brown planthopper (BPH) biotype and change in varietal resistance in Mekong Delta
Luong Minh Chau, Plant Protection Department, Cuu Long Delta Rice Research lnstitute (CLRRI), Omon, Haugiang, Vietnam
Table 1. Reaction of differential check varieties to new BPH population. a CLRRI, 1988 wet season. Variety Gene for BPH resistance None None Bph 1 Bph 1 bph 2 bph 2 digenic Reaction to BPH populations Chauthanh (Angiang) 9 9 7 5 7 5 1 Phutan (Angiang) 9 9 7 7 5 3 3 Omon (Haugiang) 9 9 7 7 3 1 1 CLRRI (Biotype 2) 9 9 7 7 1 3 1
TN1 IR8 IR28 IR30 lR36 IR38 Ptb 33
aAv of 3 replications, by the Standard evaluation system for rice
In 1988 wet season, we collected three new BPH Nilaparvata lugens Stal populations developed from BPH biotype 2 on rice variety OM80 at Omon district, northern Haugiang Province, and on IR64 at Chauthanh and Phutan districts, central and northeast Angiang Province, in the Mekong Delta. IR64 (or OM89) was introduced to farmers in 1983 and OM80 in 1984. Their BPH resistance was broken by a new BPH population in 4-5 yr. We tested for biotype identification and screened varieties by the standard seedbox test. Test lines were sown in 20cm-long rows at 30 seeds/row in 60- 40- 10-cm wood seedboxes filled 5 cm deep with fine soil, in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Seedlings were infested 7 d after seeding with second- to third-instar BPH nymphs at 5-8 nymphs/plant. Damage was scored when 95% of susceptible check TN1 had died. Varieties with no resistance gene or with Bph 1 gene were very susceptible or
Table 2. Comparison of reaction of modern varieties to old and new BPH populations. CLRRI, 1988 wet season. Variety Year introduced 1986 1986 1987 1986 1989 1987 1988 1989 1889 1982 1983 1986 1989 1989 Reaction Old population Omon, 1988 1 3 1 3 3 3 0 0 5 1 3 1 1 0 1 9 New population Angiang, 1989 5 7 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 9
MTL 61 (IR19728-9-3-2) MTL 58 (lR13240-108-2-2-3) OM87-1 (IR31802-48-2-2-2) OM86-9 (IR74) (IR32429-47-3-2-2) OM606-1-1-1-1 (IR42/Tran chau lun) OM87-9 (IR31868-64-2-3-3) OM576-18- 1-1 (Hungary/IR42) OM296 (Than nong do/lR48) OM44-5 (OM90/OM80) NN4B (IR42) IR64 (IR18348-36-3-3) lR66 (1R32307- 107-3-2-2) IR68 (IR28224-3-2-3-2) IR70 (IR28228-12-3-1) CR94-12 (resistant check) IR36 (resistant check) TN1 (susceptible check)
susceptible to all new BPH populations; varieties with bph 2 were attacked by the BPH population in Angiang (damage rating 5-7) but were still resistant to the BPH population in Haugiang (Table 1). Ptb 33 with digenic resistance genes was resistant to all new BPH populations.
BPH virulence appears to have shifted higher than that of BPH biotype 2 in Angiang. Most varieties resistant to BPH biotype 2 were moderately susceptible to the new biotype (Angiang population) (Table 2).
Stress tolerance drought

Genetic variability in midday leaf water potential (LWP) of irrigated rice
M. K. Bashar, R. K. Das, M. A. Islam, and N. M. Miah, Plant Breedin g Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute; and S. Ahmad, CERDI, Gazpur 1701, Bangladesh
a
In rice, midday LWP falls, even in irrigated rice, because of a lag between water absorption by roots and transpira-
tion through the leaves. This indicates that midday LWP may be a criterion to use in selecting for drought resistance. We grew six advanced upland breeding lines and two varieties under irrigated field conditions in 1988 dry season to evaluate genetic variability in midday LWP. Experimental 5- 5-m plots were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. At maximum tillering, the LWP of 10
penultimate, fully expanded leaves of each variety in each replication were measured at 1200- 1 300 h under clear skies, using standard pressure chamber technique. Differences among varieties were significant (see table). The highest LWP was in BR4290-3-1-10, the lowest in BR4290-3-3-5. The differential LWP observed suggests that LWP may be used as a drought resistance selection criterion.
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Leaf water potential (LWP) of upland rice breeding lines and varieties in an irrigated field in Gazipur, Bangladesh, 1988. Variety or line BR4290-3-1-10 BR4290-3-3-5 BR1888-29-2-2-3 BR1888-29-2-3-4 BR1890-12-2-1-1 BR1890-1-1-1-2 BR20 BR21 F-test LSD (0.05) LWP (MPa) 0.75 1.24 1.00 1.00 1.11 1.14 0.90 0.92 184.42** 0.04
Stress tolerance excess water

Germination and seedling development of floating rice at different soil moisture regimes
K. Kupkanchanakul, B. S. Vergara. and T. Kupkanchanakul, IRRI
of emergence between dry seeds and pregerminated seeds 7 d after sowing (DAS) were small. Field capacity and saturated soil moisture favored seedling emergence. As little as 2 cm excess water significantly decreased emergence. Pregerminated seeds emerged poorly in muddy water. Growth and development were vigorous at field capacity and at saturation (see figure). However, seedlings from pregerminated seeds tended to grow and develop better in saturated soil than at field capacity. Standing 2-cm-deep water significantly retarded seedling growth and development.
The effects were more-pronounced in seedlings from dry seed than from pregerminated seed. Muddy water at seeding did not have much effect on growth and development at later stages because the water cleared within 24 h. The results indicate that field capacity or saturated soil moisture regime is favorable for germination, growth, and development of both dry and pregerminated seeds. Broadcasting dry seeds of floating rice is recommended, but pregerminated seeds could be an alternative in very wet or extremely low areas where rainwater accumulates during sowing.
Farmers usually dry seed floating rices before the onset of monsoon rains. In certain years, when the monsoon is early, dry seeding is not possible. Also, dry seeding is followed by drought, and farmers may have to replant a wet seeded rice. We studied germination and growth of floating rice under different moisture regimes at crop establishment. Dry seeds and pregerminated seeds of Pin Gaew 56, a Thai floating rice, were planted at 100 seeds/tray in 25- 33- 10-cm plastic trays filled with 7 kg Maahas clay soil. Four soil moisture regimes were applied, with three replications (see table). The pregerminated seeds emerged first. However, differences in percentage
Emergence of Pin Gaew 56 seedlings under different soil moisture regimes. a IRRI greenhouse, 1990. Soil moisture Field capacity Saturated 2 cm clear water 2 cm muddy water Emergence (%) at 7 DAS Dry seed Pregerminated seed 98 a 95 ab 67 c 71 c 98 a 95 ab 87 b 74 c
Shoot and root dry weight of rice seedlings germinated under different soil moisture regimes. IRRI greenhouse, 1990.
Stress tolerance adverse temperature

