Baitap Hydrocacbon HD Giaichitiet

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HYDROCACBON

II.1 BI TP GIO KHOA

I.1.1 BI TP V CNG THC CU TO NG NG
NG PHN DANH PHP

I.1.1.1 Bi tp v ng ng
Phng php :
C 2 cch xc nh dy ng ng ca cc hydrocacbon :
- Da vo nh ngha ng ng
- Da vo electron ha tr xc nh
Lu :
C lun c ha tr IV tc l c 4e ha tr
nC s c 4ne ha tr
H lun c ha tr I tc l c 1e ha tr
- Parafin chnh l ankan, dy ng ng parafin chnh l dy ng ng ca CH
4
.
- Olefin chnh l anken, dy ng ng olefin chnh l dy ng ng ca C
2
H
4
- Ankadien cn c gi l ivinyl
- Aren : dy ng ng ca benzen.
- Hydrocacbon : C
x
H
y
: y chn, y 2x + 2

Bi tp v d :

V d 1: Vit CTPT mt vi ng ng ca CH
4
. Chng minh cng thc chung
ca dy ng ng ca CH
4
l C
n
H
2n+2
.

GII :
Da vo nh ngha ng ng, CTPT cc ng ng ca CH
4
l C
2
H
6
,
C
3
H
8
, C
4
H
10
,, C
1+k
H
4+2k

Chng minh CTTQ dy ng ng metan CH
4
l C
n
H
2n+2
:

21
Cch 1: Da vo nh ngha ng ng th dy ng ng ca metan phi l:
CH
4
+ kCH
2
= C
1+k
H
4+2k

Tm mi lin h gia s nguyn t C v s nguyn t H
t nC = 1 + k = n
nH = 4 + 2k = 2(k + 1) + 2 = 2n + 2
Vy dy ng ng farafin l C
n
H
2n+2
(n 1)

Cch 2:
Da vo s electron ha tr :
- S e ha tr ca nC l 4n
- S e ha tr ca 1C dng lin kt vi cc C khc l 2
S e ha tr ca nC dng lin kt vi cc C khc l [2(n-2)+2] =
2n2 (v trong phn t ch tn ti lin kt n)
(S d +2 v 1C u mch ch lin kt vi 1C nn dng 1e ha tr, 2C
u mch dng 2e ha tr.
- S e ha tr dng lin kt vi H: 4n2n-2 = 2n + 2
- V mi nguyn t H ch c 1 e ha tr nn s e ha tr ca (2n
+2)nguyn t H trong phn t l 2n + 2.
Cng thc chung ca ankan l C
n
H
2n+2
(n 1)

Cch 3: Metan c CTPT CH
4
dng C
n
H
2n+2
dy ng ng ca ankan l
C
n
H
2n+2

V d 2: CT n gin nht ca 1 ankan l (C
2
H
5
)
n
. Hy bin lun tm CTPT
ca cht trn.

GII :
CT n gin ca ankan l (C
2
H
5
)
n
. Bin lun tm CTPT ankan :
Cch 1: Nhn xt: CT n gin trn l 1 gc ankan ha tr 1 tc c kh nng
kt hp thm vi 1 gc nh vy na n = 2 CTPT ankan C
4
H
10
Cch 2:

Cch 3:
CTPT ca ankan trn : (C
2
H
5
)
n
= C
x
H
2x+2
2n = x v 5n = 2x + 2
5n = 2.2n + 2 n = 2. CTPT ankan : C
4
H
10

Ankan trn phi tha iu kin s H 2.s C + 2
5n 2.2n + 2
n 2
n =1 th s H l loi
n= 2 CTPT ankan l C
4
H
10
(nhn)
Vy CTPT ankan l C
4
H
10

22

V d 3 :

Phn bit ng phn vi ng ng. Trong s nhng CTCT thu gn di y, nhng
cht no l ng ng ca nhau? Nhng cht no l ng phn ca nhau.?
CH
3
CH
2
CH
3

CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
Cl

CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3

(1) (2)
(3)
CH
3
CHClCH
3
(CH
3
)
2
CHCH
3
CH
3
CH
2
CH=CH
2

(4) (5) (6)

CH
3
CH=CH
2
CH
2
CH
2

(7)
CH
2
CH
2

CH
3

CH
3

C=CH
2

(8) (9)

GII :
Phn bit ng phn vi ng ng : xem I.2.2/12
Nhng cht l ng ng ca nhau l : 1 v 5 hoc 1 v 3(ankan); 6 v 7 hoc 6 v 9
(anken).
Nhng cht l ng phn ca nhau : 2 v 4; 3 v 5; 6 v 9 v 8.

Bi tp tng t :
1) Vit CTPT mt vi ng ng ca C
2
H
4
. Chng minh CTTQ ca dy ng ng ca
etilen l C
n
H
2n
, n 2 nguyn
2
H
2
. Chng minh CTTQ ca dy ng ng ca
axetilen l C
n
H
2n-2
, n 2 nguyn
6
H
6
. Chng minh CTTQ ca cc aren l C
n
H
2n-6
,
n 6 nguyn

II.1.1.2 Bi tp v ng phn danh php :
Phng php vit ng phn :
Bc 1: - T CTPT suy ra cht thuc loi hydrocacbon hc no.
- Vit cc khung cacbon
Bc 2 :- ng vi mi khung cacbon, di chuyn v tr lin kt bi (nu c), di chuyn v
tr cc nhm th (nu c).
- Nu c ni i hoc vng trong CTCT ca cht th xt xem c ng phn hnh
hc khng.
Bc 3 : - in Hidro.
Lu : lm xong phi kim tra li xem cc nguyn t ng ha tr cha.

23
Bi tp v d :

V d 1 :

a) Nu iu kin mt phn t c ng phn hnh hc?
b) Vit tt c cc CTCT cc ng phn ca C
5
H
10
; Trong cc ng phn , ng phn
no c ng phn hnh hc? c tn cc ng phn .

GII :
a) iu kin mt phn t c ng phn hnh hc (ng phn cis-trans) :
Xt ng phn :
a b
C=C
d f
iu kin : a d v b f
- Nu a > d v b>f (v kch thc phn t trong khng gian hoc v phn t lng M)
*
ta
c ng phn cis.
- Nu a > d v b<f (*) ta c ng phn trans
b) Cc ng phn ca C
5
H
10
.
- ng vi CTPT C
5
H
10
, cht c th l penten hoc xiclopentan.
- Cc ng phn mch h ca penten.
CH
2
CH CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
penten-1
CH
3
CH CH CH
2
CH
3
penten-2

CH
2
C CH
2

CH
3

CH
3
2-metylbuten-1

CH
3
C CH CH
3
2-metylbuten-2
CH
3
CH
CH CH
2
3-metylbuten-1
CH
3

(3-metylbuten-2 : sai
CH
3

- Xt ng phn cis-trans :
Ch c penten-2 mi tha iu kin c ng phn hnh hc trn .

CH
3

C=C
H

C
2
H
5

H

CH
3

C=C

H
H

C
2
H
5

Cis-penten-2
Cc ng phn mch vng xicloankan

CH
3

Trans-penten-2

CH
3

xiclopentan

metylxiclobutan
CH
3

1,2-dimetylxiclopropan

24
ylpro
2

C
2
H
5

etylxiclopropan
CH
3

1,1-dimet
CH
3
pan

V d 2 : Xc nh CTCT ca mt cht c nhiu ng phn.
Cho bit CTCT ca pentan trong cc trng hp sau :
a) Tc dng vi Cl
2
(askt) t l 1:1 cho 4 sn phm.
b) Khi cracking cho 2 sn phm.

GII :
i vi loi bi tp ny th lm cc bc sau :
Bc 1 : Vit tt c cc khung mch C ng vi CTPT bi cho (nhp)
Bc 2 : Thc hin cc phn ng theo bi v xc nh s sn phm. CTCT no tha
mn s sn phm bi th ta chn (nhp)
Bc 3 : Xc nh li CTCT va tm c, vit ptp chng minh. (v)
ng vi pentan C
5
H
12
c cc dng khung C sau :
C
1 2 3 4 5
1
2 3 4 1 2
3

C C C C C C C C C C C C
(1)
C
(2)

C
(3)

a) Khi thc hin phn ng th :
(1) c 3 v tr th (C1, C2, C3) to 3 sn phm (loi)
(2) c 4 v tr th (C1, C2, C3, C4) to 4 sn phm (nhn)
(3) c 1 v tr th (C1 hoc C3) to mt sn phm (loi)
Vy CTCT ca pentan l (2) : 2-metylbutan (isopentan)
Ptp :

1
2 3 4

CH
3
CHCH
2
CH
3
CH
3
(2)

b) Tng t :

+ Cl
askt
CH
2
Cl CH CH
2
CH
3

CH
3

CH
3
CCl CH
2
CH
3
CH
3

CH
3
CH CHCl CH
3
CH
3

CH
3
CH CH
2
CH
2
Cl

CH
3

CTCT ca pentan l (3): 2,2-dimetylpropan (neopentan), khi cracking ch cho 2 sn phm :
CH
3

1 2
3
cracking,t
o

CH
3
C CH
3
(3)

CH
2
C

CH
3
+ CH
4
CH
3
V d 3 :
CH
3

25
3
CH
Vit CTCT ca cc cht c tn sau v gi tn li cho ng nu cn :
a) 3,3-Diclo-2-etyl propan
b) 4-Clo-2-isopropyl-4-metylbuten-2
c) 2-isopropyl penten-1

GII :
i vi loi bi ny th nguyn tc l t tn gi vit CTCT ca cht . Sau xt
xem ngi ta gi tn ng cha bng cch chn mch chnh, nh s ch v tr
nhnhnu sai th gi tn li.
a) 3,3-Diclo-2-etylpropan
Cl

2
1

CH
3
CH CH Cl
4
2
CH
3

1,1-Diclo-2-metylbutan
(tn sai do chn mch chnh 3C cha phi l mch di nht)
b) 4-Clo-2-isopropyl-4-metylbuten-2
Cl

3 4 5

Cch gi tn trn sai v chn
CH
3
C
2

CH CH
6

mch chnh sai.
CH
3
CH
1

CH
3
CH
3

Tn ng l :
5-Clo-2,3-Dimetylhexen-3
c) 2-isopropylpenten-1

1
2
3
4 5
CH
2
C CH
2
CH
2
CH
3

3 4 5 6
CH
2
C CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
2

CH
3
CH

CH
3

CH
3
CH

1CH
3

(i)
(ii)

Cch c tn trn l ng. Nu chn mch chnh l 6C (ii) l sai v mch ny khng
cha ni i.

Bi tp tng t :
1) Vit CTCT ca cht X c CTPT C
5
H
8
. Bit rng khi hydro ha cht X, ta thu c
isopren. Mt khc, cht X c kh nng trng hp cho ra cao su tng hp. c tn danh
php IUPAC cc ng phn mch h ca X
2) Cho aren c CTPT C
8
H
10
. vit CTCT v gi tn cc ng phn ca A.
3) Vit CTCT v gi tn li cho ng nu cn. Xt xem ng phn no c ng phn hnh
hc.
a) 1,2- Diclo-1-metyl hexan
b) 2,3,3-Tri metyl butan
c) 1,4-Dimetyl xiclobutan.
c) Diallyl
d) 3-allyl-3-metylbuten-1

26
C H
t

2
e) 2,2,5,5- tetrametylhexin-3
f) 3-metylpentin-1

II.1.2 CHUI PHN NG IU CH

Phng php :
1) Mun lm bi tp chui phn ng cn lu :
- Mi mi tn ch vit mt phng trnh phn ng.
- Bt u t phn ng trong c CTCT ca mt cht ta bit chnh xc (phn ng
khng c sai CTCT ca cht) da vo cc iu kin phn ng suy lun tm ra cc cht
cn li.
- Xem trong chui c phn ng no ct bt mch hay tng mch cacbon khng.
2) Cc phn ng ct bt mch hoc ct t mch cacbon th dng cc phn ng :
- Ct bt mch th dng cch nhit phn mui :
o

R COONa + NaOH
(r)

C
aO,
cao
RH + Na
2
CO
3

- Cch t th dng phng php cracking
o C
2
H
4

4 10
+
C
2
H
6

C
3
H
6
+
CH
4

3) Ni di thm (tng mch) cacbon : dng mt trong hai cch n gin ca chng trnh
ha hc ph thng :
a) Trng hp :
2HC CH
uCl
, NH
4
Cl,
100
o
C
CH =CH-C CH
b) Ni hai gc ankyl :

t
o
RCl + 2Na + RCl RR + 2NaCl
3) Bi tp iu ch l mt dng khc ca chui phn ng, y bi ch cho bit
nguyn liu ban u v yu cu iu ch mt cht no . lm c bi ny, hc sinh
phi nh v vit cc ptp trung gian c ghi km y iu kin phn ng. C nhiu
cch iu ch khc nhau vi cng mt bi iu ch.
Lu : nu bi yu cu vit s iu ch (hoc s tng hp) th ta ch cn vit
di dng mt chui phn ng t nguyn liu n sn phm, trn cc mi tn c ghi km
iu kin phn ng.
* Thnh phn ch yu ca :
- Kh thin nhin : ch yu l Metan (90%), cn li l etan, propan, butan v mt s
ng ng cao hn.
- Kh cracking : Hydrocacbon cha no (C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
, C
4
H
8
), ankan (CH
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
4
H
10
)
v H
2
.
- Kh than : ch yu l H
2
(60%), CH
4
(25%) cn li l CO, CO
2
, N
2

- Kh l cao : CO
2
, CO, O
2
, N
2
,
Bi tp v d :
V d 1 : Chui phn ng cho bit CTPT cc cht :

27
o
Hon thnh chui phn ng sau :
C
2
H
5
COONa
(1)
C
2
H
6

( 2)
C
2
H
5
Cl
(3)
C
4
H
10
( 4)
CH
4
(5)
CO
2

GII :
Nhn xt : bi cho bit CTPT cc cht, ta ch cn nh v vit phn ng c y
iu kin hon thnh phn ng khng cn suy lun nhiu. Loi bi ny thng
c dng tr bi hoc lm bi tp c bn trong tit bi tp.
(1) ct bt mch nhit phn mui.
(3) tng mch cacbon ni hai gc ankyl.
Ptp :
(1) C
2
H
5
COONa + NaOH
(r)

C
aO,
cao
C
2
H
6
+ Na
2
CO
3

(2) C
2
H
6
+ Cl
2

a
'
s' kt
C
2
H
5
Cl + HCl
t
o

(3) C
2
H
5
Cl + 2Na + C
2
H
5
Cl C
4
H
10
(4) C
4
H
10

C
rack
ing
CH
4
+ C
3
H
6

(5) CH
4
+ 2O
2
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O

V d 2 : bi khng cho bit CTPT ca cc cht nhng cho bit iu kin phn ng.
+ Vit phng trnh phn ng, xc nh CTCT cc cht :
AlC
3
+ L E + X (1)
O

E
1
500
, lln
Y + Z (2)
o

CH
3
COOH + Y
t
, xt
A (3)
nA
t
rung
op
B (4)

GII :
Phn tch : iu kin phn ng chnh l du hiu suy lun tm CTCT cc cht.
- Da vo (2) E : CH
4

- Y hoc l C
2
H
2
hoc H
2
(4)A c phn ng trng hp trong phn t A c C=C;
(3) CH
3
COOH + Y A Y l C
2
H
2
v Z : H
2
.
(1) L : H
2
O; X : Al(OH)
3

(3) CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
2
(Y) CH
3
COOCH =CH
2
(A)
(4) (B) :

CH CH
2

OCOCH
3
n

Ptp :
Al
4
C
3
+ 12H
2
O 3CH
4
+ 4Al(OH)
3

O

2CH
4
1
500
, lln
C
2
H
2
+ 3H
2
Hg
2 +
,t
o

CH
3
COOH + HC CH CH
2
=CHOCOCH
3

28

n CH
2
=CHOCOCH
3

xt,t
o
,p

CH CH
2

OCOCH
3
n

V d 3: bi khng cho iu kin phn ng, ch cho bit duy nht CTPT ca mt cht

+ B tc chui phn ng sau :
A D + F
D F + C
F + Br
2
G
G + KOH J + +
J B (tam hp)
B + Cl
2
C
6
H
6
Cl
6

J + C D
2J X
X + C E

GII :
Nhn xt : gia cc phn ng u c mi lin h vi nhau, mi ch ci ng vi mt
cht nht nh v cc cht khng trng nhau.
bi ny, t phn ng to 666, ta tm c B, da vo cc du hiu khc, suy lun tm ra
cc cht cn li
Phn tch :
B + Cl
2
C
6
H
6
Cl
6
B : C
6
H
6

J B J : C
2
H
2

F + Br
2
G G c hai nguyn t Brom trong phn t.
M G + KOH C
2
H
2
(J) G : C
2
H
4
Br
2
F : C
2
H
4

C
2
H
2
(J) + CD C : H
2
v D : C
2
H
6
(D khng th l C
2
H
4
c v trng F)
DC
2
H
4
(F) + C
A D(C
2
H
6
) + F(C
2
H
4
) A : C
4
H
10

Vy A : C
4
H
10
; C:H
2
; D:C
2
H
6
; F : C
2
H
4
; G:C
2
H
4
Br
2
; J:C
2
H
2

Ptp :

Cracking ,t
o

C
4
H
10
C
2
H
6
+ C
2
H
4
t
o

C
2
H
6 C
2
H
4
+ H
2
C
2
H
4
+ Br
2
C
2
H
4
Br
2

C
2
H
4
Br
2
+ 2KOH
R
u

C
2
H
2
+ 2KBr + 2 H
2
O

3C
2
H
2

600
o
C, cacbon hoat tnh

C
6
H
6

C
6
H
6
+ 3Cl
2
C
6
H
6
Cl
6

o

C
2
H
2
+ 2H
2

N
i,
t C
C
2
H
6

29
n
V d 4 :

Vit s phn ng tng hp PVC t vi v than .

