Luan Van QoS MPLS

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CHNG 1: GII THIU MT S TH H MNG 1.1 MNG IP a. Chuyn tip IP v nhng hn ch ca n Nh ta bit, Internet l mt tp hp cc mng kt ni vi nhau dng chuyn tip gi tin gia cc host s dng IP. IP cung cp dch v ng gi v hng, khng c s m bo phn phi gi tin. Trong m hnh Internet cc h thng dng chuyn tip gi tin gi l Router dng chuyn tip gi tin n ch. thc hin iu ny router cn xc nh nexthop v interface ng ra chuyn tip gi tin. Thng tin ny c c thng qua cc thng tin nh tuyn c s dng xy dng bng chuyn tip gi tin (Forwarding Information Base FIB). Tin trnh chuyn tip gi tin gm 3 hot ng sau: + Tm a ch xc nh interface ng ra + Chuyn tip gi tin + Phn lch.
Hnh 1.1: Chuyn tip gi tin trong IP
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GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH
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Mi router duy tr mt bng nh tuyn hc c thng qua cc giao thc nh tuyn hoc nh tuyn tnh. Bng nh tuyn ny c th c kch thc cc k ln, trong Internet n c th c n 50 ngn entry. i vi mi gi tin i vo router, a ch IP ch s c kim tra, da vo thng tin trong bng nh tuyn s xc nh hop k tip v interface ng ra chuyn tip gi tin. Quyt nh chuyn tip c thc hin c lp trn mi router trong mng. Ngoi ra, vic s dng subnet mask yu cu a ch IP ch trong mo u ca gi tin i vo phi thch hp vi mask trong bng nh tuyn, ngha l da trn quy tc "longest match" xem th entry no c mask vi s bit ng nht vi a ch gi tin s c dng lm thng tin chuyn tip. Do , chuyn tip IP c th c xem l tin trnh nh x mi a ch IP ch n hop k tip. V mi router c s lng next-hop gii hn, nn chuyn tip IP c th c xem nh l qu trnh nh x tp hp cc gi tin vo s next-hop gii hn hoc tng ng vi s lng subnet trn router. Tt c cc gi tin trong mt subnet khng c s phn bit nhau v c chuyn tip theo cng mt phng thc xc nh, chng i qua cng mt ng dn n mng. Mt nhm gi tin nh vy c gi l lp chuyn tip tng ng FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class). Khi gi tin di chuyn n ch cui cng, mi router dc ng i s kim tra a ch ch ca gi tin v ng k n n FEC. Ta c th thy r rng chuyn tip IP yu cu hot ng tm kim a ch IP phc tp mi router dc ng i ca gi tin. Bt c s thay i no v thng tin iu khin vic chuyn tip ca gi tin s c thng bo cho tt c cc thit b trong min nh tuyn, dn n x l cho xong mt gi tin lm tn thi gian cho nhng vic sau: thi gian tm kim, thi gian cp nht, v tn b nh x l, tn CPU. Tt c tin trnh nh tuyn v chuyn tip ni trn y din ra lp Network. Cc router c th kt ni trc tip vi nhau theo m hnh im-im, hoc l c th kt ni vi nhau bng cc switch mng LAN hay mng WAN (v d mng Frame Relay, ATM).
Hnh 1.2: Mng Frame-relay

SVTH: TRN VN TR 2 GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH
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Nhng khng may, cc switch lp 2 ny khng c kh nng nm gi thng tin nh tuyn lp 3 hoc chn ng i cho gi tin bng cch phn tch a ch ch lp 3 ca gi tin. Do , cc switch lp 2 khng tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn tip gi tin trong lp 3, chng ch cha thng tin v MAC Address ca ch n. Cc ng i LAN lp 2 c thit lp kh n gin - tt c LAN switch u trong sut vi cc thit b kt ni vi chng. Nhng vic thit lp ng i trong mng WAN lp 2 li phc tp hn nhiu. ng i ca gi tin trong mng WAN lp 2 c thit lp th cng v ch c thit lp khi c yu cu. Thit b nh tuyn bin mng lp 2 (ingress router) mun chuyn d liu n thit b ng ra (egress router) cn thit lp hoc l kt ni trc tip n egress router (kt ni ny c gi l cc knh o VC) hoc l gi d liu ca n n mt thit b khc truyn dn n ch. m bo chuyn tip gi tin ti u trong mng WAN lp 2, cc knh o phi tn ti gia hai router bt k kt ni vo mng WAN . iu ny c v n gin xy dng n nhng li gp mt vn khc l kh nng m rng b hn ch. Cc vn m ta c th gp phi l: + Mi ln mt router mi kt ni vo mng WAN li, mt knh o phi c thit lp gia router ny v router khc (nu c nhu cu cn chuyn tip gi tin ti u). + Vi vic cu hnh giao thc nh tuyn, mi router gn vo mng WAN lp 2 (c xy dng vi cc ATM hay Frame Relay switch) cn c mt knh o dnh trc vi mi router khc kt ni vo mng li . t c d phng mong mun, mi router cng phi thit lp mi quan h cn k nh tuyn vi router khc. Kt qu l to ra m hnh mng fullmesh, trong bn thn mi router s nm gi mt s lng ln lng ging c mi quan h cn k v giao thc nh tuyn, t to ra lu lng nh tuyn vi s lng ln. + Kh m bit chnh xc bao nhiu lu lng chy gia trn hai router trong mng. T nhng hn ch ni trn r rng cn phi c mt c ch khc c th trao i thng tin lp mng gia cc router v WAN switch, v cho php cc switch tham gia vo tin trnh quyt nh chuyn tip gi tin tc l khng cn phi c cc knh o gia cc router bin na. t c s chuyn tip nh vy th trong bt k mi trng mng no cc thit b chuyn tip khng nn ph thuc vo thng tin c trong mo u gi tin, thit b ny ch cn chuyn mch gi tin t ingress router n egress router m khng cn phn tch a ch IP
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ch c trong gi tin. Do , i vi mi gi tin c chuyn tip s c mt nhn c thm vo, nhn ny s m trch cc vn chuyn tip gi tin n ch, cc vn v QoS, v.v... ngha l chuyn tip gi tin da trn nhn. Bt k s thay i no trong tin trnh quyt nh s c thng bo cho router khc trong mng thng qua vic phn phi mt nhn mi. l l do ra i ca MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) - cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc. 1.2 MNG MPLS MPLS l cng ngh thng dng trong mng core, bi v trong mng core l ni m mi d liu ca ca cc mng thu bao u v y trc khi ti ch, v vy n s chu mt ti trng rt ln nu ch s dng cc cng ngh bnh thng th vic xy ra nghn mng l khng th trnh khi, mng MPLS c th p ng c cc yu cu khc khe trn, n s dng chuyn mch nhn (Swithcing Label) ch khng routing nh mng IP. Mt mng MPLS in hnh:
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Hnh 1.3: Mng MPLS Mng MPLS y s gm c ba loi router CE (Customer Equipment hay router khch hng), PE ( Provider Equipment hay router bin nh cung cp ) v P ( Provider hay router bn trong nh cung cp dch c ), cc router P v mt phn PE s chy MPLS, cc router CE v mt phn PE cn li s chy cc giao thc khc ( c th l IP, Frame-Relay, ATM).
SVTH: TRN VN TR
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CHNG 2: TNG QUAN V MNG MPLS 2.1 Gii thiu: Ngy nay mng my tnh pht trin rng khp, c bit l mng Internet n tr thnh ph bin trn ton th gii. V n ang pht trin c v s lng ln cht lng, bn cnh vic tng vt s user trong mng th vic gia tng dch v cng l vn rt ln, trc y nu nh ta ch c nhu cu truyn data th by gi ta cn truyn c tn hiu thoi tn hiu video v mt s dch v m rng khc, Vi mng Internet truyn thng th ngun ti nguyn v bng thng v tc l hn ch, v vy thc hin truyn tn hiu thoi v video c cht lng l khng th. Nhiu mng th h mi hn ra i nh:Frame-Relay, ISDN, ATM, chng gii quyt phn no nhng yu cu trn nhng vn cn nhiu hn ch, theo pht trin ca cng ngh mng MPLS ra i vi tng dng nhn chuyn mch n gii quyt v khc phc nhng hn ch m cc mng trc y vn cn tn ti nh: Tc , bng thng khng hu ch, delay. Mng MPLS l s k tha v kt hp ca routing thng minh trong mng IP v chuyn mch tc cao trong mng ATM, c c routing layer 3 (IP) v switching layer 2 (VPI/VCI ca ATM). MPLS l c ch chuyn mch nhn do Cisco pht trin v c IETF chun ha, h tr kh nng chuyn mch, nh tuyn lung thng tin mt cch hiu qu. MPLS l mt cng ngh kt hp c im tt nht gia nh tuyn lp ba v chuyn mch lp hai cho php chuyn ti cc gi rt nhanh trong mng li (core) v nh tuyn tt mng bin (edge) bng cch da vo nhn (label). MPLS l mt phng php ci tin vic chuyn tip gi trn mng bng cc nhn c gn vi mi gi IP, t bo ATM, hoc frame lp hai. Phng php chuyn mch nhn gip cc Router v MPLS-enable ATM switch ra quyt nh theo ni dung nhn tt hn vic nh tuyn phc tp theo a ch IP ch. MPLS kt ni tnh thc thi v kh nng chuyn mch lp hai vi nh tuyn lp ba, cho php cc ISP cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau m khng cn phi b i c s h tng sn c. Cu trc MPLS c tnh mm do trong bt k s phi hp vi cng
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ngh lp hai no. MPLS h tr mi giao thc lp hai, trin khai hiu qu cc dch v IP trn mt mng chuyn mch IP. MPLS h tr vic to ra cc tuyn khc nhau gia ngun v ch trn mt ng trc Internet. Bng vic tch hp MPLS vo kin trc mng, cc ISP c th gim chi ph, tng li nhun, cung cp nhiu hiu qu khc nhau v t c hiu qu cnh tranh cao. Li ch ca MPLS - Lm vic vi hu ht cc cng ngh lin kt d liu nh IP, ATM. - Tng thch vi hu ht cc giao thc nh tuyn v cc cng ngh khc lin quan n Internet. - Hot ng c lp vi cc giao thc nh tuyn (routing protocol). - Tm ng i linh hot da vo nhn(label) cho trc. - H tr vic cu hnh qun tr v bo tr h thng (OAM). - C th hot ng trong mt mng phn cp. - C tnh tng thch cao. c im mng MPLS - Khng c thnh phn giao thc pha host. - MPLS ch nm trn cc router. - MPLS l mt giao thc c lp nn c th hot ng vi cc giao thc mng khc IP nh IPX, ATM, Frame-Relay, PPP hoc trc tip vi tng Data Link. - nh tuyn trong MPLS c dng to cc lung bng thng c nh tng t nh knh o ca ATM hay Frame Relay. - MPLS n gin ho qu trnh nh tuyn, ng thi tng cng tnh linh ng vi cc tng trung gian.
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Mt s ng dng ca MPLS: Internet c ba nhm ng dng chnh: voice, data, video vi cc yu cu khc nhau. Voice yu cu tr thp, cho php tht thot d liu tng hiu qu. Video cho php tht thot d liu mc chp nhn c, mang tnh thi gian thc (realtime). Data yu cu bo mt v chnh xc cao. MPLS gip khai thc ti nguyn mng t hiu qu cao. Mt s ng dng ang c trin khai l: MPLS VPN: Nh cung cp dch c c th to VPN lp 3 dc theo mng ng trc cho nhiu khch hng, ch dng mt c s h tng cng cng sn c, khng cn cc ng dng encrytion hoc end-user. MPLS Traggic Engineer: Cung cp kh nng thit lp mt hoc nhiu ng i iu khin lu lng mng v cc c trng thc thi cho mt loi lu lng. MPLS QoS (Quality of service): Dng QoS cc nh cung cp dch v c th cung cp nhiu loi dch v vi s m bo ti a v QoS cho khch hng. im vt tri ca MPLS so vi cc m hnh IP over ATM - Khi hp nht vi chuyn mch ATM, chuyn mch nhn tn dng nhng thun li ca cc t bo ATM - chiu di thch hp v chuyn vi tc cao. Trong mng a dch v chuyn mch nhn cho php chuyn mch BPX/MGX nhm cung cp dch v ATM, Frame Replay v IP Internet trn mt mt phng n trong mt ng i tc cao. Cc mt phng (Platform) cng cng h tr cc dch v ny tit kim chi ph v n gin ha hot ng cho nh cung cp a dch v. ISP s dng chuyn mch ATM trong mng li, chuyn mch nhn gip cc cc dng Cisco, BPX8600, MGX8800, Router chuyn mch a dch v 8540 v cc chuyn mch Cisco ATM gip qun l mng hiu qu hn xp chng (overlay) lp IP trn mng ATM. Chuyn mch nhn trnh nhng rc ri gy ra do c nhiu router ngang hng v h tr cu trc phn cp (hierarchical structure) trong mt mng ca ISP.
SVTH: TRN VN TR
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S tch hp: MPLS xc nhp tnh nng ca IP v ATM ch khng xp chng lp IP trn ATM. MPLS gip cho c s h tng ATM thy c nh tuyn IP v loi b cc yu cu nh x gia cc c tnh IP v ATM. MPLS khng cn a ch ATM v k thut nh tuyn. tin cy cao hn: Vi tc chuyn mch, MPLS c kh nng cung cp cho mng s an ton v nhanh chng, m bo d liu khng b tht thot nhiu, ngoi ra cn c cc c ch v cc mode trong k thut MPLS gip bo mt cho thng tin khch hng. Trc tip thc thi cc loi dch v: MPLS s dng hng i v b m ca ATM cung cp nhiu loi dch v khc nhau. N h tr quyn u tin IP v loi dch v (class of servicecos) trn chuyn mch ATM m khng cn chuyn i phc tp sang cc lp ATM Forum Service. H tr hiu qu cho Mulicast v RSVP: Khc vi MPLS, xp lp IP trn ATM ny sinh nhiu bt li, c bit trong vic h tr cc dch v IP nh IP muticast v RSVP( Resource Reservation Protocol - RSVP). MPLS h tr cc dch v ny, k tha thi gian v cng vic theo cc chun v khuyn khch to nn nh x xp x ca cc c trng IP&ATM. Gim ti trn mng li: Cc dch v VPN hng dn cch MPLS h tr mi thng tin nh tuyn phn cp. Hn na,c th tch ri cc nh tuyn Internet khi li mng cung cp dch v. Ging nh d liu VPN, MPLS ch cho php truy sut bng nh tuyn Internet ti im ra vo ca mng. Vi MPLS, k thut lu lng truyn bin ca AS c gn nhn lin kt vi im tng ng. S tch ri ca nh tuyn ni khi nh tuyn Internet y cng gip hn ch li, n nh v tng tnh bo mt
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Kh nng iu khin lu lng: MPLS cung cp cc kh nng iu khin lu lng sng dng hiu qu ti nguyn mng. K thut lu lng gip chuyn ti t cc phn qu ti sang cc phn cn ri ca mng da vo im ch, loi lu lng, ti, thi gian, Cc hnh thc hot ng ca MPLS: Mng MPLS dng cc nhn chuyn tip cc gi. Khi mt gi i vo mng, Node MPLS li vo nh du mt gi n lp chuyn tip tng ng (FEC Forwarding Equivalence Class) c th. Trong mng MPLS nhn iu khin mi hot ng chuyn tip. iu ny c nhiu thun li hn s chuyn tip thng thng: 1. S chuyn tip MPLS c th thc hin bng cc b chuyn mch (switch), c th tra cu (lookup) thay th nhn m khng nh hng n header lp mng. Cc b chuyn mch ATM thc hic cc chc nng chuyn cc t bo da trn gi tr nhn. ATM-switch cn c iu khin bi mt thnh phn iu khin MPLS da vo IP (IP-base MPLS control element) nh b iu khin chuyn mch nhn (LSC - Label Switch Controller). 2. Khi mt gi vo mng n c chuyn n lp chuyn tip tng ng (FEC Forwarding Equivalence Class). Router c th s dng thng tin gi, nh cng vo (ingress) hay giao tip (interface). Cc gi i vo mng c gn cc nhn khc nhau. Quyt nh chuyn tip c thc hin d dng bi router ng vo. iu ny khng c trong s chuyn tip thng thng, v s xc nh l trnh ca cc router khc vi thng tin l trnh trn gi. 3. Mng c qun l lu lng buc gi i theo mt con ng c th, mt con ng cha c s dng. Con ng c chn trc hoc ngay khi gi i vo mng tt hn s la chn bi cc thut ton nh tuyn thng thng. Trong MPLS, mt nhn c th c dng i din cho tuyn, khng cn km trong gi. y l dng c bn ca MPLS Traffic Engineering.
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4. "Lp dch v (Class of service)" ca gi c xc nh bi nt MPLS vo (ingress MPLS node). Mt nt MPLS vo c th hu tuyn hay sa i lch trnh iu khin cc gi khc nhau. Cc trm sau c th nh li rng buc dch v bng cch thit lp PHB (per-hop behavior). MPLS cho php (khng yu cu) u tin mt phn hoc hon ton ca lp dch v t nhn. Trng hp ny nhn i din cho s kt hp ca mt FEC vi u tin hoc lp dch v. y l dng c bn ca MPLS QoS. 2.2 Cng ngh chuyn mch 2.2.1 Nhn MPLS Thay th c ch nh tuyn lp ba bng c ch chuyn mch lp hai. MPLS hot ng trong li ca mng IP. Cc Router trong li phi enable MPLS trn tng giao tip. Nhn c gn thm vo gi IP khi gi i vo mng MPLS. Nhn c tch ra khi gi ra khi mng MPLS. Nhn (Label) c chn vo gia header lp ba v header lp hai. S dng nhn trong qu trnh gi gi sau khi thit lp ng i. MPLS tp trung vo qu trnh hon i nhn (Label Swapping). Mt trong nhng th mnh ca khin trc MPLS l t nh ngha chng nhn (Label Stack). 1. Cng thc gn nhn gi tin l: Network Layer Packet + MPLS Label Stack 2. Khng gian nhn (Label Space): c hai loi. Mt l, cc giao tip dng chung gi tr nhn (per-platform label space). Hai l, mi giao tip mang gi tr nhn ring, (Perinterface Label Space). B nh tuyn chuyn nhn (LSR Label Switch Router): ra quyt nh chng k tip da trn ni dung ca nhn, cc LSP lm vic t v hot ng gn nh Switch. 3. Con ng chuyn nhn (LSP Label Switch Path): xc nh ng i ca gi tin MPLS. Gm hai loi: Hop by hop signal LSP - xc nh ng i kh thi nht theo kiu best effort v Explicit route signal LSP - xc nh ng i t nt gc.
SVTH: TRN VN TR
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Nhn l gi tr c chiu di c nh dng nhn din mt FEC no . S kt hp gia FEC v nhn c gi l nh x nhn - FEC. MPLS c thit k s dng bt k mi trng v hnh thc ng gi lp 2 no, hu ht cc hnh thc ng gi lp 2 l da trn frame, v MPLS ch n gin thm vo nhn 32 bit gia mo u lp 2 v lp 3, gi l shim header. Phng thc ng gi ny gi l Frame-mode MPLS. ATM l mt trng hp c bit s dng cell c chiu di c nh. Do nhn khng th c thm vo trong mi cell. MPLS s dng cc gi tr VPI/VCI trong mo u ATM lm nhn. Phng thc ng gi ny c gi l Cell-mode MPLS. Nhn ca gi tin i ra l nhn ng ra, tng t cho nhn ca gi tin i vo l nhn ng vo. Mt gi tin c th c c nhn ng ra v ng vo, c th c nhn ng vo m khng c nhn ng ra hoc l ngc li. Thng thng, mt gi tin c th c nhiu nhn c gi l chng nhn (lable stack). Cc nhn trong chng nhn c t chc theo kiu chng nhn LIFO (last-in, first-out). Mt gi tin khng c gn nhn c xem l c chiu su chng nhn bng 0. Chiu su d ca chng nhn tng ng vi trnh t ca nhn trong chng nhn <1,2,3....,d-1,d> vi nhn 1 y chng nhn v nhn d nh ca chng nhn. (Trong khun kh lun vn ny ch trnh by ng gi MPLSPPP v LAN lp tuyn d liu). Nhn MPLS l mt s t ph, n da trn tng VPI/VCI ca mng ATM nhng cao cp hn, gm 32 bit.
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Hnh 2.1: Nhn MPLS + Label: Trng ny gm 20 bit, nh vy chng ta s c hn 1 t nhn khc nhau s dng, y chnh l phn quan trng nht trong nhn MPLS n dng chuyn tip gi tin trong mng. + Experimemtal (EXP): Trng ny gm 3 bit, n dng mapping vi trng ToS hoc DSCP trong gi tin ti thc hin QoS. + Stack (S): Ch c 1 bit, khi mt gi tin i qua mt tunnel, n s c nhiu hn 1 nhn gn vo, khi ta s mt stack nhn, bit S ny dung ch ra rng nhn ny c nm y Stack khng, nu y th S=1, ngc li S=0.
Hnh 2.2: Nhn ca stack + Time-to-live (TTL): Trng ny nh trng TTL trong IP header, khi chuyn tip gi tin nu nh router khng tm thy destination m vn c chy trong mng th s xy ra loop lm nghn mng (congestion). TTL dng khc phc iu ny, gi tr ban u
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ca n l 255, mi khi i qua mt router th gi tr ny s gim i 1, nu nh gi tr ny gim v 0 m gi tin vn cha ti ch th n s b rt (dropped). Khi gi tin n router bin th trng TTL trong IP header s gim i mt v copy qua trng TTL trong nhn MPLS, gi tr ny s gim dn khi i qua mng MPLS, khi ra khi mang MPLS th trng nay li c copy qua trng TTL trong IP header, nu gi tr l 0 th gi s b rt (drop). Cc gi tr qui c cho trng TTL: 0: Chnh n (Host gi tin n chnh n) 1: Trong cng mt subnet 32: Trong cng mt site (Mt mng) 64: Trong cng mt vng (C cng AS) 128: Trong cng mt mt lc a 255: Khng gii hn Cc cch ng gi tin:
Hnh 2.3: Nhn lp 2
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Nh vy: i vi mng IP cch ng gi tin s l Ethernet hay PPP v nhn l mt shim c chn vo nh trnh by trn. i mng Frame-Relay nhn s l gi tr DLCI, vi mng ATM th nhn s l VPI hoc VCI. Cc loi nhn c bit - Untagged: gi MPLS n c chuyn thnh mt gi IP v chuyn tip n ch. - Nhn Implicit-null hay POP: Nhn ny c gn khi nhn trn (top label) ca gi MPLS n b bc ra v gi MPLS hay IP c chuyn tip ti trm k xui dng. Gi tr ca nhn ny l 3 (trng nhn 20 bit). Nhn ny c dng trong mng MPLS cho nhng trm k cui. - Nhn Explicit-null: Ch mang gi tr EXP, gi tr nhn bng 0, c gn gi gi tr EXP cho nhn trn (top label) ca gi n. Nhn trn c hon i vi gi tr 0 v chuyn tip nh mt gi MPLS ti trm k xui dng. Nhn ny s dng khi thc hin QoS vi MPLS trong m hnh Pipe Mode. - Nhn Aggregate: vi nhn ny, khi gi MPLS n n b bc tt c nhn trong chng nhn ra tr thnh mt gi IP v thc hin tra cu trong FIB xc nh giao tip ng ra cho n. 2.2.2 Chuyn tip gi tin trong MPLS Thut ton chuyn tip nhn (Label Forwarding Algorithm) B chuyn nhn s dng mt thut ton chuyn tip da vo vic hon i nhn. Nt MPLS ly gi tr trong nhn ca gi va n lm ch mc n LFIB. Khi gi tr nhn tng ng c tm thy, MPLS s thay th nhn trong gi bng nhn ra (outgoing label) v gi gi qua giao tip ng ra tng ng n trm k c xc nh. Nu nt MPLS cha nhiu LFIB trn mi giao tip, n s dng giao tip vt l ni gi n chn mt LFIB c th phc v chuyn tip gi. Cc thut ton chuyn tip thng thng s dng nhiu thut ton nh unicast, multicast v cc gi unicast c thit lp bit ToS. Tuy nhin, MPLS ch dng mt thut ton chuyn tip da trn s hon i nhn (Label swapping). Mt nt MPLS truy xut b nh n ly ra cc thng tin nh quyt nh
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dnh ra ti nguyn cn thit chuyn tip gi. Kh nng chuyn tip v tra cu tc nhanh gip chuyn nhn (label switching) tr thnh cng ngh chuyn mch c tnh thc thi cao. MPLS cn c th dng chuyn vn cc giao thc lp ba khc nh IPv6, IPX, hoc Apple Talk. Cc thuc tnh ny gip MPLS c th tng thch tt vi vic chuyn i cc mng t IPv4 ln IPv6. Thc hin chuyn tip d liu vi MPLS gm cc bc sau:

Gn nhn MPLS (trn LSR). Giao thc phn phi nhn (LDP - label distribution protocol hay TDP - tag distribution protocol ) thc hin gn nhn v trao i nhn gia cc LSR trong min MPLS thit lp cc phin lm vic (session). Vic gn nhn c th gn cc b trn router hoc trn giao tip ca router.
Thit lp LSP gia LSR/E_LSR. Mc nh trn router s dng LDP.
Trong cc mng thun ty th vic chuyn tip gi tin c thc hin bng cch tra bng routing c trong mi router, cng vic ny thc hin layer 3, n tn kh nhiu thi gian cho cc router trong vic tra bng routing nu nh bng ny c kch thc ln (trong mng bnh thng bng ny c th c ti vi trm ngn router). Trong nguyn l nh tuyn c in, th tm ra next hop mi router phi thc hin vic tra bng routing nh sau:
Hnh 2.4: Chuyn tip IP

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Nh trn hnh v ta thy: c c thng tin v mng 10.0.0.0/8 th cc router trong mng phi thng xuyn update cho nhau v tnh trng up hay down ca mng ny, vic update ny cn ty vo k thut p dng cho mng l Link-state hay Distance vector, nhng ni chung n chim mt lng bng thng khng mong mun trong mng, sau khi c bng routing th gi gi tin n ch cc router phi tra bng routing mi khi gi tin ti n chuyn tip n next hop. V vy trong MPLS s khng thc hin nh vy, vic chuyn tip nhn trong MPLS s thc hin layer 2, n khng phi tra bng routing nn s rt nhanh chng tm ra next hop tip theo.
Hnh 2.5: Chuyn tip MPLS Theo hnh v trn, th vic chuyn tip gi tin trong MPLS ch thc hin trn nhn, mi khi gi tin n router cc router s thc hin vic gn nhn (router bin), swap nhn (router core), v pop nhn (router bin), vic ny thc hin layer 2 rt nhanh chng (chng ta s tm hiu k hn cc phn sau). 2.2.3 Cc bng tra FIB v LFIB Bng tra FIB (Forwarding information based) s nh x t mt gi tin IP khng nhn thnh gi tin MPLS c nhn ng vo ca router bin hoc t gi tin IP khng nhn thnh gi tin IP khng nhn ng ra ca router bin, bng ny c hnh thnh t bng routing table, t giao thc phn phi nhn LDP v t bng tra LFIB.
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Hnh 2.6: Bng tra FIB v LFIB Bng tra LFIB (Label Forwarding Information Based) l bng cha ng thng tin cc nhn n cc mng ch, mt gi tin c nhn khi i vo mt router n s s dng bng tra LFIB tm ra hop k tip, ng ra ca gi tin ny c th l gi tin c nhn cng c th l gi tin khng nhn. Hai bng tra FIB v LFIB c gi tr nh bng routing table trong mng IP, nhng trong mng IP th bng routing table c s entry rt ln khong vi ngn, cn vi FIB v LFIB s nhn m n nm gia rt t khong vi chc l ti a. 2.3 CU TRC MPLS C hai c ch hot ng trong MPLS l: a. C ch Frame Mode C ch ny c s dng vi cc mng IP thng thng, trong c ch ny nhn ca MPLS l nhn thc s c thit k v gn cho cc gi tin, trong mt phng Control plane s m nhim vai tr gn nhn v phn phi nhn cho cc route gia cc router chy MPLS, v trong c ch ny cc router s kt ni trc tip vi nhau
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qua 1 giao din Frame mode nh l PPP, cc router s s dng a ch IP thun ty trao i thng tin cho nhau nh l: Thng tin v nhn v bng nh tuyn routing table. Cn vi mng ATM hay Frame-relay chng khng c cc kt ni trc tip gia cc interface, ngha l khng th dng a ch IP thun trao i thng tin cho nhau, v vy ta phi thit lp cc knh o gia chng (PVC - permanent virtual circuit) b. C ch cell mode. Thut ng ny dng khi c mt mng gm cc ATM LSR dng MPLS trong mt phng iu khin trao i thng tin VPI/VCI thay v dng bo hiu ATM. Trong kiu t bo, nhn l trng VPI/VCI ca t bo. Sau khi trao i nhn trong mt phng iu khin, mt phng chuyn tip, router ng vo (ingress router) phn tch gi thnh cc t bo ATM, dng gi tr VCI/CPI tng ng trao i trong mt phng iu khin v truyn t bo i. Cc ATM LSR pha trong hot ng nh chuyn mch ATM chng chuyn tip mt t bo da trn VPI/VCI vo v thng tin cng ra tng ng. Cui cng, router ng ra (egress router) sp xp li cc t bo thnh mt gi. Trong :

