B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG

CC THM NH V NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

HNG DN K THUT LP BO CO
NH GI TC NG MI TRNG
D N X L NC THI TH

H NI, 10/2009
1

MC LC
LI NI U .....................................................................................................................5
CHNG 1. GII THIU TM TT D N X L NC THI TH ..............6
1.1. Khi qut v vic trin khai loi hnh d n Vit Nam: ........................................6
1.2. M t s lc v loi hnh d n: .............................................................................6
1.2.1. Cc thng tin chung v d n ............................................................................6
1.2.2. Cc hot ng ca d n trong giai on xy dng...........................................7
1.2.3. Cc hot ng ca d n trong giai on vn hnh ...........................................7
1.3. u t d n............................................................................................................11
1.4. Tin thc hin d n ..........................................................................................11
CHNG 2. THU THP S LIU, KHO ST V NH GI IU KIN T
NHIN V KINH T X HI TI KHU VC D N X L NC THI TH
............................................................................................................................................12
2.1. iu kin t nhin :.................................................................................................12
(1). Ti nguyn t .....................................................................................................15
(2). Cht lng nc ..................................................................................................15
(3). Cht lng khng kh ..........................................................................................17
(4). Ting n, rung ................................................................................................18
2.2. c im kinh t - x hi : ......................................................................................19
CHNG 3. NH GI TC NG CA D N X L NC THI TH
TI MI TRNG T NHIN V KINH T X HI ...............................................22
3.1. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh chun b mt bng .........................22
3.2. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng .......................................22
3.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng trong giai on xy dng ................................................22
3.2.2. nh gi tc ng trong qu trnh xy dng ...................................................23
(1). Tc ng n mi trng khng kh trong giai on xy dng ..........................23
(2). Tc ng n mi trng nc trong giai on xy dng ..................................24
(3). Tc ng n mi trng t trong giai on xy dng .....................................24
(4). Tc ng ca cht thi rn trong giai on xy dng .........................................24
3.3. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh vn hnh ........................................24
3.3.1. Cc ngun gy tc ng trong giai on hot ng.........................................24
3.3.2. Tc ng n mi trng vt l .......................................................................25
3.3.3. Tc ng n cc h sinh thi ..........................................................................27
3.3.4. Tc ng n kinh t-x hi ............................................................................28
3.4. nh gi ri ro s c mi trng ............................................................................29
3.4.1.Nhng ri ro trong giai on thi cng xy dng ..............................................29
3.4.2. Nhng ri ro trong giai on hot ng ..........................................................30
CHNG 4. CC BIN PHP GIM THIU CC TC NG TIU CC CA D
N X L NC THI TH N MI TRNG T NHIN V KINH T X
HI ....................................................................................................................................31
4.1. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on chun b d n............31
4.2. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on xy dng d n ..........32
4.2.1. Cc phng n v sinh, an ton trong giai on xy dng ..............................32
4.2.2. Khng ch nhim khng kh trong giai on xy dng................................32
4.2.3. Khng ch nhim nc trong giai on xy dng ........................................33
4.2.4. Khng ch nhim do cht thi rn trong giai on xy dng .......................33
2

4.3. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on vn hnh d n ...........33

4.3.1. Cc bin php gim thiu nhim khng kh, ting n trong giai on vn
hnh ............................................................................................................................33
4.3.2. Cc bin php gim thiu nhim do nc thi trong giai on vn hnh.....34
4.3.3. Gim thiu tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn trong giai on vn hnh..34
4.3.4. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n cc h sinh thi ...................35
4.3.5. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n kinh t-x hi ......................35
4.4. Bin php gim thiu, phng nga v ng ph cc s c mi trng ...................35
4.4.1. Cc bin php ngn nga v ng cu s c chy n .......................................35
4.4.2. Phng chng st ...............................................................................................36
CHNG 5. CHNG TRNH QUN L V QUAN TRC, GIM ST MI
TRNG ...........................................................................................................................37
5.1. CHNG TRNH QUN L MI TRNG ....................................................37
5.2. CHNG TRNH QUAN TRC, GIM ST MI TRNG..........................37
5.2.1. i tng, ch tiu quan trc, gim st mi trng .........................................38
5.2.2. D tr kinh ph cho gim st, quan trc mi trng ........................................39
CHNG 6. THAM VN KIN CNG NG ........................................................40
6.1. nh ngha v cng ng ........................................................................................40
6.2. Hng dn v tham vn cng ng v cng b thng tin ......................................40
CHNG 7. GII THIU CU TRC V NI DUNG CA BO CO TM CA
D N ...............................................................................................................................43
M U .......................................................................................................................44
1. Xut x ca d n: .................................................................................................44
2. Cn c php lut v k thut ca vic thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng
(TM): .......................................................................................................................44
3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh TM:.........................................................44
4. T chc thc hin TM: .......................................................................................44
Chng 1: M T TM TT D N ........................................................................45
1.1. Tn d n: ...........................................................................................................45
1.2. Ch d n: ...........................................................................................................45
1.3. V tr a l ca d n: ........................................................................................45
1.4. Ni dung ch yu ca d n: ..............................................................................45
Chng 2: IU KIN T NHIN, MI TRNG V KINH T X HI ........46
2.1. iu kin t nhin v mi trng: ......................................................................46
2.2. iu kin kinh t x hi: ..................................................................................47
Chng 3: NH GI CC TC NG MI TRNG .......................................47
3.1. nh gi tc ng: ..............................................................................................47
3.2. Nhn xt v mc chi tit, tin cy ca cc nh gi: .................................47
Chng 4: BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NGA V NG
PH S C MI TRNG ........................................................................................48
4.1. i vi cc tc ng xu: ...................................................................................48
4.2. i vi s c mi trng: ...................................................................................48
Chng 5: CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI TRNG ..............48
5.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng: ......................................................................48
5.2. Chng trnh gim st mi trng: ....................................................................48
Chng 6: THAM VN KIN CNG NG.........................................................49
6.1. kin ca y ban nhn dn cp x....................................................................49
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6.2. kin ca y ban Mt trn T quc cp x. .....................................................49

6.3. kin phn hi v cam kt ca ch d n trc cc kin ca y ban nhn dn
cp x v y ban Mt trn T quc cp x: ..............................................................49
KT LUN, KIN NGH V CAM KT ...................................................................49
1. Kt lun: .................................................................................................................49
2. Kin ngh:...............................................................................................................50
3. Cam kt: .................................................................................................................50
TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................................51
PH LC...........................................................................................................................54
PH LC I. PHIU IU TRA KINH T - X HI.................................................54
PH LC II. CC PHNG PHP TM S DNG CHO LOI HNH D N ..55

