Chng 2: TNH TON THIT K MNG BNG 2.1.

Ti trng tc dng Theo TCVN 2737-1995, ti trng c chia thnh ti trng thng xuyn v ti trng tm thi (di hn, ngn hn v c bit) ty theo thi gian tc dng ca chng. Ti trng thng xuyn l cc ti trng tc dng khng bin i trong qu trnh xy dng v s dng cng trnh: trng lng bn thn mng, trng lng phn cng trnh pha trn truyn xung mng Ti trng tm thi l cc ti trng c th khng c trong mt giai on no trong qu trnh xy dng v s dng: ti trng sn do thit b, vch ngn truyn xung, ti trng gi truyn xung, ti trng do t p Ti trng c bit: ti trng ng t, ti trng do n, tc ng ca bin dng nn gy ra do thay i cu trc t (st l, ln t), tc ng do bin dng ca mt t vng c nt t, c nh hng ca vng khai thc m v c hin tng caster. T hp ti trng: T hp ti trng c bn 1: {1 x ti trng thng xuyn + 1 x ti trng tm thi } i vi trng hp c mt ti trng tm thi. T hp ti trng c bn 2: {1 x ti trng thng xuyn + (0,9 x ti trng tm thi i)} i vi trng hp c t 2 ti trng tm thi tr ln. T hp ti trng c bit 1: {1 x ti trng thng xuyn + 1 x ti trng c bit + 1 x ti trng tm thi } i vi trng hp c mt ti trng tm thi. T hp ti trng c bit 2: {1 x ti trng thng xuyn + 1 x ti trng c bit + (0,95 x ti trng tm thi di hn + 0,8 x ti trng tm thi ngn hn )} i vi trng hp c t hai ti trng tm thi tr ln. Mc ch tnh nn v mng theo sc chu ti (TTGH I) l m bo bn v tnh n nh ca nn v mng, khng cho php mng trt v lt. m bo sc chu ti ca nn t. m bo kh nng chng xuyn thng ca mng.
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Tnh ct thp m bo mng khng b ph hoi un, ct. Mc ch tnh nn, mng v cng trnh theo bin dng (TTGH II): hn ch bin dng ca nn, mng v kt cu trn mng, khng cn tr vic s dng bnh thng ca nh v cng trnh ni chung hay ca tng kt cu ni ring, khng lm gim tnh bn vng lu di ca chng do s xut hin ca cc chuyn v khng cho php ( ln, nghing, thay i cao thit k). m bo n nh t nn di y mng. ln ca mng khng vt qu gii hn cho php. i vi TTGH I, ti trng s dng tnh ton thit k mng l ti trng tnh ton. i vi TTGH II, ti trng s dng l ti trng tiu chun. Khi tnh ton nn mng phi tin hnh vi cc t hp bt li nht cho bin dng ca cng trnh v n nh ca ton nn.
Nitt

Trong cc t hp ti trng tc dng ln ct th i M itt

H itt

ta chn t hp c tng lc

dc cc chn ct truyn xung mng l ln nht (

Nimax ) thit k mng bng. Sau

phi kim tra li vi cc t hp ni lc khc. Nguyn tc l mng phi tha vi tt c cc t hp ni lc.

2.2. a cht Tin hnh thng k a cht (xem chng 1). Chn cc ch tiu cn thit tnh ton thit k mng bng. 2.3. Chn kch thc s b 2.3.1. Chn chiu su t mng Chn chiu su t mng da theo mt s tiu ch sau:
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Chc nng v c im kt cu ca cng trnh (tng hm, ng ngm, mng thit b) Tr s v c im ca ti trng v cc tc ng tc dng ln nn. Chiu su t mng ca nh, cng trnh v cc thit b bn cnh. a hnh hin ti v a hnh thit k ca ni xy dng. iu kin a cht ni xy dng cng trnh (nm trn lp t tt, cc hang l do phong ha, s xi mn t) Thun li khi thi cng. iu kin a cht thy vn (mc nc ngm). Thng th Df =1,5m 3m.