GFC (Generic Flow Control): iu khin lung chung VPI (Virtual Path Identifier): nhn dng ng o VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier): nhn dng knh o PT (Payload Type): Ch th kiu trng tin CLP (Cell Loss Priority): Chc nng ch th u tin hu b t bo HEC (Header error check): Kim tra li tiu .
MPLS chia thnh 2 mt phng 2.3.1 Control plane (trao i thng tin nh tuyn v label) Mt phng iu khin MPLS chu trch nhim to ra v lu tr LIB. Tt c cc nt MPLS phi chy mt giao thc nh tuyn IP trao i thng tin nh tuyn n cc nt
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MPLS khc trong mng. Cc nt MPLS enable ATM s dng mt b iu khin nhn (LSC Label Switch Controller) nh router 7200, 7500 hoc dng mt mun x l tuyn (RMP Route Processor Module). Cc giao thc nh tuyn Link-state nh OSPF v IS-IS l cc giao thc c chn v chng cung cp cho mi nt MPLS thng tin ca ton mng. Trong cc b nh tuyn thng thng, bn nh tuyn IP dng xy dng b lu tr chuyn mch nhanh (Fast switching cache) hoc FIB .Tuy nhin vi MPLS, bn nh tuyn IP cung cp thng tin ca mng ch v subnet prefix. Cc giao thc nh tuyn link-state gi thng tin nh tuyn (flood) gia mt tp cc router ni trc tip, thng tin lin kt nhn ch c phn phi gia cc router ni trc tip vi nhau bng cch dng giao thc phn phi (LDP Label Distribution Protocol) hoc TDP (Cisco proproetary Tag Distribution protocol). Cc nhn c trao i gia cc nt MPLS k cn xy dng nn LFIB. MPLS dng mt mu chuyn tip da trn s hon i nhn kt ni vi cc node iu khin khc nhau. Mi node iu khin chu trch nhim nh du v phn phi mt tp cc nhn cng nh lu tr cc thng tin iu khin c lin quan khc. Cc giao thc cng ni (IGP Interior Gateway Potocols) c dng xc nhn kh nng n c, s lin kt, v nh x gia FEC v a ch trm k (next-hop address). 2.3.2 Data plane (chuyn tip gi tin da trn label) Mt phng chuyn tip s dng mt c s thng tin chuyn tip nhn (LFIB - Label Forwarding Information Base) chuyn tip cc gi. Mi nt MPLS c hai bng lin quan n vic chuyn tip l: c s thng tin nhn (FIB - Forwarding Information Base) v LFIB. FIB cha tt c cc nhn c nt MPLS cc b nh du v nh x ca cc nhn ny n cc nhn c nhn t lng ging (MPLS neighbor) ca n. LFIB s dng mt tp con cc nhn cha trong FIB thc hin chuyn tip gi.
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Hnh 2.7: Data plane v Control Plane Cc thnh phn data plane v control plane ca MPLS: Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) l nn tng cho MPLS v hot ng trn cc router ca Cisco. Do , CEF l iu kin tin quyt trong thc thi MPLS trn mi thit b ca Cisco ngoi tr cc ATM switch ch h tr chc nng ca mt phng chuyn tip d liu. CEF l mt c ch chuyn mch thuc s hu ca Cisco nhm lm tng tnh n gin v kh nng chuyn tip gi IP. CEF trnh vic vit li overhead ca cache trong mi trng li IP bng cch s dng mt c s thng tin chuyn tip (FIB Forwarding Information Base) quyt nh chuyn mch. N phn nh ton b ni dung ca bng nh tuyn IP (IP routing table), nh x 1-1 gia FIB v bng nh tuyn. Khi router s dng CEF, n duy tr ti thiu 1 FIB, cha mt nh x cc mng ch trong bng nh tuyn vi cc trm k tip (next-hop adjacencies) tng ng. FIB trong mt phng d liu, ni router thc hin c ch chuyn tip v x l cc gi tin. Trn router cn duy tr hai cu trc khc l c s thng tin nhn (LIB Label Information Base) v c s thng tin chuyn tip nhn (LFIB Label Forwarding Information Base). Giao thc phn phi s dng gia cc lng ging MPLS c nhim v to ra cc ch mc (entry) trong hai bng ny. LIB thuc mt phng iu khin v c giao thc phn phi nhn s dng khi a ch mng ch trong bng nh tuyn c nh x vi nhn nhn c t router xui dng. LFIB thuc mt phng d liu v cha nhn cc b (local label) n nhn trm k nh x vi giao tip ng ra (outgoing interface), c dng chuyn tip cc gi c gn nhn. Nh vy, thng tin v cc mng n c do cc
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giao thc nh tuyn cung cp dng xy dng bng nh tuyn (RIB - Routing Information Base). RIB cung cp thng tin cho FIB. LIB c to nn da vo giao thc phn phi nhn v t LIB kt hp vi FIB to ra LFIB. 2.4 PHN PHI NHN TRONG MPLS 2.4.1 TDP Trc y, trong qu trnh "thai nghn" ra MPLS, Cisco a ra cng ngh tag-switching v h tr t IOS 11.1CT. MPLS c h tr bi cc router cisco t IOS 12.1(3)T. Tag-switching chnh l tin thn ca mpls nn rt ging, ch c mt s khc bit nh: Giao thc s dng phn phi nhn ca tag-switching l TDP - s dng tcp/udp port 711, cn mpls l LDP s dng tcp/udp port 646. cho php chuyn mch nhn hot ng th IOS 11.1 l tag-switching ip, IOS 12.1 l mpls ip. C php lnh ty vo IOS. 2.4.2 LDP MPLS l th h sau ca tag-switching, n s dng giao thc LDP phn phi nhn, hot ng nh TDP ch khc l n s dng LDP phn phi nhn, LDP phi c cu hnh trn tng interface chy MPLS, cc lng ging ca chng s t ng nhn ra cc interface c chy LDP kt ni vi chng. S dng UDP broadcast v mulicast tm ra cc lng ging ca chng. kch hot LDP MPLS trn cc router ta dng cc lnh sau: P1#config t P1(config)#ip cef P1(config)#mpls ip P1(config-if)#interface serial 0/0 P1(config-if)#mpls ip Trong mt min MPLS, mt nhn gn ti mt a ch (FIB) ch c phn phi ti cc lng ging ngc dng sau khi thit lp session. Vic kt ni gia mng c th vi nhn cc b v mt nhn trm k (nhn t router xui dng) c lu tr trong LFIB v LIB.
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2.4.3 S duy tr nhn MPLS C hai ch duy tr nhn: Ch duy tr nhn t do (liberal label retention mode): duy tr kt ni gia nhn v mng ch nhng khng lu gi trm k cho ch n . LSR c th chuyn tip gi ngay khi IGP hi t v s lng nhn lu gi rt ln cho tng ch n c th nn tn b nh. Ch duy tr nhn thng xuyn (conservative label retention mode): duy tr nhn da vo hi p LDP hay TDP ca trm k. N hy cc kt ni t LSR xui dng m khng phi trm k ca ch n ch nh nn gim thiu c b nh. 2.4.4 Routing vi nhn Gi s ta c mt mng n gin nh sau trong Router A l Ingress router (router bin ng vo), Router C l Egress router (router bin ng ra).
Hnh 2.8: Mng MPLS y s trnh by cch cc router xy dng bng FIB v LFIB cho Network X l mng m cn truyn d liu n.
Phng thc gn v phn tn nhn gm nhng bc nh sau: Step 1: Giao thc nh tuyn (OSPF hay IS IS ) xy dng bng routing table.
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Step 2: Cc LSR ln lt gn 1 nhn cho mt dest-IP trong bng routing Table
Step 3: LSR ln lt phn tn nhn cho tt c cc router LSR k cn. Step 4: Tt c cc LSR xy dng cc bng LIB, LFIB, FIB da trn label nhn c.
u tin cc router s dng cc gii thut nh tuyn nh OSPF hay IS IS tm ng i cho gi tin ging nh mng IP thng thng v xy dng nn bng routing- table cho mi router trong mng. Gi s, y router A mun n mng X th phi qua router B, B chnh l Next-hop ca router A n mng X.
Routing table of A Network Next-hop X B Routing table of B Network Next-hop X C Routing table of C Network Next-hop X D
A
FIB on A Network Next hop Label X B
Network X Routing table of E Network Next-hop X C
Sau khi bng routing table hnh thnh, cc router s gn nhn cho cc ch n m c trong bng routing table ca n, v d y router B s gn nhn bng 25 cho mng X, ngha l nhng nhn vo c gi tr 25 router B s chuyn n n mng X.
Routing table of B Network Next-hop X C
Router B gn nhn 25 Router B gn nhn 25 cho X cho X C D
Network X
Router B phn tn nhn 25 cho tt c cc router LSR k cn n vi ngha Nu bn mun n X th hy gn nhn 25 ri gi n ti, cng lc bng tra LIB hnh thnh trong router B v c entry nh hnh sau.
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Cc router LSR nhn c nhn c t router hng xm s cp nhp vo bng LIB, ring vi router bin (Edge LSRs) s cp nhp vo bng LIB v c FIB ca n.
Cng ging nh B, router C s gn nhn l 47 cho Network X v s qung b nhn ny cho cc router k cn, C khng qung b cho router D v D khng chy MPLS.
Cng lc router C hnh thnh 2 bng tra LIB v LFIB c cc entry nh trn. Sau khi nhn c qung b ca router C, router B s thm nhn 47 va nhn c vo trong bng
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tra FIB v LIB ng thi xy dng bng tra LFIB c cc entry nh hnh v, router E ch thm nhn 47 vo trong LIB v FIB.
Nh vy ta c c ng i t bin router A n mng cn n l mng X, hay ni cch khc mt LSP hnh thnh. By gi gi tin c th truyn theo ng ny ti ch nh sau: Mt gi tin IP t mng IP n router bin Ingress, router A s thc hin tra bng FIB ca n tm ra nexthop cho gi itn nay, y A s gn nhn 25 cho gi tin ny theo entry c trong bng FIB ca n v s gi ti next hop l router B n mng X.
Gi tin vi nhn 25 c truyn n cho router B, router B s tra bng LFIB ca n v tm ra gi tr nhn ng ra cho gi tin c nhn ng vo 25 l 47, router B s swap nhn thnh 47 v truyn cho next hop l router C.
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Gi tin vi nhn 47 c truyn n router C, router C s tra bng LFIB ca n v tm ra hot ng tip theo cho gi tin c nhn vo 47 l s pop nhn ra khi gi tin v truyn cho next hop l router D, nh vy gi tin n D l gi tin IP bnh thng khng nhn.
Gi tin IP ny n D, router D s tra bng routing table ca n v truyn cho mng X.
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CHNG 3: TNG QUAN QoS Trc y, khi m internet ch yu l truyn data th ngi ta khng cn quan tm n vic phn bit v u tin cho cc gi tin bi v lc ny bng thng mng v cc ti nguyn khc cung cp cho cc ng dng trong mng, v vy cc ISPs s cung cp cho khch hng ca h dch v best-effort (BE) khi tt c cc khch hng s c i s nh nhau h ch khc nhau loi kt ni. y l dch v ph bin trn mng Internet hay mng IP ni chung. Cc gi thng tin c truyn i theo nguyn tc n trc c phc v trc m khng quan tm n c tnh lu lng ca dch v l g. iu ny dn n rt kh h tr cc dch v i hi tr thp nh cc dch v thi gian thc hay video. Cho n thi im ny, a phn cc dch v c cung cp bi mng Internet vn s dng nguyn tc Best Effort ny. Nhng khi internet cng ngy cng pht trin v pht trin thm cc dch v HTTP, Voice, Video th iu ny s lm cho cht lng ca cc dch v ny gim i r rt v delay ln, jitter ln v khng bng thng truyn, phng n tng bng thng ca mng cng khng gii quyt c vn ny m li cn rt tn km QoS (Quanlity of Service) l mt khi nim dng cp n tt c cc kha cnh lin quan n hiu qu hot ng ca mng. QoS bao gm hai thnh phn chnh: + Tm ng qua mng nhm cung cp cho dch v c yu cu. + Duy tr hiu lc hot ng ca dch v. Hai m hnh cung cp cht lng dch v c s dng ph bin ngy nay l: + M hnh dch v tch hp IntServ (Intergrated Services). + M hnh dch v phn bit DiffServ (Differentiated Services). C nhiu nguyn nhn gii thch ti sao m hnh IntServ khng c s dng theo kp mc pht trin ca Internet. Thay vo , IntServ ch c s dng ph bin trong cc m hnh mng vi quy m nh v trung bnh. Trong khi , DiffServ li l m hnh cung cp cht lng dch v c kh nng m rng. C ch hot ng ca m hnh ny bao gm qu trnh phn loi lu lng v ti thnh phn bin mng, qu trnh xp hng
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ti mi nt mng v x l hu gi trong li mng. Trong , phn ln cc qun l x l c thc hin ti thnh phn bin mng m khng cn phi lu gi trng thi ca cc lung lu lng trong li mng. Cc k thut QoS trong mng IP.
Hnh 3.1: Cc k thut QoS trong mng IP Nguyn nhn thnh cng ca giao thc IP chnh l s n gin ca n. Mi tnh nng phc tp c ci t ti u cui mng cn mng li th n gin. B nh tuyn trong mng s cn c vo a ch IP v cc nt trong mng tm nt mng k tip c nhn gi. - Nu hng i dnh cho nt mng k tip qu di, thi gian tr ca gi d liu s ln. Nu hng i y khng cn ch trng gi d liu s b hy. - Nh vy, mng IP ch cung cp m hnh dch v n lc ti a _best effort service_c ngha l mng s khai thc ht kh nng trong gii hn cho php, nhng khng m bo tr v mt mt d liu. V vy, khi c nhiu lung lu lng truyn i trong mng v vt qu kh nng ca mng, dch v khng b t chi nhng cht lng dch v gim: thi gian
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tr tng, tc gim v mt d liu. Do , mng IP khng thch hp vi nhng ng dng yu cu thi gian thc. Ngoi ra, vi thng tin a im (multicast) ng thi phc v hng triu khch hng th hin nay mng IP khng thc hin c. Nu c th trin khai tt thng tin qung b c th tch hp pht thanh truyn hnh vo mng IP. - S ra i cc giao thc cht lng dch v QoS cung cp cho mng cc tnh nng gip mng c th phn bit c cc lu lng c i hi thi gian thc vi cc lu lng c tr, mt mt hay bin ng tr (jitter). Bng thng s c qun l v s dng hiu qu c th p ng nhng yu cu v cht lng ca cc lung lu lng. Mc tiu ca QoS l cung cp mt s mc d bo v iu khin lu lng. - Trong cc mng s liu, QoS c nh gi qua cc tham s chnh sau: sn sng ca dch v tr (delay). bin ng tr (jitter) Thng lng hay bng thng T l tn tht gi (packet loss rate): t l cc gi b mt, b hy, v b li khi i trong mng. Hin nay, c hai loi cht lng dch v c bn: Dnh trc ti nguyn (Resource Reservation) vi m hnh Tch hp dch v IntServ (Intergrated Service). Ty theo yu cu ca dch v v chnh sch qun l bng thng m mng s cung cp ti nguyn phc v cho tng ng dng. S u tin (Prioritization) vi m hnh cc dch v phn bit ( DiffServ-Differentiated Service). Lu lng vo mng c phn loi v c cung cp theo ch tiu ca chnh sch qun l bng thng. Cht lng dch v c p dng cho tng lung d liu ring bit hoc mt nhm lung. Lung c xc nh da vo 5 thng tin: giao thc lp vn chuyn. a ch IP ngun. a ch IP ch.
30 GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH
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3.1 CU TRC QoS Khi ni n QoS ta s ngh ngay ti cc k thut hng i nh: Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ), hay Custom Queuing (CQ), nhng tht ra n c nhiu hn th, ngoi hng i QoS cn c cc k thut khc gm: nn (compression), policing v shaping, loi gi (drop packet), v mt s khc. V sao chng ta li cn QoS? Nh trc y, khi m nhu cu s dng mng ca con ngi cha cao bi v s mi m, cha ph bin v cc ng dng cha nhiu th lu lng trn mng c th p ng cho hu ht cc ng dng lc by gi, nhng khi n tr nn ph bin s ngi dng nhiu v cc ng dng cng tng ln th ti nguyn bng thng mng tr nn thiu ht, iu ny s dn ti vic mt gi ng k khi truyn qua mng, khc phc iu ny th QoS ra i vi nhim v u tin cho cc ng dng thi gian thc bng cch cp pht thm bng thng v t chng mc u tin cao hn cc ng dng khc. Nu mt mng khng p dng QoS th s xy ra cc trng hp nh sau:
Hnh 3.2: D liu vi khng QoS QoS s nh hng ti cc thng s mng nh: Bandwidth (Bng thng), Delay (tr), Jitter (Bt n nh), Loss ( mt gi). Cc mng ngy nay u phi s dng QoS m bo cht lng dch v, tuy nhin vi mi ng dng th cn c cc mc QoS khc nhau
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Hnh 3.3: Mc yu cu QoS cho cc loi d liu Cc thng s QoS + tr ton trnh Delay: tr qu mc t u cui n u cui khin cuc m thoi bt tin v mt t nhin. Mi thnh phn trong tuyn truyn dn: my pht, mng li, my thu u tham gia lm tng tr. ITU-TG.114 khuyn co tr ti a theo mt hng l 150 ms m bo thoi c cht lng cao. + tr pha Jitter: nh lng tr trn mng i vi tng gi khi n my thu. Cc gi c pht i mt cch u n t Gateway bn tri n c Gateway bn phi cc thi khong khng u. Jitter qu ln s lm cho cuc m thoi t qung v kh hiu. Jitter c tnh trn thi gian n ca cc gi k tip nhau. B m Jitter c dng gim tc ng tri st ca mng v to ra dng gi n u n hn my thu.
Cng thc tnh jitter:
Di = ( Ri Si ) - ( Ri-1 Si-1 ) Di = ( Ri Ri-1 ) ( Si Si-1 )
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D
i
n + mt gi Packet Loss: c th xy ra theo cm hoc theo chu k do mng b nghn lin tc. Mt gi theo chu k n 5-10% s gi pht ra c th lm cht lng thoi xung cp ng k. Tng cm gi b mt khng thng xuyn cng khin m thoi gp kh khn. + Mt trnh t gi Sequence Error: nghn trn mng chuyn mch gi c th khin gi chn nhiu tuyn khc nhau i n ch. Gi c th n ch khng ng trnh t lm cho ting ni b t khong. Cc bc thc hin QoS:
Hnh 3.4: Cc bc thc hin QoS 3.1.1: Dch v tch hp IntServ ng trc nhu cu ngy cng tng trong vic cung cp dch v thi gian thc (thoi, video) v bng thng cao (a phng tin), dch v tch hp IntServ ra i. y l s pht trin ca mng IP nhm ng thi cung cp dch v truyn thng Best Effort v cc dch v thi gian thc. Sau y l nhng ng lc thc y s ra i ca m hnh ny:
+ Dch v c gng ti a khng cn p ng na, ngy cng c nhiu ng dng khc nhau, cc yu cu khc nhau v c tnh lu lng c trin khai, ng thi ngi s dng
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cng yu cu cht lng dch v ngy cng cao hn. Cc ng dng a phng tin ngy cng xut hin nhiu. + Mng IP phi c kh nng h tr khng ch n dch v m cn h tr a dch v ca nhiu loi lu lng khc nhau t thoi, s liu n video. Ti u ha hiu sut s dng mng v ti nguyn mng. + m bo hiu qu s dng v u t. Ti nguyn mng s c d tr cho lu lng c u tin cao hn, phn cn li s dnh cho s liu best effort. Cung cp dch v tt nht. + M hnh IntServ cho php nh cung cp mng tung ra nhng dch v tt nht, khc bit vi cc i th cnh tranh khc.
Hnh 3.5: M hnh mng IntServ - M hnh IntServ c IETF gii thiu vo gia thp nin 90 vi mc ch h tr cht lng dch v t u cui ti u cui. Cc ng dng nhn c bng thng ng yu cu v truyn i trong mng vi tr cho php.
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- Trn thc t giao thc RSVP l giao thc duy nht dng bo hiu cho m hnh IntServ. V th i khi ngi ta lm ln dng RSVP ni v IntServ.Tht ra, IntServ l kin trc h tr cht lng dch v mng, cn RSVP l giao thc bo hiu cho IntServ. - Ngoi giao thc bo hiu, m hnh tch hp dch v cn nh ngha thm mt s lp dch v. - Mt ng dng s xc nh c tnh ca lung lu lng m n a vo mng ng thi xc nh mt s yu cu v mc dch v mng. c tnh lu lng Tspec (Traffic Specification) v yu cu mc cht lng dch v Rspec (Required Specification). V th cc b nh tuyn phi c kh nng thc hin cc cng vic sau: Kim sot ( bng cc policing): kim tra TSpec ca lung lu lng; nu khng ph hp th loi b lung. iu khin chp nhn: kim tra xem ti nguyn mng c p ng c yu cu ca ng dng hay khng. Nu khng th p ng, mng s t chi. Phn lp (Classification): phn loi gi d liu cn c vo mc yu cu cht lng dch v ca gi. Hng i v lp lch (queuing and scheduling): a gi d liu vo hng i tng ng v quyt nh hy gi d liu no khi xy ra xung t. a. Cc lp dch v C hai loi dch v: m bo dch v (Guaranteed Service) v kim sot ti (Control load service). a.1 m bo dch v - Cho php gii hn thi gian chuyn tip cc gi d liu n ch trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, m bo s d liu khng b loi b khi hng i y. - Thng tin Tspec phi bao gm cc thng s nh: tc nh, kch thc ln nht ca gi d liu. Trong khi thng s quan trng nht ca Rspec l tc dch v. Thng s ny cho php xc nh bng thng m lu lng cn khi i trong mng. Thng s ny
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cng vi cc thng s trong Rspec cho php xc nh thi gian tr ln nht c th chp nhn c ca d liu. - Nhc im ca lp dch v ny l hiu qu s dng ti nguyn mng thp v n i hi mi lung lu lng c hng i ring. a.2 Kim sot ti - Cc ng dng ca dch v ny c th chp nhn kh nng mt d liu v thay i tr mt mc nht nh. Lung d liu khi i vo mng s c kim tra i chiu vi nhng c t lu lng Tspec c ng k. Nu khng ph hp vi cc c t c ng k trc th d liu s c chuyn tip theo phng thc n lc ti a. b. Giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn RSVP - RSVP l giao thc bo hiu cung cp th tc thit lp v iu khin qu trnh chim gi ti nguyn, hay ni cch khc RSVP cho php cc chng trnh ng dng thng bo cho mng nhng yu cu v mc cht lng dch v; v mng s hi p chp nhn hoc khng chp nhn yu cu . - Cc bn tin RSVP c cc b nh tuyn hay cc b chuyn mch trn lin kt gia hai u cui gi v nhn trao i vi nhau p ng yu cu v mc cht lng dch v ca ng dng. - RSVP c 2 bn tin c bn: bn tin Path (hay Request) v bn tin Resv. Bn tin Path (hay Request) mang thng tin v c t lung lu lng Tspec v cc thng tin nh: a ch IP ca nt gi, a ch IP nt nhn, ch s cng UDP. V khi nhn c bn tin Path (hay Request), nt mng ch s gi li bn tin Resv. Bn tin Resv s gi km theo phn m t yu cu RSpec ch nh kiu dch v tch hp l kim sot ti hay m bo dch v; ngoi ra cn c du hiu nhn dng lung (flow descriptor) m mi b nh tuyn dng nhn din mi phin chim gi ti nguyn. - Khi nhn c bn tin Resv, mi b nh tuyn trung gian s tin hnh qu trnh iu khin chp nhn (admission control). Nu yu cu khng c chp nhn, do khng ti nguyn mng th b nh tuyn s bo li v pha u thu. Nu yu cu c chp
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nhn th b nh tuyn s gi bn tin Resv n b nh tuyn gi bn tin Path (hay Request) cho n. - Ngoi ra, RSVP l giao thc mm, c ngha l cc bn tin Path (hay Request) v Resv s c gi li sau khong thi gian nht nh duy tr lu di s chim gi ti nguyn. Nu sau khong thi gian ny khng c bn tin no gi i, s d tr ti nguyn s b xa b. - Mt khc, lu lng RSVP c th i qua b nh tuyn khng h tr RSVP. Ti nhng b nh tuyn ny dch v c phc v theo m hnh n lc ti a. - Ni tm li, RSVP ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh trin khai vic chuyn ti nhiu dch v nh: m thanh, hnh nh v d liu trong cng mt h tng mng. Cc ng dng c th la chn nhiu mc cht lng dch v khc nhau cho lung lu lng ca mnh. c. Kin trc IntServ - Cu trc ca cc b nh tuyn v cc b chuyn mch c h tr RSVP trong mng
Hnh 3.6: M hnh dch v IntServ - Nh vy ta thy cu trc gm cc khi: Khi iu khin lu lng bao gm: b phn loi (Classifier), b lp lch gi (scheduler).
Khi iu khin thu nhn v thit lp d tr (set up).
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- u tin cc ng dng a ra yu cu lp dch v: m bo dch v hoc kim sot ti ng thi t ng dn v chim gi ti nguyn mng cho vic truyn d liu. Khi iu khin thu nhn s xem xt c th p ng c cc yu cu m dch v a ra hay khng. B phn loi tin hnh phn loi v a cc gi d liu nhn c vo hng i ring. B lp lch s lp cch x l p ng yu cu v cht lng dch v.
Hnh 3.7: Trao i thng tin vi IntServ
Hnh 3.8: Trao i thng tin vi IntServ Hnh v trn l cch thc hot ng ca RSVP, cc ng dng a ra yu cu mc cht lng dch v dnh cho lung lu lng xc nh qua giao din dch v ng dng. B iu khin thu nhn v thit lp d tr p ng yu cu ca cc ng dng bng cch to ra cc bn tin ca giao thc RSVP yu cu chim gi ti nguyn. Bn tin ny s i
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qua cc b nh tuyn nm trn ng dn t u gi n u thu. Ti mi b nh tuyn, khi iu khin thu nhn s tin hnh qu trnh iu khin chp nhn kt ni, quyt nh xem c th p ng c yu cu cht lng dch v m ng dng a ra hay khng. Nu c, b nh tuyn s da vo thng tin trong bn tin RSVP cu hnh cho b iu khin lu lng. - Chng ta xem xt kin trc ca m hnh tch hp dch v cng nh mt giao thc rt quan trng RSVP. M hnh ny cho php trin khai cc ng dng thi gian thc v lu lng truyn thng trn cng mt h tng mng. 3.1.2: Dch v phn bit DiffServ
Hnh 3.9: M hnh mng DiffServ - Cu trc ca m hnh DiffServ bao gm nhiu lp dch v v mi lp s c cung cp mt lng ti nguyn xc nh. - V d trong mng bao gm hai lp dch v: n lc ti a v u tin (premium). iu ny c ngha l nhng gi d liu thuc lp u tin s c cung cp cht lng dch v tt hn: d liu c m bo, t mt hn v c tr thp hn. - im khc nhau gia m hnh DiffServ v IntServ: IntServ dng giao thc bo hiu thng bo cho cc nt mng cht lng dch v m lung yu cu. Vi m hnh DiffServ,
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trn mi gi d liu s cha thng tin xc nh lp dch v. Thng tin ny c gi l im m dch v phn bit DSCP (Differentiated Service Code Point) ca tiu IP, tin thn l vng ToS (Type of Service). Nh vy trn l thuyt chng ta c tt c 64 lp dch v khc nhau nhng trong thc t s lng lp dch v t hn nhiu. - Cu hi t ra y l cc b nh tuyn s lm g khi nhn gi d liu vi gi tr DSCP no ? - Gi tr DSCP cho bit yu cu cht lng dch v m gi d liu yu cu mng cung cp hay ni cch khc DSCP xc nh mt hnh vi hop PHB (Perhop behavior). Ngoi nhng gi tr PHB chun, trong ni b mt mng c th nh ngha ring nhng gi tr PHB. Sau y l mt s gi tr PHB chun: Gi tr mc nh (Default): tng ng vi yu cu n lc ti a. Chuyn tip nhanh EF (Expedited Forwarding): gi d liu c gi tr ny s c thi gian tr nh nht v mt gi thp nht. Chuyn tip bo m AF (Assured Forwading): mi PHB mang mt gi tr AFxy. Gi tr x cho php xc nh hng i dnh cho gi, gi tr y xc nh mc u tin hay ni cch khc l kh nng mt gi khi xy ra hin tng nghn mch hoc tranh chp. Nh vy, nu cc gi c nh du AF11, AF12, AF13 th chng c xp chung vo mt hng i nhng mc u tin ca cc gi AF13 thp hn v xc sut mt cao hn. Ring cc gi AF2y c hng i khc gi AF1y. S lng AF PHB l 12, trong x c 4 gi tr v y c 3 gi tr. V iu quan trng cn phi nhc n l cc gi AFx1, AFx2, AFx3 s c a vo cng mt hng i khng b mt th t. -Mi thit b nh tuyn s lu gi mt bng nh x gi tr DSCP ca gi vi gi tr PHB, t xc nh phng thc x l gi.
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Hnh 3.10: M hnh DiffServ ti bin v mng li 3.1.3 S khc nhau gia IntServ v DiffServ Trong mt mng s dng QoS, chng ta c th khng cn dng n IntServ hay DiffServ m mng vn chy bnh thng, tuy nhin nu c ng dng DiffServ hay IntServ vo th s cho kt qua tt hn nhiu, v c th m bo cht lng dch v cao hn. DiffServ ra i khc phc cc khuyt im ca IntServ, gia chng c nhng s khc nhau: DiffServ IntServ
Khng dng bt k giao thc bo hiu no Dng giao thc bo hiu RSVP dnh dnh trc bng thng mng, do vy trc bng thng mng, do s tn ti tit kim c bng thng mng. nguyn mng v ch.
C th s dng cho mng ln v c mng Ch c th s dng cho mng c nh vi nh vi s lu lng rt ln t tn ti nguyn mng Xt u tin gi trn tng chn s lng lu lng nh Tn nhiu ti nguyn mng Khi to mt knh truyn trc khi truyn
Kh nng m rng mng cao v phc v Kh nng m rng mng thp v phc c a dch v t dch c. Hnh 3.11: S khc nhau gia DiffServ v IntServ
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3.2 PHN LOI V NH DU QoS l kh nng cung cp cc mc x l khc nhau hng n cc lp lu lng ring. Trc khi cc ng dng hay cc k thut QoS c p dng, lu lng phi c nhn bit v sp xp vo trong cc lp khc nhau. Thit b mng s dng s phn loi nhn bit lu lng theo cc lp ring bit. Sau khi lu lng mng c sp xp, vic nh du c thc hin bng cch gn th cho cc gi ring bit cc thit b mng khc c th thc hin cc chc nng QoS cho cc gi khi chng di chuyn thng qua mng. 1. Phn loi: - Phn loi c thc hin nhn dng lu lng v phn chia lu lng thnh cc lp khc nhau. phn loi gi, ta dng b m t lu lng phn chia cc gi trong phm vi cc nhm ring bit nh ngha cc gi . Mt s b m t c trng dng phn loi gi bao gm: b giao tip ng vo, u tin IP (IP Precedence), DSCP, a ch ngun hay a ch ch v cc ng dng. Sau khi gi c nh danh, chng c kh nng c tin hnh cc chc nng QoS trn mng. - Vi vic s dng phn loi gi, nh qun tr mng c th phn vng lu lng mng thnh nhiu mc u tin hay nhiu lp dch v. Khi b c t lu lng c s dng phn loi, lu lng ngun ng tham gia tho thun cc gii hn v mng s thc hin cc gii
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hn vi vic m bo v cht lng dch v. Cc k thut cht lng dch v khc nh gim st lu lng, nn dng lu lng v k thut hng i s dng b m t lu lng m bo gi ng tho thun. Vic phn loi nn c t bin mng. 2. nh du: - Hot ng nh du cho php cc thit b mng phn loi gi hay khung (frame) da vo b m t lu lng c trng. Mt s b m t lu lng c s dng nh du gi nh: lp dch v (CoS), DSCP, u tin IP, nhm QoS, chuyn mch nhn a giao thc (MPLS). Vic nh du c s dng thit lp thng tin trong tiu gi lp 2 hay lp 3. - Vic nh du gi hay khung cng vi vic phn loi cho php thit b mng d dng phn bit cc gi hay khung c nh du. nh du l yu t hu dng v n cho php thit b mng d dng nhn dng cc gi hay khung theo cc lp c trng. Khi k thut QoS c th ng dng tng thch m bo s ng n vi cc chnh sch qun tr QoS. 3.2.1 Phn loi (classification) Phn loi l vic cc gi tin s c a vo nhng hng i khc nhau mi khi ti router, IOS ca router bng cch ny hay cch khc phi phn bit c cc gi tin khc nhau vi u tin khc nhau a vo cc hng i thch hp, n phi bit c gi tin no c RTP (Real time protocol) headers shape (nh hng) cho gi tin nhm cung cp bng thng cho lu lng l voice. IOS phi phn bit c u l VoIP v u l data, lm iu ny th n phi s dng Phn Loi (Classification). c th phn loi c gi tin, thng thng phi kim tra mt s trng trong headers, sau khi phn loi, mt QoS tool s a gi tin vo hng i thch hp, hu ht s phn loi nhm phn bit u l gi tin VoIP v u l gi tin khng phi VoIP.
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Hnh 3.12: S phn loi gi tin Trong hnh trn ta thy: Vic phn loi c thc hin tt c cc router trn links kt ni, router R3 sau khi phn loi s a vo hng i Queuing v sau l shaping (nh hng). Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 ln lt l cc mc a tin, y ta thy voice c mc a tin cao nht. bng th 2 l shaping police ta s tm hiu phn sau. Ta c th dng mt s tools phn loi, v d nh dng ACLs: Vi ACL 101 cho php gi tin loi no s c xp vo hng i th 1, vi ACL 102 cho php goi tin loi khc s c xp vo hng i th 2, Sau khi c phn loi, cc gi tin s c nh du (marking), vic nh du s nh du vo mt trng trong IP header, sau khi gi tin c nh du, cc tools cn li trong QoS s s dng du tin hnh phn loi cc chng tip theo. Hai trng dng nh du l IP Precedence v Differentiated Service Code Point (DSCP), chng ta s tm hiu k chng trong Chng 4.
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Mt s Tools cho phn loi v nh du:
Hnh 3.12: Tool cho phn loi v nh du
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y ta dng ACLs phn loi gi tin, ta s phn d liu thnh 3 loi l:Voice (ACL 101), HTTP (ACL 102), FTP (ACL 104), SMTP (ACL 105), v Besteffort (ACL 103). PE1(config)#access-list 101 permit udp any any range 16384 32768 ///ACL cho Voice PE1(config)#access-list 102 permit tcp any any eq www PE1(config)#access-list 103 permit ip any any PE1(config)#access-list 104 permit tcp any any eq ftp PE1(config)#access-list 105 permit tcp any any eq smtp 3.2.2 nh du (Marking) nh du l mt k thut dng to ra s phn bit gia cc gi tin ca cc loi d liu khc nhau trong khi thc hin QoS, vic nh du s thc hin trn cc mt s trng c trong gi tin nh IP precedent, DSCP, EXP, QoS group, QoS discard. Vic nh du thng c thc hin sau khi gi tin c phn loi, Sau khi phn loi gi tin ta s nh du vo gi tin mt gi tr, c th l gi tr IP precedent, DSCP hay EXPCc gi tr c nh du s c dng phn loi gi tin chn tip theo v thc hin QoS. V d di y s nh du gi tin Voice vi gi tr EXP l 5, HTTP l 3, FTP v SMTP vi EXP l 2 v Best Effort l 0: PE1(config-pmap)#class Voice-dscp PE1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 5 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE1(config-pmap)#class HTTP-dscp PE1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 3 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit ****
///ACL cho HTTP (www) ///ACL cho Best-effort ///ACL cho ftp ///ACL cho smtp
Lun vn tt nghip PE1(config-pmap)#class smtp-dscp PE1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 2 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE1(config-pmap)#class ftp-dscp PE1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 2 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE1(config-pmap)#class best-effort-dscp PE1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 0 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit
QoS trong MPLS
Vic nh du thng xy ra ti ng vo ca interface, ti y gi tin s c thu nhn v thc hin nh du li (remark) nu cn thit, du va nh s tn ti trong cc hng i ng ra ca router ny v trn ng truyn ti ch tip theo. Thc cht ca vic nh du l ta s set cc gi tr trong gi tin ln cc gi tr thch hp m ta cho l hp l.
Mt s trng dng cho nh du:

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Hnh 3.13: Trng nh du 3.3 CC K THUT HNG I (CLASSIFICATION & QUEUING) V tc s l cc gi tin ca router l chm hn nhiu so vi s lng gi tin n v cn truyn i, v vy cc gi tin cn phi xp hng v i trong mt hng di nu nh khng mun b drop, do k thut hng i cn c p dng cho cc router. Thng th hng i ch xy ra ng ra ca router khi ta gi l hng i ng ra (output queuing), nhng i khi hng i cng xy ra ng vo ta gi l hng i ng vo (input queuing).
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Hnh 3.14: Hng i trong router Hnh trn l mt v d v hng i, ng vo vi 4 gi tin kch thc 1500 byte mi gi, y ta c hai hng i :hng th 1 ang c 3 gi tin ang ch v bng thng ca hng ny l 25% tng bng thng, hng th 2 ch c 1 gi tin ang ch vi bng thng l 75%, nh vy gi tin no s c gi trc? Tht ra gi tin no c gi trc l ty thuc vo mc u tin ca hng i v hng i nh th no so vi cc hng i khc.
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Hnh 3.15: Cc k thut hng i v so snh gia chng
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3.3.1 First In-First Out Queuing - Hng i FIFO khng c s phn loi v tt c cc gi u thuc v cng mt lp. Mt b nh tuyn hay b chuyn mch cn cc hng i xut gi cc gi trong khi ch b giao tip sn sng gi gi. Trong khi cc cng c hng i khc th hin cc tnh nng khc, nh sp xp trt t cc gi, hng i FIFO ch cung cp mt ngha gi cc gi trong khi chng ch ri khi mt cng giao tip (interface). Hng i FIFO s dng mt hng i n cho b giao tip. V ch c mt hng i nn khng cn phn lp quyt nh khi gi i vo. V cng khng cn lp lch ban u cho hng i ly gi tip theo. Ch quan tm n cch cu hnh chiu di hng i FIFO trnh tc ng n tr v mt gi. - Hng i FIFO s dng k thut hy gi cui hng i quyt nh khi no b gi hay cho gi vo hng i. Nu cu hnh mt hng i di hn, nhiu gi c th t trong hng i, ngha l hng i t kh nng y. Nu khng gian hng i cn trng nhiu th gi t b mt. Tuy vy, vi mt hng i di, tr v bin ng tr ca gi tng. Vi hng i ngn, tr hon t xut hin hn, nhng hng i FIFO n s y nhanh chng, lc ny cc gi mi s b hy b.
Hnh 3.16: Hng i FIFO Lp lch hng i FIFO: - Sau khi gi i vo hng i th b nh tuyn s s dng thut ton lp lch duy tr cng vic. Lp lch FIFO l thut ton lp lch truyn thng c s dng trong Internet, y l
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thut ton lp lch n gin nht. Trong thut ton ny b lp lch truyn cc gi theo th t n v hy cc gi khi hng i y. Tuy nhin, b lp lch gi khng c s
phn bit gia cc ngi s dng. V vy n khng th phn phi cho mt s user tr trung bnh thp hn cc ngi dng khc. Mi ngi dng trong cng lp dch v chu cng mt tr bin thin (jitter delay). Ngoi ra, bin ng tr c xu hng tng ln khi s chng tng ln v tr hng i ca gi cc chng khc nhau khng tng quan vi nhau. - Vi FIFO, tr trung bnh ca mt ngi s dng c th tng ln nu tng tc n ca tt c ngi s dng tng ln. - Tuy nhin vic s dng k thut hng i FIFO c cc nhc im: FIFO khng hon ton tin cy khi mt lung khng mong mun tranh ginh vi cc lung c u tin thp. Cc lung khng mong mun gi mt s lng ln cc gi (a s cc gi b hu b). Trong khi , cc lung vi u tin thp gi mt s lng gi xc nh v hu ht chng b hy bi v hng i lc no cng y do cc lung khng mong mun chim ht khng gian hng i. S bng n cao hay thp gy ra tnh trng y hng i FIFO. Cc gi i vo mt hng i y phi ch mt thi gian di trc khi chng c truyn. Nhng thi im khc, hng i c th trng v cc gi trong cng mt lung khng b tr hon. - Cc u im ca k thut hng i FIFO y l k thut n gin v nhanh. N c h tr trn tt c cc nn tng. Hng i FIFO c h tr trong tt c cc phin bn ca Cisco IOS. cu hnh cho hng i FIFO ta phi unable tt c cc k thut hng i khc c trong interface . Mc nh th WFQ (Weighted Fair Queuing) s c p dng cho cc interface v n chy tc E1 (khong 2M). - disable WFQ ta dng cu lnh no fair-queue, Khi disable tt c cc k thut hng i c trong interface th FIFO s mc nhin c s dng.
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- chn chiu di cho hng i ta dng cu lnh hold-queue x out.
V d: R3(config)#int s 0/0 R3(config-if)#no fair-queue R3(config-if)#^Z R3#sh int s 0/0 Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is PowerQUICC Serial Description: connected to FRS port S0. Single PVC to R1. MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 // disable WFQ ;
Encapsulation FRAME-RELAY, loopback not set Keepalive set (10 sec)
LMI enq sent 80, LMI stat recvd 73, LMI upd recvd 0, DTE LMI up LMI enq recvd 0, LMI stat sent 0, LMI upd sent 0 LMI DLCI 1023 LMI type is CISCO frame relay DTE Broadcast queue 0/64, broadcasts sent/dropped 171/2, interface broadcasts 155 Last input 00:00:02, output 00:00:03, output hang never Last clearing of "show interface" counters 00:13:48 Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0 Queueing strategy: fifo Output queue :0/40 (size/max) //hng i FIFO c dng //Kch c hng i ng ra l 40 gi tin.
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Lun vn tt nghip 30 second input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 30 second output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 235 packets input, 14654 bytes, 0 no buffer Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles 2 input errors, 0 CRC, 2 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort 264 packets output, 15881 bytes, 0 underruns 0 output errors, 0 collisions, 6 interface resets 0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out 10 carrier transitions DCD=up DSR=up DTR=up RTS=up CTS=up
QoS trong MPLS
+Thay i chiu di hng i ng ra thnh 50 gi tin: R3(config)#int s 0/0 R3(config-if)#hold-queue 50 out R3(config-if)#^Z ! R3#sh int s 0/0 Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is PowerQUICC Serial ! Lines omitted for brevity Queueing strategy: fifo Output queue :0/50 (size/max) //chiu di hng i l 50 : ! Line omitted for brevity
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3.3.2 Priority Queuing
Hnh 3.17: Cch ly gi tin ca hng i PQ - Tnh nng c bit ca PQ l b lp lch. PQ lp lch lu lng m bo hng i u tin lun c phc v trc. Vi 4 mc u tin: cao, trung bnh, bnh thng, v thp. Nu hng i u tin cao lun c mt gi ang ch, b lp lch lun lun ly cc gi trong hng i u tin cao. Nu hng i u tin cao khng c gi no ang ch nhng c trong hng i u tin trung bnh, mt gi trong hng i ny s c ly v tin trnh c nh th tip tc. - B lp lch PQ c mt s thun li v hn ch. Cc gi trong hng i u tin cao c th t 100% bng thng lin kt, vi tr hon nh v bin ng tr nh. Tht ra, khi nghn
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mch, cc gi trong hng i u tin thp tn nhiu thi gian phc v. Khi lin kt tc nghn, cc ng dng ngi dng c th ngng lm vic nu cc gi t trong hng i u tin thp. - PQ phn lp cc gi da trn ni dung ca cc tiu . N s dng ti a 4 hng i. Ch p dng chnh sch hy gi cui hng i (tail drop), mt khc sau khi phn lp cc gi, nu
hng i tng ng y, cc gi b b. Mt khc, chiu di mi hng i l nguyn nhn nh hng n tr v mt gi. Tht ra, PQ c th thit lp chiu di hng i tr v gi tr 0, c ngha l chiu di hng i khng gii hn. (khng gii hn c ngh l khi b nh tuyn ra ngoi vng nh, cc gi khng th lp lch, tuy nhin chng ta gp vn rc ri hn vic lp lch cho gi nu b nh tuyn ngoi vng nh.)
Hnh 3.18: Tin trnh gi gi tin ca PQ 1. PQ c th phn lp cc gi s dng danh sch iu khin truy cp ACL vi giao thc lp 3. PQ cng c th so trng trc tip khng cn s dng ACL, u vo, chiu di gi v cng TCP v UDP. 2. Hy b gi cui hng i l chnh sch b gi mc nh. 3. S hng i cc i l 4. 4. Chiu di hng i cc i c th l 0, ngha l hng i c chiu di khng xc nh theo l thuyt. Mc nh l 20, 40, 60 v 80 tng ng vi cc hng i u tin cao,trung bnh, bnh thng v thp.
Lun vn tt nghip 5. Bn trong mt hng i, PQ s dng hng i FIFO.
QoS trong MPLS
6. Khi lp lch cc hng i, PQ lun phc v cc hng i u tin cao trc.
- Khi ng xut khng tc nghn (ni mt cch khc TX khng y), cc gi mi t vo TX mt cch trc tip. Khi TX y, PQ th hin vic lp lch. Khi tt c cc hng i PQ truyn ht cc gi (TX khng y), tc nghn du i. Cc gi mi n li vo TX, cho n khi n y tr li, n s khi ng tin trnh hng i vi PQ. - PQ lm vic tt trong cc chnh sch QoS cn x l mt loi lu lng vi kh nng phc v tt nht. Tuy nhin, dch v PQ vi cc hng i thp gim nhanh chng, lm cho PQ khng thit thc cho hu ht cc ng dng hin nay. Chng hn, vic chy mt kt ni FTP, mt trnh duyt web, mt cuc gi NetMeeting, v 2 cuc gi VoIP khi xut, cc kt ni TCP vi lu lng HTTP v FTP thng xuyn vt qu thi gian cho php. Bng tm tc tnh nng PQ:
3.3.3 Custom Queuing Custom Queuing (CQ) l k thut hng i ra i sau PQ, khng ging nh PQ, CQ s phc v cho tt c cc hng i c trong interface ca n thm ch khi sy ra nghn mng. CQ c tt c 16 hng i, nh vy n cho php ti a 16 lp dch v (va cho cc loi
Lun vn tt nghip
QoS trong MPLS
dch v ngy nay). CQ cn khng cung cp cho mt hng i c bit no c mc u tin cao hn cc hng i khc v cng khng u tin hng i no c low delay, low jitter, low loss
CQ cung cp mt lng bng thng ngang nhau cho tt c cc hng i, vic lp lch ca CQ nh sau:
Hnh 3.19: Cch ly gi tin ca CQ CQ s kim tra ln lt cc hng i, bt u t hng i th 1, CQ s ly gi tin t hng i ny cho ti khi s gi tin m n ly vt qu hoc bng gi tr cho php, sau khi hng i ny c phc v vi s gi tin nhu trn hoc hng i ny khng c gi tin th CQ s chuyn qua phc v cho hng i k tip v qu trnh lp li nh trn. CQ khng cho php cu hnh bng thng cho tng hng i m ch cho php cu hnh s gi tin s ly th hng i . V d: ta thit k s ly 10000 bytes cho mi hng i v ta c 5 hng i tt c, nh vy mi hng i s chim dng bng thng l 20% (10000/50000). By gi nu ta thit k c 5 hng i: hai hng u tin s c phc v vi s bytes l 5000, hai hng tip theo l 10000, v hng th 5 l 20000, nh vy hng th nht v th hng mi hng s nhn bng thng l 10% (5000/50000), hai hng tip theo mi hng nhn l 20% (10000/50000) v th 5 l 40% trn tng bng thng ca link. Khi thc hin gi gi tin, gi s trong hng i th 4 khng c gi tin no ang ch, ch c hng i 1,2,3 v 5 l c gi tin ang ch, khi bng thng s c phn pht li nh sau: hng i th nht nhn 12.5%, th 2 12.5%, th 3 25%, th 4 0% v th 5 l 50%.
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Ta tnh nh sau: Hng i th 1 : 5000*100 =12.5% 40000 5000*100 =12.5% 40000 1000*100 =25% 40000 2000*100 =50% 40000
Hng i th 2:
Hng i th 3:
Hng i th 4:
Qu trnh gi gi tin ca CQ:
Hnh 3.20: Qu trnh gi gi tin ca CQ 1.CQ phn loi gi tin bng cc ACLs hoc bng cc k thut khc. 2.Tail drop l k thut CQ dng chng nghn. 3.Ti a l 16 hng i. 4.Ta c th set kch c ca hng i v ti 0 (ngha l chiu di l v hn).
Lun vn tt nghip 5.Bn trong mt hnh i CQ s dng FIFO.
QoS trong MPLS
6.Khi lp lch cho gi tin, CQ s xoay vng cho cc hng i (phc v cho hng ny xong th ti hng hng khc). c im ca CQ : + Khng thch hp cho cc mng cn low delay, low jitter,... + Khng th dnh trc bng thng cho link. + Khng cung cp hng i u tin. + Khng thch hp cho Voice + Cho php cc hng i c phc v xoay vng. +Cho php cc hng i bnh ng nhau.
Hnh 3.21: Bng tm tt CQ 3.3.4 Weighted Fair Queuing WFQ l k thut hng i mc nh trong router Cisco, n khc vi cc hng i PQ v FIFO cc im sau:
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+ N khng cho php cu hnh phn loi, WFQ phn loi gi tin theo flow, mt flow bao gm nhiu gi tin c cng ch n v cng ngun, cng port ch v port ngun. S
khng c cu hnh no r rang cho n. + Tnh nng lp lch: WFQ da vo flow, do vy nhng flow no c u tin cao hn th s c pht trc. + Mi flow l mt hng i, v vy s hng i trong WFQ c th ln ti 4096 hng i ln hn rt nhiu so vi PQ hay FIFO. Vi WFQ ta c ti a l 4096 hng i trong 1 interface ca router, s hng i ny cng chnh l s flow chy vo router. V d: ta c 5 flow l Voice, 2 kt ni HTTP, 2 kt ni FTP th khi ta s c 5 hng i trong router, nh vy s hng i thay i theo s flow, chng khng c nh nh trong cc k thut khc
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Hnh 3.22: Cch ly gi tin ca WFQ
Hot ng ca WFQ nh sau:
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Hnh 3.23: Tin trnh gi gi tin ca WFQ +Khi gi tin vo interface, n s c phn loi thnh cc flow theo 5 thng s: - IP source - IP destination - port source - port destination - Giao thc lp 4 n s dng l g (TCP hay UDP) WFQ da vo cc trng nh DSCP, ToS phn loi gi tin v a n vo cc hng i khc nhau. Nhng gi tin c IP precedent hay DSCP cao hn s c mc u tin cao hn. Hai vn quan trng trong WFQ l : a. i x cng bng vi tt c cc flow ang tn ti : Gi s ta c bng thng l 128 kbps v c 10 hng i ang tn ti, mi hng i s nhn c bng thng l 12.8 kbps. Nu s hng i l 100 th mi hng i s nhn bng thng l 1.28 kbps. Mt vn tn ti y l s qu cng bng ca WFQ, gi b. s trong s 10 hng i trn hng i th 1 cn bng thng l 5 kbps v hng i th 2 cn bng thng l 30 kbps, nhng v WFQ ch cp bng thng cho mi hng i l 12.8 kbps, nh vy hng i th 1 d bng thng n s lun c phc v tt nht, ngha l low delay, low jitter, low loss v s gi tin trong hng i ca n
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lc no cng rt t. Vi hng i th 2 thiu bng thng v vy delay, jitter v loss
Cung cp thm bng thng cho nhng flow c mc u tin cao hn (higher IP precedent hay higher DSCP) : Vn vi gi s trn 128 kbps cho 10 flow. By gi gi s c 5 flow vi IP precedent bng 0, v 5 flow vi IP precedent bng 1, 5 flow IP precedent 1 c mc u tin cao hn 5 flow IP precedent 0 theo t s bng thng phn phi l 2:1, flow IP precedent 1 s nhn bng thng l 17 kbps gp i flow IP precedent 0 l 8.5 kbps, cch tnh t s ny nh sau: BW cho IP precedent 1 1+1 2 = = BW cho IP precedent 0 0+1 1
+ Sau khi c phn loi gi tin s c tnh gi tr SN (Sequence number) nh sau: SN = SN (trc ) + Weight*length SN : Sequence number Weight : trng s ca gi tin , Weight=32384 / (IP_Precedence+1) Length : Chiu di gi tin Bng gi tr ca Weight:
Hnh 3.24: Bng gi tr Weight
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Lun vn tt nghip SN nh sau: SN = 0 + 1500*32384 = 48576000 -
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V d: Vi gi tin c SN trc l 0, chiu di l 1500 byte v precedent l 0 ta s tnh
Sau quyt nh c drop gi tin hay khng da vo 2 thng s (cn gi l Tail drop):
Hold-queue: Nu gi tin l ny l gi m lm vt mc hold-queue (tng s gi tin trong tt c cc hng i) th n s b drop.
CDT: (Congestion discard threshold) l s gi tin ti a trong mt hng i, gi tr ny c th cu hnh cho php t 1 n 4096.
+ Tip theo cc gi tin nu khng b drop s a vo hng i v ch pht i + Khi nm trong hng i cc gi tin s c lp lch (scheduler logic), qu trnh lp lch da vo SN ca gi tin, precedent v volume (S gi tin ang c trong mt hng i). Nhng gi tin c SN cng nh, precedent cng ln, v volume cng nh s c chn forward trc. Th t u tin nh sau: u tin l SN, sau l precedent, v cui cng l volume.
Hnh 3.25: Tnh ton SN
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Ta c 4 hng i l flow 1, flow 2, flow 3, flow 4, vi kch thc mi gi tin l 1500 byte, 1000 byte, 500 byte, 100 byte. Mi hng i c 4 gi tin vi precedent l 0, gi s SN trc ca cc gi tin l 0, nh vy ta tnh c cc gi tr SN nh hnh sau:
Hnh 3.26: Th t gi gi tin Khi th t forward gi tin l: 13, 5, 14, 15, 6, 1, 16, 7, 9, 2, 8, 3, 4, 11, 12. V d cu hnh cho WFQ:
Hnh 3.27: V d v mng c dng WFQ
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Lun vn tt nghip R3#conf t R3(config)#int s 0/0 R3(config-if)#fair-queue R3(config-if)#^Z R3#sh int s 0/0 Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is PowerQUICC Serial Description: connected to FRS port S0. Single PVC to R1. MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, reliability 255/255, txload 9/255, rxload 8/255 Encapsulation FRAME-RELAY, loopback not set Keepalive set (10 sec)
QoS trong MPLS
LMI enq sent 171, LMI stat recvd 163, LMI upd recvd 0, DTE LMI up LMI enq recvd 0, LMI stat sent 0, LMI upd sent 0 LMI DLCI 1023 LMI type is CISCO frame relay DTE Broadcast queue 0/64, broadcasts sent/dropped 378/2, interface broadcasts 347 Last input 00:00:01, output 00:00:00, output hang never Last clearing of "show interface" counters 00:28:46 Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 8249 Queueing strategy: weighted fair Output queue: 126/1000/64/8249 (size/max total/threshold/drops) Conversations 6/7/256 (active/max active/max total) Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated)
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Lun vn tt nghip Available Bandwidth 1158 kilobits/sec 5 minute input rate 52000 bits/sec, 97 packets/sec 5 minute output rate 58000 bits/sec, 78 packets/sec 36509 packets input, 2347716 bytes, 0 no buffer Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles 1 input errors, 0 CRC, 1 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort 28212 packets output, 2623792 bytes, 0 underruns 0 output errors, 0 collisions, 5 interface resets 0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out 10 carrier transitions DCD=up DSR=up DTR=up RTS=up CTS=up R3#show queueing fair Current fair queue configuration: Interface Discard Dynamic Reserved Link Priority
QoS trong MPLS
threshold queues queues Serial0/0 Serial0/1 64 64 256 256 0 0 8 8
queues queues 1 1
R3#show queueing fair int s 0/0 Current fair queue configuration: Interface Discard Dynamic Reserved Link Priority
threshold queues queues Serial0/0 64 256 0 8
queues queues 1
R3# show queue s 0/0
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Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 11027 Serial0/0 64 256
Queueing strategy: weighted fair Output queue: 79/1000/64/11027 (size/max total/threshold/drops) Conversations 4/8/256 (active/max active/max total) Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated) Available Bandwidth 1158 kilobits/sec ! Next stanza lists info about one of the VoIP calls (depth/weight/total drops/no-buffer drops/interleaves) 37/5397/1359/0/0 Conversation 15, linktype: ip, length: 64 source: 192.168.3.254, destination: 192.168.2.251, id: 0x013B, ttl: 253, TOS: 184 prot: 17, source port 16772, destination port 19232 ! Next stanza lists info about one of the VoIP calls (depth/weight/total drops/no-buffer drops/interleaves) 37/5397/1359/0/0 Conversation 125, linktype: ip, length: 64 source: 192.168.3.254, destination: 192.168.2.251, id: 0x0134, ttl: 253, TOS: 184 prot: 17, source port 16638, destination port 19476 ! Next stanza lists info about one of the HTTP TCP connections (depth/weight/total drops/no-buffer drops/interleaves) 1/10794/36/0/0 Conversation 33, linktype: ip, length: 1404 5397 10794 source: 192.168.3.100, destination: 192.168.1.100, id: 0xFF50, ttl: 127,
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Lun vn tt nghip TOS: 72 prot: 6, source port 80, destination port 1067 ! Next stanza lists info about one of the HTTP TCP connections
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(depth/weight/total drops/no-buffer drops/interleaves) 2/10794/34/0/0 Conversation 34, linktype: ip, length: 1404 source: 192.168.3.100, destination: 192.168.1.100, id: 0xFF53, ttl: 127, TOS: 88 prot: 6, source port 80, destination port 1068 ! Notice the TOS values versus the weight in the last two stanzas! R3#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. R3(config)#int s 0/0 R3(config-if)#fair-queue 100 64 10 R3(config-if)#hold-queue 500 out R3(config-if)#^Z ! R3#show interface serial 0/0 Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is PowerQUICC Serial Description: connected to FRS port S0. Single PVC to R1. MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, reliability 255/255, txload 9/255, rxload 8/255 Encapsulation FRAME-RELAY, loopback not set Keepalive set (10 sec) LMI enq sent 198, LMI stat recvd 190, LMI upd recvd 0, DTE LMI up
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Lun vn tt nghip LMI enq recvd 0, LMI stat sent 0, LMI upd sent 0 LMI DLCI 1023 LMI type is CISCO frame relay DTE
QoS trong MPLS
Broadcast queue 0/64, broadcasts sent/dropped 442/2, interface broadcasts 406 Last input 00:00:01, output 00:00:00, output hang never 10794 Last clearing of "show interface" counters 00:33:14 Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 12474 Queueing strategy: weighted fair Output queue: 95/500/100/12474 (size/max total/threshold/drops) Conversations 5/6/64 (active/max active/max total) Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated) Available Bandwidth 1158 kilobits/sec ! lines omitted for brevity R3#show queueing fair Current fair queue configuration: Interface Discard Dynamic Reserved Link Priority
threshold queues queues Serial0/0 Serial0/1 100 64 64 256 10 0 8 8
queues queues 1 1
3.3.5 Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ) l k thut hng i ra i sau WFQ, n ging vi WFQ ch: Cho php s dng WFQ ngay bn trong mt hng i ca n, nhng khc vi WFQ ch: CBWFQ s dng Class phn loi cn WFQ s dng flow.
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Lun vn tt nghip CBWFQ c th cu hnh bng thng thc s cho mt hng i.
QoS trong MPLS
Hnh 3.28: Tin trnh gi gi tin ca CBWFQ T tri sang phi: 1.CBWFQ phn loi gi tin bng ACLs, MPLS EXP, Port. 2.Quyt nh drop gi tin bng cc k thut Tail drop hoc WRED 3.S hng i ti a l 64 v chiu di hng i ti a l 64, cc gi tr ny l mc nh ta c th set ty theo mun. 4.Bn trong mi hng i ta c th dng FIFO hoc WFQ. Ch : WRED l k thut hng i dng chng nghn, n tt cho mt s loi d liu nhng cng khng tt cho cc d liu nh Voice hay Video v cc d liu ny cn khng b rt trong mi trng hp. CBWFQ vt tri hn cc hng i WFQ ch: N phn loi gi tin theo Class ch khng theo flow, nh vy d dng cho ta thit k hn.
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Hnh 3.29: cc hng i ca CBWFQ Bng tm tt CBWFQ:
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Cu hnh CBWFQ:
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Kim tra li cu hnh:
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3.3.6 Low-latency Queuing Low latency Queueing (LLQ) l mt k thut hng i m n cho php gi tin c phc v vi cht lng cao nht (low delay, low jitter, low loss ).N n gin cu hnh v n gin hiu. LLQ khng phi l mt hng i tch bit vi cc k thut hng i khc, n c s dng bn trong mt k thut hng i no lm tng tnh u tin cho hng i ny, nhng hng i c dng LLQ th n c i x ging nh hng i PQ, nhng vi PQ th n khng m bo bng thng cho cc hng i khc cn vi LLQ th mc d vn c hng i u tin nhng n vn m bo bng thng cho cc hng i khng c LLQ.
Hnh 3.30: Tin trnh gi gi tin ca LLQ Hoc:

Lun vn tt nghip
QoS trong MPLS
Theo nh gin trn th LLQ s hot ng khng khc g so vi PQ bi v n lun phc v hng i c mc u tin cao hn, ch khi no hng i ny khng cn gi tin th
n mi chuyn sang hng i khng c u tin. khc phc iu ny LLQ s lm nh sau:
Hnh 3.31: Tin trnh gi gi tin ca LLQ ci thin

Lun vn tt nghip
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Nh vy mi khi hng i LLQ vt qu tc cho php hay bng thng cho php th cc gi tin trong hng i ny s b rt v chuyn qua phc v cho hng i khc. Nh vy hng i LLQ ch c th hot ng tc c thit lp t trc v khng th tranh chp vi cc hng i khc khi n cn thm bng thng, vy cc hng i khc c m bo v bng thng. Nh vy LLQ l hng i lun c phc v trc nhng n c cc chnh sch ngn chn vic tranh chp bng thng vi cc hng i khc khi xay ra vt qua tc cho php. Hng i LLQ c ngha rt ln trong cc d liu l Voice, Videov n cho php cc d liu ny nhn c s phc v tt nht c th: low delay, low jitter, low loss.. V d cu hnh LLQ: cu hnh mt hng i LLQ bn trong mt hng i no ta dng cu lnh sau: priority {bandwidth-kbps | percent percentage} [burst] V d: PE1(config-pmap)#class Voice-EXP
PE1(config-pmap-c)#priority 512 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit
///Mc u tin cao nht
Vi cu hnh ny, mt hng i ca CBWFQ l Voice-EXP c cu hnh thm bn trong l hng i LLQ vi bng thng l 512 kbps. Khi hng i ny s c mc u tin cao nht trong tt c cc hng i. Bng tm tt cc k thut hng i:
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Bng trn cho ta tm tt v cc hng i v cc k thut drop mc nh ca chng, ct cui cng l s hng i ti a cho mi loi hng i.
Ct th 2 l cc k thut lp lch cho gi tin trong mi hng i. Cc trng dng phn loi ca cc k thut hng i:
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3.4 nh hng v chnh sch (Shaping and policing) nh hng v cc chnh sch l mt mt phn khng th thiu trong cc k thut QoS, cc chnh sch s gip cho cc gi tin c c cc mc u tin ph hp vi c im ca n v s drop gi tin khi tc vt qua mc so vi cu hnh, Chnh sch do k s thit k cho cc loi d liu khc nhau, n ty thuc vo cm tnh ca ngi k s v ph thuc vo tha thun gia nh cung cp dch v v khch hng. Trong khi nh hng s gip cho cc gi tin nhn c s phc v ng theo tc nh hnh n khng drop gi tin m ch lm cho gi tin chm li khng b vt qu tc cho php. C hai cng c shaping v policing u o tc truyn hoc nhn d liu. Policing c kh nng loi b nhng gi tin d tha m bo tc truyn khng vt qu tc tho thun.
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Lun vn tt nghip nh hnh.
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Shaping sp xp cc gi d tha ny vo hng i, v ri i ra khi hng i tc
Trong c hai trng hp, c hai cng c u ngn lu lng khng c vt qu tc bit c nh ngha bi ngi qun tr. Mt l do c in la chn shaping l khi thit b u kia ca ng truyn ang thc hin policing. V d: gi s R1 thuc mt doanh nghip v R2 thuc ISP. R1 gi gi ti R2 v R2 thc hin policing, loi b nhng lu lng vt qu tc xbps. ISP c th la chn gim st ti R2 bo v mng trnh khi vic chp nhn qu nhiu lu lng. R1 c th c cu hnh shaping lu lng gi ti R2 sao cho lu lng ny tc bng vi tc pha gim st R2, thay v d liu tha b R2 loi b. Ni tm li, shaping v policing c th ng vai tr quan trng trong trng hp router c th gi nhiu lu lng hn s cho php ca hp ng lu lng. Shaping ch lm chm li tc truyn gi khng vt qu hp ng lu lng. Policing loi b nhng gi khng vt qu hp ng lu lng.
Hnh 3.32: So snh gi policing v shaping
Theo hnh nh trn ta thy vi policing th n ch ng x vi cc gi tin vt qua tc cho php bng cch drop chng tc vn m bo v vy ng ra c dng rng ca. Cn
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vi Shaping th n cho ng ra mt hn bi v n khng ng x vi cc g itn vt qu tc m n s lm cho cc gi tin chm li v m bo tc cho trc. V d cu hnh policing v shaping: + Cu hnh theo policing: class-map match-all IP match ip precedence 3 class-map match-all VoIP match ip precedence 5 policy-map child class VoIP priority 128 class IP priority 1000 policy-map parent class class-default police 3300000 103000 103000 conform-action transmit exceed-action drop service-policy child + Cu hnh theo Shaping: policy-map parent class class-default shape average 3300000 103000 0 service-policy child.
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Lun vn tt nghip CHNG 4 : DIFFSERV QoS TRONG MPLS 4.1 TRNG DS
QoS trong MPLS
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4.1.1 Trng ToS
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Hnh 4.1: Trng ToS Trc khi c DiffServ th trng IP header trong gi tin IP c mt trng ToS, y l trng duy nht dng thc hin QoS, trng ToS gm 8 bit (1 byte) t bit 0 n bit 2 l IP precedent, 3 bit dng set u tin cho gi tin v ta thc hin QoS da trn 3 bit ny, 4 bit tip theo l trng ToS n cha mt s cc thng ip nh: Bit 3: 0 = Normal Delay, 1 = Low Delay.
Bits 4: 0 = Normal Throughput, 1 = High Throughput. Bits 5: 0 = Normal Relibility, 1 = High Relibility. Bit 6-7: Reserved for Future Use.
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ngha ca cc bit precedent: 111 - Network Control 110 - Internetwork Control 101 - CRITIC/ECP 100 - Flash Override 011 - Flash 010 - Immediate 001 - Priority 000 Routine V trng precedent ch c 3 bit nh vy s to ra 8 t hp cho ta thc hin QoS, theo cc chuyn gia ca cisco nh vy l t cho cc mng ln, v vy DiffServ ra i vi trng DSCP di hn l 6 bit. 4.1.2 Trng DSCP Trng DSCP c to ra t trng IP precedent bng cch ly thm 3 bit trong trng ToS lm thnh 6 bit thc hin QoS, vi 6 bit ny ta c th to ra t hp 64 gi
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Lun vn tt nghip bit 6 v 7 tm thi khng s dng.
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tr khc nhau trong QoS, nhiu hn rt nhiu so vi precedent. T bit 0 ti bit 5 l bit DSCP,
Hnh 4.2: Trng DSCP Nhng thc ra ngi ta khng dng ht 64 gi tr ny m ch dng 21 gi tr v c phn chia thnh 3 loi l: AF, CS v EF nh bng sau: (xem hnh trang sau)
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Hnh 4.3: Bng gi tr DSCP
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Lun vn tt nghip 4.1.3 nh x t DSCP sang EXP C hai cch nh x t DSCP sang EXP: 1. nh x theo E_LSP :(EXP-infered-PSC-LSP)
QoS trong MPLS
Vic nh du s c thc hin trn trn trng EXP trong nhn gi tin, gi tr DSCP 6 bit s c nh x vo trng EXP 3 bit theo ch c 8 lp c th dng phn loi. V DSCP c 64 gi tr cn EXP ch c 8 gi tr nh vy s c nhiu gi tr trng nhau, Vic nh x ny thc ra c th do ngi k s thc hin, h c th ty thch chn cc gi tr gia hai trng DSCP v EXP nhng Cisco khuyn co s dng cc gi tr sau:
Hnh 4.4: nh x t DSCP sang EXP Hoc c th theo bng sau:
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Vi vic nh x nh trn ta s c nhng kh khn nh sau khi thc hin QoS:
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Hnh 4.5: Gi gi tin theo E_LSP
y ta thy khi A1 v A3 gi gi tin n ch A2 vi gi tr DSCP ln lt l AF 31 v AF 33, Khi n mng MPLS n s c nh du li vi troung2 EXP u l 3, nh vy c hai s c i x nh nhau khng ai u tin hn ai, y l im kh khn trong E_LSP v c nhng lc ta cn phi u tin cho mt gi trong hai gi ny vi mc u tin cao hn. trnh iu ny ta cn phi thc hin QoS cn thn trnh s trung lp khng cn thit, v d sau s trnh c iu ny ngay c khi d liu c gi t cng mt ch:
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Hnh 4.6: Gi gi tin theo E_LSP y, hai loi d liu A v C t A1 gi ti A2, d liu A vi AF 31 d liu C vi EF, khi r rng C s c mc u tin cao hn A v s cho cht lng cao hn A.
2. nh x theo L_LSP: (Label-only-infered-PSC LSP) V vi cch nh x E_LSP ch c th thc hin QoS vi 8 lp trong khi DSCP cho php ti 64 t hp, v vy c mt cch nh x khc c th cho nhiu lp hn thc hin QoS l L_LSP. Vi L_LSP th nhn ca gi tin khng ch ng vai tr l gi tr chuyn mch m cn thc hin QoS, cn trng EXP c s dng cho cc chnh sch drop gi tin.
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Mi LSP ring bit c th c thit lp cho mi PHB. Vi nhng LSP nh vy, PSC (PHB Schedule) c bo hiu tng minh ti ln thit lp nhn, sau LSR c th suy ra t gi tr nhn PSC c p t cho gi tin. Trng EXP ch c s dng khi p t gi tr u tin nh rt cho gi tin. Phng php ny c gi l Label-only-infered-PSC LSP, hay cn gi l L _LSP v PSC c th c suy ra t gi tr nhn m khng cn bt k thng tin no khc (bt chp gi tr trng EXP ). 4.2 PHB (PER-HOP BEHAVIORS)
4.2.1 Default PHB Default PHB hay cn gi l Best-effort (BE) c gi tr DSCP l 000000, lp ny thng c s dng cho cc d liu m ta cha bit r v n, khi sau khi phn loi tt c d liu bit th cn cc d liu cn li s l BE. 4.2.2 Class-Selector PHB
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S dng 8 bit DSCP, 3 bit cui lun l 0, ngha l cc gi tr nh phn ca CS s c dng xxx000, do c tt c 7 gi tr CS :CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4, CS5, CS6, CS7. S dng mc u tin cng ln cng tt (bigger is better)
4.2.3 Assured Forwarding PHB Assured Forwarding PHB c dng nh sau : Afxy, vi x l Class cn y l cp drop gi tin. Trong mt Class th gi tr y cng ln th s d b drop hn, ngha l : dP(AF13) >= dP (AF12) >= dP(AF11) dP :drop precedent
C th biu din cc gi tr AF nh sau: AFxyzab0, vi xyz c th l 001, 010, 011, 100 tng trng cho 4 Class v ab c th l 01, 10, 11 tng trng cho dP.
Hnh 4.7: Cc gi tr AF
4.2.4 Expedited Forwarding PHB Ch c mt gi tr DSCP duy nht EF s qui nh thi gian delay nh nht, jitter thp nht v cung cp cht lng dch v cao nht, bt k traffic no vt qu tc qui nh s b discard. Gi tr EF c khuyn co l 101110
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4.3 DIFFSERV TUNNELING MODES TRONG MPLS NETWORKS DiffServ Tunnueling modes cho php nh cung cp dch v qun l QoS hiu qu hn ni m cc router s chy MPLS trong mt mng MPLS. DiffServ Tunneling modes c cc mode sau: +Pipe mode +short pipe mode +Uniform mode Cc mode trn dng qun l cc router khch hng, router bin v router nh cung cp dch v. Cc tnh nng c cung cp bi MPLS DiffServ Tunneling modes : +To ra mt ng hm QoS xuyn qua nh cung cp dch v (Gi tin QoS s c trong sut t bin n bin). +Trng EXP c th c nh du thay cho cc trng IP precedent hay DSCP. +C th qun l router CE ca nh khch hng. MPLS DiffServ Tunneling modes c nhng li ch nh sau : +Cung cp thm cc tnh nng QoS bng cch to ra trng MPLS EXP thc hin QoS trong sut qu trnh gi tin c chuyn tip bng nhn. +Ta c th thit t PHB (Per hop behavior : ng x tip theo cho gi tin) cho gi tin theo mun.
+Pipe mode v short pipe mode cung cp s trong sut data i xuyn qua nh cung cp. +Cho php to mt Explicit NULL LSP trong Pipe mode, vi tnh nng ny th gi tin s c QoS bng EXP ngay ti router bin u vo. +Trong Pipe v short Pipe mode khch hng s c cc nh du gi tin ca ring mnh v ISP s gi nguyn cc nh du ny khi gi tin i qua mng.
Lun vn tt nghip s nh du li gi tin khi n i qua mng ca ISP. Hn ch MPLS DiffServ Tunneling modes : +Khng cung cp L-LSP, cho php E-LSP.
QoS trong MPLS
+Trong Uniform mode khch hng s khng c nh du cho gi tin ca ring mnh, ISP
+V EXP ch c 3 bit nn s cung cp ti a l 8 class cho gi tin hay ni cch khc n cho php ti a l 8 PHB. 4.3.1 Pipe Model vi Explicit NULL LSP: Trong m hnh Pipe nh cung cp dch v cung cp cho khch hng VPN s cam kt v cht lng dch v i vi lu lng i gia router CE ny n router CE khc trong cng VPN. V cc node trung gian trong mng backbone (router P) hon ton b che du i. Cc gi tin i qua ng hm phi vn chuyn hai mng thng tin Diff-serv: + Thng tin Diff-serv c ngha vi cc node trung gian dc LSP. Thng tin ny cn c gi l thng tin Diff-serv LSP. + Thng tin Diff-serv c router ingress vn chuyn n router egress. Cc router P khng h bit n thng tin ny, nn n cn c gi l thng tin Diff-serv i qua hm (tunneled Diff-serv information). M hnh Pipe s dng thch hp khi khch hng v nh cung cp dch v thuc v nhng min Diff-serv khc nhau (min Diff-serv ca nh cung cp dch v bt u interface ng vo trn router igress PE v kt thc interface ng ra trn router PE egress), khi nh cung cp dch v mun p t chnh sch ca h v khch hng c yu cu rng cc chnh sch QoS ca khch hng hon ton trong sut khi i qua mng ca nh cung cp. V d nh nh
cung cp cung cp dch v VPN c c Diff-serv. Gi s tp hp cc site c qun l di chnh sch qun tr chung v cng ang c h tr v dch v Diff-serv. Nu qun tr site VPN nh cung cp dch v khng c cng chung chnh sch Diff-serv (chng hn khng h tr cng s lng PHB), th hot ng ca Diff-serv trong m hnh Pipe s cho php chnh sch Diff-serv ca cc site VPN hon ton trong sut khi qua mng nh cung cp v khng i t router ingress n router egress.
Lun vn tt nghip
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Vi m hnh Pipe, thng tin Diff-serv LSP cn phi c vn chuyn n router Egress n c th p t chnh sch chuyn tip trn . Thng tin Diff-serv i qua hm cng cn phi c vn chuyn n router egress n c th c chuyn n downstream xa hn. V c hai thng tin Diff-serv trn u cn c chuyn n router egress nn m hnh Pipe khng hot ng vi PHP. h tr m hnh Pipe qua LSP khng c hot ng PHP, LSR thc hin quyt nh PHB ng vo v m ho thng tin Diff-serv theo cc bc sau: + Khi nhn c gi tin khng c gn nhn, LSR thc hin quyt nh PHB ng vo da trn mo u gi tin IP m n nhn c. + Khi nhn c gi tin c gn nhn, LSR thc hin quyt nh PHB ng vo trn nhn ngoi cng trong chng nhn. c bit khi hot ng pop c thc hin trn LSP, LSR thc hin quyt nh PHB ng vo trc khi loi b nhn ra khi gi tin (trc khi pop). + Khi thc hin chn nhn (push), LSR s: *M ho thng tin Diff-serv tng ng vi PHB ng ra trn entry nhn c truyn i. *M ho thng tin Diff-serv tng ng vi PHB ng vo trong mo u gi tin c ng gi (c th l nhn c chuyn i hoc l mo u IP). + Khi ch thc hin qu trnh chuyn i nhn, LSR m ho thng tin Diff-serv trn entry nhn c truyn i bao gm c nhn c chuyn i. + Khi thc hin hot ng pop, LSR khng thc hin m ho thng tin Diff-serv trong mo u gi tin.
V cc chnh sch QoS egress PE-to-CE trong m hnh Pipe c lp vi gi tr MPLS EXP cui cng, nn gi tr ny phi c bo v trc khi nhn cui cng b ly ra khi gi tin. Trn router PE cui cng trn ng i, gi tr MPLS EXP c copy vo gi tr QoS group (l cc gi tr DSCP/IP precedence). Sau , hng i ng ra hoc cc chnh sch nh rt gi tin c thc hin da trn gi tr ca QoS group.
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Lun vn tt nghip + M hnh Pipe vi Explicit Null LSP:
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Khi router CE c nh cung cp qun l, mt vi nh cung cp khng mun nh du MPLS EXP lu lng khch hng t router PE, v t cc chnh sch ny bn ngoi interface ng vo ca router CE (tc l qun l router CE). Tuy nhin, v kt ni CE-to-PE l IP ch khng phi l MPLS, do kh khn l lm cch no nh cung cp thit lp vic nh du QoS m khng nh hng n nh du IP Diff-serv khch hng thit lp. Explicit Null LSP l gii php c a ra gii quyt trng hp trn. Explicit Null LSP c cc c im sau: + ng hm QoS i t router CE ingress qua router PE v n router CE egress. + C mt explicit NULL LSP c thit lp t router CE n router PE. Entry nhn bao gm mt trng MPLS EXP, nhng khng mang gi tr nhn cho mc ch chuyn tip. Gi tr nhn l 0 (nhn mang gi tr null) cho tt c cc gi tin n router PE ingress. Nhn ny c s dng ch bo v vic nh du trng MPLS EXP ca nh cung cp qua kt ni CE-toPE. Trn router PE, gi tr MPLS EXP c copy vo nhn MPLS thng thng (nhng nhn dnh cho mc ch chuyn tip) v nhn explicit null b loi b i. + Router PE egress loi b entry nhn v chuyn tip gi tin l IP, nhng QoS c thc hin trn interface ng ra da trn trng MPLS EXP m router PE egress nhn c. + Nh cung cp dch v khng vit chng ln gi tr IP Precedence trong mng nh cung cp dch v.
Hnh v sau m t tng quan m hnh Pipe vi explicit NULL LSP:
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Hnh 4.8: M hnh Pipe vi explicit Null LSP Trong hnh v trn: 1. Gi tin IP n C1, router CE1 vi gi tr DSCP l 1. 2. C2, CE1 thit lp trng MPLS EXP vi gi tr l 5 trong qu trnh chn nhn Null. 3. Gi tin i qua mng nh cung cp dch v vi gi tr trng MPLS EXP l 5. 4. Mi router trong mng nh cung cp dch v nhn trng MPLS EXP v thc hin QoS da trn gi tr .
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5. Khi gi tin i n router PE egress n mng C1, n thc hin quyt nh QoS da trn trng MPLS EXP ca gi tin, mc d gi tin c truyn i nh l gi tin IP. Th tc hot ng ca MPLS EXP nh sau:
Hnh 4.9: Th tc hot ng ca MPLS EXP trong Pipe mode Hnh v trn m t hot ng m hnh Pipe vi explicit Null LSP cho khch hng C1 s dng dch v MPLS VPN. V s dng dch v MPLS VPN nn c hai entry nhn MPLS trong chng nhn. Hot ng nh sau (cc con s trong vng trn l tng bc hot ng ca n m ta s nhc di y): 1. Gi tin IP n router CE1, router CE c nh cung cp qun l, v c gi tr DSCP l 1. 2. Entry nhn explicit NULL c chn vo gi tin c gi tr trng EXP l 5. 3. Gi tin c truyn n PE1 trn explicit NULL LSP. 4. Router PE1 lu gi tr ca trng EXP v loi b entry explicit Null. Router PE1 chn nhn mi vo gi tin IP. Mi entry nhn c thit lp c gi tr trng MPLS EXP l 5. 5. Gi tin c truyn n P1. 6. Ti P1 gi tr EXP nhn c c copy vo entry nhn mi (va c chuyn i). 7. Gi tin c truyn n P2. 8. Ti P2, nhn trn nh c ly ra.
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Lun vn tt nghip 9. Gi tin c truyn n PE2.
QoS trong MPLS