LI NI U
Nm 2001 Cc Mi trng, B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng xy dng
hng dn lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) cho mt s chuyn ngnh
ph hp vi Lut Bo v Mi trng (BVMT) c Quc hi Nc CHXHCN Vit Nam
thng qua ngy 27/12/1993 v Ch tch Nc k lnh cng b ngy 10/01/1994 v Ngh
nh 175/CP ngy 18/10/1994 ca Chnh ph v Hng dn thi hnh Lut Bo v Mi
trng. T khi ra i, cc bn hng dn ny c cc c quan qun l nh nc v
mi trng, cc c quan t vn mi trng v cc doanh nghip trn phm vi c nc p
dng trong qu trnh lp v thm nh bo co TM cho cc D n u t.
Tuy nhin, cc bn hng dn lp bo co TM chuyn ngnh tr ln li thi k t
khi Quc hi Nc Cng ha X hi ch ngha Vit Nam thng qua Lut Bo v Mi
trng ngy 29/11/2005 thay th cho Lut BVMT nm 1993. Tip theo, Chnh ph
ban hnh Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09/08/2006 v/v Quy nh chi tit v hng
dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng; B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
ban hnh Thng t s 08/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 08/09/2006 v Hng dn nh gi mi
trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng. Ngy
28/02/2008, Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh 21/2008/N-CP v/v sa i, b sung mt
s iu ca Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP v quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s
iu Lut Bo v mi trng v B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh Thng t s
05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 12 nm 2008 hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc,
nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng v B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
ban hnh Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 12 nm 2008 hng dn v nh
gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng thay th
Thng t s 08/2006/TT-BTNMT. Trc tnh hnh , vic b sung, cp nht, xy dng
li hng dn k thut lp bo co TM cho cc chuyn ngnh ph hp vi cc quy nh
hin hnh, c kh nng ho nhp quc t l cn thit v cp bch.
Nhm p ng tnh hnh nu trn, c php ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng,
Tng Cc Mi trng, Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng t chc
nghin cu, bin son cc hng dn lp bo co TM chuyn ngnh. Cc hng dn
ny mang tnh hng dn k thut khng ch cho cc ch u t, cc c quan t vn lp
bo co TM ca cc D n m cn gip cho cc c quan qun l nh nc trong cng
tc thm nh bo co TM.
c s ti tr ca Hp phn Kim sot nhim ti cc khu vc ng dn ngho
(PCDA), Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng hon chnh bn Hng dn
k thut lp bo co TM D n x l nc thi th.
Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng xin gii thiu hng dn k thut
lp bo co TM D n x l nc thi th. Trong qu trnh p dng vo thc t, nu
c kh khn, vng mt xin kp thi phn nh v Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng
mi trng theo a ch:
Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng
83 Nguyn Ch Thanh, H Ni
in thoi: 844-37734246
Fax: 844-37734916
5

CHNG 1. GII THIU TM TT D N X L NC THI TH

Yu cu : Ni dung m t s lc v D n phi c trnh by mt cch r rng, d
hiu v cn c minh ha bng nhng s liu, biu bng, s t l thch hp.
1.1. Khi qut v vic trin khai loi hnh d n Vit Nam:
Dn s th hin nay khong 21 triu ngi chim 25,8% tng dn s ton quc l
81 triu ngi. T l th ha trong giai on hin nay bnh qun hng nm gn 2%.
Mng li th Vit Nam ngy cng c m rng v pht trin. Hin nay, c
nc c 703 th, trong : 2 th c quy m dn s trn 3 triu ngi, 15 th c
quy m dn s t 25 vn n 3 triu ngi, 74 th c quy m dn s t 5 vn n 25
vn ngi v cc th cn li c quy m dn s di 5 vn ngi. Nhiu khu cng
nghip tp trung, nhiu khu th mi v khu kinh t ca khu c hnh thnh gp phn
m rng mng li th quc gia, to tin cho s tng trng th.
D bo n nm 2010 dn s c nc l 93 triu ngi. D kin dn s th s
tng khong 1,14 triu ngi/nm, a tng dn s th c nc ln 30,4 triu ngi
chim 33% s dn c nc. t xy dng th s l 243.200 ha, chim 0,74% din tch
t t nhin c nc, bnh qun 80m2/ngi. n nm 2020 dn s c nc l 103 triu
ngi, trong dn s th l 46 triu ngi, chim t l 45% s dn c nc, bnh
qun tng 1,56 triu ngi/nm. t xy dng th s l 460.000 ha, chim 1,40% din
tch t t nhin c nc, bnh qun 100m2/ngi.
Phng hng, nhim v pht trin kinh t - x hi 5 nm 2006 2010 ca Vit
Nam xc nh mc tiu n nm 2010, 100% s th loi 3 tr ln, 50% s th loi 4
c h thng x l nc thi c thu gom v x l t tiu chun mi trng.
Theo quy nh ti iu 18, Mc II, Lut Bo v Mi trng 2005, Ngh nh
21/2008/N-CP v/v sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP v quy
nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu Lut Bo v mi trng th cc D n
xy dng h thng x l nc thi sinh hot tp trung cng sut thit k t 1.000 m3 nc
thi/ngy m tr ln phi lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) trnh np C
quan qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng thm nh v ph chun.
Bn hng dn k thut ny c bin son nhm tr gip cc ch u t, cc c
quan t vn lp bo co TM v tr gip cc c quan qun l nh nc trong cng tc
thm nh, ph duyt bo co TM d n xy dng h thng x l nc thi sinh hot
th.
1.2. M t s lc v loi hnh d n:
1.2.1. Cc thng tin chung v d n
Cn c vo Bo co u t xy dng cng trnh, d n u t xy dng cng trnh,
bo co kinh t-k thut ca D n, vic m t s lc D n x l nc thi th c
th c th hin theo cc ni dung chnh di y:
(1). Tn d n : Nu chnh xc nh tn trong bo co u t xy dng cng trnh,
d n u t xy dng cng trnh, bo co kinh t-k thut hoc ti liu tng ng ca
d n.
6

(2). Ch d n : Nu y tn ca c quan ch d n, a ch lin h vi c quan

ch d n; h tn v chc danh ca ngi ng u c quan ch d n.
(3). V tr a l ca d n
M t r rng v tr a l (gm c ta , ranh gii...) ca a im thc hin d n
trong mi tng quan vi cc i tng t nhin (h thng ng giao thng; h thng
sng sui, ao h v cc vc nc khc; h thng i ni ...), cc i tng v kinh t - x
hi (khu dn c, khu th, cc i tng sn xut - kinh doanh - dch v, cc cng trnh
vn ho - tn gio, cc di tch lch s ...) v cc i tng khc xung quanh khu vc d
n, km theo s v tr a l th hin cc i tng ny, c ch gii r rng.
1.2.2. Cc hot ng ca d n trong giai on xy dng
(1). Phng n s dng t
M t r phng n s dng t ca d n, bao gm cc hng mc cng trnh xy
dng h thng x l nc thi th, vn phng; cc hng mc h tng k thut (ng
giao thng, cp in, cp nc, thot nc, thng tin lin lc, bi trung chuyn cht thi
rn); t cy xanh, mt nc Trnh by r din tch tng hng mc cng trnh, t l %
trn tng mt bng d n. Lp s phn b mt bng d n, ch r trn s tng hng
mc cng trnh.
(2). Cc hot ng gii phng mt bng, n b, gii to, ti nh c
M t r hin trng khu t d n bao gm cc s liu o c, kim k hoa mu, vt
kin trc; s h dn v nhn khu b tc ng do gii to; s m m phi di di c
tnh kinh ph n b; ch r phng n ti nh c (s h ti nh c, v tr ti nh c).
(3). Cc hot ng san lp mt bng
M t r khi lng t b mt b bc tch trc khi san lp; phng n thi b t
bc tch. M t cao san lp mt bng; c tnh khi lng t ct cn thit cho cng
tc san lp; ngun t ct san lp, phng tin vn chuyn t ct san lp (ng b hay
ng thu).
(4). Cc hot ng xy dng c bn
M t cc hot ng xy dng c bn bao gm xy dng h thng x l nc thi,
kho cha nguyn vt liu, nhin liu, vn phng; cc hng mc h tng k thut (ng
giao thng, cp in, chiu sng, cp nc, thng tin lin lc, bi trung chuyn cht thi
rn); c tnh tng khi lng cc loi nguyn vt liu s dng cho xy dng c bn (,
ct, xi mng, gch, st thp ); xc nh ngun cung cp v phng tin vn chuyn ti
khu vc d n. Lp s b tr ng giao thng, cp nc, thot nc ma.
(5). Trng cy xanh
M t h thng cy xanh, din tch, v tr b tr cy xanh. Lu tng din tch cy
xanh khng thp hn 15% tng din tch khu t d n. Lp s b tr h thng cy
xanh trn khu t n.
1.2.3. Cc hot ng ca d n trong giai on vn hnh
1.2.3.1. Cng sut
Cng sut ca trm x l nc thi th c xc nh bng s lng m3 nc
thi c x l trn mt n v thi gian (V d : m3 nc thi/ ngy).
7