Screening rice cultivars at reproductive stage for low temperature tolerance in western Nepal
B. R. Sthapit, Crop Science Section, Lumle Agricultural Centre, P.O. Box No. I, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal
aIn a column, values followed by a common letter are not
significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
Injury due to low temperature is a major constraint to improvement of rice production in the 1,000-2,000 m high areas of Nepal. No improved variety has yet been developed for elevations above 1,400 m. In 1987 and 1988, we evaluated rice cultivars at three altitudes. The materials
were from IRRI; the National Rice Improvement Programme (NRIP), Parwanipur; Department of Agricultural Botany (DOAB); and local germplasm collected from 1,000-2.300 m altitudes in the western hills. In 1987, the materials were evaluated at Tapu (1,000 m), Lumle (1,400 m), and Chhomro (2,000 m) to identify varietal differences in low temperature tolerance and altitude and the highest limit of varietal adaptation. In 1988, materials identified as promising from the 1987 trials were assessed at Tapu. Sera (1,250 m), and Lumle. Test cultivars were planted in rows in 1.2-m 2 plots, at 20-
13
20-cm spacing. Low temperature tolerance was measured in terms of spikelet sterility and yield. No serious stress was observed before the preanthesis period. The 1987 yields showed strong varietal differences with altitude. Eleven genotypes produced grain at 2,000 m (Table 1). At 1,400 m, 17 genotypes produced grain. Minimum (night) temperatures ranged from 12.9 to 16.9 C and maximum (day) temperatures from 23.5 to 23.9 C. Water temperatures of the higher altitude sites were cooler (18.522.1 C) than water temperatures at 1,000 m (23.9-25.3 C) at anthesis. Water tem-
perature at anthesis at the 1,000-m site appears to be warmer than the critical limit for low temperature stress-induced sterility. We believe sterility and poor yield performance were associated with low temperature stress. Yields in 1988 were higher than in 1987 (Table 2). Fifteen varieties produced some yield at 1,400 m. Spikelet sterility in these cultivars was low. Six exotic lines also showed some low temperature tolerance. But at 1,400 m, more than half the varieties evaluated failed to set grain. We think the better performance of most of the low temperature-tolerant
Table 1. Performance of low temperature-tolerant rice cultivars at 3 altitudes (1000-2000 m).a Nepal, 1987.
2000 m Cultivar Grain yield (t/ha) Spikelet sterility (%) 1 1 1 1 5 3 5 7 7 7 (1-9) Grain yield (t/ha) 2.4 2.5 3.7 3.2 2.4 2.3 (0-3.7)
1400 m Spikelet sterility (%) 1 1 1 3 1 5 9 (1-9) Grain yield (t/ha) 3.2 1.3 2.9 0.5 6.8 3.2 2.9 3.2 0.5 0.5 (0.5-8.3)
1000 m Spikelet sterility (%) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (1-5)
varieties at 1,400 m can be associated with the relatively warmer water temperatures at anthesis in 1988 (22.1-2 1.2 C) than in 1987 (19.0-18.5 C). At 1,250 m, 23 genotypes produced some yield. At 1,000 m, almost all varieties showed no symptoms of low temperature stress. Yields of IR7167-332-3-3 and NR15579-24-2 were best at lower altitudes. Varieties that perform better in the high hills (Chhomro, Ghara, Himali, Banahun, Raksali, and Seto Bhakunde) had comparatively poor yields in the lower elevations. Local varieties Chhomro, Ghandruk, Himali Marshi, Ghara, Banahun, and Seto Bhakunde were identified as having low temperature tolerance. They could be used in breeding programs or extended into areas lacking adapted cultivars.
Ghandruk local 6.0 Himali Marshi 4.8 Ghara Local 4.0 Chhomro local (check) 3.7 Kalo Dhan 2.7 Banahun local 1.8 Seto Bhakunde 1.6 RP1442-8-2-1-2 1.2 Jumli Marshi 1.2 NR1066-1 0.8 (NRCTN, 1987b ) (0-6) (n = 110)
9 = 50-100% spikelet sterility.
Integrated germplasm improvement irrigated

CICA8 and ITA222, new rice varieties for irrigated areas of Mbo Plain in West Cameroon
M. P. Jones and D. Janakiram, National Cereals Research and Extension Project, Dschang; and F. Jeutong and J. A. Ayuk Takem, lnstitut de la Recherche Agronomique (IRA), B.P. 44, Dschang, Cameroon
a Gram yield adjusted to 12% moisture. b Spikelet sterility at growth stage 8-9 rated by this scale: 1 = <1%, 3 = 1-5%, 5 = 5-25%, c 7 = 25-50%.
National Rice Cold Tolerance Nursery.
Table 2. Performance of low temperature-tolerant rice varieties at 3 altitudes.a Nepal, 1988. 1400 m Genotype Grain yield (t/ha) Spikelet sterility (%) 1 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 3 5 7 7 (1-9) Grain yield (t/ha) 3.7 2.6 5.0 2.5 3.6 5.1 5.1 2.2 4.1 4.6 1.7 3.5 1.8 3.4 3.1 (1.6-5.5) 1250 m Spikelet sterility (%) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (1-5) Grain yield (t/ha) 2.5 2.0 1.7 1.8 3.1 4.4 5.5 5.2 2.1 1.7 4.4 2.0 3.2 4.2 2.5 (1.2-5.6) 1000 m Spikelet sterility (%) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (1-3)
Chhomro local (check) 7.6 Ghara 6.1 Himali Marshi 6.0 Banahun local 5.4 NR10073-167-3-1 4.7 IR8866-393-14-2 4.3 4.0 IR7167-33-2-3-3 NR15579-24-2 3.3 RP1442-8-2-1-2 2.9 2.9 Raksali (check) Seto Bhakunde 1.9 IR9202-6-1-1 1.9 Barkhe-2 1.5 Pokhareli Masino 1.4 BG400-1 1.0 NRCTN, 1988 (0-7.6) (n = 33)
a Grain yield adjusted to 12% moisture. Spikelet sterility (at growth stage 8-9) rated by the scale in Table 1.
Mbo Plain, an area of about 30,000 ha, is in the West Province of Cameroon at 700 m altitude. About 10,000 ha are potentially suitable for rice cultivation, but only 210 ha are currently under irrigated production. Major constraints are the disease susceptibility and grain characteristics of the currently grown variety Tainan V. Although it is susceptible to leaf blast (BI) at early vegetative stages, Tainan V has the ability to recover and yields close to 4 t/ha in farmers fields (Table 1). However, its short and bold grain, chalkiness, and cooking quality are not favored by urban consumers, causing difficulty in marketing.
14
To find varieties with higher yielding ability, B1 resistance, and acceptable grain quality, we have screened more than 6,000 varieties or lines since 1982. Most of the lines rated as resistant or moderately resistant to B1 in other parts of the world were found to be susceptible at Mbo Plain. (Climatic conditions there are highly conducive to Bl.) A few entries, including ITA222 and CICA8, were found to be moderately resistant to both leaf and neck Bl, with consistently higher yields than Tainan V, and superior grain quality (Table 1). ITA222, a derivative of Mashir/ IET1444 from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, has medium duration, medium height, good tillering ability, and an upright flag leaf. Its grains are long, with translucent kernels and flaky cooked texture (Table 2). CICA8, a derivative of CICA4// IR665/Tetep from Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, is shorter and has a longer growth duration than ITA222 and Tainan V. It has long, slender, translucent grains, which makes it competitive with imported rice in the ur-
Table 1. Yields of ITA222, CICA8, and Tainan V on-station and in farmers fields at Mbo Plain, West Cameroon, 1985-88. Variety 1985 ITA222 CICA 8 Tainan V (check) 5.8 5.8 8.4 1986 7.5 5.4 4.1 Grain yielda (t/ha) On-station 1987 5.8 5.8 8.9 1988 4.8 4.8 4.2 Mean 5.9 5.8 5.6 1985 5.8 4.8 8.7 1986 6.1 4.8 8.5 On farm 1987 5.1 4.7 8.8 1988 4.4 4.4 8.0 Mean 5.4 4.7 8.4
a Mean of 5 on-station and 5 on-farm trials each year.
Table 2. Characteristics of ITA222, CICA8, and Tainan V at Mbo Plain, Cameroon, 1985-88. Variety ITA222 CICA8 Tainan V (check) Plant height (cm) 95 90 108 Growth duration (d) 104 111 95 Reactiona to Leaf blast MR MR S Neck blast MS MS MR Grain typeb L/S L/S S/B
a By the Standard evaluation system for rice. MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible. b L/S = long and slender, S/B = short and bold.
ban market. CICA8 was released in 1985 to replace Tainan V and is now widely grown at Mbo Plain. ITA222 is in the pipeline for release, but like CICA8 and other promising va-
rieties, it shows increasing susceptibility to leaf and neck Bl. Average Bl scores for CICA8 and ITA222 were 5.5 and 4.5, respectively, in 1988 compared with 3.0 in 1986.
Integrated germplasm improvement rainfed