GII :
S :
1000
o
C + C

+ H
2
O
+ HCl tru ng hp

CaCO
3
CaO
lo ien
CaC
2 C
2
H
2
C
2
H
3
Cl CH
2
CH
Cl

Bi tp tng t :

Hon thnh cc chui phn ng sau. Ghi y iu kin phn ng :
1)
(1)

(2) (3)
(4) (5)
(6)

Ru butylic Butilen Butan Metan axetilen
Etilen PE
(7)

2)
Etilen glicol

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Etilen glicol
C
2
H
4
C
2
H
5
OH C
2
H
4
(5)
PE
Etyl Clorua
3)
CH
3
COONa

(1)

(5)

CO
2

Al
4
C
3

C
3
H
8

C
4)
(2)
(3)
(4)

CH
4

B

(6)
CH
3
Cl

C
2
H
2

PP

Ankan A

xt,t
o

D

E

cao su Isopren
CH
3
C CH
2

CH
3
n

5)
vivi sngcanxicacbuaaxetilenvinyl axetilenDivinylcaosu Buna

6*)

30
t

A
1

C
x
H
y
(A)

B
1

A
2
A
3
TNT

B
2
B
3
Etylen
p n : A: CH
4
; A
1
:C
2
H
2
; A
2
:C
6
H
6
; A
3
: C
6
H
5
CH
3
;
B
1
:C
2
H
6
; B
2
: C
2
H
5
Cl; B
3
: C
2
H
5
OH
7*)

CxHy(X)

(2)
+ X
3

X
1
X
2
(3)

cao su Buna

(5)

(7)

(6)

X
4
C
2
H
5
OH X
4
p n : X:C
2
H
2
; X
1
:C
4
H
4
(vinyl axetilen); X
2
: C
4
H
6
(Butadien-1,3) ; X
3
: C
6
H
5
CH=CH
2
; X
4
:
C
2
H
4
; X
5
: C
2
H
5
OH
8*)

A A
1

BunaN

A
2 A
3
+H
2

Buna S
o
A
4
A
5
xt H
2
O
A
6
Bit A v A
3
c cng s C.
p n : A:C
4
H
10
; A
1
:C
2
H
4
; A
2
: C
2
H
5
OH; A
3
:C
4
H
6
(Divinyl); A
5
:C
4
H
8
; A
6
:CH
3
-
CH(OH)-CH
3

9*)
T kh thin nhin vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch caosu Isopren, cao su
Cloropren, Caosu Buna N, CCl
4
. Cho cc cht v c v iu kin th nghim coi nh .

10) Vit phng trnh phn ng tng hp tng hp caosu t cht u l isopentan. Cc
iu kin phn ng v cc cht v c coi nh .

11) Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch C
2
H
5
OH t kh cracking.

31

II.1.3 TCH TINH CH

II.1.3.1 Tch cc hydrocacbon :
Nguyn tc :
Tch ri l tch ring tt c nguyn cht ra khi hn hp bng cch tch dn tng
cht mt. Th nghim ny kh, i hi phi chn ho cht thch hp tch v hon
nguyn li cht .
S :

A,B
+ X

A (nguye n cha t)

B (nguye n cha t)
BX
+ Y

Phng php:
* Phng php vt l :

XY (loa i bo)
- Phng php chng ct tch ri cc cht lng ha ln vo nhau, c th dng
phng php chng ct ri ngng t thu hi ha cht.
- Phng php chit (dng phu chit) tch ring nhng cht hu c tan c
trong nc vi cc cht hu c khng tan trong nc (do cht lng s phn thnh 2 lp)
- Phng php lc (dng phu lc) tch cc cht khng tan ra khi dd.
* Phng php ha hc :
- Chn nhng phn ng ha hc thch hp cho tng cht ln lt tch ring cc
cht ra khi hn hp, ng thi ch dng nhng phn ng ha hc m sau phn ng d
dng ti to li cc cht ban u.

- Mt s phn ng tch v ti to:
Hidrocacbon Phn ng tch Phn ng ti to Phng php thu hi
Anken

c c
R-CH=CH
2
+ Br
2

R-CHBr-CH
2
Br
R-CHBr-CH
2
Br
o

n, t
C

R-CH=CH
2

Thu ly kh anken
bay ra (hoc chit
ly anken lng phn
lp)
Etilen
CH
2
=CH
2

CH
2
=CH
2
+ H
2
SO
4

CH
3
CH
2
OSO
3
H
CH
3
CH
2
OSO
3
H
n, t
C
CH
2
=CH
2

o

+H
2
SO
4

32
o
o

Ankin-1 v
axetilen
R-C CH
2R-C CH +
o

Ag
2
O
N
H
3
t C

2R-C CAg + 2H
2
O
RCCAg + HCl

RCCH + AgCl
Lc b kt ta thu
hi ankin lng hoc
thu ly ankin kh.
Benzen v
cc ng
ng ca
benzen
Khng tan trong
nc v trong cc dd
khc nn dng
phng php chit
tch.

- Nu c anken v ankin th tch ankin trc bng dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
v ankin cng cho
phn ng cng vi dd Br
2
nh anken.

Bi tp v d :

Tch ring tng kh ra khi hn hp kh gm CH
4
, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
2
v CO
2
.

GII :
Nhn xt: CO
2
tan trong dd nc vi trong, CH
4
, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
2
th khng, nn dng cc phn
ng bng trn tch:
S tch

CH
4

CH
4

C
2
H
4

Dd AgNO
3
/NH
3

CH
4

C
2
H
4

Dd Brom
CH
4

C
2
H
4
Br
2
Zn
t

C
2
H
4
C
2
H
2
Dd Ca(OH)
2
C
2
H
4

CO
2

C
2
H
2

CaCO
3

t
CO
2

AgC CAg
(va ng)
HCl

C
2
H
2

Li gii v phng trnh phn ng:
Dn hn hp kh qua dd Ca(OH)
2
d, thu c CaCO
3

CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
Thot ra ngoi l hn hp kh CH
4
, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
2
c dn qua dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
th
C
2
H
2
b gi li trong C
2
Ag
2
, cc kh CH
4
, C
2
H
4
thot ra
C
2
H
2
+ 2AgNO
3
(dd) + 2NH
3
C
2
Ag
2
+ 2NH
4
NO
3

Tip tc dn hn hp kh CH
4
, C
2
H
4
qua dd nc Br th C
2
H
4
b gi li, CH
4
thot
ra ta thu c CH
4
.
C
2
H
4
+ Br
2
C
2
H
4
Br
2

Ti to CO
2
bng cch nhit phn kt ta CaCO
3

Ti to C
2
H
2
bng cch cho kt ta C
2
Ag
2
tc dng vi dd HCl
C
2
Ag
2
+ 2HCl C
2
H
2
+ 2AgCl
Ti to C
2
H
4
bng cch cho cht lng C
2
H
4
Br
2
tc dng vi Zn/ru:

33

2 4
C
2
H
4
Br
2
+ Zn
ru
C H

+ ZnBr
2

Bi tp tng t :
Tch ri cc kh sau ra khi hn hp gm :
a) Benzen, styren, phenol
b) NH
3
, butin-1, butadien v butan
c) Kh HCl, butin-1 v butan

II.1.3.2 Tinh ch :

Nguyn tc : Tinh ch l lm sch ha cht nguyn cht no bng cch loi
b i tp cht ra khi hn hp (nguyn cht v tp cht).
Phng php : Dng ha cht tc dng vi tp cht m khng phn ng vi
nguyn cht to ra cht tan hoc to ra cht kt ta lc b i.
S tinh ch :

A,B
+X

A(nguye n cha t)

BX (loa i bo)
Trong X l ha cht ta phi chn tc dng vi B loi B ra khi hn hp.

Bi tp v d :
Cc phng trnh phn ng u l nhng phng trnh phn ng quen thuc gp trn.
Do phn hng dn gii ch a ra cc s tinh ch.

V d 1 :

Tinh ch (lm sch) Propilen c ln propin, propan v kh sunfur

GII :
Lu : SO
2
v C
3
H
6
u lm cho phn ng vi dd Brom nn phi tch SO
2
trc ri mi
dng dd Brom tch ly C
3
H
6
ra khi hn hp ri tinh ch.
S tinh ch

C
3
H
6

C
3
H
4 ddAgNO
3
/NH
3

C
3
H
8

C
3
H
6
,C
3
H
8 dd Ca(OH)
2

SO
2

CH C Ag

C
3
H
6

C
3
H
8

CaSO
3

ddBr
2

C
3
H
8

C
3
H
6
Br
2
Zn

C
3
H
6
SO
2
3 2

V d 2:

34
Tinh ch C
6
H
6
c ln C
6
H
12
, C
6
H
5
CH
3

S :

GII :

C
6
H
6

C
6
H
6

C H

ddBr
2

C
6
H
6
C
6
H
5
CH
3

DdKMnO
4

6 12
C
6
H
5
COOH
C
6
H
5
CH
3
C
6
H
12
Br
2

V d 3:
Tinh ch Styren c ln benzen, toluen, hexin-1.

GII :

S :

C
8
H
8

C
6
H
6

C
6
H
5
CH
3

ddAgNO
3
/NH
3

C
8
H
8
,C
6
H
6

C
6
H
5
CH
3

ddBr
2

C
6
H
6

C
6
H
5
CH
3

C
8
H
8
Br
2
Zn

C
8
H
8

C
5
H
11
C CH
C
6
H
5
C CAg

Bi tp tng t :
1) Tinh ch C
3
H
8
ln NO
2
v H
2
S, hi nc
2) Tinh ch C
2
H
6
ln NO, NH
3
, CO
2
3) Lm sch etan c ln etilen v lm sch etilen c ln etan.
4) Lm sch etan c ln axetilen v ngc li
5) Lm sch etilen c ln axetilen v ngc li.

35

II.1.4 NHN BIT PHN BIT

Phng php:
Tng qut:
- Lm th nghim vi cc mu th
+ Ch dng nhng phn ng c trng ca hidrocacbon nhn bit
+ Cc phn ng dng nhn bit phi n gin, d thc hin v du hiu phn ng
quan st c (mu sc, , si bt kh, )
- Khi c c cht hu c v v c nn phn bit cht v c trc, nu c.
Cch nhn bit vi cht kh v c quen thuc:
CO
2
, SO
2
: lm c nc vi trong nhng SO
2
to kt ta vng khi sc vo dd H
2
S
hoc lm mt mu nu ca dd nc Brom.
2H
2
S + SO
2
3S(vng) + H
2
O
SO
2
+ Br
2
+ H
2
O 2HBr + H
2
SO
4

H
2
O (hi) : i mu trng ca CuSO
4
khan thnh xanh
N
2
, kh tr : khng chy
NH
3
: lm xanh mu qu tm m hoc to khi trng (NH
4
Cl) vi kh HCl
HCl (kh) : lm qu tm m ha hoc to khi trng vi NH
3
(kh)
HCl (dd) : lm qu tm , si bt CO
2
vi CaCO
3
.
NO : chuyn thnh nu khi gp khng kh (NO + O
2
NO
2
)
nu
NO
2
: kh mu nu
H
2
: cho qua CuO nung nng, CuO chuyn t mu en sang mu .
CuO + H
2
Cu + H
2
O
(en) ()
CO : cho li qua dd PdCl
2
, sn phm kh thu c cho sc vo dd nc vi trong
d th nc vi trong b c.
CO + PdCl
2
+ H
2
O CO
2
+ Pd + 2HCl
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O

Th t tng i nhn bit cc hydrocacbon

Hidrocacbon Thuc th Du hiu Phng trnh phn
ng
Ankin u mch dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
vng nht CHCH + 2AgNO
3

+ 2NH
3

AgCCAg +

36

2NH
4
NO
3

Dd Br
2
mu nu Mu nu ca
dd Br
2
b nht
hay mt mu
C
n
H
2n+2-2k
+ kBr
2

C
n
H
2n+2
Br
2k

C
x
H
y
cha no
(anken, akin,
ankadien, )
Dd KMnO
4
l (tm) Mu tm ca dd
KMnO
4
b nht
hay mt mu

Benzen & ankan Cl
2
, askt Ch benzen to
m trng

Toluen Dd KMnO
4
l Mt mu tm C
6
H
5
CH
3
+
3[O]
d
dKM
O
4

C
6
H
5
COOH + H
2
O

Nhng im cn lu thm khi nhn bit cc hydrocacbon :

1) Phn bit anken vi cc hydrocacbon mch h khc c s lin kt nhiu hn
Bng cch ly cng th tch nh nhau ca cc hydrocacbon ri nh tng lng dd Br
2
(cng nng ) vo. Mu no c th tch Br
2
b mt mu nhiu hn ng vi hydrocacbon
c s lin kt nhiu hn.

2) Phn bit axetilen vi cc ankin-1 khc
- Bng cch cho nhng th tch bng nhau ca cc cht th tc dng vi lng d dd
AgNO
3
trong NH
3
ri nh lng kt ta kt lun.
CH CH + 2AgNO
3
+ 2NH
3
AgC CAg + 2NH
4
NO
3

R C CH + AgNO
3
+ NH
3
R C CAg + NH
4
NO
3

3) Phn bit ankin-1 vi cc ankin khc
Ankin-1 to kt ta vng nht vi dd AgNO
3
trong NH
3

4) Phn bit benzen v ng ng khc ca benzen
Benzen khng lm mt mu dd thuc tm (KMnO
4
) trong khi cc ng ng ca benzen
lm mt mu hoc nht mu dd thuc tm.

* Nu hn hp phc tp nn lp bng nhn bit
* Lu : t hin tng suy ra cht
Vd:
Khi lm c nc vi trong v to vng vi dd H
2
S l SO
2
()
Kh SO
2
lm c nc vi trong v to vng vi dd H
2
S l SO
2
(ng v mt khoa hc
nhng khi nhn bit nh vy l sai qui tc)

Bi tp v d :
Nhn bit cc l kh mt nhn :

37
Bi 1:

a)N
2
, H
2
, CH
4
, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
2

b) C
3
H
8
, C
2
H
2
, SO
2
, CO
2
.

a) N
2
, H
2
, CH
4
, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
2

C 3 cch gii :
Cch 1 :
Nhn xt:
- N
2
: khng cho phn ng chy
GII :
- H
2
: phn ng chy, sn phm chy khng lm c nc vi trong
- CH
4
: phn ng chy, sn phm chy lm c nc vi trong
- Cc kh cn li dng cc phn ng c trng nhn bit.

Tm tt cch gii:
- Ly mi kh mt t lm mu th.
- Dn ln lt cc kh i qua dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
. Kh no to c kt ta vng l C
2
H
2

Ag
2

ddAgNO
3
/NH
3
AgC CAg

+ H O
C
2
H
2
+ O
2
(va ng)
- Dn cc kh cn li qua dd nc Brm (mu nu ). Kh no lm nht mu nc brom
l C
2
H
4

H
2
C=CH
2
+ Br
2
BrH
2
CCH
2
Br
- Ln lt t chy 3 kh cn li. Kh khng chy l N
2
. Sn phm chy ca hai kh kia
c dn qua dd nc vi trong. Sn phm chy no lm c nc vi trong l CH
4
. Mu
cn li l H
2
.
CH
4
+ 2O
2
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
H
2
+ O
2
H
2
O
Cch 2 :
- Dn 5 kh trn ln lt qua dd Brom, c 2 kh lm mt mu dd nc Brom (nhm 1) gm
C
2
H
4
v C
2
H
2
. 3 kh cn li khng c hin tng g thot ra ngoi (nhm 2) gm CH
4
v
CO
2
, H
2
.
- Sau nhn bit cc kh trong mi nhm trn tng t cch 1.
Cch 1 ti u hn cch 2.

b) C
3
H
8
, C
2
H
2
, SO
2
, CO2.
Nhn xt:
C 3 cch :
Cch 1 :
- Dn bn kh trn ln lt qua dd nc vi trong d. C 2 kh lm c nc vi
trong (nhm 1) v 2 kh kia khng lm c nc vi trong (nhm 2).

38
- Cho 2 kh mi nhm ln lt qua dd nc Brom. Kh nhm 1 lm mt mu nu
ca dd Brom l SO
2
v kh nhm 2 cng c hin tng nh vy l C
2
H
2
. Hai kh cn
li l CO
2
v C
3
H
8
.
Cch 2 :
- Dng phn ng c trng nhn bit.
- Th t nhn bit C
2
H
2
, SO
2
, CO
2
, C
3
H
8

Cch 3 :
- Dn 4 kh trn ln lt vo dd Brom, c 2 kh lm mt mu nu ca dd Brom
(nhm 1) v 2 kh kia khng c hin tng g (nhm 2).
- Dn ln lt 2 kh nhm 1 qua dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
. Kh no to kt ta vng nht l
C
2
H
2
, kh cn li l SO
2
.
- Dn ln lt 2 kh nhm 2 qua dd nc vi trong. Kh no lm c nc vi
trong l CO
2
, cn li l C
3
H
8
.
Vy c nhiu cch gii bi ny nhng cch 2 l ti u hn c.

Bi tp tng t :
1) Ch dng 1 thuc th nhn bit 3 cht lng: benzen, toluen, styren
2) Pentan, penten-1, pentin-1, dd AgNO
3
, nc, dd NH
4
OH, nc Br, dd HCl, dd HI (ch
s dng qu tm)
3) Ch dng 1 ha cht nhn bit : n-butan, buten-2, butadien-1,3 , vinylacetylen.
4) Nhn bit : n-hexan, hexen-2, hexen-1, n-heptan, toluen, styren v benzen
5*) Nhn bit cc l mt nhn sau :
a) Kh etan, etylen, acetylen (bng 2 cch)
b) Kh metan, etylen, SO
2
, NO
2
v CO
2
.