10. PE2 lu gi tr trng MPLS EXP trong QoS group v discard-class, v loi b entry nhn ra khi gi tin. 11. Trong khi truyn gi tin n CE2, PE2 thc hin QoS trn interface ng ra ca n da trn gi tr MPLS EXP c lu trc (qos-group v discard class). 12. Gi tin n CE2. 4.3.2 Short-Pipe Model M hnh Short Pipe cng tng t nh m hnh Pipe, ch khc ch l trong m hnh Short Pipe th router CE ca khch hng khng c s qun l ca ISP, khng c nhn Explicit NULL LSP, c thuc tnh PHP (gi tin s b bc nhn trc khi n router PE Egress). V router PE egress p t chnh sch chuyn tip da trn thng tin Diff-serv tunneled, thng tin Diff-serv LSP khng cn c truyn bi node thc hin PHP n router PE egress. Do , m hnh Short Pipe c th hot ng vi PHP. h tr m hnh Short Pipe Mode qua ng chuyn mch nhn LSP xy dng khng c PHP, LSR thc hin quyt nh PHB ng vo v m ho thng tin Diff-serv ging nh trong m hnh Pipe Mode. Ngoi tr l khi nhn gi tin c gn nhn, LSR quan tm n mo u (entry nhn hoc mo u IP) c s dng dng cho vic chuyn tip. c bit, khi hot ng rt nhn xy ra th LSR thc hin quyt nh PHB ng vo sau khi rt nhn. h tr m hnh Short Pipe qua mt LSP c PHP, LSR thc hin quyt nh PHB ng vo v m ho thng tin Diff-serv nh trng hp trn (trng hp khng c PHP), ngoi tr router LSR c tin trnh PHP trn s thc hin quyt nh PHB ng vo da trn entry nhn ngoi cng trong chng nhn nhn c. Ni cch khc, khi c hot ng rt nhn, router LSR c tin trnh PHP s thc hin quyt nh PHB ng vo trc khi rt nhn. Hay ni tm li, m hnh Short Pipe c cc c im sau: + ng hm QoS i t router PE ingress n router PE egress.
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Lun vn tt nghip gi tr IP DSCP hoc IP Precedence.
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+ Router PE egress truyn gi tin l IP v QoS c thc hin trn interface ng ra da trn
+ Nh cung cp dch v khng vit chng ln gi tr DSCP hoc IP Precedence trong mng nh cung cp dch v. Th tc hot ng ca m hnh Short Pipe nh sau:
Hnh 4.10: Th tc hot ng ca m hnh Short Pipe 1. C1, CE1 truyn gi tin IP n PE1 vi gi tr DSCP l 1. 2. PE2 thit lp trng MPLS EXP vi gi tr l 5 trong cc entry nhn c chn vo. Gi tr IP DSCP khng c copy vo trng EXP m gi tr cho trng MPLS EXP c thit lp tng minh trn interface ng vo ca router PE ingress tu theo chnh sch ca nh cung cp dch v. 3. PE1 truyn gi tin n P1. 4. P1 thit lp trng MPLS EXP vi gi tr l 5 trong entry nhn mi (nhn sau khi c chuyn i). 5. P1 truyn gi tin n P2. 6. P2 ly entry nhn IGP ra khi gi tin. 7. P2 truyn gi tin n PE2.
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Lun vn tt nghip 8. PE2 ly nhn BGP ra khi gi tin.
QoS trong MPLS
9. PE2 truyn gi tin n site C1, nhng thc hin QoS da trn gi tr DSCP hoc IP Precedence. 4.3.3: Uniform Model Uniform mode l khc vi cc mode khc l: Trong Uniform mode gi tin s c nh du li v s nh du ny s gia nguyn khi router ra khi mng ISP. Uniform mode ch thch hp khi khch hng mun ISP thc hin QoS thay cho mnh v h khng tham gia vo qu trnh thc hin QoS. Khng ging nh hai mode kia, trong Uniform mode gi tin sau khi c set EXP th gi tr ny s c copy ra trng DSCP hay IP precedent khi ra khi mng MPLS. thc hin QoS, mi router s thc hin QoS c lp vi cc router khc trong mng, n ch ly cc thng s Diffser LSP trc ti ng vo v ng ra c th l mt thng s DiffServ khc. Ti router Egress PE n s nhn c mt gi tin khng nhn v s thc hin QoS trn gi tin khng nhn ny. Th tc hot ng ca Uniform mode:
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Hnh 4.11: Th tc hot ng ca Uniform mode 1.Gi tin IP n mng MPLS ti PE1 (gi tin ny c gi tr IP Precedence l 5). 2. Nhn c gn vo gi tin, gi tr IP DSCP l 5 c copy vo entry nhn mi c thm vo gi tin . 3. Nu gi tr trng MPLS EXP c nh du li (v d nu gi tin vt qu tc cho php v c qu nhiu gi tin c truyn i), gi tr c copy vo trong nhn IGP. Gi tr nhn BGP khng thay i. 4.Ti router thc hin PHP l router P2, nhn IGP b loi b. Trng MPLS EXP trong nhn ny c copy vo entry nhn mc thp hn l nhn BGP. 5. Khi tt c nhn MPLS b loi ra khi gi tin, th gi tr EXP cui cng s c copy vo gi tr IP DSCP hoc IP Precedence.
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CHNG 5 CU HNH 5.1 CU HNH BGP BGP l mt giao thc routing dng rout gia cc mng vi nhau, v d nh gia hai (hoc hn) mng ca cc doanh nghip, gia ISP v khch hang. BGP s dng TCP port 179 nh l mt giao thc vn chuyn trong mng. BGP chi s dng cho cc Router bin trong mt mng, cn cc Router khc trong mng th s dng giao thc IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) nh RIP, OSPF, Mi mt mng c mt h s qung tr gi l AS (Autonomous System). Nu mt AS c nhiu BGP kt ni ti n th n s ng vai tr nh mt dch v chuyn tip cho cc AS cn li:
Hnh 5.1: Mng BGP Trn hnh v ta thy AS 200 s ng vai tr nh mt dch v chuyn tip gia AS 300 v AS 100. Khi BGP chy gia cc Router trong cc AS khc nhau th ta gi l E-BGP. Khi BGP chy gia cc Router trong cng mt AS ta gi l I-BGP. V d cu hnh BGP: PE2(config)#router bgp 65000 PE2(config-router)#neighbor 10.10.10.18 remote-as 65002 PE2(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.102 remote-as 65000
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PE2(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.102 update-source Loopback0 PE2(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.102 next-hop-self 5.2 CU HNH OSPF OSPF l giao thc nh tuyn dng link-state thng c dng trin khai trn h thng mng phc tp. OSPF t xy dng c ch m bo tin cy ch khng s dng cc giao thc chuyn vn nh TCP m bo tin cy. OSPF s dng gii thut Dijkstra xy dng bng nh tuyn. y l gii thut xy dng cc ng i ngn nht SPT (shortest-path tree) i n ch. Thng ip qung co LSA mang thng tin ca router v trng thi cc lng ging ln cn. Da trn cc thng tin hc c khi trao i cc thng ip LSA, OSPF s xy dng topology mng. Cc loi gi tin OSPF OSPF c 5 loi gi tin l Hello, Database Description, Link State Request, Link State Update, Link State Acknowledge (LSA). Hello: gi tin Hello dng pht hin trao i thng tin ca cc router cn k. Database Description: gi tin ny dng chn la router no s c quyn trao i thng tin trc (master/slave). Link State Request: gi tin ny dng ch nh loi LSA dng trong tin trnh trao i cc gi tin DBD. Link State Update: gi tin ny dng gi cc gi tin LSA n router cn k yu cu gi tin ny khi nhn thng ip Request. Link State Acknowledge: gi tin ny dng bo hiu nhn gi tin Update. OSPF h tr hai mc phn cp qua khi nim vng (area). Mi vng l mt s 32 bit biu din nh dng IP (vng 0.0.0.0) hay dng thp phn (vng 0). Vng 0 l vng trung tm. Tt c cc vng khc u phi kt ni trc tip vi vng 0 hay kt ni qua virtual link. OSPF c mt s loi vng sau: normal area, stub area, totally stubby area, not-so-stubby area (NSSA), totally not-so-stubby area.
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1.Normal Area Mc nh, vng mang nhng c tnh sau: Nhn cc thng tin tm tt (summary LSA) t cc vng khc. Nhn cc thng tin t bn ngoi (external LSA). Nhn cc thng tin mc nh t bn ngoi (external default LSA). 2.Stub Area: y l vng s khng nhn nhng routing update t bn ngoi nhng vn nhn update t nhng Area lng ging. 3. Stotaly stub Area: y c th coi l vng cc oan nht n khng nhn bt c routing update no, v trong bng routing ca n ch c mt routing ra ngoai duy nht l default route. vng ny thch hp cho nhng site xa c t network v cn s gii hn kt ni ra bn ngoi. 4. NSSA Stub Area: y l vng c s dng khi kt ni n ISP hoc khi c s redistribute gia cc routing protocol khc nhau. vng ny s nhn cc route t bn ngoi. Cu lnh cu hnh OSPF: Router(config)#router ospf process-id Router(config-router)#network ip-address wild-card mask area area-id V d cu hnh OSPF: P2(config)#router ospf 2008 P2(config-router)#network 10.10.10.8 0.0.0.3 area 0 P2(config-router)#network 10.10.10.12 0.0.0.3 area 0 P2(config-router)#network 192.168.1.104 0.0.0.0 area 0
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Lun vn tt nghip
QoS trong MPLS
5.3 CU HNH MPLS Cu hnh c bn: Cu hnh v kim chng MPLS ch khung (Frame-mode MPLS) - ch khung, MPLS s dng mt nhn 32 bit chn vo gia tiu lp 2 v lp 3. Cc dng ng gi lp 2 nh HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay, v Ethernet da trn kiu khung (frame) nn c th hot ng ch khung (frame mode) hoc ch t bo (cell mode), ngoi tr ATM ch hot ng ch t bo. Cc bc cu hnh frame-mode MPLS c bn Bc 1: Cho php CEF - CEF l mt thnh phn thit yu cho chuyn mch nhn (label switching) v chu trch nhim sp xp v ci t nhn trong mt mng MPLS. Cu hnh CEF ton cc trn cc router R1, R2, R3 v R4 bng lnh: Router(config)#ip cef [distributed] - Chc chn rng CEF c cho php trn giao tip. Nu khng c th c th cho php CEF trn giao tip bng cch dng lnh: Router(config-if)#ip route-cache cef - Dng t kha [distribute] th hin kh nng ca chuyn mch CEF c chia s. Bc 2: Cu hnh giao thc nh tuyn IGP - y ta xt giao thc OSPF. Cho php cc giao tip trn cc router tham gia vo mng ca nh cung cp bng lnh : Router(config)#router ospf process-id Router(config-router)#network ip-address wild-card mask area area-id - Cho php giao thc phn phi nhn l mt bc ty chn. Ngm nh, LDP l giao thc phn phi nhn. Lnh mpls label protocol {ldp | tdp} ch c dng nu LDP khng phi l giao thc ngm nh hoc nu mun chuyn i qua li gia LDP v TDP. Lnh ny nn cu
SVTH: TRN VN TR
110
Lun vn tt nghip cu hnh trn giao tip s ghi ln lnh cu hnh ton cc. Bc 3: Gn LDP router ID
QoS trong MPLS
hnh trong ch ton cc global tt hn trn giao tip ( Router(config-if)# ). Tuy nhin lnh
- LDP s dng a ch IP cao nht trn mt giao tip loopback nh l mt LDP router ID. Nu khng c a ch loopback th a ch IP cao nht trn router s tr thnh LDP router ID. Mun buc mt giao tip tr thnh LDP router ID dng lnh: Router(config)#mpls ldp router-id {interface | ip-address} [force] - Giao tip loopback c khuyn khch v chng lun hot ng. Bc 4: Cho php Ipv4 MPLS Frame Mode hay chuyn tip nhn trn giao tip Router(config-if)#mpls ip Cu lnh ny c dng cho mt interface c th, trong m hnh Pipe Mode n c dng cho interface ca router PE giao tip vi router CE ca khch hng, cn trn interface ca router khch hng kt ni vi PE th khng dng cu lnh ny, do s khng c phin LDP c thit lp trn lin kt ny. Kim tra hot ng ca frame-mode MPLS c bn: -Kim tra s cho php CEF trn router: Router#show ip cef - Xc nh chuyn tip MPLS c cho php trn giao tip : Router#show mpls interfaces - Xem trng thi ca tin trnh khm ph LDP. Hin th thng tin khm ph LDP ca lng ging v cc giao tip m tin trnh khm ph LDP ang chy. Router#show mpls ldp discovery - Trng xmit/recv th hin giao tip ang truyn v nhn cc gi LDP discovery Hello. - Xc nh trng thi cc phin lm vic vi lng ging LDP: Router#show mpls ldp neighbor
SVTH: TRN VN TR
111
Lun vn tt nghip
QoS trong MPLS
5.4 CU HNH DIFFSERV QoS: Bc 1: Dng ACLs phn loi cc gi tin ti ng vo ca router bin Ingress. Cc lnh s dng:
V d: access-list 101 permit udp any any range 16384 32768 access-list 102 permit tcp any any eq tacacs access-list 104 permit tcp any any eq www access-list 105 permit ip any any access-list 108 permit tcp any any eq telnet access-list 109 permit tcp any any eq smtp access-list 110 permit tcp any any eq ftp Bc 2: To cc class match vi cc ACLs (i vi router bin ng vo) hoc to cc class match cc trng EXP, DSCP: a. To cc class match ACLs: class-map class name match access-group access-list-number V d: PE1(config)#class-map Voice
SVTH: TRN VN TR
112
Lun vn tt nghip
QoS trong MPLS
PE1(config-cmap)#match access-group 101 PE1(config-cmap)#exit PE1(config)#class-map HTTP PE1(config-cmap)#match access-group 102 PE1(config-cmap)#exit PE1(config)#class-map best-effort PE1(config-cmap)#match access-group 103 PE1(config-cmap)#exit PE1(config)#class-map ftp PE1(config-cmap)#match access-group 104 PE1(config-cmap)#exit PE1(config)#class-map smtp PE1(config-cmap)#match access-group 105 PE1(config-cmap)#exit b. To class match vi trng DSCP, EXP class-map class name match mpls experimental topmost value hoc: class-map class name match ip dscp value V d: PE1(config-pmap)#class Voice-dscp PE1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 5
SVTH: TRN VN TR
113
Lun vn tt nghip
QoS trong MPLS
PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE1(config-pmap)#class HTTP-dscp PE1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 3 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit PE1(config-pmap)#class smtp-dscp PE1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 2 Hoc: PE1(config)#class-map Voice-dscp PE1(config-cmap)#match ip dscp 46 PE1(config-cmap)#exit **** PE1(config)#class-map HTTP-dscp PE1(config-cmap)#match ip dscp 26 PE1(config-cmap)#exit **** PE1(config)#class-map ftp-dscp PE1(config-cmap)#match ip dscp 22 PE1(config-cmap)#exit **** PE1(config)#class-map smtp-dscp PE1(config-cmap)#match ip dscp 20 PE1(config-cmap)#exit
SVTH: TRN VN TR
114
Lun vn tt nghip
QoS trong MPLS
PE1(config)#class-map best-effort-dscp PE1(config-cmap)#match ip dscp 0 PE1(config-cmap)#exit Bc 3: To policy set DSCP, EXP hoc qos-group policy-map SET-DSCP-EXP SET ip DSCP: class class-name set ip dscp value V d: PE1(config-pmap)#class smtp PE1(config-pmap-c)#set ip dscp 20 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit SET EXP: Class class-name Set mpls experimetal topmost value V d: PE1(config-pmap)#class ftp-dscp PE1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 2 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit SET qos-group: class class-name set qos-group mpls experimental topmost
SVTH: TRN VN TR
115
Lun vn tt nghip
QoS trong MPLS
V d: P1(config-pmap)#class Voice-EXP P1(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group mpls experimental topmost P1(config-pmap-c)#exit Bc 4: To policy cho gi tin ng ra: policy-map map-name class Class-name priority number (kbps) exit class map map-name bandwidth percent number (phn trm tng bng thng) random-detect exit V d: PE1(config)#policy-map OUTPUT **** PE1(config-pmap)#class Voice-EXP PE1(config-pmap-c)#priority 1000000 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE1(config-pmap)#class HTTP-EXP PE1(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 40 ///Mc u tin cao nht ///Mc u tin cao nht
SVTH: TRN VN TR
116
Lun vn tt nghip
QoS trong MPLS
PE1(config-pmap-c)#random-detect PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE1(config-pmap)#class smtp-ftp-EXP PE1(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 60 PE1(config-pmap-c)#random-detect PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit Bc 5: p cc policy vo cc interface: service-policy input policy-name service-policy output policy-name V d: PE1(config)#interface s0/0 PE1(config-if)#service-policy input SET-DSCP-EXP **** PE1(config)#interface s0/1 PE1(config-if)# service-policy output OUTPUT. ////Class ny cho SMTP v FTP
SVTH: TRN VN TR
117
Lun vn tt nghip
QoS trong MPLS
CHNG 6 THIT LP V CU HNH MNG THC T
Mng ip
Mng MPLS OSPF 2008
Mng MPLS
Mng ip
CE1
10.10.10.0/30
PE1 S0/1 S0/0
P1
10.10.10.8/30
PE2 S0/1 S0/0
CE2
.1
S0/0
.2
.9 S0/1
.10
S0/0
S0/0
.5
.6
.13
.14
10.10.10.4/30 192.168.1.101/32 192.168.1.102/32 192.168.1.103/32
10.10.10.12/30 192.168.1.104/32 192.168.1.105/32
E-BGP AS 65001
I-BGP AS 65000
E-BGP AS 65002
Cu hnh theo Uniform mode: y cu hnh cho 5 loi d liu Voice, HTTP (www), FTP v SMTP v Best-effort. Loi d liu Vi gi tin Voice i vo ta s Set gi tr Voice (Mc u
SVTH: TRN VN TR
PE1
P1
PE2
Vi gi tin i vo (EXP=5)ta s match vi Class Voice-EXP, Set qosgroup vi gi tr l 5 ng vi EXP tng ng v cp

118
Vi gi tin i vo (DSCP=5)ta s match vi Class Voice-dscp, Set qos-group vi gi tr l 5 ng vi dscp tng
DSCP l 46 (EF) v EXP l 5,
Lun vn tt nghip tin cao nht) Class Voice-EXP s match vi EXP 5, Voice nhn BW l 1M BW l 1M, copy ngc tr li gi tr qos-group vo DSCP cho gi tin IP
QoS trong MPLS ng v cp BW l 1M, copy ngc tr li gi tr qos-group vo DSCP cho gi tin IP
Vi gi tin HTTP i vo ta s Set gi tr DSCP l 26 (AF31) v EXP l 3, Class HTTP-EXP s HTTP match vi EXP 3, HTTP nhn BW l 40% tng BW, p dng k thut hng i CBWFQ v k thut WRED Vi gi tin best-effort i vo ta s Set gi tr DSCP l 0 (default) v EXP l 0, Besteffort Class best-effort-EXP s match vi EXP = 0, Best-effort s drop nu
Vi gi tin i vo (EXP= 3)ta s match vi Class HTTP-EXP, Set qos-group vi gi tr l 3 ng vi 15% tng BW, p dng k thut hng i CBWFQ v k thut WRED, copy ngc tr li gi tr qosgroup vo DSCP cho gi tin IP
Vi gi tin i vo (DSCP=3)ta s match vi Class HTTP-dscp, Set qos-group vi gi tr tng ng, cp BW l 15% tng BW, p dng k thut hng i CBWFQ v k thut WRED, copy ngc tr li gi tr qos-group vo DSCP cho gi tin IP
EXP tng ng, cp BW l l 3 ng vi DSCP
Vi gi tin i vo (EXP= 0)ta s match vi Class best-effort-EXP, Set qosgroup vi gi tr l 0 ng vi EXP, Best-effort s drop nu vt ngng v c mc u tin thp nht,
Vi gi tin i vo (DSCP= 0)ta s match vi Class best-effortdscp, Set qos-group vi gi tr l 0 ng vi DSCP, Best-effort s drop nu vt ngng v c mc u tin thp nht, copy ngc tr li gi tr qos-group vo DSCP cho gi tin IP
vt ngng v c mc copy ngc tr li gi tr qos-group vo DSCP cho u tin thp nht gi tin IP
Vi gi tin SMTP i vo ta s Set gi tr DSCP l 20 (AF22) v