1.2.3.2. Cng ngh x l nc thi

Nc thi sinh hot t cc khu nh ca ngi dn th, cc khu thng mi, vn
phng c x l s b bng h thng b t hoi, sau nc thi c thu gom v
cc h thng x l nc thi th tp trung.
Ph thuc vo quy m cng sut, iu kin v mt bng, vn, yu cu x l m cng
ngh x l nc thi sinh hot th rt khc nhau. Tuy nhin, mt h thng x l nc
thi th thng bao gm cc cng on chnh sau y :
- H thng thu gom
- Song chn rc
- B iu ho
- B lng bc 1
- B x l sinh hc hiu kh
- B lng bc 2
- Kh trng
Cng on x l sinh hc hiu kh c th la chn bao gm : hiu kh bn hot tnh,
m c nh, mng xy ha, h sinh hc V d v mt quy trnh cng ngh h thng
x l nc thi sinh hot th c a ra trong hnh 1.

Nc thi khu nh ca
nhn dn

Nc thi khu hnh chnh

Nh v sinh (*)

Nh tm git (*)

B t hoi (*)

Ngun thi khc

Ht
bn (*)

B t hoi (*)
Thng cha rc
Ht
bn (*)

B iu ha

Kh nn
B Aroten
Bn hon lu

Clo

B cha bn

B lng

X l ni
quy nh

Kh trng

Ngun tip nhn

Hnh 1. S quy trnh cng ngh x l nc thi sinh hot

Ghi ch : (*)- Cc hng mc x l cc b nc thi bng cc b t hai v thu gom
nc thi ti h thng x l nc thi sinh hot th khng thuc phm vi ca bn
hng dn ny.
Quy trnh cng ngh x l nc thi sinh hat th nh sau :
- Nc thi t tt c cc ngun (sau khi x l bng b t hoi) c cho qua cc
song chn rc loi b rc c kch thc ln. Cc loi rc c kch thc ln s b gi
li. Lng rc ny c thu gom, cha trong cc thng rc chuyn dng, sau hng
ngy c chuyn n trm trung chuyn rc ti khu vc d n trc khi thu cng ty c
chc nng thu gom, x l ti bi rc tp trung.
- Nc thi c a v b iu ha cn bng nng v lu lng nc thi.
Ti b iu ha nc thi c khuy trn nh bng dng kh trch t my nn kh. Ti
y mt phn cc cht rn l lng s c loi b di tc dng ca trng lc. Hiu qu
9

lng ti b u ha l 30% 40%. Cn lng c nh k ly ra khi b v a vo b

cha bn.
- Nc thi t b iu ha c bm qua b sinh hc hiu kh (Aeroten). Khng
kh c xc vo b Aeroten. Cc cht hu c s b phn hy vi sinh hiu kh v to
thnh cc bng cn (bn hot tnh). Vi khun v cc vi sinh vt sng dng cht nn
(BOD) v cht dinh dng (N, P) lm thc n chuyn ho chng thnh cc cht tr
khng ho tan v thnh cc t bo mi. Qu trnh chuyn ho thc hin theo tng bc
xen k v ni tip nhau, bin i cc cht hu c c cu trc phc tp thnh cc cht hu
c c cu trc n gin hn, cc cht hu c c cu trc n gin tr thnh thc n cho
cc vi khun khc v qu trnh c din ra theo trnh t cho n khi khng cn thc n
cho cc loi vi sinh vt no na. Qu trnh lm thong bng kh nn hoc khuy trn b
mt hn hp nc thi v bn hot tnh c trong b trong mt thi gian di ly xy
cp cho qu trnh sinh ho xy ra trong b Aeroten. Vic x l nc thi bng phng
php ny c u im l hiu sut x l cc cht nhim hu c tng i cao (90%
95%).
- Sau khi qua b Aeroten, nc thi c cha bn hat tnh c a qua b lng.
Ti b lng mt lng bn d ti y s c a tr li b Aeroten nhm duy tr
nng bn hot tnh l lng trong b p ng yu cu x l t ra.
- Nc thi sau khi tch bn hat tnh s c kh trng bng Clo trc khi thi ra
ngun tip nhn.
1.2.3.3. My mc thit b
Cc hng mc cng trnh xy dng v thit b chnh ca h thng XLNT sinh hot
th s c tm trong bng 1.
Bng 1. Cc hng mc cng trnh v thit b h thng XLNT sinh hot th
TT Tn gi quy cch
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

n v
tnh

S lng

c tnh k
thut

Ghi ch

Song chn rc c gii

B iu ho
B AEROTEN
B lng bc 1
B cha bn
Sn phi ct
Bm nc thi (dng bm chm)
My nn kh
Bm bn
1.2.3.4. Nhu cu ho cht, in, nc

Trong qu trnh hot ng, Nh my x l nc thi sinh hat th s dng ha

cht trung ha (xt/axt), ha cht keo t (Phn), ha cht b sung dinh dng (N/P)
v ha cht kh trng (Clo).
Nhu cu ho cht, in, nc phc v cho h thng x l nc thi cng nghip v
sinh hat c a ra trong bng 2.
10

Bng 2 : Nhu cu ho cht chnh, in, nc cho D n x l nc thi thi6

Stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Nguyn liu

n v tnh

nh mc cho
m3.nc thi

Khi lng
(kg/ngy(

NH3
H3PO4
NaOH
HCl
NaOCl
H2SO4
Phn n
in
Nc
1.2.3.5. Bin ch lao ng v t chc thc hin

Trong phn ny trnh by v s lng cn b, cng nhn vin lm vic trong nh

my x l nc thi sinh hot th; s ngy lm vic trong 01 nm; s gi trong 1 ca, s
ca lm vic trong 1 ngy; t chc qun l v thc hin d n. Ngoi ra, cn trnh by v
ngun lao ng v cng tc o to lao ng.
1.3. u t d n
Cn trnh by v tng mc u t v ngun vn u t ca d n, nu r vn u t
cho xy dng c bn, mua sm my mc thit b, trong c vn u t cho cc cng
trnh bo v mi trng.
1.4. Tin thc hin d n
Trnh by v lch trnh thc hin cc hng mc cng trnh ca D n t giai on
chun b n giai on hon thnh a cng trnh vo hot ng.