39

II.1.5 BI TP VIT PHNG TRNH PHN NG GIA CC
CHT

Nhng ch khi lm loi bi tp ny :
- Phi nm vng cc phn ng ha hc ca cc hydrocacbon.
- Nh cc im c bit trong cc phn ng, v d :
Ankan :
- Phn ng th : t C
3
tr ln nu th vi Cl
2
(askt, 1:1) s thu c hn hp sn phm l
ng phn ca nhau.
- Phn ng cracking : ch c ankan t C
3
tr ln.
- Phn ng hidro ha i khi cng c gi l phn ng cracking nhng xc tc l
Ni,t
o

- Lu : phn ng cng H
2
v H
2
u c xc tc l Ni,t
o
.
Xicloankan :
- Vng C
3
, C
4
ch c phn ng cng m vng khng c phn ng th. Vng C
5
tr ln
khng c phn ng cng ch c phn ng th.
Aken, ankadien, ankin :
- Phn ng cng : nu tc nhn bt i cng vi anken bt i th sn phm chnh c
xc nh theo quy tc Macopnhicop. Ch n s sn phm.
- i vi ankin th cn ch n xc tc bit 1 hoc 2 lin kt s b t.
- Phn ng trng hp : cn ch cc phn ng trng hp 1,4 thng to thnh cao su.
Aren :
- Cn ch n quy tc th vo vng benzen.
Bi tp p dng :
Bi 1:
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho propen, propin, divinyl tc dng vi Br
2
theo t l
mol 1: 1.
b) Hi khi cho 3 cht trn tc dng vi HCl (c xt) theo t l 1: 1 th thu c nhng sn
phm g? Gi tn chng
c) Hy cho bit CTCT v tn gi ca sn phm khi cho isopren v pentadien-1,4 tc dng
vi dung dch Br
2
, HCl theo t l mol 1: 1. Vit CTCT ca polime thu c khi trng hp
2 ankadien cho trn

GII :
a) Phn ng cng gia hydrocacbon khng no vi tc nhn i xng th tng i n
gin. Ty vo t l s mol m 1 hoc 2 kin kt s b t.
Ptp : xem phn tm tt ha tnh (I.2.4/14)
b) Tc dng vi HCl (1:1)

40
p dng quy tc Maccopnhicop
* Propen cng HCl cho 2 sn phm

CH
3
CH
Cl

CH
3

CH
3
CH CH
2
+ HCl

* Propin cng HCl to 2 sn phm
2-Clopropan (spc)

CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
Cl
1-Clopropan (spp)
CH
3
C
Cl
CH
2

CH
3
C CH + HCl

* Divinyl th c 2 hng cng
2-Clopropen (spc)

CH
3
CH CHCl
1-Clopropen-1(spp)
- Cng 1,2 (hay 3,4) th to 2 sn phm
CH
2
CH CH
Cl

CH
3

CH
2
CH CH CH
2
+ HCl

- Cng 1,4 to 1 sn phm duy nht
3-Clobuten-1

CH
2
CH CH
2
CH
2
Cl
4-Clobuten-1
CH
2
CH CH CH
2
+ HCl CH
3
CH CH CH
2
Cl
1-Clobuten-2

c) CTCT v tn gi ca sn phm khi cho
* Isopren tc dng vi HCl (1:1)
- Cng 1,2 to 2 sn phm

2 3 4

CH
3
CCl
CH
3

CH CH
2

CH
2
C CH CH
2
+ HCl

3-Clo-3-metylbuten-1
CH
3

CH
2
Cl CH
CH
3

CH CH
2


41
2

2 3 4

CH
2
C CHCl
CH
3

CH
3

CH
2
C CH

CH
2
+ HCl
CH
3

CH
2
C CH
2

CH
3

CH
2
Cl

CH
2
Cl C CH
4 CH
3

CH
3

CH
2
C CH CH
2
+ HCl
CH
3

CH
3
C CH
CH
3

CH
2
Cl
* Pentadien-1,4 tc dng vi HCl (1:1)
- Cng 1,2 hay 3, 4 : tng t nh Divinyl
- Khng c phn ng cng 1,4 do hai lin kt khng lin hp.
- CTCT cc polime thu c khi trng hp 2 ankadien trn :
CH=CH
2

n
CH
2
C CH
CH
3

CH
2
TH1,2
CH
2
C
n

CH
3

n
CH
2
C CH

CH
2
TH3,4
CH
2
CH
n

CH
3
CH
3
C CH
2

CH
2
C CH
CH
3

CH
2
TH1,4

CH
2
C CH
CH
3

CH
2
n

n CH
2
CH CH
2
CH CH
2

TH1,2
CH

CH

n
CH
2
CH CH
2
- Pentadien-1,4 khng c sn phm trng hp 1,4 do khng c 2 lin kt lin hp.

Bi 2 :
a) Pht biu quy tc th vng benzen.
b) T benzen vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch ortho-bromnitrobenzen v meta-
Bromnitrobenzen (ghi r iu kin phn ng).

GII :
a) Quy tc th vng benzen :

42
2
- Khi vng benzen c nhm th y electron(gc ankyl hoc OH, NH
2
, Cl, Br)
phn ng th xy ra d hn so vi benzen v u tin th vo v tr ortho hoc para.
- Khi vng benzen c nhm th rt electron (nhm th c lin kt nh NO
2
, - COOH, -
CHO, -SO
3
H,) phn ng th kh hn (so vi benzen) v u tin th vo v tr meta.

b) Cc phng trnh phn ng :
* iu ch ortho bromnitrobenzen :
Br

+ Br
2
Fe

+ HBr

Br

+ HNO
3

H
2
SO
4

NO
2

Br

+ H
2
O

* iu ch meta bromnitrobenzen :
NO
2

+ HNO
3

H
2
SO
4
+ H O

NO
2
NO
2

+ Br
2
Fe
+ HBr
Br

Bi tp tng t :
1) Vit phng trnh phn ng ca butin-1, butadien-1,3 vi H
2
, Br
2
, HCl, H
2
O. Gi tn
sn phm.
2) Khi trng hp butadien-1,3 vi xc tc Na ta thu c cao su Buna c ln 2 sn phm
ph A v B. A l mt cht do khng c tnh n hi, mi mt xch c mt mch nhnh l
nhm vinyl. B l hp cht vng c tn l 1-vinyl xiclohexan-3 c phn t bng 108. Vit
cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra di dng CTCT.
3) Phn ng cracking l g? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng dng tng qut khi cracking
mt ankan.
- Khi cracking butan thu c mt hn hp gm 7 cht, trong c H
2
v C
4
H
8
. Hi
CTCT ca butan l n hay iso? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra?
4) Olefin l g? Vi CTPT C
n
H
2n
c th c cc cht thuc dy ng dng no? Nu tnh
cht ha hc c bn ca n?
Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho propylen tc dng vi O
2
; dd Br
2
; HCl; dd KMnO
4
;
phn ng trng hp.

43
Hp cht C
6
H
12
khi cng hp HBr ch thu c mt sn phm duy nht, nh CTCT c th
c ca olefin ny v vit phng trnh phn ng.
5) Vit phng trnh phn ng (nu c) ca cc hp cht sau vi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3

a) Axetylen
b) Butin-1
c) Butin-2
6) Vit phng trnh phn ng (nu c) gia cc cht sau vi Brom, ghi r iu kin: dd,
t
o
, kh(nu c):
a) Isopren (1:1)
b) Toluen
c) Benzen
d) Styren
7) Vit phng trnh phn ng (nu c) gia cc cht sau:
a) Toluen + dd KMnO
4

b) Propylen + AgNO
3
/NH
3
d
c) Styren + dd KMnO
4
+ Ba(OH)
2
d) Axetylen + dd KMnO
4_
+ H
2
SO
4
e) Propin +dd KMnO
4_
+ H
2
SO
4
8) Mun iu ch n-pentan, ta c th hidro ha nhng anken no? Vit CTCT ca chng.
9) Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch cc hp cht sau y t nhng anken thch hp :
a) CH
3
CHBr CHBrCH
3
b) CH
3
CHBr CBr(CH
3
)
2
c) CH
3
CHBr CH(CH
3
)
2

44

II.1.6 BI TP SO SNH GII THCH CU TO, TNH CHT
HA HC CA CC HYDROCACBON

Nguyn tc : Da vo s so snh v c im cu to cc cht ri suy ra tnh
cht ha hc ca cc cht .
Bi tp v d :
Bi 1 :
So snh v mt CT v ha tnh ca cc hp cht sau, vit phng trnh phn ng
minh ha.
a) Etan, etylen, axetylen
b) hexan, hexen, benzen
c) butin-1, butin-2 v butadien-1,3

a) Etan, Etilen, Axetilen :
* Ging nhau :
- Thnh phn cu to ch gm C v H
* Khc nhau :

GII :

Phn t C
2
H
6
C
2
H
4
C
2
H
2

Cu to Trong phn t ch
tn ti cc lin kt
n ( ) bn gia
C v C, gia C v
H
Trong phn t c
mt lin kt i
gm mt kin kt
( ) bn v mt
lin kt ( ) linh
ng km bn.
Trong phn t c
mt lin kt ba
gm mt lin kt
( ) bn v hai lin
kt ( ) linh ng
km bn.
c im lin kt Lin kt n ( )
rt bn vng rt
kh b t khi tham
gia phn ng ha
hc
Lin kt ( ) linh ng km bn rt d b
t khi tham gia phn ng ha hc.
Tnh cht ha
hc
Tnh cht ha hc
c trng l phn
ng th, kh b oxi
ha.
Tnh cht ha hc c trng l phn ng
cng. Ring vi axetilen th khi tham gia
phn ng ha hc ty iu kin xc tc
m mt hay c hai lin kt ( ) s b t.

45
o

Ngoi ra cn c
phn ng hydro
ha nhit
thch hp v xc
tc thch hp.
Ngoi ra cn c phn ng trng hp,
oxiha.
Phng trnh
phn ng
Xem I.2.4/14 Xem I.2.4/15
Ring axetilen c hai nguyn t H linh
ng nn n cn c kh nng tham gia
phn ng th vi ion kim loi. iu ny
c gii thch nh sau : do lin kt ba
rt ngn nn hai nhn C rt gn nhau,
in tch tp trung nhiu v 2 C ny nn
cc H gn trc tip vi C ca ni ba tr
nn rt linh ng.

b) n-hexan, n-hexen, benzen.
* Ging nhau :
- Thnh phn cu to gm C v H
* Khc nhau :
- n-hexan v n- hexen so snh cu to v tnh cht ha hc tng t cu trn. Ring
n-hexan cn c phn ng b gy mch C khi c xc tc nhit cao.
o

Ankan
C
n
H
2n+2
t, t
cao
ankan + anken
t, t
cao
C
m
H
2m + 2
+ C
x
H
2x

m 1, x 2, n = m + x.
- Benzen :
c im cu to : trong phn t c mt vng kn v 3 lin kt benzen c phn
ng c trng l phn ng cng. nhng 3 lin kt ny li lin hp vi nhau to thnh
mt h thm bn vng lm cho kh nng t lin kt tham gia phn ng ha hc b
hn ch benzen kh tham gia phn ng cng, ch c cng vi H
2
, d tham gia phn ng
th v bn vi tc nhn oxiha.
Phng trnh phn ng : xem phn ha tnh (I.2.4/14).

c) So snh c im cu to ca butin-1, butin-2, divinyl
Tng t cu a.
Nhng kh nng tham gia phn ng cng ca lin kt i (Divinyl) hi d hn so vi
lin kt ba v : lin kt 3 ngn, hai nhn C gn nhau nn lin kt 3 hi bn hn so vi lin
kt i.

Bi 2 : C
7
H
8
l ng ng ca benzen. Khi cho C
6
H
6
v C
7
H
8
tc dng vi Brom khan (c
bt Fe lm xc tc) th phn ng no xy ra d hn? Gii thch (vit phng trnh phn
ng theo t l 1:1 v s mol)

46
GII :
C
7
H
8
tham gia phn ng th nhn d hn so vi benzen v nhm CH
3
y electron
v nhn lm nhn giu electron hn.
* C
6
H
6
cho 1 sn phm :
Br

+ Br
2
Fe

+ HBr

* C
6
H
5
CH
3
cho hn hp hai sn phm.
CH
3
CH
3

+ Br
2
Fe

+ HBr

CH
3

+ Br
2
Fe

CH
3

Br
+ HBr

Bi 3 : So snh phn ng trng hp v phn ng cng.

GII :
* Ging nhau : u l phn ng cng hp cc phn t nh thnh mt phn t mi.
* Khc nhau :
Phn ng cng : Ch n thun cng 2 phn t nh (monome) thnh mt phn t mi cng
l monome. Ch cn mt trong hai monome ban u c t nht mt lin kt trong phn
t.
Phn ng trng hp : khng ch cng hai m cng nhiu phn t ging nhau hoc tng t
nhau thnh mt phn t mi c khi lng v kch thc rt ln gi l nhng polime.
Cc monome tham gia phn ng trng hp nht thit phi c t nht mt lin kt trong
phn t.

Bi 4 : So snh di lin kt d
C-C
trong ankan (C C), anken (C=C), ankin (C C). Gii
thch kh nng tham gia phn ng ca ankan km anken nhng ankin km anken.? Mc d
phn t ankin c nhiu lin kt hn anken?

GII :
Thc nghim cho bit d
C-C
trong etan (C-C) l : 1,54A
o
Etilen(C=C) : 1,34A
o
Axetilen (C C):1,2 A
o

* C th gii thch nh sau :

47
Khi hnh thnh lin kt C-C trong phn t ankan th 2C xy ra s xen ph trc lin
nhn lm cho khong cch 2 nhn xa nhau nn d
C-C
ln.
Khi hnh thnh lin kt C=C trong phn t anken th lin kt c hnh thnh nh
cch trn, cn lin kt c hnh thnh do s xen ph bn lm cho khong cch gia 2
nhn C gn nhau hn.
Tng t vi ankin c 2 lin kt nn xy ra 2 s xen ph bn lm cho khong
cch gia hai nhn cng gn nhau hn.
Do d
C-C
C C > C=C > C C.

* Gii thch v kh nng tham gia phn ng :
- S xen ph trc xy ra vi mt ln lm cho lin kt bn vng.
- S xen ph bn xy ra vi mt nh nn lin kt km bn vng d b t khi c tc
nhn tn cng kh nng tham gia phn ng ca ankan< anken, ankin.
- y do lin kt 3 lm cho khong cch 2 nhn C rt gn nhau nn lin kt 3 hi bn
hn lin kt i nn kh nng tham gia phn ng ca ankin hi km hn anken.
- V cng do khong cch gia hai nhn C b m mt in tch tp trung hu ht nhn
nn cc ankin-1 c H linh ng tham gia c phn ng th vi ion kim loi

Bi tp tng t :
1) Gii thch quy tc cng Maccopnhicop? Minh ha bng v d c th.
2) Gii thch ti sao di lin kt n C-C trong butadien-1,3 ch bng 1,46A
o
ngn hn
lin kt n C-C bnh thng?
3) Ti sao khi nhit phn mui axetat vi xt iu ch ankan tng ng li phi dng
xc tc CaO,t
o
?
4) So snh nhit si ca cc hydrocacbon
a) Khi khi lng phn t tng dn?
b) C cng CTPT nhng khc nhau dng khung Cacbon?
5) Khi thc hin phn ng phn hy ankan bi nhit li c tin hnh nhit trn
1000
o
C ti sao li nhn mnh trong iu kin khng c khng kh?
6) So snh kh nng tham gia phn ng th ca cc halogen Flo, Clo, Brom, Iod vi cc
ankan?
7) Ti sao cao su khi chy li c nhiu khi en? Lm th no khi en t li?
8) Trong phn ng iu ch axetilen t metan c tin hnh nhit 1500
o
C cn ghi
km iu kin lm lnh nhanh?
9) So snh cao su thng v cao su lu ha v thnh phn, bn, ng dng?
10) Gii thch v sao cao su tng hp c tnh n hi km cao su thin nhin?
11) Phn bit cc khi nim:
a) CTN, CTG, CTPT v CTCT
b) Lin kt , . Ly propen lm v d
c) ng ng, ng phn l g? Nu cc loi ng phn, cho v d?
d) C th coi nguyn t Br trong phn t C
n
H
2n+1
Br l mt nhm chc c khng? Ti
sao?

48

II.2 BI TON LP CTPT
HYDROCACBON

II.2.1 CC PHNG PHP LP CNG THC PHN T CA
HYDROCACNON
II.2.1.1 Phng php khi lng hay % khi lng.
1) Phng php gii :

Bc 1 : Tm M
A
: ty theo gi thit bi cho m s dng cc cch tnh sau tm M
A

Tm M
A
da trn cc khi nim c bn, cc nh lut c bn. C nhiu cch tm
khi lng phn t, ty tng gi thit bi cho m dng cch tnh thch hp.

1. Da vo khi lng ring D
A
(ktc)
M
A
= 22,4 . D
A
vi D
A
n v g/l

2. Da vo t khi hi ca cht hu c A
M
A
= M
B
. d
A/B

M
A
= 29 . d
A/KK

3. Da vo khi lng (m
A
) ca mt th tch V
A
kh A ktc
M
A
= (22,4 . m
A
)/ V
A
m
A
: khi lng kh A chim th tch V
A
ktc

4. Da vo biu thc phng trnh Mendeleep Claperon:
Cho m
A
(g) cht hu c A ha hi chim th tch V
A
(l) nhit T
(
o
K) v p sut P(atm)

PV = nRT M =
mRT

pV

(R = 0,082 atm/
o
Kmol)
5. Da vo nh lut Avogadro:
nh lut: cng iu kin nhit v p sut, mi th tch kh bng
nhau u cha cng mt s phn t kh.
m m

V
A
= V
B
=> n
A
= n
B

A
=
B

=> M
A
= m
A
M
B

m
B
M
A
M
B

49
2
2
2

Bc 2 : t CTPT cht A: C
x
H
y

Xc nh thnh phn cc nguyn t trong hydrocacbon.