2.3.2. Chn s b kch thc ct Chn kch thc ct da vo din truyn ti ca sn vo ct. Ta tnh s b lc dc tc dng ln ct v t chn s b kch thc ca ct.
Ac
tt N maxi Rb

Vi h s =1,2 1,4 ty thuc vo momen lch tm. T din tch ct chn bc v hc , kch thc thng lm trn 50mm. Da vo lc dc. momen, lc ngang tc dng vo ct tnh ct thp cho ct. Mc hp l ca kch thc ct c nh gi da vo hm lng ct thp trong ct.
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Nu hm lng thp tnh ra khng hp l th phi chn li kch thc ct v gii li khung. T ta c c kch thc ca ct tnh ton thit k mng. 2.3.3. Chn s b tit din y mng Tit din y mng chn s b theo iu kin n nh t nn di y mng:
tc ptb tc ptb

R II N tc Fm Fm R II
tb

Df

N tc
tb

Df

Trong :

N tc N1tc

tc tc N2 ... Nn

Fm: din tch y mng

tb

20 22kN / m3

Df: chiu su t mng

R II m1m2 ( ABm ktc
' II

II i i

DcII )

m1: h s iu kin lm vic ca nn t m2: h s iu kin lm vic ca cng trnh tc ng qua li vi nn

Vi L, H ln lt l chiu di v chiu cao cng trnh

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ktc: h s tin cy c chn nh sau: ktc=1 khi cc c trng tnh ton ly trc tip t cc th nghim. ktc=1,1 khi cc c trng tnh ton ly trc tip t cc bng thng k. A, B, D l cc h s ph thuc gc ma st trong
A 0, 25 cotg
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42
II: II

ca nn
cotg

B 1 2 cotg
0 1,1159 1,2454 1,3903 1,5527 1,7349 1,9397 2,1703 2,4307 2,7252 3,0591 3,4386 3,8713 4,3661 4,9338 5,5872 6,3424 7,2188 8,2403 9,4367 10,8455 12,5138

D 2 cotg

0 0,0290 0,0614 0,0976 0,1382 0,1837 0,2349 0,2926 0,3577 0,4313 0,5148 0,6097 0,7178 0,8415 0,9834 1,1468 1,3356 1,5547 1,8101 2,1092 2,4614 2,8785

3,1416 3,3196 3,5100 3,7139 3,9326 4,1677 4,4208 4,6940 4,9894 5,3095 5,6572 6,0358 6,4491 6,9016 7,3983 7,9453 8,5497 9,2198 9,9654 10,7985 11,7334 12,7874

II: trng lng ring t nn di y mng trng lng ring t nn t y mng tr ln mt t hi: chiu cao cc lp t t y mng tr ln mt t cII: lc dnh ca t t y mng tr xung
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Lu : Khi tnh sc chu ti tnh ton theo TTGH II ca t nn cha c thng s b rng y mng Bm, do ta tin hnh gii lp nh sau:

Chiu di mng Lm= Li+2x. on u tha hai u mng bng x nhm tng din tch mng, tng kh nng chng xuyn thng , trnh ng sut cc b, thng c ly trong khong Ltb/4 Ltb/2.

Cho Bm=1m RII Fm Bm (gii n khi hi t). Chiu rng v chiu di mng thng c chn lm trn n 100mm. 2.3.4. Chn cc kch thc cn li

Chiu cao cnh mng: hc'

200mm (ty thuc vo Bm).

Chiu cao bn mng: hm chn s b nhng kim tra iu kin xuyn thng ca cnh mng v phi m bo dc i 30% (thun tin cho qu trnh b tng). Chiu cao dm mng: hd chn s b theo nhp dm Ltb. Sau ta phi kim tra li s hp l ca hd chn theo hm lng ct thp trong dm. nu thy hm lng ct thp khng hp l ta phi chn li hd. Chiu rng dm mng bd thng chn theo: 2.4. Kim tra 2.4.1. Kim tra n nh t nn di y mng Nhm m bo nn t cn hot ng nh vt liu bin dng n hi ( vic tnh ln theo l thuyt Boussinesq c sai s nh), phi kim tra iu kin n nh t nn di y mng.
tc ptb

hd bd bd

2 bc 2 50mm

N tc Fm p p
tc tb tb

Df

R II 1, 2 R II vi Wm 0

iu kin kim tra:

p p

tc max

M tc Wm M tc Wm

Bm L2 m 6

tc min

tc tb

Momen c qui v trng tm y mng nh sau:

M tc

Mitc

Hitc hd

Nitc xi vi

Mi, Hi, xi c ly gi tr i s.

tc Thit k s hp l nu ptb chnh lch khng nhiu so vi RII (khong di 10%).