11

CHNG 2. THU THP S LIU, KHO ST V NH GI IU KIN T

NHIN V KINH T X HI TI KHU VC D N X L NC THI
TH
Yu cu : Mi trng nn l mi trng khu vc trc khi thc hin d n v s chu
tc ng ca qu trnh thc hin d n. nh gi mi trng nn l qu trnh xc
nh hin trng mi trng ca khu vc m d n d nh s thc hin.
Chng ny phi nh gi c cht lng mi trng ti khu vc d n thng qua
nhng s liu quan trc, o c cc ch tiu mi trng c trng cho hot ng ca
d n.
Cc s liu v hin trng mi trng ti khu vc d n l nhng cn c khoa hc
nh gi tc ng mi trng v nh gi hiu qu ca cc gii php gim thiu tc
ng tiu cc.
Cc s liu v hin trng mi trng ti khu vc d n cn t nhng yu cu cht
lng sau y:
- C tin cy, r rng v phi r ngun gc xut x. S liu ny c th ly t
nhiu ngun ti liu khc nhau nh: cc trm quan trc mi trng quc gia v tnh,
cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc, kho st trong nhiu nm c cng b chnh
thc hoc s liu t tin hnh kho st, o c trong qu trnh lp bo co TM.
- Cc s liu, ti liu phi c thu thp, kho st, o c ti khu vc d n v vng
ln cn chu tc ng trc tip ca d n.
- Cc s liu phi c x l s b, h thng ho, r rng gip cho ngi nh gi d
dng phn tch tng hp, phn chia thnh cc nhm s liu, nhn nh c im ca
vng nghin cu.
- Phng php kho st, o c, ly mu, phn tch phi tun th cc Tiu chun, quy
chun hin hnh. Trong trng hp thiu cc Tiu chun, quy chun th s dng tiu
chun ca nc ngoi sau khi c php ca c quan qun l mi trng nh nc
v a phng.
- Cc my mc thit b o lng ngoi thc a v trong phng th nghim phi c
chun ho
2.1. iu kin t nhin :
Vic thu thp s liu, kho st v quan trc cc ch th mi trng t nhin phi y
lm c s nh gi hin trng mi trng trc khi thc hin d n, cng nh d
bo din bin mi trng khi thc hin d n. Tuy nhin, cng tc thu thp, o c, iu
tra cc s liu v mi trng, ti nguyn thin nhin phi tin hnh khu vc d n v
vng ln cn chu tc ng ca D n.
Hin trng mi trng t nhin ti khu vc D n x l nc thi th v vng ln
cn s c xc nh thng qua cc ch th c nu trong bng 3 di y.
12

Bng 3. Cc ch th mi trng v ti nguyn cn kho st khi lp TM D n x l

nc thi th
TT

Mi trng v
Thng s
ti nguyn
(1)
(2)
(3)
1. iu kin t nhin
1.1
V tr a l
a danh, to v v tr a l ca
khu vc thc hin d n. V tr d
n trong mi quan h vi khu vc
ln cn.
1.2
c im a
M t nhng c im a hnh ca
hnh, a mo
khu vc d n mt cch chi tit
(ni, i, ng bng...)
1.3
c im kh
- Nhit
tng, kh hu, - Lng ma, m
thu vn
- Ch gi
- Cc hin tng thi tit bt
thng
- Lu lng, tc dng chy,
mc nc ca ngun tip nhn
nc thi
2. Ti nguyn thin nhin
2.1
Ti nguyn t - Tng din tch t t nhin v
cht lng t
- Hin trng s dng t (nng
nghip, lm nghip, chuyn dng,
t , t s dng khc, t cha
s dng)
2.2
Ti nguyn
- c im thu vn ti khu vc d
nc mt
n (sng, h, knh mng)
- Hin trng s dng ti nguyn
nc mt trong khu vc
2.3
Ti nguyn
- c im a cht thu vn khu
nc ngm (v vc (tng cha nc, tr lng,
nc khong) cht lng nc ngm).
- Hin trng khai thc v s dng.
2.4
Ti nguyn sinh Cc s liu v thm thc vt v h
vt
ng vt trong khu vc thc hin
d n. Cn c bit ch n
nhng chng loi c th ca khu
vc hoc c trong Sch
3. Hin trng cht lng mi trng vt l
3.1
Cht lng t - Tng Phenol
- Cc kim loi nng
- Du m
- Thuc bo v thc vt

Phng php kho st v

quan trc
(4)
Ti liu d n hoc atlat
quc gia
Ti liu d n hoc a l,
a cht khu vc
Ti liu ca cc trm kh
tng thu vn khu vc
v s liu quan trc ti
hin trng

Theo s liu thng k ca

a phng v ti liu iu
tra, kho st

Thu thp thng tin, t liu

iu tra c bn ca khu
vc v kho st, iu tra
b sung
Thu thp thng tin, t liu
iu tra c bn ca khu
vc v kho st, iu tra
b sung
Thu thp thng tin, t liu
iu tra c bn ca khu
vc v kho st, iu tra
b sung
- Phng php trc quang
- Quang ph hp th
nguyn t
- Sc k kh, sc k lng
13

3.2

Cht lng
nc mt

- Nhit
- pH
- Cht rn l lng
- c
- mu
- Oxy ho tan (DO)
- Nhu cu oxy sinh ho (BOD5)
- Nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD)
- Clorua
- Tng lng st (Fe)
- Hm lng du, m
- Tng phenol
- Cc cht hot ng b mt
- E.Coli
- Tng s Coliform

3.3

Cht lng
nc ngm

- Nhit
- pH
- c
- mu
- Tng cht rn ho tan
- Clorua
- Tng lng st (Fe)
- Hm lng du, m
- Tng phenol
- Cc cht hot ng b mt
- E.Coli
- Tng s Coliform

3.4.

Cht lng
khng kh

- SO2
- NH3
- H2S
- Bi l lng tng s (TSP)
- Tng hydrocacbon (THC)
- Aldehyt

cao p
- Nhit k
- My o pH in cc thu
tinh
- Lc, sy 1050C
- My o c
- My o mu
- Winhle hoc in cc
oxy
- Oxy tiu th sau 5 ngy
nhit 200C
- Oxy ho bng K2Cr2O7
- So mu quang ph kh
bin
- Quang ph hp th
nguyn t
- Sc k kh, theo TCVN
5070-1995
- Lc qua mng v nui
cy 430C
- Nhit k
- My o pH in cc thu
tinh
- My o c
- My o mu
- My o khong
- So mu quang ph kh
bin
- Quang ph hp th
nguyn t
- Sc k kh, theo TCVN
5070-1995
- Lc qua mng v nui
cy 430C
- Phng php sc k kh
theo TCVN 5972-1995
hay phng php th
Folin-Ciocalteur
- Phng php
Tetracloromercurat
(TCM/pararosanilin) theo
TCVN 5971-1995
- Phng php GrissSaltman theo ISO
6768/1995
- Phng php o khi
lng, theo TCVN 506714

1995
- Phng php sc k kh
3.5

3.6

- My o mc n tng
ng tch phn.