IET8717, a physiologically efficient rice variety for waterlogged areas of Assam
K. Chandra, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Titabar 30; and S. C. Dey and Pradip ch. Dey, Crop Physiology and Agricultural Botany Department, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 785013, India
initiation. The plants received a basal application of 8.8 kg P as single superphosphate and 16.6 kg K as muriate of potash.
Table 1. Physical and physiological characteristics of IET8717 and Manoharsali. Titabar, Assam, India, 1988. Character Duration (d) Height (cm) Panicles/m2 Grains/panicle 1000-grain wt (g) Total dry matter at maturity (g/hill) Grain yield (t/ha) Harvest index Postflowering photosynthetic contribution (%) N content of leaves at flowering (%) Total chlorophyll content at flowering (mg/g FW) Proportion of highdensity grain (%) IET8717 144 116 271 205 19.05 39.0 5.3 0.55 70.0 1.96 4.18 63.66 Manoharsali 157 133 264 132 19.08 45.0 2.7 0.40 48.0 1.72 3.58 50.60
IET8717 is a long-duration, high-yielding rice variety developed from TN1/Lua Ngu by the Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India. It is suitable for waterlogged conditions. We tested IET8717 and other promising long-duration cultivars, and Manoharsali as check, under continuous waterlogged conditions (30-50 cm water depth) in the 1988 wet season (Jul-Nov). Entries were transplanted at 20- 20-cm spacing. Forty kg N as urea was applied in three equal splits: 1 d before transplanting, 20 d after transplanting, and at panicle
Duration of IET8717 was 144 d. It had 271 productive panicles/m2 , with 6.8% tiller mortality. Its grains were medium slender, with white kernels, and 1,000grain weight of 19 g. Plant height was 115 cm with leaf area index of 6.6 at flowering, and harvest index of 0.55. High postflowering photosynthetic contribution (70%) results in higher panicle and grain numbers/m2 . Yield was 5.3 t/ha (Table 1). IET8717 has shown high yielding ability and stability for 3 yr (Table 2).
Table 2. Yield of IET8717 and Manoharsali under continuous waterlogging. Titabar, Assam, India, 1987-89. Year IET8717 Yield (t/ha) 5.0 4.8 5.0 Duration (d) 144 144 143 Manoharsali Yield (t/ha) 2.5 2.7 3.5 Duration (d) 162 163 163
1987 1988 1989
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IET10522, a high-yielding, medium-duration rice for waterlogged conditions

G. Nallathambi, S. Sevugaperumal, J. G. Robinson, and A. S. Mathar, Agricultural Research Station, Thirupathisaram 629901, Tamil Nadu, India
Performance of waterlogging-tolerant cultures at Agricultural Research Station, Thirupathisaram, Tamil Nadu, India, 1987-88 to 1989-90. Variety Parentage Duration (d) 1987- 1988- 1989- Mean 88 89 90 4.9 2.9 2.2 2.9 3.4 3.6 3.5 0.6 4.1 3.2 2.4 2.6 2.2 3.4 3.5 0.5 4.2 2.4 1.8 2.0 2.3 3.1 2.9 0.4 4.4 2.8 2.1 2.5 2.7 3.4 3.3 0.5 140 130 138 138 137 138 139 Grain yield (t/ha) Plant Panicle Straw height Panicles weight yield (cm) (no./hill) (g) (t/ha) 102 132 90 94 92 97 119 8 7 7 7 7 8 8 2.19 1.08 0.99 1.20 1.10 1.38 1.17 12.2 12.3 10.0 10.5 8.4 10.0 9.3 1.1
In Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks of Kanyakumari district, nearly 10,000 ha of ricefields are waterlogged in both the wet and dry seasons. Standing water depth ranges from 15 to 30 cm throughout the cropping period. We evaluated four deepwater rice cultures and medium-deep varieties ADT40, CO 42, and H4 for 3 yr, 1987-88 to 1989-90. The trial was laid out in 4-
IET10522 IET10205 IET10207 IET10208 H4 ADT40 CO 42
RP31-49-2/LMN Manasarovar/CO 14 Manasarovar/CO 14 RP31-49-2/LMN Sona/RP6/1 3 RP31-49-2/LMN LSD (0.05)
3-m plots, with 20- 10-cm spacing, in a randomized block design with three replications. The nursery was raised in Sep and transplanting was in Oct. IET10522 (RP31-49-2/LMN) was found promising in all 3 yr (see table).
Mean grain yield was 4.4 t/ha. Yields were 29.5 and 33.8% higher than yields of ADT40 and CO 42, respectively. IET10522 is medium tall, nonlodging, with long slender white grains.
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Soil microbiology
Influence of mycorrhizal association and inorganic nutrients on early growth of rice
S. S. Dhillion, Biological Sciences Department, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61761, USA; and L. Ampornpan, Biological Sciences Department, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
Table 1. Root and shoot dry weight of rice grown in sterilized soil with inorganic nutrients and VAM fungi. a
Nutrient treatment Phosphorus Nitrogen Phosphorus + nitrogen Deionized water
Root dry weight (g) Without VAM 1.21 0.74 1.25 1.44 0.31 b 0.12 a 0.27 b 0.37 b With VAM 0.44 0.59 0.29 0.39 0.10 a 0.09 a 0.15 a 0.23 a
Shoot dry weight (g) Without VAM 1.48 0.80 1.28 1.42 0.44 b 0.15 a 0.25 b 0.27 b With VAM 0.53 0.58 0.37 0.59 0.12 a 0.13 a 0.26 a 0.23 a
a Mean (X SD). In a column, means with the same letter are not significantly different by Duncan's mean separation test (p < 0.05).
We examined the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) fungal association of young rice plants and its response to inorganic nutrients. Seeds of rice variety Lebonnet were obtained from the Louisiana State University Rice Research Station (LSURRS). VAM fungal inoculum (rice roots and rhizosphere soil) was obtained by growing rice plants in soil from LSURRS. Plants were grown to the early growth stage (50 d) in sterilized soil with mycorrhizal (VAM) and without mycorrhizal (NON-VAM) propagules and supplied with 2.5 ml of nutrient solution at 160 g/g (nutrient availability after application = 11.2 g/g) applied every 7 d. Nutrient treatments were P, N, P + N, and deionized water (control).
Plants were watered daily for moisture conditions similar to those of rice seedlings growing in nonflooded fields. Plants grown in NON-VAM sterilized soil and supplied with P, P + N, and deionized water had significantly higher root and shoot dry weights than plants grown in soil with VAM fungi and the same nutrients (Table 1). There were no differences between the plants supplied with N alone, with or without VAM. Control plants supplied with deionized water had significantly higher fungi colonization than all other treatments (Table 2). Plants inoculated with VAM fungi and supplied with P, P + N, and deionized water had significantly lower root and shoot biomass than plants grown in soil without VAM but with the same nutrients. In the NON-VAM treatments, plants
Table 2. VAM colonization of rice roots grown in sterilized soil with inorganic nutrients and VAM fungi inoculum. a
Nutrient treatment Phosphorus Nitrogen Phosphorus + nitrogen Deionized water
a
VAM colonization (%) 29.76 32.00 27.83 43.65 9.87 a 6.53 a 7.10 a 11.33
Mean (X SD). Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Duncan's mean separation test (p < 0.05).
supplied with P and P + N did not differ in biomass from those grown with only deionized water. This may be due to the availability of nutrients upon soil sterilization. The results of the VAM treatments suggest that colonization by VAM fungi may be a carbon drain on the plant. However, this may be true only during
16
early growth of rice (land not flooded), when VAM fungi are colonizing young plants not yet fully established. It is possible that older, established rice plants in flooded fields may show a different response to VAM fungal colonization. In all cases where nutrients were supplied, colonization of rice roots was significantly lower than that in roots of plants supplied with deionized water. It is
possible that higher availability of nutrients to plant roots depressed VAM fungal colonization. Other studies have suggested this depression in colonization may be due to the reduction of exudate leakage and/or the greater availability of inorganic nutrients in the rhizosphere. The high biomass of plants in the deionized water treatment may be due to
higher VAM fungal colonization in this treatment. This study suggests that VAM fungi may have a detrimental effect on early growth of rice, reducing establishment. This relationship may change as rice plants grow and become better established. The significance of the roles of VAM fungi and inorganic fertilizer needs further investigation. number (Table 1), thereby increasing the capacity for absorption of mineral nutrients. As a result, panicle number, filled grain number, and 1,000-grain weight increased. Shan You 63 yielded 10.6 t/ha in the late season (Table 2), a new record in a 200,000-ha area of Zhaoqing.
Physiology and plant nutrition