2.4.2. Kim tra ln 2.4.2.1. p lc gy ln pgl = ptbtc Thnh phn khi cha c mng. 2.4.2.2. Tnh ln theo phng php tng phn t ln ca nn dng s tnh ton di dng bn khng gian bin dng n hi tuyn tnh xc nh bng phng php cng ln cc lp trong phm vi chiu dy chu nn ca nn. Phng php ny cho php xc nh ln ca cc mng ring l hoc mng chu nh hng ca cc mng ln cn, nghing ca mng v t tnh ra gc xoay, ln lch gia cc mng. Vic tnh ng sut gia tng trong nn t do ti trng ngoi gy ra hon ton da vo l thuyt n hi (bi ton Boussinesq - ti trng tp trung tc dng trn mt phng ca na khng gian n hi), do phi m bo t nn ng x nh vt liu n hi. B1: Chia lp phn t tnh ln chnh xc, ta chia vng nn ln thnh cc lp nh vi b dy tng lp hi = (0,4 0,6)Bm (khng nht thit phi chia u). Nu vng nn ln gm nhiu lp t khc nhau th mt phn chia cc lp t phi l mt phn chia cc lp phn t. Hin nay nh cc chng trnh tnh ton bng my tnh nn chiu dy cc lp phn t nn chn nh t chnh xc cao. B2: Tnh ln Lp bng tnh ln. Tnh ton ng sut do trng lng bn thn cc lp t gy ra ti gia cc lp phn t p1i khi cha gnh ti trng cng trnh. p1i = gy ra ti gia cc lp phn t p2i. p2i = p1i+
p z i i

hi
i

hi l ng sut do trng lng bn thn cc lp t ti y mng

hi

Tnh ton tng ng sut do trng lng bn thn cc lp t v ti trng cng trnh vi
p

z=k0pgl

Ntc
Df
1

tb

p
pgl hi h
bt=

p1i p2i

p z

gl=kopgl

Chiu dy vng nn ln h c qui c t y mng bng n chiu su z tha iu kin:

p z p z p z

0,2 p1i : i vi t ct v t st. 0,1p1i : nu gii hn di ca vng nn ln (xc nh theo iu kin = 0,2 p1i) kt thc trong lp t c module bin dng E 5MPa hoc

nu lp nm trc tip pha di gii hn k trn. T kt qu ca th nghim nn c kt suy ra h s rng e1i, e21. Lu : cc hm trong excel m t t chnh xc chp nhn c phi m bo R2 cp p lc c th chia lm nhiu hm.
e0

0,98, nu c nhiu

e1 e2

p1 p 2

p
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Tnh ton ln ca lp th i theo cng thc:

si e1i e2i hi 1 e1i

ln ca mng l tng cc ln ca cc lp phn t trong vng nn b nn:

S si

ln ca mng cn tha S < [S]gh. Nu iu kin ny khng tha th phi chn li kch thc mng (tng b rng mng). 2.4.3. Kim tra xuyn thng Trong mng bng c dm, xuyn thng ca mng l xuyn thng t dm xung cnh mng. Ta khng kim tra xuyn thng t ct xung dm v v tr ny c tnh ton ct ai chu lc ct. B1: Tnh ton p lc xuyn thng Nguyn tc: ta phi kim tra ht cc chn ct. Nhng thng th ta ch kim tra cc ct bin v cc ct c lc dc ln nht.

Kim tra ct bin

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Kim tra ct c lc dc ln nht p lc t v trng lng bn thn ca mng khng gy xuyn thng, do ta tnh theo p lc rng pnet.
p1tt
tt p2 tt N max S1

N S2

tt bin

vi S1

Bm

li li 2

tt Chn p lc xuyn thng pnet

tt max ( p1tt , p2 ,...) coi nh phn b u di y mng.

B2: Kim tra xuyn thng

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Tnh cho 1m di.

Pxt Pcx
tt pnet

Bm (bd 2h0 ) 1m 2 2 Rbt h0 2 1m Rbt h0 2

Vi

h0 = hm - a l chiu cao lm vic ca b tng. : h s, vi b tng nng th =1 Pcx. Nu iu kin ny khng tha th ta

Kim tra iu kin xuyn thng: P xt 2.5. Tnh ton ct thp

phi tng chiu cao mng hm v thc hin tnh ton li. 2.5.1. Tnh ton ct thp theo phng ngang a. S tnh Dm console ngm ti mp dm (trng hp nguy him nht)

Vi chiu di cnh tay n l1 b. Tnh ton v b tr ct thp

Bm 2

hd

, momen ln nht M

tt pnet l12 2

Tnh ton ct thp cho 1m di (b=1m).