Ting n

- L50

rung

- L eq
- Lmax
- Gia tc
- Vn tc
- Tn s

- My o rung

S liu mi trng t nhin v KTXH sau khi c thu thp cn phi c x l v

th hin r rng, chi tit trong bo co TM. Di y l mt s hng dn k thut v
vic xc nh cht lng ca tng thnh phn mi trng.
(1). Ti nguyn t
Ti nguyn t ti khu vc d n c nh gi da vo cc s liu iu tra v hin
trng s dng t cho cc mc ch pht trin kinh t x hi. Cc s liu cn c th
hin mt cch nh lng nh bng 4 di y.
Bng 4. Hin trng s dng t khu vc d n
TT Mc ch s dng
01
02
03
04

Din tch cc loi t (ha)

Ghi ch
2005
2006
2007 2008

t nng nghip
t lm nghip
t
t khc
Tng din tch t t nhin

Hm lng kim loi nng, du m, tng phenol v thuc BVTV trong t ti khu
vc d n s c phn tch nhm nh gi hin trng nhim t v l c s nh
gi tc ng ca d n ln cht lng t khi d n i vo hot ng.
(2). Cht lng nc
i vi D n x l nc thi th, vic nh gi cht lng nc thi sinh hot
th, nc mt v nc ngm s cn c vo kt qu o c v phn tch mu nc ti
cc im ly mu. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc c trnh by theo mu ti cc
bng 5-7.
Bng 5. Kt qu phn tch nc thi sinh hot th.
Thi gian ly mu: ...............................................
TT

Ch tiu

01
02

Nhit
pH

n v
0

im o/ly mu
WW1
WW2

Phng php ly
mu/thit b o

C
15

03
04

13

c
Hm lng cn l
lng (SS)
BOD5
COD
Tng N
Tng P
Kim loi nng
Tng phenol
Du m
Cht hot ng b
mt
E.Coli

14

Coliform

05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12

NTU
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
MPN/
100 ml
MPN/
100 ml

Ghi ch : V tr ly mu: im WW1, WW2

Bng 6. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc mt.
Thi gian ly mu: ...............................................
TT

Ch tiu

01
02
03
04

14

Nhit
pH
c
Hm lng cn l
lng (SS)
xy ho tan (DO)
BOD5
COD
Tng N
Tng P
Kim loi nng
Tng phenol
Du m
Cht hot ng b
mt
E.Coli

15

Coliform

05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13

n v
0

im o/ly mu
W1
W2

Phng php ly
mu/thit b o

C
NTU
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
MPN/
100 ml
MPN/
100 ml

Ghi ch : V tr ly mu: im W1, W2

16

Bng 7. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc ngm

Thi gian ly mu: ...............................................
TT

Ch tiu

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

pH
c
Tng cht rn ho tan
(TDS)
oxy ho KMnO4
kim ton phn
cng
ClPO43NH4+
NO2SO42S2 Fe
Tng Phenol
Du m
Cht hot ng b mt
E.Coli

18

Coliform

n v
-

im o/ly mu
GW1
GW2

Phng php ly
mu/thit b o

NTU
mg/l
mg/l
mglg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
MPN/
100 ml
MPN/
100 ml

Ghi ch : V tr ly mu: im GW1, GW2

(3). Cht lng khng kh
Hot ng ca d n x l nc thi th c rt nhiu tim nng gy nhim mi
trng khng kh c bit l ting n, mi hi. Do vy cc s liu kho st, o c cn
phi c la chn sao cho phn nh c mt cch chnh xc v trung thc nht v cht
lng khng kh ti khu vc d n v vng ln cn chu nhng tc ng trc tip ca d
n. S liu quan trc kh tng nhiu nm c th c th hin theo mu trong bng 8 v
cht lng khng kh c th hin theo mu trong bng 9 di y.

17

Bng 8: S liu kh tng trung bnh thng nhiu nm ti khu vc d n

Thi gian quan trc:..........................................
Tn trm : .
Thng

Thng 1

Thng 2

Thng 12

Trung
bnh nm

Hng gi
Tc gi
(m/s)
Nhit
(oC)
m (%)
p sut
(mbar)
Bng 9: Cht lng khng kh ti khu vc d n
Thi gian o c, ly mu: ...............................................
a im
o c/ly
mu
KK1
KK2
KK3

TCVN (
so snh)

Nng cc kh c hi (mg/m3)
SO2
H2S
NH3
THC

Bi

Aldehyt

Ghi ch : im o: KK1, KK2, KK3

(4). Ting n, rung
nh gi mc n ti khu vc d n phi tin hnh la chn a im ph hp
c th xc nh nhng ngun gy ra ting n hin c trong khu vc ng thi nh gi
c kh nng lan truyn m thanh. Kt qu o c ting n c th c th hin theo
mu bng 10.
Bng 10 : Kt qu o ting n
Thi gian o : .......................
a im o
TO1
TO2
TO3

Laeq (dBA)

Lamax (dBA)

L50 (dBA)

Ghi ch

TCVN
18

Ghi ch : V tr o ting n : TO1, TO2, TO3 ...

rung s c o theo 3 thng s (Gia tc, vn tc v tn sut) ti cc im o
ting n, sau so vi Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam (Xem bng 11).
Bng 11: Kt qu o rung
Thi gian o : .......................
a im o
DR1
DR2
DR3

Gia tc (m/s2)

Vn tc (m/s)

Tn sut (Hz)

Ghi ch

TCVN
Ghi ch : V tr o rung : DR1, DR2, DR3 ...
Da vo cc s liu iu tra, o c cc ch th mi trng t nhin nu trn, c th
nh gi hin trng mi trng t nhin ti khu vc D n x l nc thi th trn c
s so snh vi cc tiu chun, quy chun mi trng Vit Nam v a phng. C th
nh sau:
- Mi trng vt l: cht lng t, nc thi, nc mt, nc ngm, cht lng
khng kh, iu kin kh tng, ting n, rung.
- Ti nguyn sinh vt: ng vt, thc vt, h sinh thi, bao gm c sinh vt di
nc v sinh vt trn cn, cn c bit quan tm i vi ng vt hoang d v thc vt
qu him.
- Ti nguyn t: hin trng s dng t, vn gii to mt bng phc v cho d
n;
2.2. c im kinh t - x hi :
iu kin kinh t - x hi ti khu vc D n v ln cn s chu tc ng trc tip bi
d n, v vy vic kho st v nh gi hin trng pht trin kinh t - x hi ca khu vc
l cn thit.
Vic kho st, thu thp s liu v KTXH phi y , phi tin hnh khu vc d
n v vng ln cn chu tc ng ca D n.
Hin trng KT-XH ti khu vc D n x l nc thi sinh hot th v vng ln
cn s c trnh by thng qua cc ch th c nu trong bng 12 di y.

19

Bng 12. Cc thng tin v KTXH cn thu thp khi lp TM D n x l nc thi

sinh hot th
TT

Ch tiu KTXH

Thng s

Phng php kho st v

quan trc

1. c im kinh t - x hi
1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.1

1.2

Dn c lao ng

Ch n tnh hnh dn c sinh

sng ti khu vc thc hin d n
v chu tc ng ca d n

Vic pht trin d n trong mi

lin quan n Quy hoch pht trin
Kinh t
kinh t ca a phng, tnh v
vng.
- Y t v sc kho cng ng
- Bnh lin quan n ngun nc
Tnh hnh x
v bnh h hp.
hi
- Mng li v tnh hnh gio dc,
nng cao nhn thc cng ng
- Vic lm v tht nghip
- Cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s,
du lch c gi tr trong khu vc
thc hin d n hoc nhng khu
vc ln cn chu tc ng ca d
Lch s, vn
n.
ho
- Thun phong m tc v phong
tc tp qun ca dn a phng c
th c nh hng n vic thc
hin d n
2. H tng c s v dch v
- c im ca cc tuyn ng
giao thng (thu, b) c lin quan
Giao thng
n hot ng vn chuyn ca d
n
- Tai nn, s c giao thng
Dch v, thng Hin trng v kh nng cung cp
mi
dch v, thng mi