Effects of paclobutrazol and KH2PO4 on rice seedlings and grain yield
Guang Jian Liang, Biology Department, Xijiang University, Zhaoqing, P.O. Box 526061, China
Paclobutrazol (Pac) treatment reduces rice seedling height in summer and lodging in autumn, but does not significantly increase yields.
We evaluated the effect on yield of applying Pac alone and in a mixture with KH2PO4 to rice seedlings. All treated plants were shorter, had wider seedling base, and more tillers than untreated controls. Pac alone did not increase the height of the first tiller, production of new roots after transplanting, yield components, or yield. Pac plus KH 2PO4, however, increased first tiller height and new root
Fertilizer management
Effect of straw + (NH4)2SO4 application on rice
Jian Luo and Zhi-wu Huang, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Table 1. Effect of paclobutrazol and KH 2PO4 application on rice seedlings. Zhaoqing, China, 1988-89 early season. Treatment Seedlings Height (cm) Base width (mm) Shan You 2 4.0 4.5 5.8 0.6 Shan You 63 3.6 4.5 5.4 0.6 Tillers (no./seedling) 1st tiller length (cm) New roots a (no./plant)
Control 270 ppm Pac 270 ppm Pac + 30 ppm KH2PO4 LSD (P = 0.05) Control 270 ppm Pac 270 ppm Pac + 30 ppm KH2PO4 LSD (P = 0.05)
a
32 27 29 2 28 24 25 2
0.6 2.0 2.5 1.1 2.3 3.0 3.8 1.0
15.0 17.5 22.0 3.0 11.5 12.5 19.2 3.0
3 4 5 2 4 5 7 2
Measured 5 d after transplanting.
Table 2. Effect of paclobutrazol and KH2PO4 application on grain yield and yield components. a Zhaoqing, China, 1988-89 late season. a Treatment Control 270 ppm Pac 270 ppm Pac + 30 ppm KH2PO4 LSD (P = 0.05) Control 270 ppm Pac 270 ppm Pac + 30 ppm KH2PO4 LSD (P = 0.05) Panicles (no./m2) Shan You 2 297 296 306 7.5 Shan You 63 292 295 300 7.8 Filled grains (no./panicle) 106 105 108 4.0 116 114 122 4.2 1000-grain wt (g) 27.0 27.6 28.0 0.9 28.1 28.2 29.0 0.8 Yield (t/ha) 8.5 8.6 9.2 0.4 9.5 9.2 10.6 0.4
Fertilized with 225 kg N, 66 kg P, 149 kg K/ha.
We studied the influence of C:N ratio and preflooding on rice growth and production when rice straw was applied with (NH4)2SO4 in a greenhouse pot experiment, 1988 late season. Pearl River alluvial soil (medium loam, pH 6.5, 0.15% total N, 2.5% organic C, CEC 14 meq/100 g soil) was air dried and screened, and placed in pottery pots at 5 kg/pot. Superphosphate (5.0 g/pot) and KCl (2.0 g/pot) were basally applied. Rice straw (0.72% total N, C:N ratio 53) of 0, 9.8, 37.3, and 127.1 g, respectively, needed to establish 0, 10, 25, or 40 C:N ratio was thoroughly mixed with the soil. N (300 mg) as (NH4)2SO4 solution was banded 5 cm deep into each pot in an 8-cm-diameter circle. The pots were preflooded at 2, 4, or 6 wk, and 9 seedlings/pot transplanted. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design. Preflooding had no significant effects on tiller number, panicle dry weight, or
17
Table 1. Effect of C:N ratio and preflooding on panicle number and rice yield.a Guangzhou, China, 1988. C:N ratio Panicle no. Dry matter (g/pot) Straw Panicle 33 29 29 3 21 22 21 6 23 23 28 10
0 10 25 40 0 10 25 40 0 10 25 40
Preflooded 2 wk 31 a 63 b 28 b 65 ab 23 c 45 c 9 d 16 d Preflooded 4 wk 29 ab 72 a 25 c 63 b 24 c 51 c 10 d 16 d Preflooded 6 wk 31 a 67 ab 27 bc 61 b 23 c 45 c 10 d 15 d
straw yield (Table 1). Significant differences in tiller number and straw yield occurred with C:N ratio treatments (Table 1, 2). With a C:N ratio of 25, tillers were fewer than those with no added rice straw and with a C:N ratio of 10, but more than those with a C:N ratio of 40. The panicle number at harvest and straw dry weight were significantly lower with increased C:N ratios (Table 1).
Panicle dry weight did not differ significantly among C:N 0, 10, and 25 treatments, but was much lower with C:N 40. Adding large quantities of rice straw appeared to reduce the efficiency of applied N. Preflooding did not change this effect. At C:N ratios above 10, microorganisms and rice plants may compete for available N as organic materials decompose.
Table 2. Effect of C:N ratio on rice tiller number at 2-15 wk after transplanting. a Guangzhou, China, 1988. C:N ratio 0 10 25 40 Tillersb (no.) 3 4 5 27.9 a 28.8 a 22.6 b 1.8 c 6 32.4 a 31.4 a 25.7 b 2.9 c 7 33.4 a 31.4 a 25.9 b 2.9 c 9 31.6 a 29.8 a 24.3 b 2.8 c 11 13 15
6.0 a 24.8 a 5.7 a 24.3 a 4.0 b 19.7 b 0.3 c 2.2 c
24.6 a 22.6 a 22.1 a 20.8 b 18.7 b 17.2 b 17.7 c 15.0 c 14.7 c 1.7 d 1.8 d 1.9 d
aIn a column, means followed by the same letter are not
significantly different by DMRT, P = 0.05.
aIn a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT, P = 0.05. b No tillers appeared at 2 wk
after transplanting.
Crop management
Effect of cultural practice for semideep water rice on yield and net income
C. Singh, O. P. Singh, R. A. Yadav, and R. S. Singh, N.D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Crop Research Station, Chugharaghat, Bahraich 271901, UP, India
Poor crop stands due to low seeding rates, poor germination under premature flooding, high seedling mortality, and inadequate and untimely fertilizer application result in low productivity of direct seeded rice grown in semideep water.
We compared five cultural practices during the 1988 and 1989 wet seasons (see table). The trial was laid out in random block design with four replications. Soil was clay loam with pH 8.2, 0.53% organic C, 10 kg P, and 234 kg K/ ha. Rice cultivar Madhukar was seeded at 100 kg/ha. Maximum water level was 65 cm in Sep 1988 and 59 cm in Oct 1989. Crops direct seeded at 100 and 150 kg/ha with recommended fertilizer (40 kg N + 8.8 kg P/ha) before the onset of monsoon had the highest yields. Their gross income, net return, and benefit:cost ratio were also the highest.
Effect of seedling age on growth and yield of T. aman rice