SVTH: TRN VN TR
Vi gi tin i vo (EXP=2)ta s match vi Class smtp-ftp-EXP, Set

119
Vi gi tin i vo (DSCP= 2)ta s match vi Class smtp-ftp-dscp,

Lun vn tt nghip SMTP EXP l 2, Class smtp-ftp-EXP s match vi EXP = 2, SMTP nhn BW l 30% tng BW, p dng k thut hng i CBWFQ v k thut WRED Vi gi tin FTP i vo ta s Set gi tr DSCP l 22 (AF23) v EXP l 2, Class smtp-ftp-EXP s FTP match vi EXP =2, SMTP nhn BW l 30% tng BW, p dng k thut hng i CBWFQ v k thut WRED qos-group vi gi tr l 2 ng vi EXP tng ng, cp BW l 30% tng BW, p dng k thut hng i CBWFQ v k thut WRED, copy ngc tr li gi tr qos-group vo DSCP cho gi tin IP
QoS trong MPLS Set qos-group vi gi tr l 2 ng vi DSCP tng ng, cp BW l 30% tng BW, p dng k thut hng i CBWFQ v k thut WRED, copy ngc tr li gi tr qos-group vo DSCP cho gi tin IP Vi gi tin i vo (EXP=2)ta s match vi Class smtp-ftp-EXP, Set qos-group vi gi tr l 2 ng vi cc EXP tng ng, cp BW l 30% tng BW, p dng k thut hng i CBWFQ v k thut WRED, copy ngc tr li gi tr qos-group vo DSCP cho gi tin IP Vi gi tin i vo (DSCP= 2)ta s match vi Class smtp-ftp-dscp, Set qos-group vi gi tr l 2 ng vi DSCP tng ng, cp BW l 30% tng BW, p dng k thut hng i CBWFQ v k thut WRED, copy ngc tr li gi tr qos-group vo DSCP cho gi tin IP
CU HNH DIFFSERV MPLS: A .CU HNH C BN MPLS: Router CE1: CE1(config)#interface Loopback0 CE1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.101 255.255.255.255 CE1(config-if)#no shut
SVTH: TRN VN TR
120
Lun vn tt nghip CE1(config)#interface Serial0/0 CE1(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.252
QoS trong MPLS
CE1(config-if)#no shut CE1(config)#router bgp 65001 CE1(config-router)#redistribute connected CE1(config-router)#neighbor 10.10.10.2 remote-as 65000 Router PE1: PE1(config)#ip cef PE1(config)#mpls label protocol ldp **** PE1(config)#interface Loopback0 PE1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.102 255.255.255.255 PE1(config-if)#no shut **** PE1(config)#interface Serial0/0 PE1(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.2 255.255.255.252 PE1(config-if)#no shut **** PE1(config)#interface Serial0/1 PE1(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.5 255.255.255.252 PE1(config-if)#mpls ip **** PE1(config)#router ospf 2008 ///interface giao tip vi P1 ///interface giao tip vi CE1
SVTH: TRN VN TR
121
Lun vn tt nghip PE1(config-router)# network 10.10.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 PE1(config-router)# network 192.168.1.102 0.0.0.0 area 0
QoS trong MPLS
PE1(config)# router bgp 65000 PE1(config-router)# neighbor 10.10.10.1 remote-as 65001 PE1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.104 remote-as 65000 PE1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.104 update-source Loopback0 PE1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.104 next-hop-self Router P1: P1(config)#ip cef P1(config)#mpls label protocol ldp **** P1(config)#interface Loopback0 P1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.103 255.255.255.255 P1(config-if)#no shut **** P1(config)#interface Serial0/0 P1(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.6 255.255.255.252 P1(config-if)#mpls ip P1(config-if)#no shut **** P1(config)#interface Serial0/1 P1(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.9 255.255.255.252 P1(config-if)#mpls ip
SVTH: TRN VN TR
122
Lun vn tt nghip P1(config-if)#no shut
QoS trong MPLS
P1(config)#router ospf 2008 P1(config-router)#network 10.10.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 P1(config-router)#network 10.10.10.8 0.0.0.3 area 0 P1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.103 0.0.0.0 area 0 Router PE2: PE2(config)#ip cef PE2(config)#mpls label protocol ldp **** PE2(config)#interface Loopback0 PE2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.104 255.255.255.255 PE2(config-if)#no shut **** PE2(config)#interface Serial0/0 PE2(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.10 255.255.255.252 PE2(config-if)#mpls ip PE2(config-if)#no shut **** PE2(config)#interface Serial0/1 PE2(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.13 255.255.255.252 PE2(config-if)#no shut **** ///interface giao tip vi CE2 ///interface giao tip vi P2
SVTH: TRN VN TR
123
Lun vn tt nghip PE2(config)#router ospf 2008 PE2(config-router)#network 10.10.10.8 0.0.0.3 area 0
QoS trong MPLS
PE2(config-router)#network 192.168.1.104 0.0.0.0 area 0 **** PE2(config)#router bgp 65000 PE2(config-router)#neighbor 10.10.10.14 remote-as 65002 PE2(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.102 remote-as 65000 PE2(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.102 update-source Loopback0 PE2(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.102 next-hop-self Router CE2: CE2(config)#interface Loopback0 CE2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.105 255.255.255.255 CE2(config-if)#no shut **** CE2(config)#interface Serial0/0 CE2(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.14 255.255.255.252 CE2(config-if)#no shut **** CE2(config)#router bgp 65002 CE2(config-router)#redistribute connected CE2(config-router)#neighbor 10.10.10.17 remote-as 65000 B CU HNH DIFFSERV MPLS UNIFORM MODE: 1.ROUTER PE1:
SVTH: TRN VN TR
124
Lun vn tt nghip 1.1To ACLs: PE1(config)#access-list 101 permit udp any any range 16384 32768 PE1(config)#access-list 102 permit tcp any any eq www PE1(config)#access-list 103 permit ip any any PE1(config)#access-list 104 permit tcp any any eq ftp PE1(config)#access-list 105 permit tcp any any eq smtp 1.2 To Class match vi ACLs: PE1(config)#class-map Voice PE1(config-cmap)#match access-group 101 PE1(config-cmap)#exit PE1(config)#class-map HTTP PE1(config-cmap)#match access-group 102 PE1(config-cmap)#exit PE1(config)#class-map best-effort PE1(config-cmap)#match access-group 103 PE1(config-cmap)#exit PE1(config)#class-map ftp PE1(config-cmap)#match access-group 104 PE1(config-cmap)#exit PE1(config)#class-map smtp PE1(config-cmap)#match access-group 105 PE1(config-cmap)#exit 1.3 To Class match vi ip DSCP PE1(config)#class-map Voice-dscp
QoS trong MPLS
///ACL cho Voice
///ACL cho HTTP (www) ///ACL cho Best-effort ///ACL cho ftp ///ACL cho smtp
SVTH: TRN VN TR
125
Lun vn tt nghip PE1(config-cmap)#match ip dscp 46 PE1(config-cmap)#exit
QoS trong MPLS
PE1(config)#class-map HTTP-dscp PE1(config-cmap)#match ip dscp 26 PE1(config-cmap)#exit **** PE1(config)#class-map ftp-dscp PE1(config-cmap)#match ip dscp 22 PE1(config-cmap)#exit **** PE1(config)#class-map smtp-dscp PE1(config-cmap)#match ip dscp 20 PE1(config-cmap)#exit **** PE1(config)#class-map best-effort-dscp PE1(config-cmap)#match ip dscp 0 PE1(config-cmap)#exit 1.4 To policy SET ip DSCP cho gi tin v ng thi SET EXP: PE1(config)#policy-map SET-DSCP-EXP SET ip DSCP: PE1(config-pmap)#class Voice PE1(config-pmap-c)#set ip dscp 46 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit
SVTH: TRN VN TR
126
Lun vn tt nghip **** PE1(config-pmap)#class HTTP
QoS trong MPLS
PE1(config-pmap-c)#set ip dscp 26 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE1(config-pmap)#class ftp PE1(config-pmap-c)#set ip dscp 22 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE1(config-pmap)#class smtp PE1(config-pmap-c)#set ip dscp 20 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE1(config-pmap)#class best-effort PE1(config-pmap-c)#set ip dscp 0 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit PE1(config-pmap)#exit SET EXP: PE1(config-pmap)#class Voice-dscp PE1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 5 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE1(config-pmap)#class HTTP-dscp
SVTH: TRN VN TR
127
Lun vn tt nghip PE1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 3 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit
QoS trong MPLS
PE1(config-pmap)#class smtp-dscp PE1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 2 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE1(config-pmap)#class ftp-dscp PE1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 2 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE1(config-pmap)#class best-effort-dscp PE1(config-pmap-c)#set mpls experimental topmost 0 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit PE1(config-pmap)#exi 1.5 To Class match vi EXP: PE1(config)#class-map Voice-EXP PE1(config-cmap)#match mpls experimental topmost 5 PE1(config-cmap)#exit **** PE1(config)#class-map HTTP-EXP PE1(config-cmap)#match mpls experimental topmost 3 PE1(config-cmap)#exit ****
SVTH: TRN VN TR
128
Lun vn tt nghip PE1(config)#class-map smtp-ftp-EXP v FTP
QoS trong MPLS ////Class ny s match vi SMTP
PE1(config-cmap)#match mpls experimental topmost 2 PE1(config-cmap)#exit **** PE1(config)#class-map best-effort-EXP PE1(config-cmap)#match mpls experimental topmost 0 PE1(config-cmap)#exit 1.6 To policy cho gi tin ng ra: PE1(config)#policy-map OUTPUT **** PE1(config-pmap)#class Voice-EXP PE1(config-pmap-c)#priority 1000000 PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE1(config-pmap)#class HTTP-EXP PE1(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 40 PE1(config-pmap-c)#random-detect PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE1(config-pmap)#class smtp-ftp-EXP PE1(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 60 PE1(config-pmap-c)#random-detect ////Class ny cho SMTP v FTP ///Mc u tin cao nht
SVTH: TRN VN TR
129
Lun vn tt nghip PE1(config-pmap-c)#exit
QoS trong MPLS
PE1(config-pmap)#class best-effort-EXP PE1(config-pmap-c)#police 8000 conform-action transmit exceed-action drop violate-action drop PE1(config-pmap-c-police)#exit 1.7 p cc policy vo cc interface: PE1(config)#interface s0/0 PE1(config-if)#service-policy input SET-DSCP-EXP **** PE1(config)#interface s0/1 PE1(config-if)# service-policy output OUTPUT 3.ROUTER P1: 3.1 To Class match vi EXP: P1(config)#class-map Voice-EXP P1(config-cmap)#match mpls experimental topmost 5 P1(config-cmap)#exit **** P1(config)#class-map HTTP-EXP P1(config-cmap)#match mpls experimental topmost 3 P1(config-cmap)#exit **** P1(config)#class-map smtp-ftp-EXP ////Class ny s match vi SMTP v FTP ///Giao tip vi P1 ///Giao tip vi CE1
SVTH: TRN VN TR
130
Lun vn tt nghip P1(config-cmap)#match mpls experimental topmost 2 P1(config-cmap)#exit
QoS trong MPLS
P1(config)#class-map best-effort-EXP P1(config-cmap)#match mpls experimental topmost 0 P1(config-cmap)#exit 3.2 To policy SET qos-group ng vo: P1(config)#policy-map SET-QOS-GROUP **** P1(config-pmap)#class Voice-EXP P1(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group mpls experimental topmost P1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** P1(config-pmap)#class HTTP-EXP P1(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group mpls experimental topmost P1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** P1(config-pmap)#class smtp-ftp-EXP P1(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group mpls experimental topmost P1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** P1(config-pmap)#class best-effort-EXP P1(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group mpls experimental topmost P1(config-pmap-c)#exit
SVTH: TRN VN TR
131
Lun vn tt nghip 3.3 To Class match vi cc qos-group: P1(config)#class-map Voice-group
QoS trong MPLS
P1(config-cmap)#match qos-group 5 P1(config-cmap)#exit **** P1(config)#class-map HTTP-group P1(config-cmap)# match qos-group 3 P1(config-cmap)#exit **** P1(config)#class-map smtp-ftp-group FTP P1(config-cmap)# match qos-group 2 P1(config-cmap)#exit **** P1(config)#class-map best-effort-group P1(config-cmap)# match qos-group 0 P1(config-cmap)#exit 3.4 To policy cho gi tin ng ra: P1(config)#policy-map OUTPUT **** P1(config-pmap)#class Voice-group P1(config-pmap-c)#set dscp qos-group P1(config-pmap-c)#priority 1000000 ///tr gi tr DSCP t gi tr qos-group ////Class ny s match vi SMTP v
SVTH: TRN VN TR
132
Lun vn tt nghip P1(config-pmap-c)#exit
QoS trong MPLS
P1(config-pmap)#class HTTP-group P1(config-pmap-c)#set dscp qos-group P1(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 40 P1(config-pmap-c)#random-detect P1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** P1(config-pmap)#class smtp-ftp-group P1(config-pmap-c)#set dscp qos-group P1(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 60 **** P1(config-pmap-c)#random-detect P1(config-pmap-c)#exit **** P1(config-pmap)#class best-effort-group P1(config-pmap-c)#set dscp qos-group ///tr gi tr DSCP t gi tr qos-group ////Class ny cho SMTP v FTP ///tr gi tr DSCP t gi tr qos-group ///tr gi tr DSCP t gi tr qos-group
P1(config-pmap-c)#police 8000 conform-action transmit exceed-action drop violate-action drop P1(config-pmap-c-police)#exit 3.5 p cc policy vo cc interface: P1(config)#interface s0/0 P1(config-if)#service-policy input SET-QOS-GROUP P1(config)#interface s0/1 ///Giao tip vi PE2 ///Giao tip vi PE1
SVTH: TRN VN TR
133
Lun vn tt nghip P1(config-if)# service-policy output OUTPUT
QoS trong MPLS
4.ROUTER PE2: 4.1 To Class match vi DSCP: PE2(config)#class-map Voice-dscp PE2(config-cmap)#match dscp 5 PE2(config-cmap)#exit **** PE2(config)#class-map HTTP-dscp PE2(config-cmap)#match dscp 3 PE2(config-cmap)#exit **** PE2(config)#class-map smtp-ftp-dscp PE2(config-cmap)#match dscp 2 PE2(config-cmap)#exit **** PE2(config)#class-map best-effort-dscp PE2(config-cmap)#match dscp 0 PE2(config-cmap)#exit 4.2 To policy SET qos-group ng vo: PE2(config)#policy-map SET-QOS-GROUP **** PE2(config-pmap)#class Voice-dscp ////Class ny s match vi SMTP v FTP
SVTH: TRN VN TR
134
Lun vn tt nghip PE2(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group dscp PE2(config-pmap-c)#exit
QoS trong MPLS
PE2(config-pmap)#class HTTP-dscp PE2(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group dscp PE2(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE2(config-pmap)#class smtp-ftp-dscp PE2(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group dscp PE2(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE2(config-pmap)#class best-effort-dscp PE2(config-pmap-c)#set qos-group dscp PE2(config-pmap-c)#exit 4.3 To Class match vi cc qos-group: PE2(config)#class-map Voice-group PE2(config-cmap)#match qos-group 5 PE2(config-cmap)#exit **** PE2(config)#class-map HTTP-group PE2(config-cmap)# match qos-group 3 PE2(config-cmap)#exit ****
SVTH: TRN VN TR
135
Lun vn tt nghip PE2(config)#class-map smtp-ftp-group v FTP PE2(config-cmap)# match qos-group 2 PE2(config-cmap)#exit **** PE2(config)#class-map best-effort-group PE2(config-cmap)# match qos-group 0 PE2(config-cmap)#exit 4.4 To policy cho gi tin ng ra: PE2(config)#policy-map OUTPUT **** PE2(config-pmap)#class Voice-group PE2(config-pmap-c)#set dscp qos-group PE2(config-pmap-c)#priority 1000000 PE2(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE2(config-pmap)#class HTTP-group PE2(config-pmap-c)#set dscp qos-group PE2(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 40 PE2(config-pmap-c)#random-detect PE2(config-pmap-c)#exit **** PE2(config-pmap)#class smtp-ftp-group PE2(config-pmap-c)#set dscp qos-group
QoS trong MPLS ////Class ny s match vi SMTP
///tr gi tr DSCP t gi tr qos-group
///tr gi tr DSCP t gi tr qos-group
////Class ny cho SMTP v FTP ///tr gi tr DSCP t gi tr qos-group
SVTH: TRN VN TR
136
Lun vn tt nghip PE2(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 60 PE2(config-pmap-c)#random-detect PE2(config-pmap-c)#exit
QoS trong MPLS
PE2(config-pmap)#class best-effort-group PE2(config-pmap-c)#set dscp qos-group ///tr gi tr DSCP t gi tr qos-group
PE2(config-pmap-c)#police 8000 conform-action transmit exceed-action drop violate-action drop PE2(config-pmap-c-police)#exit 4.5 p cc policy vo cc interface: PE2(config)#interface s0/0 PE2(config-if)#service-policy input SET-QOS-GROUP PE2(config)#interface s0/1 PE2(config-if)# service-policy output OUTPUT B:CCH VERIFY CC CU HNH: Phn ny khi lm em s lm theo cc bc nh sau Dng cc lnh SHOW xem cu hnh: 1.show ip cef 2. show mpls ldp bindings 3. show mpls ip binding 4. show mpls forwarding-table 5. show mpls ldp neighbor 6. show mpls forwarding-table 7.show ip route ///Giao tip vi CE2 ///Giao tip vi P1
SVTH: TRN VN TR
137
Lun vn tt nghip 8.show policy-map interface s0/0 9.show policy-map policy name 10.show ip route .. Dng ping v traceroute 1.traceroute IP-number 2.ping IP-number .. C: TH TI THEO DCH V:
QoS trong MPLS
Ta s th ti vi cc loi traffic: Voice, FTP, SMTP, HTTP c bm vo mng. + Dng phn mm D-ITG v show trn router Bc 1: u tin cu hnh mng c bn khng dng DiffServ MPLS: (Mng IP) Mt my tnh kt ni vo router CE1 gi l PC1, mt my kt ni vo router CE2 gi l PC2. Trn PC2 dng phn mm D-ITG ng vai tr l server bm traffic vo mng n PC1, PC1 ci phn mm D-ITG ng vai tr l Client nhn dng traffic va bm. Sau khi bm xong ta s xem mc rt gi tin, delay, jitter bng cch show trn cc router. Bc 2: Cu hnh mng thnh mng DiffServ MPLS (nh trn) Mt my tnh kt ni vo router CE1 gi l PC1, mt my kt ni vo router CE2 gi l PC2. Trn PC2 dng phn mm D-ITG ng vai tr l server bm traffic vo mng n PC1, PC1 ci phn mm D-ITG ng vai tr l Client nhn dng traffic va bm. Sau khi bm xong ta s xem mc rt gi tin, delay, jitter bng cch show trn cc router. Bc 3: So Snh kt qu 2 bc trn v rt ra kt lun cht lng ca hai mng..
SVTH: TRN VN TR
138
Lun vn tt nghip
QoS trong MPLS
SHOW CU HNH Router CE1: CE1#show run Building configuration... Current configuration : 987 bytes ! version 12.3 service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec no service password-encryption ! hostname CE1 ! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! ! no aaa new-model ip subnet-zero !
SVTH: TRN VN TR
139
Lun vn tt nghip ! ! ip cef
QoS trong MPLS
ip audit po max-events 100 ! interface Loopback0 ip address 192.168.1.101 255.255.255.255 ! interface Serial0/0 ip address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.252 serial restart-delay 0 ! router bgp 65001 no synchronization bgp log-neighbor-changes redistribute connected neighbor 10.10.10.2 remote-as 65000 no auto-summary ! ip http server no ip http secure-server ip classless !
SVTH: TRN VN TR
140
Lun vn tt nghip end Router PE1: Building configuration...
QoS trong MPLS
Current configuration : 3061 bytes ! version 12.3 service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec no service password-encryption ! hostname PE1 ! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! ! no aaa new-model ip subnet-zero ! ! ! ip cef ip audit po max-events 100
SVTH: TRN VN TR
141
Lun vn tt nghip mpls label protocol ldp ! class-map match-all best-effort-dscp
QoS trong MPLS
match ip dscp default class-map match-all HTTP match access-group 102 class-map match-all smtp match access-group 105 class-map match-all best-effort match access-group 103 class-map match-all HTTP-dscp match ip dscp af31 class-map match-all smtp-dscp match ip dscp af22 class-map match-all smtp-ftp-EXP match mpls experimental topmost 2 class-map match-all Voice-EXP match mpls experimental topmost 5 class-map match-all best-effort-EXP match mpls experimental topmost 0 class-map match-all ftp-dscp match ip dscp af23 class-map match-all Voice
SVTH: TRN VN TR
142
Lun vn tt nghip match access-group 101 class-map match-all ftp match access-group 104
QoS trong MPLS
class-map match-all HTTP-EXP match mpls experimental topmost 3 class-map match-all Voice-dscp
match ip dscp ef ! policy-map SET-DSCP-EXP class Voice set ip dscp ef class HTTP set ip dscp af31 class ftp set ip dscp af23 class smtp set ip dscp af22 class best-effort set ip dscp default class Voice-dscp set mpls experimental topmost 5 class HTTP-dscp
SVTH: TRN VN TR
143
Lun vn tt nghip set mpls experimental topmost 3 class smtp-dscp set mpls experimental topmost 2
QoS trong MPLS
class ftp-dscp set mpls experimental topmost 2 class best-effort-dscp set mpls experimental topmost 0 policy-map OUTPUT class Voice-EXP priority 511 class HTTP-EXP bandwidth percent 20 random-detect class smtp-ftp-EXP bandwidth percent 22 random-detect class best-effort-EXP police 8000 conform-action transmit exceed-action drop viola ! interface Loopback0 ip address 192.168.1.102 255.255.255.255 ! interface Serial0/0
SVTH: TRN VN TR
144
Lun vn tt nghip ip address 10.10.10.2 255.255.255.252 serial restart-delay 0 service-policy input SET-DSCP-EXP ! interface Serial0/1 ip address 10.10.10.5 255.255.255.252 tag-switching ip serial restart-delay 0 service-policy output OUTPUT ! interface Serial0/2 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! interface Serial0/3 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! router ospf 2008 log-adjacency-changes network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 10.10.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0
QoS trong MPLS
SVTH: TRN VN TR
145
Lun vn tt nghip network 192.168.1.102 0.0.0.0 area 0 ! router bgp 65000
QoS trong MPLS
no synchronization bgp log-neighbor-changes neighbor 10.10.10.1 remote-as 65001 neighbor 192.168.1.104 remote-as 65000 neighbor 192.168.1.104 update-source Loopback0 neighbor 192.168.1.104 next-hop-self no auto-summary ! ip http server no ip http secure-server ip classless ! access-list 101 permit udp any any range 16384 32768 access-list 102 permit tcp any any eq www access-list 103 permit ip any any access-list 104 permit tcp any any eq ftp access-list 105 permit tcp any any eq smtp ! line con 0 line aux 0
SVTH: TRN VN TR
146
Lun vn tt nghip line vty 0 4 login !
QoS trong MPLS
end Router P: Building configuration... Current configuration : 2214 bytes ! version 12.3 service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec no service password-encryption ! hostname P ! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! no aaa new-model ip subnet-zero ! ip cef ip audit po max-events 100
SVTH: TRN VN TR
147
Lun vn tt nghip mpls label protocol ldp ! class-map match-all Voice-group
QoS trong MPLS
match qos-group 5 class-map match-all smtp-ftp-group match qos-group 2 class-map match-all smtp-ftp-EXP match mpls experimental topmost 2 class-map match-all Voice-EXP match mpls experimental topmost 5 class-map match-all best-effort-EXP match mpls experimental topmost 0 class-map match-all HTTP-group match qos-group 3 class-map match-all best-effort-group match qos-group 0 class-map match-all HTTP-EXP match mpls experimental topmost 3 ! policy-map OUTPUT
class Voice-group priority 511
SVTH: TRN VN TR
148
Lun vn tt nghip set dscp qos-group class HTTP-group bandwidth percent 20
QoS trong MPLS
random-detect set dscp qos-group class smtp-ftp-group bandwidth percent 22 random-detect set dscp qos-group class best-effort-group police 8000 conform-action transmit exceed-action drop violate-action drop set dscp qos-group policy-map SET-QOS-GROUP class Voice-EXP set qos-group mpls experimental topmost class HTTP-EXP set qos-group mpls experimental topmost class smtp-ftp-EXP set qos-group mpls experimental topmost class best-effort-EXP set qos-group mpls experimental topmost ! interface Loopback0
SVTH: TRN VN TR
149
Lun vn tt nghip ip address 192.168.1.103 255.255.255.255 ! interface Serial0/0
QoS trong MPLS
ip address 10.10.10.6 255.255.255.252 tag-switching ip serial restart-delay 0 service-policy input SET-QOS-GROUP ! interface Serial0/1 ip address 10.10.10.9 255.255.255.252 tag-switching ip serial restart-delay 0 service-policy output OUTPUT ! interface Serial0/2 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! interface Serial0/3 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0
SVTH: TRN VN TR
150
Lun vn tt nghip ! router ospf 2008 log-adjacency-changes
QoS trong MPLS
network 10.10.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 10.10.10.8 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 192.168.1.103 0.0.0.0 area 0 ! ip http server no ip http secure-server ip classless ! line con 0 line aux 0 line vty 0 4 login ! end Router PE2: PE2#show run Building configuration... Current configuration : 2304 bytes ! version 12.3
SVTH: TRN VN TR
151
Lun vn tt nghip service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec no service password-encryption ! hostname PE2 ! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! no aaa new-model ip subnet-zero ! ip cef ip audit po max-events 100 mpls label protocol ldp ! class-map match-all Voice-group match qos-group 5 class-map match-all smtp-ftp-group match qos-group 2 class-map match-all best-effort-dscp match dscp default class-map match-all HTTP-dscp match dscp 3
QoS trong MPLS
SVTH: TRN VN TR
152
Lun vn tt nghip class-map match-all HTTP-group match qos-group 3 class-map match-all best-effort-group
QoS trong MPLS
match qos-group 0 class-map match-all smtp-ftp-dscp match dscp 2 class-map match-all Voice-dscp match dscp 5 ! policy-map OUTPUT class Voice-group priority percent 33 set dscp qos-group class HTTP-group bandwidth percent 20 random-detect dscp-based set dscp qos-group class smtp-ftp-group bandwidth percent 22 random-detect dscp-based class best-effort-group police 8000 conform-action transmit exceed-action drop violate-action drop set dscp qos-group
SVTH: TRN VN TR
153
Lun vn tt nghip policy-map SET-QOS-GROUP class Voice-dscp set qos-group dscp
QoS trong MPLS
class HTTP-dscp set qos-group dscp class smtp-ftp-dscp set qos-group dscp class best-effort-dscp set qos-group dscp ! interface Loopback0 ip address 192.168.1.104 255.255.255.255 ! interface Serial0/0 ip address 10.10.10.10 255.255.255.252 tag-switching ip serial restart-delay 0 service-policy input SET-QOS-GROUP ! interface Serial0/1 ip address 10.10.10.13 255.255.255.252 serial restart-delay 0 service-policy output OUTPUT
SVTH: TRN VN TR
154
Lun vn tt nghip ! interface Serial0/2 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! interface Serial0/3 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! router ospf 2008 log-adjacency-changes network 10.10.10.8 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 10.10.10.12 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 192.168.1.104 0.0.0.0 area 0 ! router bgp 65000 no synchronization bgp log-neighbor-changes neighbor 10.10.10.14 remote-as 65002 neighbor 192.168.1.102 remote-as 65000 neighbor 192.168.1.102 update-source Loopback0 neighbor 192.168.1.102 next-hop-self
QoS trong MPLS
SVTH: TRN VN TR
155
Lun vn tt nghip no auto-summary ! ip http server
QoS trong MPLS
no ip http secure-server ip classless ! line con 0 line aux 0 line vty 0 4 login ! end Router CE2: CE2#show run Building configuration... Current configuration : 1004 bytes ! version 12.3 service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec no service password-encryption ! hostname CE2
SVTH: TRN VN TR
156
Lun vn tt nghip ! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! no aaa new-model ip subnet-zero ! ip cef ip audit po max-events 100 ! interface Loopback0 ip address 192.168.1.105 255.255.255.255 ! interface Serial0/0 ip address 10.10.10.14 255.255.255.252 serial restart-delay 0 no fair-queue ! interface Serial0/1 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! interface Serial0/2
QoS trong MPLS
SVTH: TRN VN TR
157
Lun vn tt nghip no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! interface Serial0/3 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! interface FastEthernet1/0 no ip address duplex auto speed auto ! router bgp 65002 no synchronization bgp log-neighbor-changes redistribute connected neighbor 10.10.10.13 remote-as 65000 no auto-summary ! ip http server no ip http secure-server ip classless
QoS trong MPLS
SVTH: TRN VN TR
158
Lun vn tt nghip ! line con 0 line aux 0
QoS trong MPLS
line vty 0 4 login ! end VERIFY CC CU HNH Trn router CE1: CE1#ping 192.168.1.105 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.105, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 192/243/304 ms CE1#traceroute 192.168.1.105 Type escape sequence to abort. Tracing the route to 192.168.1.105 1 10.10.10.2 48 msec 16 msec 52 msec 2 10.10.10.6 272 msec 180 msec 232 msec 3 10.10.10.10 176 msec 224 msec 216 msec 4 10.10.10.14 [AS 65002] 340 msec 192 msec * CE1#ping 10.10.10.10 Type escape sequence to abort.
SVTH: TRN VN TR
159
Lun vn tt nghip Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.10.10.10, timeout is 2 seconds: ..... Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)
QoS trong MPLS
CE1#ping 10.10.10.13 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.10.10.13, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 108/184/240 ms CE1#ping 10.10.10.14 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.10.10.14, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 212/255/276 ms Trn router PE1: PE1#ping 192.168.1.105 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.105, timeout is 2 seconds: ..... Success rate is 0 percent (0/5) PE1#ping 192.168.1.104 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.104, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!!
SVTH: TRN VN TR
160
Lun vn tt nghip
QoS trong MPLS
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 88/132/152 ms PE1#ping 192.168.1.103 Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.103, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 4/59/100 ms PE1#ping 192.168.1.101 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.101, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 36/68/104 ms PE1#show mpls forwarding-table Local Outgoing tag 16 17 18 19 Prefix Bytes tag Outgoing Next Hop switched interface 0 0 Se0/1 Se0/1 Se0/1 Se0/1 point2point point2point point2point point2point
tag or VC or Tunnel Id Pop tag 17 Pop tag 19 10.10.10.8/30 10.10.10.12/30
192.168.1.103/32 0 192.168.1.104/32 0
PE1#show mpls ldp bindings tib entry: 10.10.10.0/30, rev 2 local binding: tag: imp-null remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: 16 tib entry: 10.10.10.4/30, rev 4
SVTH: TRN VN TR
161
Lun vn tt nghip local binding: tag: imp-null remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: imp-null tib entry: 10.10.10.8/30, rev 8
QoS trong MPLS
local binding: tag: 16 remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: imp-null tib entry: 10.10.10.12/30, rev 10 local binding: tag: 17 remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: 17 tib entry: 192.168.1.102/32, rev 6 local binding: tag: imp-null remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: 18 tib entry: 192.168.1.103/32, rev 12 local binding: tag: 18 remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: imp-null tib entry: 192.168.1.104/32, rev 14 local binding: tag: 19 remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: 19 Trn router P: P#ping 192.168.1.106 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.106, timeout is 2 seconds: ..... Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)
SVTH: TRN VN TR
162
Lun vn tt nghip P#ping 192.168.1.101 Type escape sequence to abort.
QoS trong MPLS
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.101, timeout is 2 seconds: ..... Success rate is 0 percent (0/5) P#ping 192.168.1.102 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.102, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 48/63/92 ms P#show mpls forwarding-table Local Outgoing tag 16 17 18 19 Prefix Bytes tag Outgoing Next Hop switched interface 2896 1560 Se0/0 Se0/1 Se0/0 Se0/1 point2point point2point point2point point2point
tag or VC or Tunnel Id Pop tag Pop tag Pop tag Pop tag 10.10.10.0/30 10.10.10.12/30
192.168.1.102/32 6657 192.168.1.104/32 8799
Trn router PE2: PE2#ping 192.168.1.105 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.105, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/78/128 ms PE2#ping 192.168.1.101
SVTH: TRN VN TR
163
Lun vn tt nghip Type escape sequence to abort.
QoS trong MPLS
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.101, timeout is 2 seconds: .....
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5) PE2#show mpls forwarding-table Local Outgoing tag 16 17 18 19 Prefix Bytes tag Outgoing Next Hop switched interface 0 0 Se0/0 Se0/0 Se0/0 Se0/0 point2point point2point point2point point2point
tag or VC or Tunnel Id 16 Pop tag 18 Pop tag 10.10.10.0/30 10.10.10.4/30
192.168.1.102/32 0 192.168.1.103/32 0
PE2#show mpls ldp bindings tib entry: 10.10.10.0/30, rev 8 local binding: tag: 16 remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: 16 tib entry: 10.10.10.4/30, rev 10 local binding: tag: 17 remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: imp-null tib entry: 10.10.10.8/30, rev 2 local binding: tag: imp-null remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: imp-null tib entry: 10.10.10.12/30, rev 4 local binding: tag: imp-null
SVTH: TRN VN TR
164
Lun vn tt nghip remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: 17 tib entry: 192.168.1.102/32, rev 12 local binding: tag: 18
QoS trong MPLS
remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: 18 tib entry: 192.168.1.103/32, rev 14 local binding: tag: 19 remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: imp-null tib entry: 192.168.1.104/32, rev 6 local binding: tag: imp-null remote binding: tsr: 192.168.1.103:0, tag: 19 Trn router CE2: CE2#ping 192.168.1.101 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.101, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 216/242/284 ms CE2#traceroute 192.168.1.101 Type escape sequence to abort. Tracing the route to 192.168.1.101 1 10.10.10.13 76 msec 8 msec 56 msec 2 10.10.10.9 224 msec 144 msec 240 msec 3 10.10.10.5 204 msec 156 msec 112 msec 4 10.10.10.1 [AS 65001] 280 msec 228 msec *
SVTH: TRN VN TR
165
Lun vn tt nghip CE2#ping 192.168.1.104 Type escape sequence to abort.
QoS trong MPLS
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.104, timeout is 2 seconds: ..... Success rate is 0 percent (0/5) VERIFY TNH NNG QoS: 1. Gi 1 lung Voice port 30000 v 1 lung udp port 50: Voice port 30000 s c gi trc sau ti udp port 50:
V s gi tin voice nhn c nhiu hn: Flow number: 2 From 192.168.2.2:30000
SVTH: TRN VN TR
166
Lun vn tt nghip To 192.168.3.2:30000
QoS trong MPLS
---------------------------------------------------------Total time = 19.381000 s
Total packets Minimum delay Maximum delay Average delay Average jitter
= = = = =
1000 20.787000 s 30.235000 s 26.738128 s 0.019012 s 2.613705 s 92000 37.975337 Kbit/s = = 51.596925 pkt/s 0 (0.00 %)
Delay standard deviation = Bytes received Average bitrate Average packet rate Packets dropped Flow number: 1 From 192.168.2.2:50 To 192.168.3.2:50 = =
---------------------------------------------------------Total time Total packets Minimum delay Maximum delay Average delay Average jitter = = = = = = 19.861000 s 8 20.697000 s 40.488000 s 23.246375 s 2.830143 s
SVTH: TRN VN TR
167
Lun vn tt nghip Delay standard deviation = Bytes received Average bitrate = = 6.516830 s 736 0.296460 Kbit/s
QoS trong MPLS
Average packet rate Packets dropped
= =
0.402799 pkt/s 0 (0.00 %)
2. Gi 2 lung TCP (FTP port 21 v smtp port 25): Chng s gi xen k nhau
V s gi tin nhn c l nh nhau: Flow number: 2