Cch 1 :Dng khi bi
-Khng cho khi lng hydrocacbon em t chy
-Tnh c m
C
, m
H
t m
CO2
, m
H2O

Tnh khi lng cc nguyn t c trong A v m
A
(g) cht A.
- Xc nh C:

mC (trong A) = mC (trong CO
2

- Xc nh H
m

) = 12.
CO2
= 12.n
44

CO2
= 12.
V
CO2
22,4

mH(trong A) = mH (trong H2O) = 1.2n
H O
= 2
m
H O
18

= 2.n
H O

- Xc nh m
A

m
A
= m
H
+ m
A

* Xc nh CTPT cht hu c A: C
x
H
y
Da trn CTTQ cht hu c A: C
x
H
y

12 y M

M .m

M .m

x
=

=
A
=> x =
A C
;

y =
A H
m
C
m
H
m
A

12.m
A
m
A

Cch 2 : Khi bi cho bit thnh phn % cc nguyn t trong hn hp
* Dng cng thc sau:
12
x
=
y

% C %H
=
M
A

100%
=> x =
M
A
.%C

12.100
; y =
M
A
.%H

100
CTPT A.

Cch 3 : * Tm CTG nht => CTN => CTPT A
x : y =
m
C
:
m
H

= :

hoc

x : y =
%C
:
%H
= :

12 1 12 1
- CTG nht : C

=> CTTN : (C
)
n

- Xc nh n: bin lun t CTTN suy ra CTPT ng ca A :
y 2x + 2; y chn, nguyn dng ; x 1, nguyn dng.
T xc nh c CTPT ng ca cht hu c A.
Lu : Khi bi tan yu cu xc nh CTG nht ca cht hu c A (hay CTN ca A)
hoc khi khng cho d kin tm M
A
th ta nn lm theo cch trn.
2) Cc v d :

V d 1 :

50
2 2
Mt hydrocacbon A c thnh phn nguyn t: % C = 84,21; %H = 15,79; T khi hi
i vi khng kh bng d
A/KK
= 3,93. Xc nh CTPT ca A

GII
Bc 1: Tnh M
A
:
Bit d
A/KK
=> M
A
= M
KK
. d
A/KK
= 29.3,93 = 114
Bc 2 : t A : C
x
H
y

12x
=
y

%C %H
=
M
A

100
x =
M
A
.%C
=
114.84,21
= 8

12.100 12.100
y =
M
A
.%H
=
114.15,79
= 18

1.100
Suy ra CTPT A: C
8
H
18

1.100

V d 2 :
Mt hydrocacbon A th kh c th tch gp 4 ln th tch ca lu hunh ioxit c
khi lng tng ng trong cng iu kin. Sn phm chy ca A dn qua bnh ng
nc vi trong d th c 1g kt ta ng thi khi lng bnh tng 0,8g. Tm CTPT A.

GII
* Tm M
A
:
1V
A
= 4VSO
2
( cng iu kin )
n
A
= 4nSO
2

m
A

M
A
m
SO

= 4
2

M
SO

1
=

M
A
4
M
SO

(A v SO
2

c khi lng tng ng nhau)

M
A

M
SO

=
2

4

=
64
= 16

4
Cch 1 : gii theo phng php khi lng hay % khi lng :
t A : C
x
H
y

Bnh ng Ca(OH)
2
hp th CO
2
v H
2
O
Ca(OH)
2
+ CO
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O

m = mCaCO
3
= 1g
nCO
2
= nCaCO
3
= 1/100= 0,01mol
nC = nCO
2
= 0,01mol m
C
= 12.0,01=0,12g
mCO
2
= 0,01.44 = 0,44g
m
bnh
= mCO
2
+ mH
2
O
mH
2
O = 0,8-0,44 = 0,36g
m

m
H
= 2
H
2
O
18
= 2
0,36

18

= 0,04g
LBT khi lng (A) :mA = mC + mH = 0,12 +0,04 = 0,16

51
0
2 2
Ta c
12
x

m
C
=
y
=
M
A

m
H
m
A
=> x =
M
A
.m
C

12.m
A
y =
M
A
.m
H

m
A
=
16.0,12
= 1

12.0,16
=
16.0,04
= 4

0,16
Vy CTPT A : CH
4

Cch 2 : Bin lun da vo iu kin y 2x + 2; y chn, nguyn dng ; x 1, nguyn
x =1 v y = 4 CTPT A.

V d 3:
t chy hon ton 2,64g mt hydrocacbon A thu c 4,032 lt CO
2
(ktc). Tm
CTPT A?

* Tm thnh phn cc nguyn t :

GII
mC
(trong A)
= mC
(trong CO2)
= (4,032/ 22,4)*12 = 2,16g
m
H
= m
A
m
C
= 2,64 2,16 = 0,48g
x:y=
m
C
:
m
H
=
2,16
:
0,48
=3:8

12 1 12 1
CTN : C
3
H
8
CTTN : (C
3
H
8
)n
Bin lun :
S H 2 s C +2 8n 6n + 2 n 1 m n nguyn dng n = 1
CTPT A : C
3
H
8

II.2.1.2) Phng php da vo phn ng chy:
Du hiu nhn bit bi ton dng ny : bi t chy mt cht hu c c cp
n khi lng cht em t hoc khi lng cc cht sn phm (CO
2
, H
2
O) mt cch trc
tip hoc gin tip (tc tm c khi lng CO
2
, H
2
O sau mt s phn ng trung gian).

1) Phng php gii:
Bc 1 : Tnh M
A
( phn II.2.1.1)
Bc 2 : t A : C
x
H
y

* Vit phng trnh phn ng chy.
C H + x +
y
O
t

xCO +
y
H O

| |

x y
\
4

2

2
2
2

* Lp t l tnh x,y
M
A
(g) 44x 9y
m
A
(g) mCO
2
mH
2
O

x+
y y
M
A
=

44x
=
9y

hoc

1
=
4
=
x

=
2
m
A
m
CO
m
H O

n
A
n
O

2pu
n
CO2

n
H2O

52
2
0
M
A
.m
CO

x =
44m
A

2
, y =
M
A
.m
H O

9m
A

* T suy ra CTPT A
Mt s lu :
1) Nu bi cho: oxi ha han tan mt cht hu c A th c ngha l t chy han tan
cht hu c A thnh CO
2
v H
2
O
2) Oxi ha cht hu c A bng CuO th khi lng oxy tham gia phn ng ng bng
gim khi lng a(g)ca bnh ng CuO sau phn ng oxi ha. Thng thng trong bi
ton cho lng oxi tham gia phn ng chy, tm khi lng cht hu c A nn ch
n nh lut bo ton khi lng
mA + a = mCO
2
+ mH
2
O
3) Sn phm chy (CO
2
, H
2
O) thng c cho qua cc bnh cc cht hp th chng.
4) Bnh ng CaCl
2
(khan), CuSO
4
(khan), H
2
SO
4
c, P
2
O
5
, dung dch kim, hp th
nc.
Bnh ng cc dung dch kimhp th CO
2
.
Bnh ng P trng hp th O
2
.
5) tng khi lng cc bnh chnh l khi lng cc cht m bnh hp th.
6) Nu bi ton cho CO
2
phn ng vi dung dch kim th nn ch n mui to thnh
xc nh chnh xc lng CO
2
.
7) Vit phng trnh phn ng chy ca hp cht hu c vi oxy nn oxy li cn bng
sau t v sau n v trc. Cc nguyn t cn li nn cn bng trc, t v trc ra v sau
phng trnh phn ng.
2) Bi tp v d :
V d 1 :
t hon ton 0,58g mt hydrocacbon A c 1,76g CO
2
v 0,9g H
2
O. Bit A c
khi lng ring D
A
2,59g/l. Tm CTPT A
Tm tt :
0,58g X + O
2
(1,76g CO
2
; 0,9 g H
2
O)
D
A
2,59g/l. Tm CTPT A?

* Tm M
A
:

GII :
Bit D
A
=> M
A
= 22,4.2,59 58

* Vit phng trnh phn ng chy, lp t l tm x,y
C H + x +
y
O
t

xCO +
y
H O

| |

x y
\
4

2

2
2
2

M
A
(g) 44x 9y
m
A
(g) mCO
2
mH
2
O

53
2 2
O
O
0
M
A
=

44x
=

9y
=

58
=
44x
=
9y

m
A

x = 4
m
CO
m
H O

0,58 1,76 0,9
y =10
Vy CTPT A : C
4
H
10

V d 2 : Khi t chy han tan 0,42 g mt Hydrocacbon X thu tan b sn phm qua
bnh 1 ng H
2
SO
4
c, bnh 2 ng KOH d. Kt qu, bnh 1 tng 0,54 g; bnh 2 tng
1,32 g. Bit rng khi ha hi 0,42 g X chim th tch bng th tch ca 1,192 g O
2
cng
iu kin. Tm CTPT ca X
Tm tt :

0,42g X (C
x
H
y
)
+O
2

Tm CTPT X?

* Tnh M
X
:
CO
2

H
2
O

Bnh 1 ng ddH
2
SO
4

-H
2
O,
m
1
=0,54g

GII

CO
2

Bnh 2 ng KOHd
-CO
2
,
m
2
=1,32g
0,42g X c V
X
= V
O2
ca 0,192g O
2
(cng iu kin)
m m

=> n
X
= nO
2
=>

X
=
O2

=> M
X
=
M
X

m
X
.M
O

2
=
m
2
M
2
0,42.32
0,192

= 70
* Gi X : C
x
H
y

C H + x +
y
O
t

xCO

+
y
H O

| |

x y
\
4

2

2
2
2

Ta c :
M
X
44x 9y (g)
0,42 mCO
2
mH
2
O (g)
M
X
=

m
X
44x
m
CO2

=
9y
m
H2O

(1)
bi cho khi lng CO
2
, H
2
O gin tip qua cc phn ng trung gian ta phi tm khi
lng CO
2
, H
2
O
* Tm m
CO2
, m
H2O
:
- Bnh 1 ng dd H
2
SO
4
s hp th H
2
O do tng khi lng bnh 1 chnh l
khi lng ca H
2
O :
m
1
= mH
2
O=0,54g (2)
- Bnh 2 ng dd KOH d s hp th CO
2
do tng khi lng bnh 2 chnh l
khi lng ca CO
2
:
m
2
= mCO
2
=1,32g (3)

54
0
2 2
O
2
2 2
x y 2 2 2
A A

(1), (2), (3)

x = 5
y = 10
70
0,42
=
44x

1,32
=
9y

0,54
Vy CTPT X : C
5
H
10
(M = 70vC)

II.2.1.3 Phng php th tch (phng php kh nhin k):
Phm vi ng dng : Dng xc nh CTPT ca cc cht hu c th kh hay
th lng d bay hi.
C s khoa hc ca phng php : Trong mt phng trnh phn ng c cc
cht kh tham gia v to thnh ( cng iu kin nhit , p sut) h s t trc cng
thc ca cc cht khng nhng cho bit t l s mol m cn cho bit t l th tch ca
chng.

1) Phng php gii
Bc 1 : Tnh th tch cc kh V
A
, V
O2
, V
CO2
, V
H2O
(hi)
Bc 2 : Vit v cn bng cc phng trnh phn ng chy ca hydrocacbon A di dng
CTTQ C
x
H
y

Bc 3 : Lp cc t l th tch tnh x,y
C H + x +
y
O
t

xCO +
y
H O

| |

x y
\
4

2

2
2
2

| y |

| y |

1(l)

x +

(l) x(l)

(l)

\
4
\
2

V
A
(l) V
O2
(l) V
CO2
(l) V
H2O (hi)
(l)
x +
y

1
=
4

V V
2

=
x

V
CO
y
=
2
V
H O

hay
x +
y

1
=
4

n n
2

=
x
n
CO 2
y
=
2

n
H O

x =
V
CO

2
=
V
A
n
CO

2
;
n
A

y =
2V
H O

V
A

2n
H O

=
n
A
Cch khc : Sau khi thc hin bc 1 c th lm theo cch khc:
- Lp t l th tch V
A
: V
B
: V
CO2
: V
H2O
ri a v t l s nguyn ti gin m:n:p:q.
- Vit phng trnh phn ng chy ca hp cht hu c A di dng:
mC H + nO
t
o
pCO + qH O
- Dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t cn bng phng trnh phn ng chy s tm c
x v y =>CTPT A
* Mt s lu :
- Nu V
CO2
: V
H2O
= 1:1 => C : H = n
C
: n
H
= 1: 2

55
0

|
- Nu tan cho oxy ban u d th sau khi bt tia la in v lm lnh (ngng t hi
nc) th trong kh nhin k c CO
2
v O
2
cn d. Bi tan l lun theo C
x
H
y

- Nu tan cho V
CxHy
= V
O2
th sau khi bt tia la in v lm lnh th trong kh nhin
k c CO
2
v C
x
H
y d
. Bi tan l lun theo oxy.
- Khi t chy hay oxi ha han ton mt hydrocacbon m gi thit khng xc nh r sn
phm, th cc nguyn t trong hydrocacbon s chuyn thnh oxit bn tng ng tr:
N
2
kh N
2

Halogen kh X
2
hay HX (ty bi)

2. Bi tp v d

V d 1:
Trn 0,5 l hn hp C gm hydrocacbon A v CO
2
vi 2,5 l O
2
ri cho vo kh nhin
k t chy th thu c 3,4 l kh, lm lnh ch cn 1,8 l. Cho hn hp qua tip dung dch
KOH (c) ch cn 0,5 l kh. Cc V kh o cng iu kin. Tm CTPT ca hydrocacbon A.
Tm tt :

Gi 0,5 l hn hp
C
x
H
y
: a (l)

CO
2
: b (l)
0,5l hn hp + 2,5l O
2
ot
CO
2
,O
2
d,H
2
O
ll(- H
2
O)
CO
2
,O
2
d
KOH(- CO
2
)
O
2
d

GII :
* O
2
d , bi tan l lun theo Hydrocacbon A

C H + x +
y
O
t

xCO +
y
H O

| |

x y
\
4

2

| y |

2
2
2

y

a a
x +

\
4

ax a
2
(lt)
CO
2
CO
2

b b (lt)
Ta c V
hh
= a + b = 0,5 (1)
VCO
2
= ax + b = 1,8 0,5 = 1,3 (2)
y

VH
2
O = a
2
= 3,4 1,8 = 1,6 (3)

y |
VO
2 d
= 2,5 - a x +
\
4

= 0,5
ax + a
y
= 2 (4)

4
ax + 3,2/4 = 2 ax = 1,2 (5)
(2), (3) VCO
2
= b = 0,1

56
0

O
2 2
0
|
4
2
V
hh
= a + b = 0,5 a = 0,4
x = ax /a = 3
y = ay/a = 8
Vy CTPT ca A l C
3
H
8

V d 2 :
Trn 12 cm
3
mt hydrocacbon A th kh vi 60 cm
3
oxi (ly d)
ri t chy. Sau khi lm lnh nc ngng t ri a v iu kin ban u th th tch
kh cn li l 48 cm
3
, trong c 24cm
3
b hp th bi KOH, phn cn li b hp th bi
P.
Tm CTPT ca A (cc th tch kh o trong cng iu kin nhit v p sut)
Tm tt :

12cm
3
C H

CO
2

24cm
3
kh b ha p thu b i KOH
CO

x y ot

H
2
O

la m la nh
2
(- CO
2
)
60cm
3
O
2
(d)

* Tnh cc V:
VCO
2
= 24cm
3

O
2
d
-H
2
O
O
2
d
(V=48cm
3
)

GII :
kh co n la i b ha p thu b i P
(-O
2
)
VO
2 d
= 48 24 = 24cm
3
VO
2 p
= 60 24 = 36 cm
3

* Tm CTPT :
Cch 1: Tnh trc tip t phng trnh phn ng t chy:
C H + x +
y
O
t

xCO +
y
H O

| |

x y
\
4

2

| y |

2
2
2

3

12

x +
\
VCO
2
=12x = 24 => x = 2

12 12x (cm )
4

y |
VO
2 d
= 60 12 x +
\
4

= 24 => y = 4
CTPT ca A: C
2
H
4

Cch 2: Lp t l th tch
1

V
A

x +
y

=
4

V
2

=
x

V
CO

y
=
2
V
H O
C H + x +
y
O
t

xCO +
y
H O

| |
x y 2 2 2

\
| y | y

1 x + x
\
4

2

(cm
3
)
12 36 24 (cm
3
)


57
O
2
x y 2

2 2

0
A
x +
y

1
=
4

V V
2

=
x

V
CO

x +
y

1
=
4

12 36

=
x
=> x = 2 v y = 4

24

CTPT ca A: C
2
H
4

Cch 3:
Nhn xt: t 12 cm
3
A dng 36 cm
3
oxy v to ra 24 cm
3
CO
2

t
0

Suy ra 12C
x
H
y
+ 36O
2
24CO
2
+ ?H
2
O

LBT (O): =>12C H + 36O
t
0
24CO + 24H O
LBT (C): 12x = 24 => x = 2
LBT (H) :12y = 48 => y = 4
Vy CTPT ca A l C
2
H
4

V d 3 :
Trong mt bnh kn th tch 1dm
3
c mt hn hp ng th tch gm hydrocacbon A
v O
2
133,5
o
C, 1 atm. Sau khi bt tia la in v a v nhit ban u (133,5
o
C) th
p sut trong bnh tng ln 10% so vi ban u v khi lng nc to ra l 0,216 g. Tm
CTPT A
Tm tt :
C
x
H
y
(A)
O
2

V = 1dm
3

ot
sp chay

V=1dm
3

(l ng H
2
O tao ra la 0,216g)
t=133,5
o
C,P
1
=1atm

Tm CTPT A?
t=133,5
o
C, P
2

ta ng 10%

GII :
n =
PV
=

1
RT
1.1
0,082.(273 + 133,5)

= 0,03(mol)
V hn hp ng th tch nn n
A
= nO
2
= 0,03/2 = 0,015 mol
=> C
x
H
y
d, bin lun theo O
2
Sau khi a v nhit ban u, cc kh to p sut c trong bnh gm H
2
O, CO
2
,
C
x
H
y
d c s mol l :
n
2
= n
1
. P
2
/P
1
= 0,03.110/100 = 0,033 mol
nH
2
O = 0,216/18 = 0,012 mol
LBT khi lng (O) : nO
2
= n CO
2
+ 1/2n H
2
O
=> n CO
2
= nO
2
1/2nH
2
O = 0,015-0,012/2 = 0,009mol
nC
x
H
y
d = n
2
- nCO
2
- nH
2
O = 0,033-0,012-0,009 =0,012mol
=>nC
x
H
yphn ng
= 0,015-0,012 = 0,003 mol
C H + x +
y
O
t

xCO +
y
H O

| |

x y
\
4

2

2
2
2

58
| y |

1 x +
\
4

x
y
(mol)

2

Ta c :
0,003 0,015 0,009 0,012 (mol)

1
0,003
=> x = 3
y = 8
x +
y

=
4
=

0,015

x
0,009
y
=
2

0,012
Vy CTPT A : C
3
H
8

II.2.1.4 Phng php gi tr trung bnh (xc nh CTPT ca hai hay nhiu cht
hu c trong hn hp):
L phng php chuyn hn hp nhiu gi tr v mt gi tr tng ng, nhiu cht
v mt cht tng ng
c im
Phng php gi tr trung bnh c dng nhiu trong ha hu c khi gii bi tan
v cc cht cng dy ng ng. Mt phn bn cht ca gi tr trung bnh c cp n
vic tnh phn trm n v v khi lng hn hp kh trong bi tan t khi hi chng
u lp 10. Do , hc sinh d dng lnh hi phng php ny xc nh CTPT ca hai
hay nhiu cht hu c trong hn hp.