M. A. Mannan and S. B. Siddique, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur, Bangladesh
Effect of cultural practices on yield and net income at Ghagharaghat, U.P., India, 1988 and 1989 wet seasons. Treatmenta FPOF FPWF DSNS DSES DSPI LSD (0.05) Grain yield (t/ha) 1988 1.2 1.5 2.4 2.8 2.1 0.5 1989 1.4 2.0 2.9 3.4 2.3 0.1 Gross income ($/ha) 1988 154 193 309 360 263 1989 178 257 377 436 292 Total cost (US$/ha) 134 162 168 181 193 Net income ($/ha) 1988 20 31 141 179 70 1989 44 95 209 255 99 Net income/ $ invested 1988 0.15 0.19 0.84 0.99 0.36 1989 0.32 0.58 1.24 1.40 0.51 -
aFPOF = farmers practices without fertilizer (direct sown with onset of monsoon) - check. FPWF = farmers practices with fertilize r
(40 kg N + 8.8 kg P/ha) - direct sown at onset of monsoon. DSNS = direct sown with normal seeding rate (100 kg/ha) and 40 kg N + 8.8 kg P/ha in well-prepared field before onset of monsoon. DSES =direct sown with 150 kg seed/ha + 40 kg N + 8.8 kg P/ ha in well-prepared field before onset of monsoon. DSPI = dry sowing with 40 kg N + 8.8 kg P/ha and presowing irrigation o n 15 May; crop was grown with supplementary irrigation till onset of monsoon.
We evaluated growth and yield of 30-, 40-, and 60-d-old seedlings of rice varieties BR11, BR22, BR23, and Nizersail during 1988 T. aman season at BRRI, Joydebpur. Test plots were transplanted 15 Sep. Tiller and panicle numbers did not differ significantly with seedling age in BR11 and Nizersail (see table). In BR22, seedling age was inversely related to tiller and panicle numbers. With 60-d-old seedlings, BR23 had the lowest tiller number but the most panicles. Grain yield, however, was no higher than at other seedling ages, probably, because late tillers increased competition for nutrients. All the varieties are photoperiod sensitive so days to flowering and maturity of the different seedlings were similar. Grain yield was highest with 45-d-old seedlings of BR23. Transplanting 30- to 60-d-old seedlings had no significant effect on grain yield of BRl1, BR22, or Nizersail. These
18
Effect of seedling age on yield components of T. aman rice varieties. a BRRI, Joydebpur, Bangladesh, 1988. Seedling age (d) 30 45 60 30 45 60 30 45 60 30 45 60 30 45 60
a
BR11 205 a 207 a 187 a
BR22
BR23
Nizersail
Tillers (no./m2) or 25 DT 259 a 194 a 221 a 279 a 180 a 150 b 255 a 99 b 135 b 308 a 308 a 310 a 55 55 53 84 82 81 2.9 a 3.2 a 2.8 a
Grain yield averaged over all N treatments was not significantly affected by tillage, but increased as N increased from 100 to 150 kg N/ha. This response was greatest (about 2 t/ha) with summer plowing and no puddling. All treatments
that involved puddling gave similar yields and similar responses to N. We conclude that when at least 150 kg N/ha is applied, summer plowing (with or without puddling) can be recommended for the sandy loam soils of Cauvery Delta.
Effect of tillage on seedling establishment, water requirement, and grain yield of rice. Thanjavur, India. Seedlings established (no./m2) 62 58 64 60 Water requirement (mm) 648 634 602 584 Grain yield (t/ha) at N level of 100 kg/ha 5.5 4.7 5.2 5.5 5.2 0.2 0.5 0.5 125 kg/ha 5.8 5.8 5.7 6.3 5.9 150 kg/ha 6.4 6.7 6.4 6.5 6.5 Mean yield (t/ha) 5.9 5.7 5.8 6.1 5.9
Panicles (no./m2) at harvest 216 a 246 a 191 b 238 a 230 ab 205 b 219 a 206 b 236 b 65 67 67 94 93 93 Flowering (DT) 56 60 55 58 53 57 Duration (DT) 87 89 85 88 83 86
Tillage method
Grain yield (t/ha) 3.1 a 3.0 a 3.8 a 2.5 a 3.1 a 4.1 a 2.6 a 3.4 a 2.3 b
Conventional puddling (without summer plowing) Summer plowing without puddling Summer plowing with one puddling at planting Summer plowing with two puddlings at planting Mean LSD
In a column, means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at the 1% level. DT = days after transplanting.
N level Between 2 tillage practices at any one level of N Between 2 levels of N at any one tillage practice
varieties are recommended for areas where planting 45 d after sowing cannot be guaranteed.
Integrated pest management diseases

Natural infection of rice yellow mottle virus disease (RYMV) on rice in Sierra Leone
D. R. Taylor, A. S. Fofie, and M. Suma, Rice Research Station, PMB 736, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Effect of summer plowing on N volatilization and rice yield in sandy loam soils
T. Lakshminarayanan, T. Ramalingam, S. P. Mustafa, P. Singaravelu, M. SheikDawood, and V. S. Shanmugasunduram, Soil and Water Management Research Institute, Thanjavur, India
Farmers in Thanjavur district think summer plowing results in poor establishment of rice seedlings, loss of soil N (by volatilization), and loss of yield. We studied the effect of summer plowing on yield in a split-plot design on sandy loam "New Delta" soil of Cauvery Delta. Treatments were four tillage methods and three levels of N (see table). N volatilization in all plots was monitored for 24 d. Volatilization from summer-plowed plots (141 g/ha per d) was 4 times higher than from conventionally plowed plots (32 g/ha per d). Seedling establishment and water requirement did not vary appreciably among tillage treatments (see table).
Occurrences of RYMV in Sierra Leone have increased, particularly in the lowlands. We studied the effect of natural infection on rice variety IR65 in our associated mangrove swamp at Rokupr in the northwest. Pregerminated seeds were sown in 5m2 plots with 20 cm between rows and 10 cm between hills, with three replications.
Fertilizer was applied at 80-40-40 kg NPK/ha, using urea, single superphosphate, and muriate of potash. P was applied basally; N and K were applied in three equal splits at early tillering, maximum tillering, and panicle initiation. Severe mottling and stunting occurred in two plots; the third plot had healthy plants with no apparent symptoms. We examined 25 hills randomly selected from each plot. Natural infection by RYMV disease resulted in 17% stunting, 72% increase in spikelet sterility, 66% increase in grain discoloration, and 82% reduction in yield (see table). Viral infection increased tiller production but did not significantly affect number of panicles/hill.
Effect of RYMV on IR65. Rokupr, Sierra Leone, 1989 wet season. Hill Healthy Infected LSD (0.05) Plant height (cm) 83.0 69.3 8.3 Tillers (no./hill) 9 13 3.6 Panicles (no.hill) 7 9 ns Empty spikelets (%) 11 83 12 Discolored grains (%) 17 87 8.3 Yield (g/hill) 9.4 1.6 2.7 Yield reduction (%) 82
19
Effect of urea applied with neem cake on disease intensity and insect population in ricefields
R. Viswanathan and K. Kandiannan, Sagayathottam Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development, Takkolam 631151, Tamil Nadu, India
Effect of urea with neem cake on disease intensity and insect population of rice. a Tamil Nadu, India, 198990.
Treatment Disease intensity (%) B1 Urea + neem cake + pesticides Urea + pesticides Urea + neem cake Urea alone (control)
dollars from Indian rupees.
BLS 13.1 a
Insect population (no./hill) Yield (t/ha) GLH BPH 6.2 a 16.3 a 5.8 a
Additional b cost ($)
Additional benefit b (%)
Benefit: cost
8.2 a
12.9 8.2 4.8
84.0 51.6 29.9
6.51 6.29 6.23
We compared blast (B1) and brown leaf spot (BLS) incidence and green leafhopper (GLH) and brown planthopper (BPH) populations in farmers' fields where urea with and without neem cake was applied with and without insecticides in two seasons, Sep 1989-Mar 1990. Rice variety ADT39 was fertilized with 100-50-50 kg NPK/ha. Half the N and all the PK were applied as basal; the remaining N was split-applied during tillering and panicle initiation. Neem cake (20%) was mixed with urea at a 1.5 ratio for all N applications. Monocroto-
8.3 a 14.6 a 7.4 a 18.7 b 23.8 b 23.8 b 20.1 b 34.2 c 34.2 c
18.2 a 5.7 a 24.8 b 5.6 ab 42.5 c 5.4 b
a In a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level. b Cost and benefit were covnvered to US
phos and edifenphos were sprayed at panicle initiation. B1, BLS, GLH, and BPH incidence was measured 15 d after panicle initiation (10 sited/0.40 ha). Data from both seasons (Sep-Dec and Dec-Mar) were pooled. Applying neem cake with urea was no more effective against diseases and insects than pesticide application (see table). But it significantly reduced BLS
intensity and GLH and BPH populations compared with control. Neem cake + pesticide gave higher yields than the other treatments. The benefit:cost ratio of all treatments was about 6.0. Neem cake can be recommended to minimize disease and insect problems and reduce N loss in rice. In epidemic areas, pesticides can be used to check pests rapidly.
Efficacy of fungicides against enzyme produced by rice sheath blight (ShB) pathogen
R. P. Shukla, R. K. Singh, and R. S. Dwivedi, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Botany Department, Banaras Hindu University, Vanarasi 221005, India
The pathogenic mechanism of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, which incites rice ShB disease, is complex, varied, and inadequately explored. The activity of enzyme tools of the pathogens for causing diseases, however, is known to be affected by different chemicals, including fungicides. Of the fungicides that have been tested, carbendazim (systemic) was most effective in reducing mycelial growth, production and germination of sclerotia, and lesion length. We studied the effect of this fungicide on the activity of enzymes of R. solani. Three enzymescellulase (Cx), polygalacturonase (endo PG), and proteasewere produced in Richard's solution containing 0.5% carboxyl methyl cellulase (CMC) or 0.05% sodium
polypectate as a C source, or 1% casein as a N source. A stock solution of carbendazim (100% active ingredient basis) was prepared in buffer solution at experimental pH levels. Efficacy was determined by viscosimetric method (Fenske-Ostwald's Viscometer, size-300). Components of the reaction mixture were poured into the large arm of the viscometer at appropriate rates: 1.2% CMC for cellulase, or 1.2% sodium polypectate for PG, or 1% casein for protease; buffer (acetate at pH 5.2 for cellulase and endo PG, or acetate at pH 7.0 for protease); carbendazim. distilled water, and the enzyme source prepared from 8-d-old cultures. Carbendazim from stock solution was added to the viscometer placed vertically in a water bath at 30 C to give concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 g/ml. The quantity of the remaining chemicals was substrate 5 ml, buffer 2 ml, and enzyme source 1 ml. Final volume was adjusted to 10 ml by adding distilled water. The efflux time of the reaction mixture for 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 min was recorded. Autoclaved enzyme was used as control. Carbendazim significantly reduced the activity of endo PG. Loss in viscosity of
sodium polypectate for 20, 40, 60, and 80 min was 18.5, 24.8, 25.9, and 26.1%, respectively, at 100 g carbendazim/ml. Maximum inhibition in Cx activity was 16.6, 39.1, and 49.5% at 25, 50, and 100 g carbendazim/ml, respectively. At all concentrations, carbendazim was effective in inhibiting loss in viscosity of casein. The inhibition of the pectic enzyme (PG) might be due to pectate binding properties; protease activity might be disturbed because the conformation in amino acid sequences might be affected. The fungicides that affect disease development might be doing so by hindering the activity of the enzymes essential in pathological manifestations induced by biotic agents.
Surveys of disease or insect incidence/ severity in one environment are useful only if the information is related to other variables (e.g., climatic factors, crop intensification, cultivars, management practices, etc.). By itself, information on incidence in one environment does not increase scientific knowledge.
20
Integrated pest management insects