Lun vn tt nghip From 192.168.2.2:21 To 192.168.3.2:21
QoS trong MPLS
----------------------------------------------------------
Total time Total packets Minimum delay Maximum delay Average delay Average jitter
= =
10.230000 s 268 = = = 20.814000 s 21.332000 s 21.132160 s 0.038865 s 0.093270 s 137216 107.304790 Kbit/s = = 26.197458 pkt/s 0 (0.00 %)
Delay standard deviation = Bytes received Average bitrate Average packet rate Packets dropped Flow number: 3 From 192.168.2.2:25 To 192.168.3.2:25 = =
---------------------------------------------------------Total time Total packets Minimum delay Maximum delay Average delay = = = = = 9.671000 s 250 20.817000 s 21.388000 s 21.133844 s
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Lun vn tt nghip Average jitter = 0.037458 s 0.093695 s 128000
QoS trong MPLS
Delay standard deviation = Bytes received =
Average bitrate Average packet rate Packets dropped
= = =
105.883569 Kbit/s 25.850481 pkt/s 0 (0.00 %).
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Lun vn tt nghip
QoS trong MPLS
CHNG 7: KT LUN KT LUN Mng MPLS tuy l mt cng ngh rt mch nhng i i vi nhng u vic ca n th nh cung cp dch v cn c cc thit b cao cp chy cng ngh ny, c th l cc thit b cisco. Cc dng router c ca Cisco t 2800 tr xung hu nh khng h tr cho MPLS ch cc dng router t 3600 tr ln mi c th chy c MPLS, m cc dng router ny th khng r, trang b cc router chy MPLS th cc ISP phi b ra kh nhiu tin ca, vi l do trn m cng ngh ny tuy c mt t lu cc nc tin tin nhng Vit Nam th vn cn rt hn ch (tnh n nm 2006). Hin nay vi nhng u vit ca MPLS gip tng cng kh nng cnh tranh ca cc nh khai thc dch v. Cc sn phm MPLS c trin khai trn phm vi ton cu. MPLS hin ang c coi l gii php tt cho mng th h mi (mng NGN) ca cc nh cung cp dch v hng u trn th gii. Ti Vit Nam hin nay h thng mng ca cc nh khai thc v cung cp dch v u c s pht trin, nng cp ln h thng mng NGN. Cc cng ngh lm nn cho NGN c th v d : ti lp vt l s l cc cng ngh chuyn mch quang WDM, DWDM v cng ngh nn tng cho lp 3 chnh l chuyn mch IP/MPLS. Ly mt v d v vic trin khai MPLS hin ang c xc tin xy dng trong mng truyn ti ca tng cng ty BCVT Vit nam. Vi d n VoIP hin ang trin khai, VNPT thit lp mng trc MPLS vi 3 LSR li. Cc LSR bin s c tip tc u t v m rng ti cc a im c nhu cu ln nh Hi Phng, Qung Ninh pha Bc, Nng, Khnh Ho... min Trung, Bnh Dng, ng Nai, B Ra - Vng Tu... min Nam. Ngoi ra cn c h thng ca rt nhiu cc nh cung cp ln khc nh VTI, Viettel... Bn cnh cc nh cung cp dch v cn rt nhiu cc t chc chnh ph khc nh b ti chnh, b
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Lun vn tt nghip
QoS trong MPLS
cng an cng tin hnh nng cp ton h thng, vi mc ch thng nht tt c cc dch v, cc phng thc truy nhp mng ca bn thn t chc v mt nn tng h tng mng hi t duy nht. Vi cng ngh MPLS c trin khai khng ch trong lp li (core) m cn trong lp bin (edge). Cc thit b MPLS lp bin ng vai tr nh nhng
LSR li vo, li ra. Cc mng Internet quc gia, mng truyn s liu, mng DCN (qun l) u c kt ni vi cc LSR bin. Nh cc c ch linh hot ca IP/MPLS cho php cc t chc chuyn i tng bc mt ln NGN, m vn duy tr c hot ng ca h tng mng hin c. H thng mi hon ton tng thch vi cc h tng mng ATM hin c, gip cho t chc tit kim chi ph trong qu trnh u t. D kin cui nm 2010, VPN MPLS s dn thay th hon ton cc cng ngh mng truyn thng lc hu v l tin tin ti mt h thng mng bng rng Mng th h mi NGN ( Next Generation Network). Hin ti, khng k cc DN v VP i din nc ngoi, c rt nhiu DN trong nc lnh vc ti chnh, bo him, ngn hng s dng dch v ny (tng cng ty Bo Him Bo Vit; ngn hng ng ...). Bn cnh cc t chc nh nc nh B Ti Chnh, Hi Quan, Kho Bc, Thu lin kt vi nhau bng VPN/MPLS. Mng ca t chc ng, cc vn phng tnh y cng ang th nghim cng ngh ny. Hn ch ca ti: MPLS c kim chng v tnh u vic ca n trong thc t trin khai, trong ti v khng c thit b h tr nn ch lm mc m phng bng GNS 3 dn n nhiu vn trong mng MPLS cha c lm sng t nh: Tc chuyn mch nhanh, low delay, low jitter V thi gian nghin cu c hn nn cn nhiu thiu st trong trnh by cho cun lun vn, mong qu thy c v cc bn c gi ng gp kin lun vn thm hon chnh. Hng m ti: ti ch mi tm hiu mt phn (QoS) trong tt c l 3 phn ca MPLS (VPN, Traffic engineering, QoS) v vy em s tm hiu thm hai phn cn li v kt hp chng li vi nhau
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Lun vn tt nghip trin khai mng MPLS.
QoS trong MPLS
thnh mt ti hon chnh cho MPLS, tht ra c 3 phn ny khng th tch ri nhau nu ta
Trong ti ch mi u tin cho cc loi dch v, cha lm c phi deny cc cuc gi bng CAC m bo cho cht lng cc cuc gi c thit lp trc , v vy em s lm thm phn ny trong hng m ca mnh.
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173
Lun vn tt nghip
QoS trong MPLS
TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Cisco DQOS Exam Certification Guide by CiscoNet 2. Configuring Quality of Service for MPLS Traffic 3. DiffServ Tunneling Modes for MPLS Networks 4. Implementing DiffServ for End-to-End Quality of Service 5. Implementing Quality of Service Policies with 6. MPLS DiffServ Tunneling Modes 7. MPLS DiffServ Tunneling Modes (CCNP2_lab_4_2_en) 8. Overview of DiffServ for Quality of Service WEB THAM KHO: 1 www.cisco.com 2. www.vnpro.org 3. www.saigonlab.vn 4. http://www.elcom.pub.ro/~adrian.popa/mpls-linux/mpls-linux-docs/3-1-elsp.html
SVTH: TRN VN TR
174

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Lun vn tt nghip

QoS trong MPLS

Hnh 1.1: Chuyn tip gi tin trong IP

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

Hnh 1.2: Mng Frame-relay

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

Hnh 2.3: Nhn lp 2

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

Thit lp LSP gia LSR/E_LSR. Mc nh trn router s dng LDP.

Hnh 2.4: Chuyn tip IP

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

Lun vn tt nghip mt cch c lp.

QoS trong MPLS

Step 2: Cc LSR ln lt gn 1 nhn cho mt dest-IP trong bng routing Table

Network X Routing table of E Network Next-hop X C

Router B gn nhn 25 Router B gn nhn 25 cho X cho X C D

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

Gi tin IP ny n D, router D s tra bng routing table ca n v truyn cho mng X.

GVHD: ThS TRNG TN C ANH

QoS trong MPLS

QoS trong MPLS

QoS trong MPLS

Lun vn tt nghip ch s cng ngun. ch s cng ch.