II.1.4.1 Phng php khi lng phn t trung bnh ca hn hp ( M hh )

Cht tng ng c khi lng mol phn t
bnh ca hn hp. Cc bc gii :
M hh l khi lng mol phn t trung
Bc c bn : Xc nh CTTQ ca hai cht hu c A,B
Bc 1 : Xc nh CTTB ca hai cht hu c A, B trong hn hp
Bc 2 : Tm M hh qua cc cng thc sau :

m n .M

+ n .M

%A.M

+ %B.M

%A.M

+ (100 %A)M

M hh

=
hh
=
A A B B
=
A B
=
A B

Hoc
n
hh

n
A
+ n
B

100 100
V .M

+ V .M

V .M

+ V .M

%A.M

+ (100 %A)M

M hh

= d
hh/X

.M
X

=
A A B B
=
A A B B
=
A B

V
A
+ V
B
V

Gi s M
A
< M
B
=> M
A
< M hh < M
B

100
Bc 3 : Bin lun tm M
A
, M
B
hp l => CTPT ng ca A v B
Phm vi ng dng: s dng c li nhiu i vi hn hp cc cht cng dy ng ng

1) Phng php CTPT trung bnh ca hn hp:
Phm vi p dng : Khi c hn hp gm nhiu cht, cng tc dng vi mt cht
khc m phng trnh phn ng tng t nhau (sn phm, t l mol gia nguyn liu v

59
C H
n
sn phm, hiu sut, phn ng tng t nhau), c th thay th hn hp bng mt cht
tng ng, c s mol bng tng s mol ca hn hp. Cng thc ca cht tng ng
gi l CTPT trung bnh.
Phng php gii :
Bc 1 : t CTPT ca hai cht hu c cn tm ri suy ra CTPT trung bnh ca chng :
t A : C
x
H
y
; B : C
x
H
y
CTPTTB :
x y

Bc 2 : Vit phng trnh phn ng tng qut v d liu bi cho tnh
Bc 3 : bin lun
Nu x<x x < x < x
y<y y< y < y

x, y
Da vo iu kin x, x, y, y tha mn bin lun suy ra gi tr hp l ca chng CTPT
A, B.
Phm vi ng dng : Phng php gii ny ngn gn i vi cc bi tan hu c
thuc loi hn hp cc ng ng nht l cc ng ng lin tip. Tuy nhin c th dng
phng php ny gii cc bi ton hn hp cc cht hu c khng ng ng cng rt
hiu qu.
Ngoi phng php trn cn c phng php s C, s H, s lin kt trung bnh
( k ). Phng php gii tng t nh hai phng php trn

Mt s lu :

1) Nu bi cho 2 cht hu c A, B l ng dng lin tip th :
m = n + 1 ( y n, m l s C trong phn t A, B)
2) Nu bi cho 2 cht hu c A, B hn km nhau k nguyn t C th m = n + k.
3) Nu bi cho 2 cht hu c A, B cch nhau k nguyn t C th : m = n + (k +1)
4) Nu bi cho anken, ankin th n, m 2.
5) Nu bi ton cho A, B l hydrocacbon th kh trong iu kin thng (hay iu kin
tiu chun) th n, m 4
Bi tp v d :
Bi 1:
t chy han tan 19,2 g hn hp 2 ankan lin tip thu c 14,56 l CO
2
( O
o
C, 2
atm). Tm CTPT 2 ankan.

Gi CTPT trung bnh ca hai ankan : C

GII :

H

2 n + 2

n
CO
2

=
PV
RT
=
2.14,56

273.0,082

= 1,3mol

C H

n 2 n + 2
+
3n + 1
O

2
2

nCO
2

+ (n + 1)H
2
O

60
+
+
m
X

M X
Cch 1: phng php s C trung bnh ( n )

m
X
. n

M X

S mol hn hp
m
X

n
X
=
M X
m

S mol CO
2
: nCO
2
=

X
. n = 1,3
M X

19,2

14n + 2

n = 1,3 n = 2,6
Hn hp gm 2 ankan lin tip C
n
H
2n+2

C
m
H
2m+2
; n<m; 1 n , m = n +1

n < n = 2,6 < m = n +1
Vy n = 2 vy 2 ankan l: C
2
H
6

m = 3 C
3
H
8

Cch 2: Dng phng php phn t khi trung bnh M :
Gi 2 ankan A : C
n
H
2n+2
(a mol) ; B : C
m
H
2m+2
(b mol)
| 3n + 1 |

C H

O

nCO

+ (n + 1)H O

n 2 n + 2
\
2

2 2 2

a an (mol)
| 3m + 1 |

C H

O

mCO

+ (m + 1)H O

m 2 m+ 2

\
2

2 2 2

b bm (mol)
nCO
2
= an + bm = 1,3 (1)
m
hh
= (14n + 2)a + (14m +2)b = 19,2
14(bm + an) + 2(a + b) = 19,2 (2)
T (1),(2) suy ra : a + b = 0,5 = n
hh

=> M = m
hh
/ n
hh
= 19,2/0,5 = 38,4
M
A
< 38,4 < M
B
= M
A
+ 14

A CH
4
C
2
H
6
C
3
H
8
C
4
H
10

M
A
16 30 44 58
M
38,4 38,4 38,4 38,4
M
B
30 44 58 72

Vy A : C
2
H
6

61
B : C
3
H
8

II.2.1.5 - Phng php bin lun
1. Da vo gii hn xc nh CTPT ca mt hydrocacbon:
- Khi s phng trnh i s thit lp c t hn s n cn tm, c th bin lun da vo
gii hn :
A : C
x
H
y
th : y 2x + 2; y chn, nguyn dng ; x 1, nguyn.
- Nu khng bin lun c hay bin lun kh khn c th dng bng tr s tm kt qu.
- iu kin bin lun ch yu ca loi ton ny l : ha tr cc nguyn t. Phng php
bin lun trnh by trn ch c th p dng xc nh CTPT ca mt cht hoc nu nm
trong 1 hn hp th phi bit CTPT ca cht kia.

2. Bin lun theo phng php ghp n s xc nh CTPT ca mt
hydrocacbon :
a) Cc bc c bn :
Bc 1 : t s mol cc cht trong hn hp l n s.
Bc 2 : ng vi mi d kin ca bi ton ta lp mt phng trnh ton hc.
Bc 3 : Sau ghp cc n s li rt ra h phng trnh ton hc. Chng hn : a + b = P
(vi a, b l s mol 2 cht thnh phn)
an + bm = Q (vi n, m l s C ca 2 hydrocacbon thnh phn)
Bc 4 : c th xc nh m, n ri suy ra CTPT cc cht hu c thnh phn, c th p
dng tnh cht bt ng thc :
Gi s : n < m th n(x + y) < nx + my < m(x + y)

n<
nx+my
<m
x+y
Hoc t mi lin h n,m lp bng tr s bin lun
- Nu A, B thuc hai dy ng ng khc nhau ta phi tm x, y ri th vo phng trnh nx
+ my = Q xc nh m, n CTPT.

3. Mt s phng php bin lun xc nh dy ng ng v CTPT
hydrocacbon :
Cch 1 : Da vo phn ng chy ca hydrocacbon, so snh s mol CO
2
v s
mol H
2
O. Nu t 1 hydrocacbon (A) m tm c :
* nH
2
O > nCO
2
(A) thuc dy ng ng ankan
3n+1

ptp : C
n
H
2n+2
+

2
O
2
nCO
2

+ (n+1)H
2
O

* nH
2
O = nCO
2
(A) thuc dy ng ng anken hay olefin
hoc (A) l xicloankan

C H +

3n
O

nCO + nH O

ptp :
n 2n 2 2 2

2

62
* nH
2
O < nCO
2
(A) thuc dy ng ng ankadien, ankin hoc benzen

C H +

3n-1
O

nCO

+ (n-1)H O

( ng ng ankin hoc ankadien)

ptp :
n 2n-2 2 2 2

2
3n-3

C
n
H
2n-6
+

O
2
nCO
2

2
+ (n-3)H
2
O ( ng ng benzen)

Cch 2 : Da vo CTTQ ca hydrocacbon A :

* Bc 1 : t CTTQ ca hydrocacbon l :
C
n
H
2n+2-2k
( y k l s lin kt hoc dng mch vng hoc c 2 trong CTCT A)
iu kin k 0, nguyn. Nu xc nh c k th xc nh c dy ng ng ca A.
- k = 0 A thuc dy ng ng ankan
- k = 1 A thuc dy ng ng anken
- k = 2 A thuc dy ng ng ankin hay ankadien
- k = 4 A thuc dy ng ng benzen.
chng minh hai ankan A, B thuc cng dy ng ng, ta t A : C
n
H
2n+2-2k
; B :
C
m
H
2m+2-2k
. Nu tm c k = k th A,B cng dy ng ng.
* Bc 2 : Sau khi bit c A,B thuc cng dy ng ng, ta t CTTQ ca A l C
x
H
y
.
V B l ng ng ca A, B hn A n nhm CH
2
- th CTTQ ca B :C
x
H
y
(CH
2
)
n
hay
C
x+n
H
y+2n
.

* Bc 3 : Da vo phng trnh phn ng chy ca A, B, da vo lng CO
2
, H
2
O, O
2
hoc s mol hn hp thit lp h phng trnh ton hc, ri gii suy ra x, y, n Xc nh
c CTPT A, B.

Cch 3 : da vo khi nim dy ng ng rt ra nhn xt :

- Cc cht ng ng k tip nhau c khi lng phn t lp thnh mt cp s cng
cng sai d = 14.
- C mt dy n s hng M
1
, M
2
, ,M
n
lp thnh mt cp s cng cng sai d th ta c
:
+ S hng cui M
n
= M
1
+ (n-1)d

+ Tng s hng S =
M
1
+ M
n
.n

2
+ Tm M
1
, , M
n
suy ra cc cht
Trong mt bi ton thng phi kt hp nhiu phng php.

V d :
t chy mt hn hp gm 2 hydrocacbon A, B (c M hn km nhau 28g) th thu
c 0,3mol CO
2
v 0,5 mol H
2
O. Tm CTPT & tn A, B

GII :
Hydrocacbon A, B c M hn km nhau 28g A, B thuc cng dy ng ng.
Cch 1 :
A, B + O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O

63
2
2
2
2
n
H O
n
CO

=
0,5
= 1,67 >1 A, B thuc dy ng ng ankan.

0,3
t CTTB A, B : C H

n 2 n + 2
: a mol

C H

n 2 n + 2
+
3n + 1
O

2
2

nCO
2

+ (n + 1)H
2
O

Ta c

n
H O
a a n a( n +1) (mol)
=
0,5
=
n

+ 1
n = 1,5

n
CO

0,3 n
t CTTQ A, B : C
n
H
2n+2
v C
m
H
2m+2

Gi s n< m n< 1,5 n = 1 CTPT A : CH
4
(M = 16)
M
B
= 16 + 28 = 44 CTPT B : C
3
H
8
.

Cch 2 : t CTTQ A, B : C
n
H
2n+2
: a mol v C
m
H
2m+2
: b mol
Cc ptp chy :

C
n
H

2n + 2-2k
+
3n + 1 - k
O

2
2

nCO
2

+ (n + 1 - k)H
2
O
a an a(n+1-k) (mol)

C
m
H

2m + 2-2k
+
3m + 1 - k
O

2
2

mCO
2

+ (m + 1 - k)H
2
O

Ta c :
an + bm = 0,3

b bm b(m+1-k) (mol)
(n + 1 - k)a + (m + 1 - k)b = 0,5

(a+b)(1-k) = 0,2 k = 0 v ch c k = 0 th phng trnh mi c ngha.
a + b = 0,2 v an + bm = 0,3
Gi s n < m
n(a+b) < m (a+b)
n <
na + bm
< m n <

a + b
0,3
= 1,5 < m

0,2
Bin lun tng t cch trn suy ra CTPT A : CH
4
v B : C
3
H
8
.

II.2.2 PHNG PHP GII MT S BI TON LP CTPT
HYDROCACBON

Bi 1 :

64
Cracking ankan A, ngi ta thu c mt hn hp kh B gm 2 ankan v 2 anken. T
khi hi ca B so vi H
2
d
B/H2
= 14,5. Khi dn hn hp kh B qua dung dch Br
2
d, khi
lng hn hp kh gim i 55,52%.
a) Tm CTPT ca A v cc cht trong B.
b) Tnh % th tch cc cht kh trong B.

GII
bi ny da vo tnh cht phn ng cracking v p dng nh lut bo ton khi
lng tm M
A
kt hp vi phng php ghp n s gii.
M hhB =14,5.2 = 29
Theo LBT khi lng : khi lng A em cracking = khi lng hn hp B
m
Atham gia p
= m
B
(1)

Phn ng cracking lm tng gp i s mol hydrocacbon nn
n
B
= 2n
A tham gia p
(2)
(1) chia (2)
M
A
= 29.2 = 58
M hhB = M
A

M
A
= 14n + 2 = 58 n= 4
CTPT A l C
4
H
10

Cc ptpu cracking A :
C
4
H
10
CH
4
+ C
3
H
6

a a a (mol)
C
4
H
10
C
2
H
6
+ C
2
H
4

b b b (mol)
Gi A, B ln lt l s mol A b cracking theo 2 phn ng trn.
hh B gm : CH
4
: a (mol)
C
2
H
6
: b (mol)
C
3
H
6
: a (mol)
C
2
H
4
: b (mol)
Khi dn hh qua dd Br
2
th 2 anken b hp th.
m
2anken
= 55,52%m
B
= 55,52%m
A

mC
3
H
6
+ mC
2
H
4
= 55,52%.58 (a+b)
42a + 28b = 32,2016 (a+b)
9,7984a = 4,2016b b 2,3a (mol)
n
B
= 2(a + b) = 2 (a + 2,3a) = 6,6a (mol)
cng iu kin, t l s mol cng chnh l t l v th tch
a

%CH
4
= %C
3
H
6
=
6,6a
b
*100% = 15%

2,3a

%C
2
H
6
= %C
2
H
4
=

Bi 2 :
6,6a
*100% =
6,6a
*100% = 35%

65
0
0
Hydrocacbon (X) dn xut t aren. Ha hi (X) trn vi oxi va trong mt kh
nhin k, t hon ton hn hp ri a v nhit ban u, p sut trong bnh bng 12
ln p xut ca (X) ban u. a v 0
o
C p sut kh gim cn 2/3.
5,2 gam (X) lm mt mu dung dch cha 8 gam Brm.
Xc nh CTCT ca (X)

Bi ny c 2 cch gii :

GII
cng iu kin T, V khng i th t l s mol bng t l p sut.
PV = nRT
P
2
=
n
2

P
1
n
1

= 12
Khi a v O
o
C, hi nc b ngng t. Kh cn li l CO
2

P
3
= 2/3P
2
n
CO2
= 2/3 (n
CO2
+ n
H2O
)
Cch 1 : Dng phng php thng thng gii.

Gi s s mol ca X l 1mol
C H + x +
y
O
t

xCO +
y
H O

| |

x y
\
4

2

2
2
2

1 x y/2 (mol)
n
2
= x + y/2
n
2
= 12n
1
hay x + y/2 = 12 (1)
x = 2/3 (x + y/2) 3x = 2x + y
x = y (2)
(1), (2) x + x/2 = 12 x = 8 = y CTPT X : C
8
H
8

Cch 2 : Dng phng php bin lun gii

Gi C
x
H
y
: n
1
(mol)
n
2
= 12n
1
(1)
Khi a v O
o
C :
n
3
= 2/3n
2
= 2/3.12n
1
= 8n
1
= n
CO2

nH
2
O = 12n
1
8n
1
= 4n
1

C H + x +
y
O
t

xCO +
y
H O

| |

x y
\
4

2

2
2
2

n
1
8n
1
4n
1

x : y/2 = 8n
1
: 4n
1
x= y.
CTN ca X (CH)
n
hay C
n
H
n
C
n
H
n
+ kBr
2
C
n
H
n
Br
k

13n 160k
5,2 8


66
n
13n
=
160k
2,5n = 20k k =
8

5,2 8 n
X l dn xut ca Benzen n 6 k 8/6 = 1,33
k = 1 v n = 8.
Vy CTPT A : C
8
H
8
= (8.2 + 2 8) = 5
A l dn xut ca benzen, A li lm mt mu dd Br
2
c ni i C=C nhnh.
CTCT A :
CH=CH
2

A l Styren.

Bi 3 :
t chy 19,2 g hn hp 2 ankan k tip th thu c V lt CO
2
(0
o
C, 2 atm). Cho V
lt CO
2
trn qua dd Ca(OH)
2
th thu c 30g kt ta. Nu tip tc cho dd Ca(OH)
2
vo
n d th thu c thm 100g kt ta na.
a) Xc nh CTPT 2 ankan.
b) Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng 2 hydrocacbon.