Rice grain yield loss due to rice hispa damage
P. B. Chatterjee and P. K. Bera, Rice Research Station, P.O. Chinsurah R.S. 712102, West Bengal, India
Rice hispa Dicladispa armigera Olivier appears sporadically in West Bengal ricefields. In favorable years, infestation starts on summer or boro rice and spreads to wetland (aman) rice. In most cases, population buildup and dispersal are aggregated. We studied yield loss caused by rice hispa in an IR36 crop in boro. The crop suffered repeated waves of rice hispa
attack, beginning with transplanting in mid-Jan to harvest in Apr. Highly irregular patterns of damage were visible as white lesions in leaves. We marked 10 samples of 1 m2 each that exhibited 580% leaf area damage. Undamaged samples were also marked. Each sample contained 35 hills. Individual samples were separately harvested, threshed, and weighed. Yield loss caused by rice hispa in a shortduration variety like IR36 was negatively correlated (r = 0.9927387**) with increase in leaf area damaged, and correspondingly less grain yield was recorded (see figure).
Effect of different degrees of rice hispa attack on grain yield.
Behavior of the wolf spider Lycosa pseudoannulata (Boes. et Str.)

W. L. Morrill, Entomology Research Laboratory, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA; and E. G. Rubia, Entomology Department, IRRI
Time spent under pseudoannulata.a Condition
water
by
Lycosa
Time range (min) Spiderling Adult Male 0 0 0 Female 0 0 2.35-13.09 3.25- 8.59
disturbs the canopy and the spiders dive. The FARMCOP sampling device does not disturb the spiders so much, although sometimes we had to wait for spiders to emerge.
L. pseudoannulata is a common spider in wetland ricefields. Unlike other species, the wolf spider can hide under water. We have observed silver bubbles covering the body of a wolf spider under water. Perhaps hairs present all over the body of the spider trap air films for a period of time, allowing the spider to breathe. We studied the factors that enable L. pseudoannulata to hide under water. A 35-d-old TN1 potted rice plant was placed in a 35- 25- 30-cm aquarium half-filled with water and covered with nylon mesh. Spiders at different stages were released one at a time and subjected to the following conditions: light change, splashing water, plant movement. and physical injury. For light change, the aquarium was covered with black muslin for 5 min, then the cloth was slowly removed. The change from darkness to light did not affect the spiders, except for a female carrying an egg sac and a spiderling (see table). These moved up near the junction of the leaves and stems.
Light change Splashing water Tapping rice plant Physical injury

a n=12.
0 0 0 1.33-10.15
Alternate plant hosts of rice leaffolder (LF)

L. R. Bharati, Hari Om, and K. S. Kushwaha, Haryana Agricultural University (HAU), Rice Research Station (RRS), Kaul 132021 Haryna, India
Splashing water on the rice plant caused all spiders to move up and down the rice plant or away from the rice plant, if they were hit by water. This has also been observed in ricefields during spider collection. Tapping the rice plant caused earlyinstar spiderlings and newly molted male spiders to move up and down the rice plant or to hide at the base in between tillers. A female spider carrying an egg sac went under water 4 out of 11 times the plant was tapped. Duration of her stay under water ranged from 3 to 13 min. Pinching a leg using forceps caused a newly molted male and a female with egg sac to go under water for 1-10 min. The underwater hiding behavior explains why some sampling methods, such as D-vac, are not efficient in collecting the wolf spider in ricefields. Air coming from a D-vac machine
LF Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guene) was a minor and sporadic pest in Haryana until 1986. Epidemics occurred in 1987 and 1989 wet seasons. Annual or perennial plant habitats that influence LF number are important in understanding epidemic patterns. It is also essential to establish the relative suitability of wild or cultivated hosts that contribute to LF carryover from Nov to May, when rice is not grown, as a basis for a sound integrated pest management strategy. The normal cropping pattern in the region is rice - wheat. We found that rice LF could survive winter on wheat. Under fluctuating temperatures in the screenhouse (max 23.5 C and min 8.7 C with 4-30 C range) from Nov to the first week of Mar, rice LF completed one generation
21
on wheat. Incubation, larval, and pupal periods lasted 5, 94-96, and 33-35 d, respectively. Total development period from egg to adult emergence was 132136 d. Pupation was 30%. We surveyed rice-growing areas in Sep 1989 to locate other alternate hosts. LF was found on nine host plants of Gramineae family and the order Graminales: Agropyron repens (L.)
Beauv., Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf., Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Beauv., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., D. setigera Roth ex R&S, Echinochloa colona (L.) Link., E. crusgalli L., Saccharum munjo L., and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. All hosts except B. mutica, E. colona, and E. crus-galli were not known before. Larvae were found
feeding on these hosts in and alongside the ricefields. The perennial weed A. repens was most preferred (85% damaged leaves), followed by E. crus-galli, S. halepense, and E. colona. Least preferred hosts were D. setigera, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, B. mutica, Digitaria sanguinalis, and Saccharum munjo (3.7-20.3%).
Predation of yellow stem borer (YSB) moths by wolf spider

E. G. Rubia, L. P. Almazan, and K. L. Heong, IRRI
The wolf spider Lycosa pseudoannuluta Boes. et Strand common in ricefields feeds on a variety of prey, including hoppers, collembolans, flies, and the mirid predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis. Studies have shown that the spider exhibits a functional response: consump-
tion of prey by individual spiders increases with prey density. We studied the functional responses of the wolf spider to 1-d-old female YSB moths. Spiders were reared in the laboratory and starved for 3 d prior to the experiment. A spider was released in 19cm-diam mylar cages containing 1, 2, 3, 5, or 10 moths, with five replications. Three stages of rice TN1 were used as substrates: 13- and 35-d-old plants and rice stubble. L. pseudoannulata searched for YSB moths most efficiently on 13-d-old rice plants (see figure). At this stage, there was less foliage and the search area was smaller than on 35-d-old rice plants with more than 10 tillers and denser leaves. It is also possible that moths hide better in 35-d-old plants. Moth consumption was lowest on rice stubble, perhaps because the color of moths and stubble looked similar to the spider.
Electroantennogram technique for studying olfactory sensitivity of insects to volatile compounds