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M Rbbh02
R

1 Rbbh0 Rs

1 2

As

B tr ct thp theo iu kin: ng knh ct thp chu lc d Khong cch ct thp: 70mm Khong cch hp l a = 100mm 2.5.2. Tnh ton ct thp theo phng dc Ty theo cng ca mng, mng c chia thnh: Mng tuyt i cng: mng c cng rt ln (xem nh bng v cng) v bin dng rt b (xem nh bng 0). Mng mm: mng c kh nng bin dng cng cp vi t nn (bin dng ln, chu un nhiu), mng b tng ct thp c t l cnh di/cnh ngn>8 thuc loi mng mm. Mng cng hu hn: mng b tng ct thp c t l cnh di/cnh ngn<8. Vi mi loi th cch tnh ton khc nhau, tnh mng mm phc tp hn c. a. Quan nim mng cng tuyt i Trong trng hp mng cng tuyt i, phn lc t nn di mng phn b tuyn tnh. Momen v lc ct trong mng c tnh ton theo c hc kt cu: dm lt ngc (phn lc t nn c chiu t di ln, ngc chiu trng lng). a 12mm. 200mm (nu a > 200mm s gy

nt cc b gia 2 cy thp, a < 70mm kh b tng). 150mm

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Biu momen un trong mng theo phng dc c dng nh hnh v:

Biu lc ct trong mng theo phng dc c dng nh hnh v:

T biu lc ct v momen ta tnh ton b tr ct thp trong mng theo phng dc mng. u im: tnh ton nhanh chng, d dng kim tra kt qu, thp tnh ra ln hn so vi thc t i hi (thin v an ton). Khuyt im: m t khng chnh xc s lm vic ca mng trong mi trng t nn, thp v th i khi qu d so vi thc cn. b. Quan nim mng c cng hu hn Thc t lm vic cng ca mng hu hn nn trong tnh ton mng chu un phi k n ng x thc ca t nn. Mng c kh nng un di tc dng
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ca ti trng. Ngoi bin dng n hi, nn t cn c bin dng d . n gin tnh ton, t nn c coi gn ng l n hi, ln ch xy ra trong phm vi din gia ti v c thay th tng ng bi mt h l xo n hi tuyn tnh (nn Winkler hay nn n hi cc b).

Khong cch gia hai l xo cng nh th chnh xc cng cao. Hng s n hi ca h cc l xo c gi l h s nn K. Hin nay c nhiu phng php tnh h s nn K: Phng php tra bng. Phng php th nghim hin trng (th nghim bn nn hin trng). Phng php tnh theo cc cng thc nn mng.
S Terzaghi : K K pgl 40(cNc 0,5 BN Nq D f )

Vi m hnh tnh ton nh trn, ta c 2 phng php tnh ton ni lc theo phng dc cho mng bng di ct: Gii ni lc bng phng php gii tch Gii ni lc bng phn mm Sap. Ch cng Ki ca cc l xo:

Ki

K Si

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Vi Si l din tch ph trch ca mi l xo. Mt s nhc im ca m hnh: H s nn xc nh kh chnh xc, da nhiu vo kinh nghim ca ngi thit k Khng xt n yu t thi gian trong bi ton. Cc kt qu chuyn v ca nn di mng ( ln) tnh thuyt phc khng cao, hiu qu thp. Kt qu momen v lc ct thu c dng tnh ton ct thp theo phng dc cho mng bng:

B1: Qui i tit din mng thnh ch T trn c s tng ng din tch.

B2: Vi momen dng ti cc chn ct (cng th di): b qua s lm vic ca b tng chu ko th di, tit din tnh ton thp chu un l tit din ch nht kch thc bdxhd.
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B3: Vi momen m ti gia cc nhp (cng th trn): b qua s lm vic ca b tng chu ko th trn, tnh ton theo tit din ch T hay ch nht.

B4: Tnh ton ct ai, kim tra s cn thit b tr ct xin.

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