GII
bi ny, t chy hn hp gm 2 ankan lin tip nn dng phng php trung bnh
gii.
a) Xc nh CTPT 2 ankan :
t CTTQ 2 ankan X : C
n
H
2n+2
: a (mol)
Y : C
m
H
2m+2
: b (mol)
CTPT trung bnh 2 ankan C H

2 n + 2
Gi s n < m n< n < m = n + 1.
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
2CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2

Khi cho thm dd Ca(OH)
2
vo n d :
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
2CaCO
3
+ 2H
2
O
p dng LBT khi lng th mCO
2
= mCO
2
(trong

CaCO
3
)

30 + 100

nCO
2
= nCaCO
3
=

100
= 1,3 (mol)
mCO
2
= 1,3.44 = 57,2 (g)

C H

n 2 n + 2
+
3n + 1
O

2
2

nCO
2

+ (n + 1)H
2
O
M 44 n
19,2 57,2

67
Ta c t l :
M
19,2
=
44n

57,2

14n + 2
=

19,2
44n
57,2
n = 2,6
Ta c n < n = 2,6 < m = n+1
n = 2 v m =3
Vy CTPT 2 ankan l C
2
H
6
v C
3
H
8

b) Tnh % cc hydrocacbon trn :
C
2
H
6
+ 7/2O
2
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
a 2a (mol)
C
3
H
8
+ 5O
2
3CO
2
+ 4H
2
O
b 3b (mol)
n
CO2
= 2a + 3b = 1,3 (1)
m
hh
= 30a + 44b = 19,2 (2)
(1) , (2) a = 0,2 ;b = 0,3 (mol)

%C
2
H
6
=
30a
19,2

*100% =
30.0,2
19,2

*100% = 31,25%

% C
3
H
8
=

Bi 4 :
44b
19,2

*100% =
44.0,3
19,2

*100% = 68,75%
Mt hn hp X gm 2 hydrocacbon lin tip nhau thuc cng mt dy ng ng v
u th kh ktc. t chy X vi 6,4g O
2
(ly d) v cho hn hp CO
2
, H
2
O, O
2
d i
qua bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d th c 100g kt ta v cn li 1 kh thot ra c V=
11,2l(0,4atm,O
o
C).
a) Xc nh dy ng ng A,B
b) Xc nh CTPT ca A, B
Tm tt :

X
6,4g O
2

CO
2

H
2
O
O
2
d

dd Ca(OH)
2
d
1 kh co V=11,2l (0,4atm;O
o
C)

100g
n
O2b
= 64/32 = 2 mol

GII
bi ny, t chy 2 hydrocacbon lin tip thuc cng mt dy ng ng nn s dng
phng php trung bnh gii.
a) Xc nh dy ng ng ca A, B :
nO
2 d
= PV/RT = 11,2.0,4/(0,082.273) = 0,2 mol
nO
2 pu
= 2-0,2 = 1,8 (mol)
kh CO
2
, H
2
O b hp th vo dd Ca(OH)
2
d

68
0
4
n
Ca(OH)
2
+ CO
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O

nCO
2
= nCaCO
3
= 100/100 = 1 mol
| |

C H + x +
y
O

xCO

+
y
H O

x y
2
\
2
2
2
p dng LBT nguyn t (O) cho ptpu chy :
nO
2
p = nCO
2
+ nH
2
O
n
H2O
= 2(n
O2 p
n
CO2
) = 2(1,8-1) = 1,6 mol.
Ta thy nH
2
O > nCO
2
hai hydrocacbon trn thuc dy ng ng ankan.
CTPT trung bnh 2 ankan l : C H

2 n + 2

C H

n 2 n + 2
+
3n + 1
O

2
2

nCO
2

+ (n + 1)H
2
O
x (3 n +1)/2x x n x ( n +1) (mol)
n
CO2
= x n = 1
n
H2O
= x( n +1) = 1,6
x = 0,6
n = 1,67
1 < n =1,67 < m= n + 1
n= 1 v m = 2
CTPT 2 ankan l CH
4
v C
2
H
6

Bi 5 :
t chy 560cm
3
hn hp kh (ktc) gm 2 hydrocacbon c cng s nguyn t
cacbon ta thu c 4,4g CO
2
v 1,9125g hi nc.
a) Xc nh CTPT cc cht hu c.
b) Tnh %khi lng cc cht.
c) Nu cho lng CO
2
trn vo 100 ml dd KOH 1,3M; Tnh C
M
mui to thnh.

GII
bi ny, ta dng phng php s nguyn t H trung bnh kt hp vi phng php
bin lun gii.
a) Xc nh CTPT cc hydrocacbon :

t CTPT 2 hydrocacbon trn :

A : C
x
H
y

B : C
x
H
y'

CTPT trung bnh 2 hydrocacbon trn : C H

x y
Gi s y < y y < y < y
0,56

S mol hn hp kh n
hh
=

nCO
2
= 4,4/44 = 0,1 (mol)

22,4
= 0,025 mol
nH
2
O = 1,9125/18 = 0,10625 (mol)

69
0
4
2
2
| |

C H + x +
y
O

xCO

+
y
H O

x y
2
\
2
2
2
0,025 0,025x 0,025 y /2
n
CO2

= 0,025 = 0,1

y

x = 4

n
H2O
= 0,025
2
= 0,10625
y = 8,5

CTPT A, B c dng : A : C
4
H
y
v B : C
4
H
y

Ta c y < y < y hay y < 8,5 <y (1)
Bin lun tm CTPT B :
8,5 < y chn
y 2x + 2 = 2.4 + 2 = 10
y =10 CTPT B : C
4
H
10

Tng t bin lun tm CTPT A :
y < 8,5
y chn

y 2 4 6 8
A C
4
H
2
C
4
H
4
C
4
H
6
C
4
H
8

Vy c 4 cp nghim :
A : C
4
H
2

B : C
4
H
10'
A : C
4
H
4

v
B : C
4
H
10'
A : C
4
H
6

v
B : C
4
H
10'
A : C
4
H
8

v
B : C
4
H
10'

c) Tnh C
M
cc mui to thnh :
n
KOH
= V.C
M
= 0,1.1,3 = 0,13 (mol)

Ta c :

n
KOH
=
0,13
= 1,3 To thnh 2 mui.

n
CO

0,1
CO
2
+ 2KOH K
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
a 2a a (mol)
CO
2
+ KOH KHCO
3

b b b (mol)

Ta c :

a + b = n
CO

= 0,1
a = 0,03

(mol)

2a + b = n
KOH
0,03

= 0,13
b = 0,07

0,07

C
M(K2CO3 )
=

0,1
= 0,3 (M) C
M(KHCO3)
=

0,1
= 0,7 (M)

Bi 6 :
t chy hon ton hn hp gm ankin (A) v ankan (B) c V = 5,6 lt (kc) c
30,8g CO
2
v 11,7g H
2
O
Xc nh CTPT A,B. Tnh % A,B. Bit B nhiu hn A mt C

70

GII
bi ny, t chy hn hp 2 hydrocacbon khng phi l ng ng ca nhau nn
khng dng phng php trung bnh c m s dng phng php ghp n s v bin
lun gii.
Gi 5,6 l hh :
A : C
n

H
2n -2
: a

(mol) (n 2; m 1)

B : C
m
H
2m + 2
: b

C
n
H

2n -2
+
3n
O

2
2

nCO
2

+ (n 1)H
2
O
a an a(n-1) (mol)

C
m
H

2m + 2
+
3m + 1
O

2
2

mCO
2

+ (m + 1)H
2
O
b bm bm (mol)
5,6

n
hn hp
= a+ b =

22,4
= 0,25 (mol) (1)

n CO
2
= an + bm =
30,8
44

= 0,7 (mol) (2)

11,7

n H
2
O = a(n-1) + bm =
18
= 0,65 (mol) (3)
(2), (3) an - a + bm = 0,65
<=> 0,7 - a = 0,65
a = 0,05 mol
(1) b = 0,25 a = 0,25-0,05 = 0,2 mol
(2) an + bm = 0,05n +0,2m = 0,7
n + 4m = 14
m 3,5
n = 14 4m
m = n +1 v B nhiu hn A mt C
Bin lun :
m 1 2 3
n 10 6 2

Vy m = 3 n =2

A : C H

Vy CTPT A, B:

2 2

Bi 7 :
B : C
3
H
6
Mt hn hp kh (X) gm 1 ankan, 1 anken v 1 ankin c V =1,792 lt ( ktc) c
chia thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: Cho qua dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
d to 0,735 g kt ta v th tch hn hp gim
12,5%

71
- Phn 2 : t chy hon ton ri hp th sn phm chy vo 0,2 lt dung dch Ca(OH)
2

0,0125M thy c 11g kt ta
Xc nh CTPT ca cc hydrocacbon.

GII :
bi ny, c nhiu th nghim vi nhiu d kin, ta nn dng phng php ghp n
s gii.
1,792

n
hh
=

22,4
= 0,08 mol
gi a, b, c ln lt l s mol ca ankan, anken, ankin trong mi phn
a + b + c = 0,04 mol (1)
Phn 1 + dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
d 0,735g V
hh
gim 12,5%
V
ankin
= 12,5%(1/2V
hh
)
n
ankin
= c = 12,5%*0,04 = 0,005 mol (2)
M=
0,735
= 147

0,005
Trong phn t kt ta ch c mt nguyn t bc. Vy ankin ban u l ankin-1
t CTPT kt ta C
n
H
2n-3
Ag
M = 14n +105 = 107 n= 3
Vy CTPT ankin l C
3
H
4
.
Ta c a + b = 0,04- c =0,04 -0,005 = 0,035 mol (3)

Phn 2 :
C
3
H
4
+ 4O
2
3CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
0,005 0,015 (mol)
C
m
H
2m
+ 3m/2O
2
mCO
2
+ mH
2
O
b mb (mol)
C
n
H
2n+2
+ (3n+1)/2O
2
nCO
2
+ (n+1)H
2
O
a na (mol)
n
CO2
= 0,015 + mb + na (mol) (4)
n
Ca(OH)2
= 0,2 * 0,0125 = 0,115 mol
nCaCO
3
= 11/100 = 0,11(mol)
Khi cho CO
2
vo dd Ca(OH)
2
c th xy ra cc phn ng sau :
Ca(OH)
2
+ CO
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (5)
Ca(OH)
2
+ 2CO
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(6)

s (5)
TH 1 : S mol CO
2
thiu so vi dd Ca(OH)
2
, ch xy ra phng trnh phn ng

nCO
2
= 0,015 + mb + na = nCaCO
3
= 0,11 mol
mb + na = 0,095 mol (7)

72

Cch 1 : Dng phng php bin lun da vo gii hn
Gi s n < m
na + nb < na + mb < ma + mb
n(a + b) < na + mb < m(a + b)
n <
na + mb
< m

a + b

1 n <
0,095
= 2,7 <m 4

0,035
n = 1;2
m = 3;4

Vy c 4 cp nghim ng vi trng hp 1 :
ankan : CH
4

anken : C
3
H
6
Gi s m < n

hay
ankan : C
2
H
6

anken : C
3
H
6

hay
ankan : CH
4

anken : C
4
H
8
ankan : C H

hay

2 6

anken : C
4
H
8

2 m <

n = 3,4
m = 2

0,095
= 2,7 <n 4

0,035
C 2 cp nghim :
ankan : C
3
H
8

anken : C
2
H
4
ankan : C H

hay

4 10

anken : C
2
H
4
TH 2 : Xy ra c hai phng trnh phn ng 5,6 :
Ca(OH)
2
+ CO
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (5)
0,11 0,11 0,11 (mol)
Ca(OH)
2
+ 2CO
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(6)
(0,115-0,11) 2.0,005
n
CO2
= 0,11 + 2.0,005 = 0,12 (mol)
na + mb = 0,12 0,015 = 0,105 (mol)
Gi s n<m

1 n <

n = 1,2

0,105
= 3 <m 4

0,035
CH
4

C
2
H
6

m = 4

* n = 3
C
3
H
8

C
3
H
6
CTPT

v
C
4
H
8
C
4
H
8
Gi s m < n

73
n

2 m <
0,105
= 3 <n 4

0,035
C 2 cp nghim :
n = 3

v
m = 2

n = 4
m = 2

CTPT cc cht :
C
3
H
8

C
2
H
4
C
4
H
10

v
C
2
H
4
Vy c 11 nghim tha yu cu bi.

Cch 2 : dng phng php trung bnh kt hp vi phng php bin lun.
t CTPT trung bnh ca ankan, anken : C H

2 n + 22 k

Vit cc phng trnh phn ng nh trn

Bin lun tng t nh trn.
n =
an + bm
a + b

Bi 8 :
t chy hon ton 0,3mol hn hp gm 2 hydrocacbon A, B (thuc cc dy ng
ng ankan, anken, ankin) c t l phn t lng 22:13 ri dn sn phm sinh ra vo bnh
Ba(OH)
2
d thy bnh nng thm 46,5g v c 147,75g kt ta.
a) Tm CTPT A, B v tnh khi lng mi cht.
b) Cho 0,3 mol X li t t qua 0,5 lt dung dch Br
2
0,2M thy dung dch Br
2
mt mu
hon ton, kh thot ra khi dung dch Brm chim th tch 5,04 lt (ktc). Hi thu c
sn phm g? Gi tn v tnh khi lng ca chng.

GII :
bi ny, ta c th gii theo phng php bin lun so snh s mol kt hp phng
php ghp n s gii hoc s dng phng php trung bnh.
Sn phm chy ca 2 hydrocacbon l CO
2
v H
2
O. Khi hp th vo bnh cha dd Ba(OH)
2

th
C CO
2
v H
2
O u b dd Ba(OH)
2
d hp th
m
bnh tng
= mCO
2
+ mH
2
O = 46,5g
CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
BaCO
3
+ H
2
O
147,75

n
CO2
= n
BaCO3
=

197
= 0,75 mol
mH
2
O = 46,5 0,75.44 = 13,5(gam)
13,5

nH
2
O =

Cch 1 :
= 0,75
18
(mol)
Ta thy khi t hai hydrocacbon cho s mol nCO
2
= nH
2
O = 0,75 mol
Cch 2 : bin lun theo phng php s k trung bnh

74

2
t CTPT trung bnh ca hai hydrocacbon trn l : C H

n 2 n + 2 2 k

C H

n 2 n + 2 2 k
+
3n + 1 k
O

2
2

nCO
2
+ (n + 1 k )H O
1 n ( n + 1 k ) (mol)
0,3 0,3 n 0,3( n + 1 k ) (mol)
nCO
2
= 0,3 n = 0,75 (mol) n = 2,5
nH
2
O = 0,3( n + 1 k ) = 0,75 (mol)
thay n = 2,5 vo phng trnh trn k =1

c hai trng hp :
* A, B u l anken
* A l ankan, B l ankin (hoc ngc li)

TH 1 : A, B l anken.

t CTPT

A : C
n

H
2n
: a

(mol)

B : C
m
H
2m
: b

t CTPT trung bnh 2 anken

C H

n 2 n

C H

n 2 n
+
3n
O

2
2

nCO
2

+ nH
2
O
0,3 0,3 n
nCO
2
= 0,3 n = 0,75
n = 2,5
Gi s n< m n= 2. CTPT A l C
2
H
4
.
A l anken nh nht nn ta ch c t l :
M
B
=
14m
=
22
m =
44
= 3,4 (loi)

M
A
14n 13 13

TH 2 : A l ankan, B l ankin
A : C
n
H
2n + 2
: a
(mol)

B : C
m
H
2m -2
: b

C
n
H

2n + 2
+
3n + 1
O

2
2

nCO
2

+ (n + 1)H
2
O
a an a(n+1) (mol)

C
m
H

2m -2
+
3m - 1
O

2
2

mCO
2

+ (m - 1)H
2
O
b bm b(m-1) (mol)
ta c :
nCO
2
= an + bm = 0,75 (1)
n
hh
= a + b = 0,3 (2)
nH
2
O = a(n+1) + b(m-1) = an + bm + (a-b) = 0,75 (3)

75

2 2 2
2 2 4
Thay (1) vo (3) : a- b = 0 hay a= b
(2) a = b = 0,15 (mol)

(1) n + m =
0,75
= 5

0,15
Xt t l phn t lng gia A v B ta c hai trng hp :
M
A
: M
B
= 22 : 13

14n + 2
=
14m 2
=
14(m + n)
=
14.5
= 2

22 13 35 35
n = 3 (A : C
3
H
8
) v n =2 (B : C
2
H
2
)
M
B
: M
A
= 22 : 13

14n + 2
=
14m 2
=
14(m + n)
=
14.5
= 2

13 22 35 35
n = 1,7 v m = 3,28 (loi)
Vy hai hydrocacbon l :
A : C
3
H
8
: 0,15
(mol)

B : C
2
H
2
: 0,15

Tnh khi lng cc cht trong hn hp :
m
C3H8
= 0,15.44 = 6,6 (g)
m
C2H2
= 0,15.26 = 3,9 (g)
b) Xc nh tn v tnh khi lng sn phm :

nBr
2
= 0,5.0,2 = 0,1(mol)
Dung dch Br
2
b mt mu han ton chng t 0,1 mol Br
2
trong dd phn ng
ht.

C
3
H
8
.

S mol kh thot ra khi dd Br
2
l 5,04/22,4 = 0,225 (mol) trong c 0,15 mol
nC
2
H
2
p = 0,225 0,15 = 0,075 (mol)
Hai phn ng c th xy ra :
C
2
H
2
+ Br
2
C
2
H
2
Br
2
(lng)
a a a (mol)
C
2
H
2
+ 2Br
2
C
2
H
2
Br
4
(lng)
b 2b b (mol)
Ta c h phng trnh :
a + 2b = 0,1
a + b = 0,075

a = 0,05

b = 0,025

m
C H Br
m
C H Br
= 0,05.186 = 9,3g
= 0,025.346 = 8,65g
Tn 2 sn phm : C
2
H
2
Br
2
: 1,2- Dibrometen; C
2
H
2
Br
4
: 1,1,2,2-Tetrabrometan.
Bi 9 :
Mt hn hp gm mt s hydrocacbon lin tip trong dy ng ng c khi lng
phn t trung bnh ( M ) = 64.

76
x 1 2 3
y 30 18 6

l
100
o
C th hn hp ny th kh, lm lnh n nhit phng th mt s cht b ngng
t. cc cht kh c khi lng phn t trung bnh (= 54). Cc cht lng c (=74). Tng
khi lng cc cht trong hn hp u l 252.
Bit khi lng phn t cht nng nht gp i cht nh nht. Tm CTPT cc cht v
% th tch cc cht trong hn hp.