R. Ramachandran and Z. R. Khan, ICIPEIRRI Project, IRRI
Functional response of the wolf spider to yellow stem borer moths. a'= attack rate, Th = handling time.
Volatile compounds produced by plants or conspecific species may have complex effects on an insect's fitness in a given environment. Host plant-derived volatile compounds may be used by insects to colonize the plant. Compounds produced by conspecifics may be used to locate mates. Identifying the volatile compounds mediating the interaction between an
insect and its environment may have potential in insect management strategies. However, volatile compounds produced by a plant or an insect are numerous (a rice plant may produce as many as 30 to 40 volatile compounds) and often chemically very closely related. Identifying compounds that are biologically active requires screening a large number of compounds rapidly. Electroantennogram suits this purpose. The technique is based on the principle that biologically active volatile chemicals pass through microtubules on the antenna of the insect and bind with receptor proteins, initiating electrical reactions in the dendrites of the olfactory cells as receptor membrane depolarization. The electroantennogram measures the sum of many olfactory receptor potentials, recorded more or less simultaneously by an electrode connected to the sensory epithelium of an insect. The procedure involves connecting the tip and the base of an insect's antenna to a recording and a reference electrode, respectively. The electrodes are connected to an amplifier and an oscilloscope (Fig. 1). The electrodes are silver nitrate-coated silver wires placed inside glass capillaries containing a saline solution (0.1% KCl). Charcoal-filtered air generated by a pump is blown continuously over the antenna through a delivery tube. The olfactory stimulus (pure chemicals applied on filter paper or leaves) placed in a disposable pasteur pipette is inserted into the side of the delivery tube. A calibrated amount of air is passed through the pasteur pipette for a specific period of time (usually 1 s). The air carries the odorant chemicals over the antenna. The electrical signals generated
22
1. Line diagram of a setup for measuring electroantennogram response of insects to volatile compounds.
2. (a) A typical negative potential elicited in response to stimulation with 1-hexanol. (b) A positive potential elicited in response to thymol.
in the antenna are amplified and displayed on the oscilloscope. The response is usually a negative potential. Positive potentials may also be obtained, however, depending on the chemistry and biological activity of the compound involved (Fig. 2). The amplitude of the response, which correlates with the frequency of generated nerve impulses, increases with
concentration of the chemical stimulus until a saturation level is reached. Although it was thought that the electroantennogram technique did not permit conclusions about the behavioral significance of a compound (i.e., attractant or repellent), results from our laboratory and elsewhere suggest that compounds eliciting very high negative potential may be attractant at low conAll LF larvae collected were placed individually in test tubes and brought to the laboratory for parasitoid emergence. Mortality due to parasitization was expressed as k-value (a measure of killing power) by function, k = log (N/S), where N is total larvae collected and S the unparasitized larvae. Four density dependence models were fitted to the data using PROC NLIN available in SAS. The models satisfactorily described the data, but the model according to Bellows (1981) provided the best fit. It has the basic form k = aN b where a and b are constants. The parameter b determines density dependence.
centrations while compounds eliciting positive potential may be repellents. We have successfully used electroantennogram technique to study the role of volatiles in the resistance of rice plants to insects, identify rice plant volatiles that are biologically active, and identify pheromones of leaffolders and stem borers.
Density-dependent mortality of rice leaffolder (LF) due to larval parasitization

Guo Yujie and K. L. Heong, Entomology Division, IRRI
LF, a pyralid that feeds on rice leaves, is often attacked by parasitoids. More than 100 species from various regions have been recorded. We studied the relationship between LF and its larval parasitoids in Victoria, Laguna, and Zaragosa, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, during 1989 wet season. Samples were taken at weekly (in Victoria) and biweekly (in Zaragosa) intervals from 2 wk after transplanting. A sample consisted of 20 hills from 1 m 2.
Results showed that parasitization is directly density dependent. The mortality rate k changes in a negative acceleration as host density increases (Fig. 1). We further plotted the k values against log host density in a time sequence (Fig. 2). It showed that density dependence was undercompensated because slope was 0<b<1. Time lag was important and an anticlockwise spiral was apparent, indicating delayed density dependence. Stability analysis showed that this relationship will inevitably result in dampening exponential growth of the LF population. Thus larval parasitoids play an extremely important role in checking LF abundance.
23
Attractiveness of light color to selected predators of rice pests

M. L. P. Abenes and Z. R. Khan, ICIPE-IRRI Project, IRRI
1. Plots of k -value against log density of LF larva in Victoria and Zaragosa, Philippines. The solid line is the best fit curve of Bellows model: k = aN b.
2. Density-dependent mortality (expressed as k-value) of LF due to larval parasitoids in relation to LF larva density. Data are serially linked to show the delayed density dependence.
Light traps are commonly used to monitor insect pest populations in ricefields. We used different colors of light as attractants to rice insect pests in 1988 wet season in Calauan, Laguna, Philippines. Several insect pests were most attracted to white and yellow lights. And light had the same attraction to various beneficial insects. Four important predators of rice pests Microvelia sp., Cyrtorhinus sp., Opius sp., and members of Formicidae familywere collected in significantly higher numbers from the white light trap compared to other light colors tested (see figure). Numbers from yellow, ultraviolet, and green light traps were moderate (see table). Even in traps with the least attractive colors of light (violet, blue, red, and orange), the four predator species were collected. Spectrometric analysis of the light produced by the eight bulbs tested revealed that not one emitted the pure colors visible to the human eye (see table). Different color combinations, from violet to red, ranging from 4,000 to 7,300 , produce the eight colors distinct to human vision. Among the eight colors of light tested the light emitted by the white bulb contained the most distinct color bands. These bands were contained in a range from 4,100 to 6,300 , which could be the most attractive color combination for the predator species observed in the light traps. The attraction of the four predator species to white light, coupled with studies on actual predator population, natural mortality, and migratory habits could be used in a rice-pest predator monitoring system.
Space limitations prevent IRRN from publishing solely yield and yield component data from fertilizer field trials that are not conducted for at least two cropping seasons or at two differing sites. Publication of work in a single season or at one site is limited to manuscripts that provide either a) data and analysis beyond yield and yield components (e.g., floodwater parameters, microbial populations, soil mineral N dynamics, organic acid concentrations, or mineralization rates for organic N sources), or b) novel ways of interpreting yield and yield component data across seasons and sites.
24
Average weekly catches of predators of rice pests in light traps of different colors. IRRI, 1988.
Selected predators caught in different color light traps. IRRI, 1988.

Color Ultraviolet Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red White Visible light wavelength range (A) a 4400-7300 4000-5700 4400-5500 4700-6500 5200-6900 5600-6700 4300-7300 4100-6300 Insects (no.)/trap per night b Microvelia sp. 10.31 bc 5.12 cd 6.71 cd 9.00 c 14.86 b 4.94 d 3.91 d 30.64 a Opius sp. 7.07 b 4.81 bc 4.46 c 8.30 bc 9.52 bc 1.54 d 1.15 d 13.04 a Cyrtorhinus sp. 3.75 c 3.40 d 1.71 de 4.21 c 7.18 b 1.04 de 1.01 e 26.66 a Formicidae 39.39 b 24.59 cd 21.99 c 57.34 b 78.72 b 25.58 d 21.05 cd 109.81 a
a Measurements done using a Welch Spectroscope. b Av of catches over a 10-wk period. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
Space limitations prevent IRRN from publishing solely yield data and yield component data from routine germplasm screening trials. Publication is limited to manuscripts that provide either a) data and analysis beyond yield and yield components (e.g., multiple or unique resistances and tolerances, broad adaptability), or b) novel ways of interpreting yield and yield component data across seasons and sites.
Pheromone components of rice leaffolders (LF) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Marasmia patnalis
R. Ramachandran, P. Caballero, and Z. R. Khan, IRRI
We measured electroantennogram responses of C. medinalis and M. patnalis to 20 pheromone standards. Ten l of 5
mg/ml solutions of each pheromone standard were applied on filter paper and allowed to evaporate for 1 min to remove the solvent. Responses of males of both species to these stimuli were higher for Z11-16:Ac and Z13-18:Ac (Fig. 1). Female moths did not respond. Dose-response curves indicate that M. patnalis is more sensitive to Z13-18:Ac; C. medinalis is more sensitive to Z11-
16:Ac (Fig. 2). Z13-18:Ac was positively identified in the pheromone gland extracts of M. patnalis. It appears that both species use both compounds in their pheromone blends. Species isolation is maintained because of different ratios of the compounds in the pheromone blends. Based on the EAG responses and the GC-MS analysis of crude extracts of M. patnalis pheromone glands, the ratio of Z13-18:Ac and Z11-16:Ac was tenta-
25
Integrated pest management other pests