Theo s liu thng k ca

a phng v ti liu iu
tra, phng vn khi kho
st
Theo s liu quy hoch
ca a phng
Theo s liu thng k ca
a phng v ti liu iu
tra, phng vn khi kho
st

Theo s liu thng k ca

a phng v ti liu iu
tra, phng vn khi kho
st

Ti liu ca c quan chc

nng v qun l hnh
chnh a phng
Ti liu ca c quan chc
nng v qun l hnh
chnh a phng

Ni dung iu tra hin trng kinh t - x hi ti khu vc D n c th tham kho

mu ti Ph lc I.
Da vo cc s liu thu thp, iu tra v KTXH nu trn, c th nh gi hin trng
KTXH ti khu vc D n x l nc thi sinh hot th. C th nh sau:
- Cng trnh vn ho, lch s: nh l cng trnh tn gio, m m, khu kho c, cng
trnh vn ho - lch s, cnh quan, du lch;
20

- Kinh t - x hi: dn s, ngh nghip, mc sng, iu kin v sinh, sc kho cng

ng, n b, ti nh c v.v...

21

CHNG 3. NH GI TC NG CA D N X L NC THI
TH TI MI TRNG T NHIN V KINH T X HI
Yu cu : Phn ni dung ny cn phi ch ra mt cch nh lng, ton din nhng
tc ng tim tng bao gm nhng tc ng trc tip v gin tip, ngn hn v lu
di, nhng tc ng tim n v tch lu, nhng tc ng c th v khng th khc phc
c tim nng ln gy suy thoi, nhim mi trng khu vc.
nh gi tc ng mi trng cho D n ny cn c tin hnh theo 03 giai on :
- Giai on chun b mt bng.
- Giai on xy dng nh my.
- Giai on hot ng ca nh my.
Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng, cng cn phi xem xt cc
gii php bo v mi trng do Ch u d n la chn nhm iu chnh, hon
thin hoc b sung cc gii php mi t c tiu chun/quy chun v bo v mi
trng. Trng hp c bit cn thit th xut thay i mt phn hoc ton b
phng n thit k kh thi ca D n.
3.1. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh chun b mt bng
Cc tc ng chnh trong giai on chun b mt bng l :
- Bi, cht thi t qu trnh pht quang, cht b thm thc vt ti khu t d n;
- Bi, kh thi t cc xe ti vn chuyn thc vt b cht, vn chuyn t ct phc v
san lp;
- Kh thi t cc x lan vn chuyn ct phc v san lp mt bng;
- Bi, kh thi t cc xe i san lp mt bng;
- Nc ma chy trn qua ton b khu vc d n cun theo cht thi xung ngun
nc.
3.2. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng
3.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng trong giai on xy dng
3.2.1.1. Ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi trong giai on xy dng
Cc hat ng trong qu trnh xy dng cc hng mc D n l :
- San i mt bng;
- Vn chuyn , tp kt, lu gi nguyn vt liu.
- Xy dng H thng XLNT sinh hat
- Lp t thit b
- Sinh hat ca cng nhn xy dng ti cng trng
22

Cc hot ng v ngun gy tc ng mi trng trong giai on xy dng c

trnh by trong bng 13.
Bng 13. Cc hot ng v ngun gy tc ng mi trng trong giai on xy
dng.
TT
1

2
3

4
5

Cc hot ng
San i mt bng

Ngun gy tc ng
Cng nhn pht quang, cht b thm thc
vt ti khu t d n;
Xe ti vn chuyn thc vt b cht .
Xe i san lp mt bng
Vn chuyn, tp kt, lu gi Xe ti vn chuyn nguyn vt liu nh:
nguyn vt liu
vt liu xy dng, ct, , xi mng, sn, st
thp,
Xy dng H thng XLNT sinh Xe ti vn chuyn vt liu xy dng, ct,
hat th
, st thp, ng cng, ng dy, thit b
my mc
Cc my mc phc v thi cng xy dng:
ba my, cn cu, my xc
Lp t thit b
Qu trnh thi cng c gia nhit: ct, hn,
t nng chy
Sinh hot ca cng nhn ti cng Sinh hot ca cc cng nhn trn cng
trng.
trng thi ra nc thi, phn rc, mi hi.

3.2.1.2. Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi trong giai on xy

dng
Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi trong qu trnh xy dng v lp
t thit b c a ra trong bng 14.
Bng 14. Cc ngun gy tc ng mi trng khng lin quan n cht thi trong
giai on xy dng
TT
1
2
3

Ngun gy tc ng
Gy ting n, rung trong qu trnh xy dng
Nc ma chy trn qua ton b khu vc d n, gy ngp ng cc b
S tp trung lng ln cng nhn xy dng gy ra xo trn i sng x hi a
phng, gia tng nguy c tai nn giao thng.
3.2.2. nh gi tc ng trong qu trnh xy dng
(1). Tc ng n mi trng khng kh trong giai on xy dng

- Trong giai on xy dng cng trnh, cht nhim khng kh ch yu l bi sinh

ra t qu trnh i t, bc d vt liu xy dng v khi hn c cha bi, CO, SOx, NOx,
hydrocarbon ; kh thi ca cc phng tin giao thng vn ti. Tc ng ca kh thi ln
cht lng khng kh giai on ny ph thuc vo quy m d n, thi tit ti khu vc
d n v ch mang tnh tm thi. Tuy nhin, cng cn phi nh gi chi tit xut
cc bin php gim thiu thch hp.
23

- Ting n pht sinh giai on ny ch yu l t cc my mc san i v cc

phng tin giao thng vn ti vi mc n ln ti 80-90 dBA.
(2). Tc ng n mi trng nc trong giai on xy dng
Ngun gy nhim nc trong giai on xy dng ch yu l nc thi sinh hot
ca cng nhn v nc ma chy trn trn b mt cng trng xy dng.
- Do tp trung nhiu cng nhn xy dng nn lng nc thi sinh hot thng ln
(bnh qun 60-80 l/ngi/ngy m), song cng thay i theo thi gian v ma trong
nm. Nc thi sinh hot cha nhiu cht cn b, cht rn l lng, cht hu c, cc cht
dinh dng v vi sinh.
- Nc ma chy trn c lu lng ph thuc vo ch ma ca khu vc v
thng c c, hm lng cht rn l lng cao. Ngoi ra, nc ma chy trn cn
cha nhiu tp cht khc (du m, ho cht ri vi ...).
(3). Tc ng n mi trng t trong giai on xy dng
Trong qu trnh xy dng trm XLNT sinh hot th, t b tc ng chnh do
cng vic o p v b xi mn. Vic o p nh hng trc tip n sn xut nng
nghip v lm nghip, cnh quan mi trng, ph hu thm thc vt. Xi mn s lm
tng c, tng tc bi lng ngun nc, gy tc nghn cng rnh thot nc dn
n c th gy ng ngp cc b, suy gim cht lng nc mt, nh hng n h sinh
thi di nc.
V vy, cn phi nh gi chnh xc mc tc ng ca vic o t, p t v
xi mn i vi sc kho con ngi v ti nguyn sinh hc, t xut cc bin php
gim thiu cc tc ng xu ny.
(4). Tc ng ca cht thi rn trong giai on xy dng
Cht thi rn pht sinh trong giai on xy dng ch yu l cc loi nguyn vt liu
xy dng ph thi nh gch ngi, xi mng, cp pha, st thp vn... Lng cht thi ny
ty thuc vo quy m ca tng cng trnh v trnh qun l d n. Ngoi ra, cn mt
khi lng khng ln rc sinh hot ca cng nhn.
3.3. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh vn hnh
3.3.1. Cc ngun gy tc ng trong giai on hot ng
3.3.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi trong giai on hot ng
Cht thi pht sinh t cc ngun sau y:
(1). Cc ngun kh thi
- Cc hot ng nh thu gom nc thi, lu cha nc thi, x l nc thi, sn
phi bn s pht sinh cc kh nhim nh: NH3, H2S, CH4, mercaptan v cc cht gy
mi khc.
- Hot ng ca cc phng tin giao thng, vn ti chuyn ch cc loi nguyn
liu, nhin liu, ho cht v cng nhn ra vo Nh my XLNT s pht sinh kh thi c
cha bi, SOx, NOx, CO, THC, Aldehyt.
(2). Cc ngun nc thi
24

- Nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn vn hnh h thng XLNT sinh hot th c
cha cc cht cn b, cc cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng v vi sinh.
- Nc ma chy trn cun theo t, ct, rc ri vi xung ngun nc.
(3). Cc ngn cht thi rn
- Rc v bn thi t H thng XNLT sinh hat th.
- Rc thi sinh hat ca cn b, cng nhn vin vn hnh cc H thng XNLT sinh
hat th.
3.3.2.2. Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi
Cc ngun gy tc ng mi trng khng lin quan n cht thi trong giai on
vn hnh c trnh by trong bng 15.
Bng 15. Cc ngun gy tc ng mi trng khng lin quan n cht thi trong
giai on vn hnh
Stt
1
2
3

Ngun gy tc ng
nhim do ting n, rung
Gia tng nguy c tai nn giao thng do gia tng mt giao thng.
S tp trung lng ln cng nhn gy ra xo trn i sng x hi a phng

Chi tit v mc , phm vi tc ng c trnh by chi tit trong phn nh gi tc

ng (Cc mc 4.3-4.5).
3.3.2. Tc ng n mi trng vt l
3.3.2.1. Tc ng n mi trng khng kh trong giai on vn hnh
Cc ngun nhim khng kh, mi hi v ting n trong giai an hat ng ca h
thng XLNT sinh hat th bao gm :
- Mi hi (NH3, H2S ) sinh ra trong qu trnh phn hy cc cht thi, sn phi bn
- Kh thi v ting n sinh ra t cc phng tin giao thng vn ti v h thng
XLNT sinh hat th
Tc ng ca cc cht gy nhim khng kh c th hin qua bng 16 di y.
Bng 16. Tc ng ca cc cht gy nhim khng kh.
TT
Cht gy nhim
1 Bi
2

Kh axt
(SOx, NOx)

Tc ng
- Kch thch h hp, x ho phi, ung th phi
- Gy tn thng da, gic mc mt, bnh ng tiu ho
- Gy nh hng h h hp, phn tn vo mu
- SO2 c th nhim c qua da, lm gim d tr kim
trong mu
- To ma axt nh hng xu ti s pht trin thm thc
vt v cy trng
- Tng cng qu trnh n mn kim loi, ph hy vt liu
b tng v cc cng trnh nh ca
- nh hng xu n kh hu, h sinh thi v tng zon
25

Amnic (NH3)

Sulfua hydr (H2S)

Tng hydrocarbons
(THC)

- Hp th vo c th qua ng h hp
- Gy n mn i vi mt, da v ph nang. Khi ht phi
nng cao c th gy ph phi. Bay hi nhanh cht lng
ny c th gy t cng.
- Gim chc nng phi.
- nh hng h thn kinh: gy nhc u, bun nn, mt
mi,
- Gy kch ng mt v mng nhy.
- L cht rt c i vi cc loi thy sinh.
- Kt hp vi hi nc trong kh quyn chuyn thnh dng
SO2 to thnh ma axt.
- Gy nhim c cp tnh : suy nhc, chng mt, nhc
u, ri lon gic quan c khi gy t vong

3.3.2.2. Tc ng n mi trng nc trong giai on vn hnh

Trong giai on hot ng, ngun gc gy nhim ngun nc bao gm :
- Nc thi sinh hot ca cn b cng nhn vin (CBCNV) c cha cc cht cn b,
cc cht l lng, cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng v vi sinh.
- Nc ma chy trn qua khu vc nh my cun theo ct, t, rc, ri vi xung
ngun nc
Lu lng, ti lng nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn c xc nh da trn tng
s cn b, cng nhn vin lm vic ti Trm XLNT sinh hot th v nh mc tiu th
nc, h s nhim do T chc Y t Th gii ban hnh.
Theo s liu thng k ca T chc Y t Th gii th nng cc cht nhim trong
nc ma chy trn thng thng khong 0,5 -1,5 mgN/l, 0,004 - 0,03 mgP/l, 10 - 20
mgCOD/l, 10 - 20 mgTSS/l. Tuy nhin, so vi tiu chun nc thi th nc ma chy
trn tng i sch do c th tch ring bit ng nc ma ra khi nc thi v cho
thi trc tip ra mi trng sau khi tch rc v lng s b.
Tc ng ca cc cht nhim trong nc thi c th hin trong bng 17.
Bng 17: Tc ng ca cc cht nhim trong nc thi
Stt
01
02
03
04
05

Thng s
Cc cht hu c

Tc ng
- Gim nng xy ho tan trong nc
- nh hng n ti nguyn thu sinh
Cht rn l lng
- nh hng n cht lng nc, ti nguyn thu sinh
Du m
- nh hng n cht lng nc, nng xy ho tan
trong nc (DO)
- nh hng n ti nguyn thu sinh
Cc cht dinh - Gy hin tng ph dng, nh hng ti cht lng
dng (N,P)
nc, s sng thu sinh.
Cc vi khun gy - Nc c ln vi khun gy bnh l nguyn nhn ca cc
bnh
dch bnh thng hn, ph thng hn, l, t.
- Coliform l nhm vi khun gy bnh ng rut
- E.coli (Escherichia Coli) l vi khun thuc nhm
Coliform, c nhiu trong phn ngi.
26