GII :
bi ny, p dng tnh cht ng ng trong ton hc gii
Gi a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
l khi lng phn t ca cc hydrocacbon trn.
* p dng tnh cht ton hc :
Cc hydrocacbon lin tip thuc cng mt dy ng ng s to nn mt cp s cng
c cng sai d = 14
a
n
= a
1
+ (n-1)d
S =
a
1
+ a
n
* n

2
Vi a
n
= 2a
1
2a
1
= a
1
+ (n-1).14
a
1
= 14(n-1)
S = 1,5na
1
= 252
Hay 15,5.14n(n-1) = 252
21n
1
2
- 21n
1
- 252 = 0
n = 4(nhn) hay n = -3 (loi)
a
1
= 14(4-1) = 42
t hydrocacbon u l A
1
: C
x
H
y
M
1
= 12x + y = 42
m : y chn
y 2x +2
4
< 0
Vy A l C
3
H
6
, l hydrocacbon u tin trong cp s cng trn.
Cc ng ng k tip ca n l C
4
H
8
, C
5
H
10
, C
6
H
12
(M = 84)

Tnh % th tch cc cht trong hn hp :
Gi a, b, c, d (mol) ln lt l s mol cc hydrocacbon tng ng : C
3
H
6
, C
4
H
8
,
C
5
H
10
, C
6
H
12
.
Ta c :
M =
42a + 56b + 70c + 84d
= 64
a + b + c + d

(1)

M khi ' =
42a + 56b
= 54
a + b

b = 6a (2)
M =
70c + 84d
= 74 c = 2,5d(3)

c + d
Thay (2), (3) vo (1) :

77

M =
42a + 56.6a + 70.2,5d + 84d
= 64
a + 6a + 2,5d + d

378a + 259d
= 64

7a + 3,5d
d = 2a (4)
c= 2,5.2a = 5a (3)
n
hh
= a + b + c + d = a + 6a + 5a + 2a = 14a
cng iu kin, t l v s mol bng t l v th tch
a

%C
3
H
6
=

%C
4
H
8
=

14a
6a
14a
5a

*100% = 7,14%

*100% = 42,85%
%C
5
H
10
=

%C
6
H
12
=

14a
2a
14a
*100% = 35,71%

*100% = 14,28%

II.3 BI TON XC NH THNH PHN HN HP CC
HIDROCACBON BIT CTPT

II.3.1 MT S LU KHI GII BI TON HN HP :
- Khai thc tnh cht ha hc khc nhau ca tng loi hydrocacbon, vit cc phng
trnh phn ng.
- t a, b, c, ln lt l th tch (hoc s mol) kh trong hn hp.
- Lp cc phng trnh i s : bao nhiu d kin l by nhiu phng trnh.
- Cc th nghim thng gp trong ton hn hp :
+ t chy hn hp trong O
2
: thng dng lng d O
2
(hoc ) phn ng xy ra
hon ton, nu thiu oxi bi ton s tr nn phc tp v sn phm c th l C, CO, CO
2
,
H
2
O, hoc sn phm ch gm CO
2
, H
2
O ng thi d hydrocacbon.
+ Phn ng cng vi H
2
: cho hn hp gm hydrocacbon cha no v H
2
qua Ni, t
o
C (hoc
Pd,t
o
) s c phn ng cng.
- gim th tch hn hp bng th tch H
2
tham gia phn ng.
Ta lun c :
- S mol hn hp trc phn ng ln hn s mol hn hp sau phn ng.
n hh
T
> n hh
S

- Khi lng hn hp trc v sau phn ng bng nhau (LBTKL).
m
hh T
= m
hhS

78
M T < M S d
T
< d
S

+ Phn ng vi dd brm v thuc tm d, tng khi lng ca dd chnh l khi lng
ca hydrocacbon cha no.
C
n
H
2n+2-2k
+ kBr
2
C
n
H
2n+2-2k
Br
2k
+ Phn ng c trng ca ankin-1 :
2R(C CH)
n
+ nAg
2
O 2R(C CAg)
n
+ nH
2
O
Khi lm ton hn hp do s mol cc cht lun thay i qua mi th nghim do khi
qua th nghim mi ta nn lit k s mol ca hn hp sau v trc mi th nghim.
Lu : trong cng thc tnh PV = nRT th V l V
bnh
.

V d :
Mt bnh kn c dung tch 17,92 lt ng hn hp gm kh hidro v axetilen ( O
o
C
v 1 atm) v mt t bt Ni xc tc. Nung nng bnh mt thi gian sau lm lnh n 0
o
C.
a) Nu cho lng kh trong bnh qua dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
s sinh ra 1,2 gam kt ta vng
nht. Tm s gam axetilen cn li trong bnh.
b) Cho lng kh cn li qua dd Brom thy khi lng dung dch tng ln 0,41 gam.
Tnh s gam etilen to thnh trong bnh.
c) Tnh th tch etan sinh ra v th tch H
2
cn li sau phn ng. Bit t khi hn hp u
(H
2
+ C
2
H
2
trc phn ng) so vi H
2
= 4. Bt Ni c th tch khng ng k.

GII
a) Tnh lng axetilen cn d :
Phn 1 :
Sn phm chy to kt ta vng nht vi ddAgNO
3
/NH
3
chng t hn hp cn
axetilen d
Cc ptp :

nC
2
Ag
2
=

1,2
240

= 0,005
C
2
H
2
+ Ag
2
O
(mol)
dAg
NO
3
/N
H
3
C
2
Ag
2
+ H
2
O
Lng axetilen cn li trong bnh :
nC
2
H
2
d = 2nC
2
H
2
p = 2nC
2
Ag
2
= 2.0,005 = 0,01 (mol)
b) Tnh s gam etilen to thnh trong bnh :
Phn 2 :
Cc ptp :
C
2
H
4
+ Br
2
C
2
H
4
Br
2

b b b (mol)
C
2
H
2
+ 2Br
2
C
2
H
2
Br
4

0,005 2.0,005 (mol)
p dng LBT khi lng :
m
bnh tng
= mC
2
H
4
+ mC
2
H
2

mC
2
H
4
= m
bnh tng
mC
2
H
2
= 2(0,41- 0,005.26) = 0,56 (g)

79
o

nC
2
H
4
=
0,56
28

= 0,02 (mol)
c) Th tch etan sinh ra v th tch H
2
cn li :
Phn 3 :
17,92

n
hh
=

22,4
= 0,8 (mol)
Gi x (mol) l s mol H
2
trong 0,8 mol hn hp ban u.
M
hh
= 4.2 = 8
2.x + 26(0,8 x)

M
hh
=
= 8
0,8
x = 0,6 (mol)
nC
2
H
2 b
= 0,2 (mol)
Cc ptp :

C
2
H
2
+ H
2

i,
t C
C
2
H
4

0,02 0,02 (mol)
o

C
2
H
2
+ 2H
2

N
i,
t C
C
2
H
6

y 2y y (mol)
Gi y l s mol etan to thnh.
nC
2
H
2 p to etan
= y = 0,2 (0,01 + 0,02)
= 0,17 (mol)
n
Etan
= 0,17 (mol)
nH
2 cn li
= 0,6 (0,02 + 2.0,17) = 0,24 mol

Ghi ch : ta nn t cc n s ngay t u v phi cng n v. Qua mi th nghim s
gip ta tm mt n s.
Lu lng hn hp mang phn ng trong mi th nghim c th khc nhau nhng t l
thnh phn cc cht trong hn hp khng i.

II.3.2 PHNG PHP GII MT S BI TON XC NH THNH
PHN HN HP CC HYDROCAC BIT CTPT

Bi 1 :
t chy hon ton 100cm
3
hn hp A gm : C
2
H
6
, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
2
v H
2
th thu c
90cm
3
CO
2
. Nung nng 100cm
3
A c s hin din ca Pd th thu c 80cm
3
hn hp kh
B. Nu cho B tip tc qua Ni, t
o
th thu c cht duy nht.
Tm % cc cht trong hn hp.

t 100cm
3
hh A gm : C
2
H
6
: a
C
2
H
4
: b
GII :

80

a + b + c + d = 100 (cm
3
)
C
2
H
2
: c
H
2
: d (cm
3
)

TN1 :
Cc ptp :

C
2
H
6
+ 7/2O
2
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
a 2a (mol)
C
2
H
4
+ 3O
2
2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
b 2b (mol)
C
2
H
2
+ 5/2O
2
2CO
2
+ H
2
O
c 2c (mol)
H
2
+ 1/2O
2
H
2
O
d d (mol)
Lu : H
2
cng chy trong Oxi, sn phm l H
2
O.
VCO
2
= 2(a + b + c) = 90 (cm
3
)
a + b + c = 45 (cm
3
)
d = 100 45 = 55(cm
3
) (1)

TN2 : xc tc Pd,t
o
C th mt lin kt b t, sn phm cng l anken.
o

C
2
H
2
+ H
2

P
d,
t C
C
2
H
4

c c (cm
3
)
Th tch hn hp gim :
V
kh gim
= 2c c = c = 100 80 = 20 (cm
3
) (2)

Hn hp kh B gm : C
2
H
6
: a
C
2
H
4
: b + c (cm
3
)
H
2
: d c = 55 20 = 35

TN3 :
o

C
2
H
4
+ H
2

N
i,
t C
C
2
H
6

b + c b + c (cm
3
)
V ch thu c mt kh duy nht C
2
H
4
v H
2
u ht.
b + c = 35 b = 35 c = 35 20 = 15 (cm
3
)
a = 100 (b + c + d) = 100 (15 + 20 + 55) = 10 (cm
3
)
% th tch cc cht trong hn hp :

%V
C2H6
=

%V
C2H4
=

a
100
b
100

.100% =

.100% =
10
100
15
100

.100% =10%

.100% = 15%

81
0

%V
C2H2
=

c
100

.100% =
20
100

.100% = 20%

%V
H2
=
d
100

.100% =
55
100

.100% = 55%

Bi 2 :
Cho 11 gam hn hp gm 6,72 lt hydrocacbon mch h A v 2,24 lt mt ankin. t
chy hn hp ny th tiu th 25,76 lt Oxi. Cc th tch o ktc.
a) Xc nh loi hydrocacbon.
b) Cho 5,5 gam hn hp trn cng 1,5 gam hidro vo mt bnh kn cha sn mt t bt Ni
( ktc) un nng bnh phn ng xy ra hon ton ri a v O
o
C. Tnh thnh phn %
hn hp cui cng v p sut trong bnh.

GII :
Da vo ptp chy, t s mol cc cht v gii h phng trnh tm cc gi tr x, n.

a) Xc nh loi hydrocacbon :
6,72

S mol cc cht : n
A
=

2,24

22,4
= 0,3 (mol)
n
ankin
=

22,4
= 0,1 (mol)

nO
2
=
25,76
22,4

= 1,15 (mol)

A : C
x
H
y
: 0,3

Gi 11g hn hp

Cc ptp :

Ankin : C
n
H
2 n 2
: 0,1

(mol)
C H + x +
y
O
t

xCO +
y
H O

| |

x y
\
4

2

2
2
2

0,3 0,3(x + y/4) (mol)

C
n
H

2n -2
+
3n - 1
O

2
2

nCO
2

+ (n 1)H
2
O

n
O2
= 0,3(x +

y
) + 0,1(

4
0,1 0,1(3n-1)/2 (mol)
3n - 1
) = 1,15

2
m
hh
= (12x + y)0,3 + (14n - 2)0,1 = 11
36x + 3y + 14n = 112 (1)
4x + y + 2n = 16 (2)
(1) 7.(2) y = 2x

Thay y = 2x vo (1), (2) :

82
o
36x + 6x +14n = 112
4x + 2x + 2n = 16

3x + n = 8 x <
8
= 2,66

3
x = 2 C
2
H
4

n = 2 C
2
H
2

b) Tnh thnh phn % hn hp cui cng v p sut trong bnh :
n
H2
= 1,5/2 = 0,75 (mol)
Hn hp mi gm C
2
H
4
: 0,015 mol
C
2
H
2
: 0,05 mol
H
2
: 0,75 mol
Cc ptp :

C
2
H
4
+ H
2

i,
t C
C
2
H
6

0,15 0,15 0,15
o

C
2
H
2
+ 2H
2

N
i,
t C
C
2
H
6

0,05 0,1 0,05
Sn phm thu c gm : C
2
H
6
: 0,2 mol
H
2
d : 0,5 mol
T l %th tch chnh l t l % s mol :
0,2

%V
C2H6
=

0,2 + 0,5
0,5

.100% = 28,6%
%V
H2
=

0,2 + 0,5
.100% = 71,4%
Tnh p sut :
PV
bnh
= nRT
Trc phn ng n
1
= nC
2
H
4
+ nC
2
H
2
+ nH
2
= 0,15 + 0,05 + 0,75 = 0,95 (mol)
Sau phn ng n
2
= nC
2
H
6
+ nH
2d
= 0,7 (mol)
cng iu kin V
bnh
, T = const
P
2
=
n
2

P
1
n
1

P
2
=
n
2
=

n
1
0,7
0,95

0,73 (atm) (P
1

= 1atm )

Bi 3 :
Mt hn hp kh A gm C
2
H
2
v H
2
c t khi hi so vi khng kh bng 0,4. un
nng A vi xc tc Ni mt thi gian thu c hn hp kh B, t khi ca B so vi khng

kh bng

4
. Nu cho ton b lng B qua dung dch KMnO

d th cn li kh D thot ra

7
4

ngoi, t khi ca D so vi H
2
bng 4,5. Cc th tch o ktc.
a) Tnh thnh phn % th tch ca hn hp A.
b) Tnh t s th tch ca A so vi th tch B. Gii thch s thay i th tch .
c) Tnh thnh phn % th tch ca hn hp kh D

83
d) Bit V
B
= 3,136 lt, hi nu hp thu ht lng B ny trong dd Brom d th khi lng
cc sn phm thu c l bao nhiu?
Tm tt :
hh A C
2
H
2

Ni,t
o
C

dd KMnO
4
d

d =0,4
H
2
hh B kh D thoa t ra
A/KK d
B/kk
= 4/7
d
D/KK
= 4,5

dd Br
2
d

3,136 lt hh B m sp?

GII :

a. % th tch ca hn hp A :
Trong A, t C
2
H
2
: a (mol)
H
2
: b (mol)
M hh A = 0,4.29 = 11,6

26a + 2b
= 11,6 b = 1,5a

a + b

%C
2
H
2
=
a
a + b

.100% =
a
a + 1,5a

.100% = 40%
%H
2
= 100% - 40% = 60%

b. T l th tch ca A so vi B :
Phn ng c th xy ra :
o

C
2
H
2
+ H
2
N
i,
t C
C
2
H
4
o

C
2
H
2
+ 2H
2

N
i,
t C
C
2
H
6

Phn ng cng H
2
lm gim s mol kh nhng khng lm thay i khi lng kh
n
B
< n
A
V
B
< V
A
.
Ta c :
n M hhB

m
A
= m
B

M hh A .n
A
=

M hh B .n
B

A
=

4 116

n
B
M hhA

116
n
A 7
10

Vi M hh B = 29.
7
= (gam/mol) v
7
M hh A = 11,6 = =
n
B
11,6 7

V t l th tch bng t l s mol kh nn V
A
: V
B
= 10 : 7

c. % th tch hn hp kh D :
Hn hp B gm C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
2
H
2
d v H
2
d khi cho qua dung dch KMnO
4
th
C
2
H
4
v C
2
H
2
d b oxi ha v gi li trong dung dch :
C
2
H
4
+ [O] + H
2
O C
2
H
4
(OH)
2

C
2
H
2
+ 4[O] HOOCCOOH

84
Hn hp kh D thot ra gm C
2
H
6
v H
2
d. Trong hn hp D gi C
2
H
6
: x(mol) v
30x + 2y

H
2
d : y (mol). Ta c

x

M hh D = 4,5.2 = 9

x

x + y
= 9 y = 3x
%C
2
H
6
=

x + y
.100% =

x + 3x
.100% = 25%
%H
2
= 100% - 25% = 75%

d. Khi lng cc sn phm :
o

C
2
H
2
+ H
2

N
i,
t C
C
2
H
4

u u u (mol)
o

C
2
H
2
+ 2H
2

N
i,
t C
C
2
H
6

x 2x x (mol)
Gi u (mol) l s mol C
2
H
4
thu c B gm :
C
2
H
4
: u (mol)
C
2
H
6
: x (mol)
C
2
H
2
d : a (u + x) (mol)
H
2
d : 3x (mol)
n =
3,136
= 0,14 (mol) u + x + a (u + x) + 3x = 0,14 a + 3x = 0,14 (1)

B
22,4
n
H2
ban u = 1,5a(mol) u + 2x +3x = 1,5 1,5a = u + 5x (2)

n
A
=
10

2,5a
=
10
a = 0,8 (mol)

n
B
7

0,14 7
T (1) x = 0,02 (mol)
T (2) u = 0,02 (mol)
Trong B ch c C
2
H
4
: 0,02 (mol) v C
2
H
2
: 0,04 (mol) cho phn ng cng vi dung
dch Br
2
:
C
2
H
4
+ Br
2
C
2
H
4
Br
2

0,02 0,02 (mol)
C
2
H
2
+ 2Br
2
C
2
H
2
Br
4

0,04 0,04 (mol)
mC
2
H
4
Br
2
= 0,02.188 = 3,76 (gam)
mC
2
H
2
Br
4
= 0,04.346 = 13,84 (gam)

Bi 4 :
Mt bnh kn 2 lt 27,3
o
C cha 0,03 mol C
2
H
2
; 0,015 mol C
2
H
4
v 0,04 mol H
2
c
p sut P
1
. Tnh P
1

- Nu trong bnh c mt t bt Ni lm xc tc (th tch khng ng k) nung bnh
n nhit cao phn ng xy ra hon ton, sau a v nhit ban u c hn
hp kh A c p sut P
2
.
- Cho hn hp A tc dng vi lng d dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
thu c 3,6 gam kt ta.
Tnh P
2
. Tnh s mol mi cht trong A..