Correlation between Hirschmanniella oryzae population and rice grain weight
L. Arayarungsarit and S. Junbuathong, Pathumthani Rice Research Center, Thanyahuri Pathumthani 12110, Thailand
1. Electroantennogram responses of C. medinalis and M. patnalis to pheromone standards. * Indicates a significant higher response.
We collected 20 plant samples of rice variety RD10 at ripening randomly from the experimental field in 1989 wet season. The number of rice root nematodes Hirschmanniella oryzae extracted from roots was compared with grain weight of each sample. The correlation coefficient between number of nematodes in 1 g root with 100-grain weight was -0.677. The regression analysis of a linear model for the number of nematodes in roots ( X ) and 100-grain weight ( Y ) was Y = 2.942 0.002X (see figure). We also compared the nematode population in 1 g root with plant height. The correlation coefficient was not significant.
2. Dose response curves of C. medinalis and M. patnalis for Z13-18:Ac and Z11-16:Ac.
tively fixed at 96:4 for M. patnalis and 2:98 for C. medinalis. Further analysis of a larger number of pheromone gland extracts and behavioral
studies with different ratios of the two compounds are needed to determine the blend that is most effective for monitoring the two LF species.
Estimated regression of grain weight of RD10 because of Hirschmanniella oryzae population under field conditions at Pathumthani Rice Research Center, 1989.** = significant at the 1% level.
26
Farm machinery
Effect of soil moisture content on tractor wheel slip
T. M. Lando, Agricultural Engineering Department, Marcos Research Institute for Food Crops, P.O. Box 173, Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
At Pulung Kencana Village, North Lampung, the soil is clayey, red yellow Podzolic. It is very hard when dry but very sticky when wet. The area is flat and covered by cogon grass Imperata cylindrica. The cogon grass was cut and burned before the experiment started. We studied the interaction of soil moisture and plowing depth in a split-plot design with four replications. Treatments were 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30% soil moisture and 10-, 15-, and 20-cm plowing depth. Plowing width was 20 cm and tractor speed during plowing was 5.4 km/ h (1.5 m/s). Equipment used was a 4-wheel 45 hp tractor IH354, a stopwatch, a soil moisture meter, and a measuring tape. Tractor wheel slip was calculated as D -D S = 1 2 100 D1
Relationship between soil moisture and wheel slip of tractor at 3 plowing depths, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
where S = wheel slip D1 = distance covered by 10 revolutions of tractor wheel (measured on hard soil without plow attached) D2 = distance covered by 10 revolutions of tractor wheel in experimental condition Wheel slip varied significantly with soil moisture and plowing depth (see figure). Wheel slip was lowest with 15% soil moisture and highest with 25 and 30% soil moisture. At 20-cm plow depth,
wheel slip did not significantly differ at 10, 15, and 20% moisture level. Wheel slip at plowing depths 10 and 15 cm is less at 15% soil moisture than at 10% because of lower draft resistance. (At 10% moisture, soil was harder than at 15%.) At 25 and 30% soil moisture, wheel slip tends to increase because of soil resistance as well as the semimuddy condition of the soil.
ANNOUNCEMENT
Modeling in agricultural research
An international symposium on Systems approached for agricultural development will be held in November 1991 in Bangkok. The 5-d symposium will focus on food crops, particularly in rice-based cropping systems. About 150 senior research leaders and agricultural scientists from developing countries, North America, Australia, and Europe with interest in systems research, simulation, and modeling are expected to participate. Papers, posters, and demonstrations will cover genotypic, weather-related, soil, and biological constraints to crop production; farming systems; and training in systems research. For further information, contact Drs. F.W.T. Penning de Vries or P.S. Teng, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, 1099 Manila, Philippines.
New IRRI publications

Review of advances in plant biotechnology, 1985-88, ed. by A. Mujeeb-Kazi and L.A. Sitch Annual report for 1988 Research highlights 1989 Climate and food security Dibble sticks, donkeys, and diesels: machines in crop production, by J.K. Campbell Publications of the international agricultural research and development centers, 1989 IRRN subject index for 1989 IRRN index of varieties, cultivars and lines, 1989
27

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International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.15 No.5

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IRRN GUIDELINES

Integrated pest management diseases

Integrated pest management insects

Pest resistance diseases

Integrated pest management other pests

Pest resistance insects

Stress tolerance drought

Stress tolerance excess water

Stress tolerance adverse temperature

Integrated germplasm improvement irrigated

Integrated germplasm improvement rainfed

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Physiology and plant nutrition Fertilizer management Crop management

IRRN 15:5 (October 1990)

IRRN 15:5 (October 1990)

F1 fertility in indica/japonica crosses

Fertility (%) Direct japonica/indica

IRRN 15:5 (October 1990)

Pollen wall 0 (exine) formation

IRRN 15:5 (October 1990)

** = significant at the 1% level.

Genotypic differences in rice yield potential and N, P, and K in leaves

IRRN 15:5 (October 1990)

Developing a functional model of rice panicle growth

Panicle growth in rice cultivars, Coimbatore, India, 1988 wet season.

rice cultivars. The Richards equations of panicle growth follow:

(Suggested by D R Causton and J C Venus [1981])

Herbage potential of rice cultivars

IRRN 15:5 (October 1990)

40 DT +0.948** +0.714** +0.878** +0.766** +0.266ns +0.334ns +0.129ns +0.016ns +0.005ns

60 DT +0.816** +0.730** +0.536** +0.137ns +0.247ns +0.422* -0.283ns +0.122ns -0.450*

a Significant at the 5% (*) and 1% (**) levels. ns = nonsigni-

a Cultivars with less than 20% ratoons were not sampled.

IRRN 15:5 (October 1990)

Pest resistance diseases

Evaluation of rice germplasm for resistance to grassy stunt virus (GSV)

a Scored by the Standard evaluation system for rice.

Evaluation of resistance to blast (BI) in promising rice cultivars

Damage scorea (0-9) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 9 9

1 4 5 2 1.7 1 1 6 2 1 1 4 2 3.2 7 3 2.2 3.5 2.2 5.5

By the Standard evaluation system for rice.

IRRN 15:5 (October 1990)

Pest resistance insects

TN1 IR8 IR28 IR30 lR36 IR38 Ptb 33

aAv of 3 replications, by the Standard evaluation system for rice

Stress tolerance drought

IRRN 15:5 (October 1990)

Stress tolerance excess water

Stress tolerance adverse temperature

aIn a column, values followed by a common letter are not

significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.

IRRN 15:5 (October 1990)

1000 m Spikelet sterility (%) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (1-5)

Integrated germplasm improvement irrigated

National Rice Cold Tolerance Nursery.

IRRN 15:5 (October 1990)

a Mean of 5 on-station and 5 on-farm trials each year.

Integrated germplasm improvement rainfed

1987 1988 1989

IRRN 15:5 (October 1990)

IET10522, a high-yielding, medium-duration rice for waterlogged conditions

IET10522 IET10205 IET10207 IET10208 H4 ADT40 CO 42

RP31-49-2/LMN Manasarovar/CO 14 Manasarovar/CO 14 RP31-49-2/LMN Sona/RP6/1 3 RP31-49-2/LMN LSD (0.05)

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

40 DT +0.948 +0.714 +0.878 +0.766 +0.266ns +0.334ns +0.129ns +0.016ns +0.005ns

60 DT +0.816 +0.730 +0.536** +0.137ns +0.247ns +0.422* -0.283ns +0.122ns -0.450*