85
o

Tnh p sut P
1
:
Tng s mol cc cht trc phn ng :
GII :
n
1
= nC
2
H
2
+ nC
2
H
4
+ nH
2
= 0,03 + 0,015 + 0,04 = 0,085 (mol)
p dng phng trnh trng thi kh l tng :

PV = nRT P
1
=
n
1
RT
1

V
=
0,085.0,082.300,3
= 1,05 atm

2
Tnh p sut P
2
v s mol cc cht :
Cc ptp :
C
2
H
2
+ H
2

N
i,
t C

C
2
H
4

a a a (mol)
o

C
2
H
4
+ H
2

N
i,
t C
C
2
H
6

b b b (mol)
V s mol H
2
= 0,04 < nC
2
H
2
+ nC
2
H
4
= 0,045 (mol) nn phn ng ht H
2

t a, b l s mol H
2
tham gia hai phn ng trn
a + b = 0,04 (1)(mol)
C
2
H
2
cn d sau phn ng trn tc dng vi lng d dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
:
HC CH + Ag
2
O
d
dAg
NO
3
/N
H
3
C
2
Ag
2
+ H
2
O

nC
2
Ag
2
=

3,6
240
0,015 0,015 (mol)

= 0,015 (mol)
nC
2
H
2
d = 0,015 mol
nC
2
H
2 phn ng
= a = 0,03 0,015 = 0,015 (mol)
b = 0,04 a = 0,04 0,015 = 0,025 (mol)
nC
2
H
4
= nC
2
H
4 b
+ a = 0,015 + 0,015 = 0,03 (mol)
nC
2
H
4 d
= 0,03 b = 0,03 0,025 = 0,005 (mol)
p sut P
2
:
n
2
= nC
2
H
2
d + nC
2
H
4 d
+ nC
2
H
6
= 0,015 + 0,005 + 0,025 = 0,045 (mol)
P =
n
2
RT

2
V
=
0,045.0,082.300,3
= 0,554 (atm)

2

Bi 5 :
Cho a gam CaC
2
cha b% tp cht tr tc dng vi nc th thu c V lt C
2
H
2

(ktc)
1) Lp biu thc tnh b theo a v V
2) Nu cho V lt trn vo bnh kn c than hot tnh nung nng lm xc tc,t
o
trong
bnh t
o
C p sut P
1
. Sau phn ng thu c hn hp kh, trong sn phm phn ng
chim 60%V, nhit khng i, p sut P
2

Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng.
3) Gi s dung tch bnh khng i, th tch cht rn khng ng k. Hy

86
o
a) Lp biu thc tnh p sut P
2
theo P
1
v hiu sut h.
b) Tnh khong gi tr ca P
2
theo P
1

1) Lp biu thc tnh b theo a v V :
Cch 1 :
CaC
2
+ 2H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
+ C
2
H
2

GI I :
V
22,4
Gi V l th tch C
2
H
2
sinh ra.
V

V
(mol)

22,4
nC
2
H
2
=

22,4
V

64V

mCaC
2
= 64.

a -
64V

22,4
m
tp cht
= (a-
)
22,4

b% =

22,4
.100% =
7a - 20V
.100%

a 7a
Cch 2 :
CaC
2
+ 2H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
+ C
2
H
2

64(g) 22,4(lt)
a 0,01b(g) V(lt)
b(%)
Ta lp c t l :
64
a - 0,01b
=
22,4
64V = 22,4a 0,224b

V

b =

22,4a - 64V
=
7a 20V

b%=
7a - 20V
.100%

0,224 7 7a

2) Tnh hiu sut phn ng :
Xt phn ng :
3C
2
H
2

C
hoa
t tin
h ,60
C
C
6
H
6

x x/3 (lt)
Gi x l th tch C
2
H
2
tham gia phn ng trn
Tng s mol cc cht sau phn ng :
C
2
H
2
: V x
C
6
x

H
6
:
3
(lt)
n = V x + x/3 = V 2/3x (l)
VC
6
H
6
= 60%V
hh

87
Cch 1 : Tnh theo cht tham gia :

x
= 0,6(V
2
x) x =
9
V

3 3 11
9
V

Hiu sut phn ng h =

x
.100% =
11
.100% =

9
.100% = 81,81%

V V 11
Cch 2 : Tnh hiu sut phn ng theo sn phm :

x
= 0,6(V
2
x) V =
11
x

3 3 9
Theo phn ng :
o

3C
2
H
2

C
hoa
t tin
h ,60
C
C
6
H
6

V V/3 (theo l thuyt)

h% =

3)
V(thuc t' )
V(l thuy' t)
.100% =
x / 3
.100% =

V/3
x/3
11x/9
3

.100% =
9
.100% = 81,81%

11
a) Lp biu thc tnh p sut P
2
theo P
1
v hiu sut h :
Ta c pt TTKLT :
PV
bnh
= nRT
V
bnh
, T = const

P
2

P
1
=
n
2

n
1
=
V
2

V
1
V
2
, V
1
: S mol cc cht trong bnh.
V V
2
= V 2/3x
V
1
= V

P
2

=
V
2
V -
2
x

=
3
= 1
2x

= 1
2h

P
1
V
1
V

3V 3.100

P
2

P
1
=
300 2h
P

300
2

=
300 2h
P

300
1

b) Tnh khong gi tr ca P
2
theo P
1
:
Ta c 0 < h 100

h = 0
300 2h
= 1

300
h = 100
300 2h
=
1

300 3

1
P

P P

3
1 2 1

88
Bi 6 :
Khi sn xut t n ta thu c hn hp rn gm CaC
2
, Ca v CaO (hh A). Cho hn
hp A tc dng ht vi nc th thu c 2,5 lt hn hp kh kh X 27,0
o
C v
0,9856atm. T khi ca X so vi metan bng 0,725.
a) Tnh % khi lng mi cht trong A
b) un nng hn hp kh X vi bt Ni xc tc mt thi gian th thu c hn hp kh Y,
chia Y lm hai phn bng nhau.
- Phn th nht cho li t t qua bnh nc Brom d thy cn li 448 ml hn hp kh
X (ktc) v t khi so vi Hidro l 4,5. Hi khi lng bnh nuc Brom tng bao nhiu
gam?
- Phn th hai em trn vi 1,68 lt O
2
(ktc) trong bnh kn dung tch 4 lt. Sau khi
bt tia la in t chy, gi nhit bnh 109,2
o
C. Tnh p sut bnh nhit
bit dung tch bnh khng i.

a) Tnh % khi lng mi cht trong A :
Gi 5,52g hh A CaC
2
: a
Ca : b
CaO : c (mol)
m
hh X
= 64a + 40b + 56c = 5,52 (1)

GII :
Lu : hn hp A tc dng vi nc, c Ca v CaO cng c phn ng.
CaC
2
+ 2H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
+ C
2
H
2

a a (mol)
Ca + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
+ H
2

b b (mol)
CaO + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
c (mol)
2,5 lt kh thu c gm : C
2
H
2
: a
H
2
: b
M X = 0,725.16 = 11,6

n
hhX
= a + b =
PV
=

RT
2,5.0,9856
0,082.300

= 0,1

(mol) (2)
M X = 0,725.16 = 11,6 (gam/mol)
m
X
= M X .n
X
= 11,6.0,1 = 1,16 (gam)
26a + 2b = 1,16 (3)
a = 0,04

(2), (3)
b = 0,06

(mol)
Theo cc phn ng trn :

nCaC
2
= nC
2
H
2
= 0,04 mol %CaC
2
=

64.0,04
5,52

.100% = 46,38%

89

nCa = nH
2
= 0,06 mol %Ca =
40.0,06
5,52

.100% = 43,48%
% CaO = 100% - (46,38 + 43,48)% = 10,14%

b) tng khi lng bnh Brom :
* Khi nung nng hn hp X vi xc tc Ni, c th xy ra 2 phn ng :
C
2
H
2
+ H
2
C
2
H
4

C
2
H
2
+ 2H
2
C
2
H
6

hn hp kh Y c th gm C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
2
H
2
d, H
2
d.
* Khi cho hn hp Y qua bnh ng dd Br
2
d th C
2
H
2
, C
2
H
4
b hp thu :
C
2
H
2
+ 2Br
2
C
2
H
2
Br
4
(lng)
C
2
H
4
+ Br
2
C
2
H
4
Br
2
(lng)
hn hp kh Z thot ra gm C
2
H
6
v H
2
.
n
Z
= 0,02 mol v Mz = 4,5.2 = 9 m
Z
= 9.0,02 = 0,18 gam
* p dng LBT khi lng, ta c :
m
1/2hh Y
= m
1/2hh X
= 1,16/2 = 0,58gam
So snh hn hp Y v Z, ta thy tng khi lng bnh ng dung dch Br
2
l tng khi
lng ca C
2
H
2
v C
2
H
4
tc l m
Y
- m
Z
Vy tng khi lng bnh Brom = 0,58 0,18 = 0,4 gam
Tnh p sut bnh sau phn ng chy :
So snh hn hp X vi Y v p dng LBT nguyn t, ta c :

n
C
trong hn hp Y =

n
C
trong hn hp X = 2.0,02 = 0,04 (mol)

n
H
trong hn hp Y =

n
H
trong hn hp X = 2.0,02 + 2.0,03 = 0,1 (mol)

* Sn phm chy gm :
nCO
2
= nC = 0,04 (mol); nH
2
O = nH = 0,05 (mol)
Mt khc,

n
O
trong CO
2
v trong H
2
O = 0,04.2 + 0,05 = 0,13 (mol)

n
O
ban u l 0,075.2 = 0,15 (mol)
n
O
d = 0,15 0,13 = 0,02 (mol)
nO
2
d = 0,02/2 = 0,01 (mol)

n cc kh trong bnh sau khi t = 0,04 + 0,05 + 0,01 = 0,1 (mol)

Vy p sut bnh l :
P =
nRT
=
0,1.22,4.(109,2 + 273)
= 0,784 atm

V 273.4

90
II.4 BI TP TNG HP V HYDROCACBON

Mt s lu khi gii bi tp tng hp v hydrocacbon :

Bi tp tng hp l mt dng bi tp trong c c phn tnh ton km theo cu hi
l thuyt hoc cu hi th nghim.
Bi tp hn hp thng c cc dng sau :
Tm CTPT ca mt hay nhiu hydrocacbon sau yu cu :
- Xc nh CTCT ng ca cc cht qua th nghim cho cht tc dng vi mt
cht no thu c sn phm c th.
- Xc nh CTCT ri vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch mt cht hydrocacbon
khc hoc iu ch cht t nguyn liu chnh ban u l g.
- a ra phng php phn bit cc hydrocacbon mi tm c hoc nu cch tch
ring, tinh ch tng cht trong hn hp cc cht mi tm c.
V phng php lm bi tp loi ny, chng ta vn dng cc phng php hng
dn trong phn bi tp l thuyt v bi tp tm CTPT, bi tp hn hp gii. Sau y l
mt s bi tp v d :

Dng 1 : bi yu cu xc nh CTPT ca sn phm th, t gi thit cho xc
nh ng CTCT ca hydrocacbon ban u.

Bi 1 :
Khi tin hnh phn ng th gia ankan B vi hi Br
2
c chiu sng ngi ta thu
c hn hp X ch gm 2 sn phm phn ng (mt cht v c v mt cht hu c) th
hi. T khi hi ca X so vi khng kh bng 4.
a) Lp CTPT ca B v chn cho M mt CTCT thch hp.
b) Nu tin hnh phn ng th 3 nguyn t hidro trong phn t B bng Clo th c th thu
c my ng phn?

GII :
bi cho t khi hi ca sn phm th nn ta tm CTPT sn phm ri suy ra CTCT
B

a. Lp CTPT ca B v chn CTCT ng ca B.
Gi k l s nguyn t Brom th vo phn t B :
C
n
H
2n+2
+ kBr
2
C
n
H
2n+2-k
Br
k
+ kHBr
a a ak (mol)
Gi a (mol) l s mol B tham gia phn ng
Sn phm phn ng gm : C
n
H
2n+2-k
Br
k
: a mol v HBr : ak mol
(14n + 2 k 80k )a + 8ak

M hh X = 29.4 = 116

14n + 44k = 114

a + ak
= 116

91
0
n =
114 44k

14

k 1 2 3
n 5 1,8 < 0
CTPT B : C
5
H
12
v dn xut ca B : C
5
H
11
Br
k = 1 : phn ng xy ra theo t l mol 1:1 v thu c duy nht mt sn phm C
5
H
11
Br
B phi c cu to i xng.
CTCT B :
CH
3

CH
3
C CH
3

CH
3

Neopentan hay 2,2 dimetylpropan

b. Ta thu c 3 ng phn ca dn xut 3 clo ca B :
CH
3

CH
2
Cl

CH
2
Cl
CH
3
C CCl
3
CH
3
C CHCl
2
CH
3
C CH
2
Cl
CH
3
CH
3
CH
2
Cl

Dng 2 : Sau khi tm c CTPT, CTCT ca cc hydrocacbon bi yu cu vit
ptp iu ch cc cht
Bi 2 :
Hn hp kh X gm 4 hydrocacbon A, B, C, D iiu kin chun. Trn X vi O
2

va t chy ht X trong mt bnh kn nhit T
1
> 100
o
C v p sut 0,8amt. Bt tia
la in t chy hon ton hn hp ri a bnh v nhit T
1
, o li p sut trong
bnh vn c tr s 0,8atm. Lm li th nghim vi cc hn hp X c thnh phn A, B, C,
D khc nhau vn thu c kt qu nh c.
a) Lp CTPT A, B, C, D bit rng M
A
< M
B
< M
C
< M
D
.
b) Vit ptp iu ch D t A v B t C

GII :
Nhit sau khi t T
1
> 100
o
C H
2
O th hi
cng iu kin nhit , th tch p sut bnh trc v sau khi t khng i s mol
kh trong bnh trc v sau phn ng bng nhau.
Khi thay i thnh phn ca hn hp X m kt qu khng thay i khi t chy
tng cht th tng s mol trc v sau phn ng cng bng nhau.
t cng thc ca mt cht trong hn hp l : C
x
H
y

C H + x +
y
O
t

xCO +
y
H O

| |

x y
\
4

2

2
2
2

a a(x + y/4) ax ay/2 (mol)

92
o
Ta c : n
T
= n
S
a + a(x + 0,25y) = ax + 0,5ay
1 + x + 0,25y = x + 0,5y 0,25y = 1 y = 4
Vy c 4 hydrocacbon trn u c 4 nguyn t H trong phn t.
Mt khc do A, B, C, D u th kh nn x 4
Vy 4 hydrocacbon trong X l CH
4
, C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
4
, C
4
H
4

Theo th t M
A
< M
B
< M
C
< M
D
th A : CH
4
, B: C
2
H
4
, C: C
3
H
4
, D: C
4
H
4
.
b. Vit cc ptp iu ch :
iu ch D t A :
O

2CH
4
2C
2
H
2

500
c ,
l ln
C
2
H
2
+ 3H
2
uCl
, HC
l ,10
C
C
4
H
4
(vinylaxetilen)
iu ch B t C :
o

C
3
H
4
+ 2H
2
N
i,
t C

o

C
3
H
8
C
3
H
8
t C
CH
4
+ C
2
H
4

Dng 3 : Tm CTPT ca cc hydrocacbon sau nu cch nhn bit hoc tinh ch
hoc tch cc cht trong hn hp hydrocacbon .
Bi 3 :
t chy mt s mol nh nhau ca 3 hydrocacbon L, L, M ta thu c lng CO
2

nh nhau v t l s mol H
2
O v CO
2
i vi K., L, M tng ng bng 0,5; 1, 1,5.
a) Xc nh CTPT K, L, M
b) Nu cch nhn bit 3 kh trn ng trong 3 l mt nhn
c) Hy tch ring 3 cht trong hn hp trn.

GII
t cng thc chung cho 3 hydrocacbon l C
n
H
2n +2-2k
vi k l s lin kt trong
phn t cc hydrocacbon trn.

C
n
H

2n + 2-2k
+
3n + 1 - k
O

2
2

nCO
2

+ (n + 1 - k)H
2
O
a an a(n+1-k) (mol)
3 hydrocacbon t vi s mol nh nhau thu c lng CO
2
nh nhau nn K, L, M c
cng s C trong phn t.
T =
n
H 2O

n
CO 2
=
n + 1 k
n
K th T = 0,5 0,5n = n + 1 k n = 2(k 1)
0 n 4 v k 0
n = 2, k = 2 K : C
2
H
2

L th T = 1 n = 2 v k = 1
CTPT L : C
2
H
4

M th T = 1,5 n = 2 v k = 0
CTPT M : C
2
H
6

93
b) Nhn bit 3 kh trn ng trong 3 l mt nhn :
- Ly mi kh mt t lm mu th.
- Dn ln lt 3 kh vo dd AgNO
3
/NH
3
, kh no to c kt ta vng nht l C
2
H
2
.

Ag
2

ddAgNO
3
/NH
3
AgC CAg

+ H O
C
2
H
2
+ O
2
(va ng)
- Hai kh cn li khng c hin tng g c dn tip qua ddBr
2
d, kh no lm mt mu
nu ca dd Br
2
l C
2
H
4
, kh cn li khng c hin tng g thot ra ngoi l C
2
H
6

H
2
C=CH
2
+ Br
2
BrH
2
CCH
2
Br
c) Cch tch 3 cht trn ra khi hn hp ca chng :
- Cng thc hin qua cc th nghim nh trn ta thu c kh C
2
H
6
thot ra ngoi.
- Tinh ch li C
2
H
2
bng cch cho dd axt HCl vo kt ta bc axetilua, kh axetilen c
hon nguyn s bay ra ngoi :
C
2
Ag
2
+ 2HCl C
2
H
2
+ 2AgCl
- Tinh ch li C
2
H
4
Br
2
bng cch cho thm ddKOHc/ancol vo dd Br
2
b mt mu th
kh C
2
H
4
c hon nguyn s bay ra ngoi :
ancol

C
2
H
4
Br
2
Hoc :

C
2
H
4
Br
2

+ KOH

Zn/ru
C
2
H
4
+ 2KBr

C
2
H
4
+ ZnBr
2

Ghi ch : Trn y ch l mt s bi tp v d nh, nu cc em lm tt bi tp phn II.1&
II.2 th s lm c bi tp phn ny.

94

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http://ebook.here.vn Ti min ph eBook, thi trc nghim, t lun cc mn hc.

(n + 1 - k)a + (m + 1 - k)b = 0,5

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