3.3.2.3. Tc ng n mi trng t trong giai on vn hnh

Mi hi, nc thi, cht thi rn pht sinh t trm XLNT sinh hot th trong giai
on hot ng c th gy nhim t v nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca
cy trng. V vy, cn phi nh gi chnh xc mc tc ng ca mi hi, nc thi,
cht thi rn ti cht lng t trong giai on hot ng ca D n, t xut cc
gii php phng nga v kim sot cc tc ng xu ny.
3.3.2.4. Tc ng ca cht thi rn trong giai on vn hnh
Trong giai on hot ng, h thng XLNT sinh hot s pht sinh cht thi rn nh
sau :
- Rc t song chn rc
- Bn hat tnh
- Rc thi sinh hat ca cn b cng nhn vin
- Cht thi nguy hi
Cht thi rn sinh hot nh nha, kim loi, nylon... khi thi vo mi trng s kh
b phn hu sinh hc, gy tch t trong t, ngun nc, lm mt m quan, gy nh
hng n giao thng thy. V lu di, cc cht ny s b phn hy to ra cc hp cht v
c, hu c c hi,... lm nhim t, ngun nc, nh hng n s sinh trng ca
sinh vt trn cn v di nc.
Qu trnh phn hu cht thi rn pht sinh ra cc kh gy nn mi hi, thi (H2S,
mercaptan), gy tc ng n cht lng khng kh khu vc, nh hng n sc khe
nhn dn ti khu vc ln cn.
3.3.3. Tc ng n cc h sinh thi
Trong qu trnh hot ng ca trm XLNT sinh hot th, vic pht thi cc cht
nhim nc, khng kh, cc cht thi rn vo mi trng tip nhn gy nn nhng tc
ng c hi ti cc h sinh thi. Ty theo dng cht thi v mi trng tip nhn m cc
h sinh thi c th b tc ng khc nhau, c th nh sau:
- H sinh thi di nc: Cc ngun nc thi t trm XLNT sinh hot th khi
thi vo ngun nc s lm cho cht lng b xu i (nng mt s cht nhim gia
tng, c bit l du m ...), gy nh hng ti s sng ca hu ht cc loi thy sinh v
thm ch gy cn kit mt s loi c gi tr kinh t (tm, c).
- H sinh thi trn cn: Mi hi, nc thi, cht thi rn pht sinh t trm XLNT
sinh hot th s c nhng nh hng nht nh n cc h sinh thi trn cn. Hu ht
cc cht nhim cha trong kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn v cc cht thi nguy hi
u c tc ng xu n i sng ca ng, thc vt ; lm cho cy trng chm pht trin.
Cc cht nhim khng kh nh bi, H2S, NH3, THC v Aldehyt, ngay c nng thp
cng lm chm qu trnh sinh trng ca cy trng, nng cao lm vng l, hoa qu
b lp, b nt, v mc cao hn cy s b cht.
Vi nhng tc ng bt li nh trn cn thit phi c nhng tnh ton, d bo v
mc tc ng t xut cc bin php gi thiu tc ng.

27

3.3.4. Tc ng n kinh t-x hi

3.3.4.1. Tc ng ti kinh t x hi
D n trm XLNT sinh hot th c mt ngha kinh t x hi rt to ln cho khu
vc ni ring v cho t nc ni chung. D n s gp phn ci to mi trng v nng
cao i sng ca nhn dn trong vng. Hot ng ca D n s gii quyt cng n vic
lm cho mt s lao ng a phng. Hot ng ca D n s thc y tin trnh th
ha, cng nghip ho nhanh hn. iu ny cng gp phn nng cao dn tr v thc vn
minh th cho nhn dn ti khu vc d n.
Nhng tc ng ny c th c nh gi nh lng thng qua cc tnh ton chi ph
li ch theo cc ni dung sau:
- Tng hp chi ph cho 1 nm
- Tng hp doanh thu cho 1 nm
- Tng hp cc chi tiu :Doanh thu, thu, thu thu nhp doanh nghip, li nhun
thun.
- Tnh ton hiu qu kinh t : Chi tiu hon vn tnh theo 2 mc: T khi dy chuyn
i vo hot ng v t khi nhn vay tin ; t sut li nhun thun ; im hon vn.
- Hiu qu kinh t x hi : To cng n vic lm ; gim t l bnh tt, nng cao cht
lng cuc sng cho nhn dn...
3.3.4.2. Tc ng n c s h tng
(1). Tc ng ti giao thng vn ti
D n trm XLNT sinh hot th s gp phn gy n tc giao thng ti khu vc d
n, nh hng n nhu cu i li ca nhn dn. Hot ng giao thng vn ti ca D n
cn gp phn lm suy gim cht lng ng x, cu cng ti khu vc d n v vng ln
cn.
Tuy nhin, chnh s ra i ca D n cng s thc y qa trnh u t xy dng c
s h tng, trong c m rng, nng cp, xy mi cc cng trnh giao thng (cu,
ng, cng ...).
(2). Tc ng ti h thng cp thot nc
Nhu cu s dng nc ca trm XLNT sinh hot th thng khng ln, v vy
cc d n trm XLNT sinh hot th khng gy tc ng n nhu cu cp nc.
Hot ng ca D n c th lm gia tng mc chu ti ca h thng thot nc tp
trung, dn n gy ngp lt hoc lm thay i ch thu vn, lm gia tng nhim cc
ngun tip nhn nc thi. V vy, cn phi nh gi kh nng tiu thot nc, kh nng
xy ra tnh trng ngp lt ... ti khu vc d n.
3.3.4.3. Tc ng ti cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s v kho c
Cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s v kho c trong khu vc thc hin d n c th b
tc ng. V vy cn phi nh gi c th cc tc ng ca d n theo cc kha cnh nh :
a im, loi cng trnh, nin i v gi tr tinh thn cng nh vt cht ca cng trnh.
Cc tc ng chnh ca d n i vi cc cng trnh vn ho lch s v kho c cn phi
cp l : mt t, gy nt n, ln st, gy n mn, lo ho cng trnh. Trn c s cc tc
28

ng c th, s xut cc bin php bo v cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s v kho c

ti khu vc d n.
3.3.4.4. Tc ng ti sc khe cng ng
Tt c cc ngun gy nhim trong qu trnh hot ng ca trm XLNT sinh hot
th u c th gy tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip n sc khe ca con ngi trong
vng chu nh hng ca D n. Ty thuc vo nng v thi gian tc ng ca cc
cht nhim m mc tc ng ti sc khe cng ng s khc nhau. Do vy cn nh
gi mt cch c th mc nh hng ca cht thi (mi hi, nc thi v cht thi rn,
CTNH) n sc kho con ngi, t xut cc bin php hn ch cc tc ng c hi.
3.4. nh gi ri ro s c mi trng
3.4.1.Nhng ri ro trong giai on thi cng xy dng
(1). Tai nn lao ng
Nhn chung, tai nn lao ng c th xy ra ti bt k mt cng on thi cng xy
dng no ca d n. Nguyn nhn ca cc trng hp xy ra tai nn lao ng trn cng
trng xy dng l :
nhim mi trng c kh nng gy mt mi, chong vng hay ngt cho cng
nhn trong khi lao ng;
Cng vic lp rp, thi cng v qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn vt liu vi mt xe,
cao hn c th gy ra cc tai nn lao ng, tai nn giao thng, ...
Tai nn do tnh bt cn trong lao ng, thiu trang b bo h lao ng, hoc do
thiu thc tun th nghim chnh v ni quy an ton lao ng ca cng nhn thi cng.
(2). S c chy n
S c chy n c th xy ra trong trng hp vn chuyn v tn cha nhin liu,
hoc do s thiu an ton v h thng cp in tm thi, gy nn cc thit hi v ngi v
ca trong qu trnh thi cng. C th xc nh cc nguyn nhn c th nh sau :
Cc kho cha nguyn nhin liu tm thi phc v cho thi cng (xng, du DO,
du FO, sn, keo...) l cc ngun c th gy chy n. Khi s c xy ra c th gy ra thit
hi nghim trng v ngi, kinh t v mi trng;
H thng cp in tm thi cho cc my mc, thit b thi cng c th gy ra s c
in git, chp, chy n gy thit hi v kinh t hay tai nn lao ng cho cng nhn;
Vic s dng cc thit b gia nhit trong thi cng (un, ri nha ng, hn x ...)
c th gy ra chy, bng hay tai nn lao ng nu nh khng c cc bin php phng
nga.
(3). Tai nn giao thng
Tai nn giao thng c nguy c xy ra trong qu trnh thi cng, gy thit hi v ti
sn v tnh mng. Nguyn nhn c th do phng tin vn chuyn khng m bo k
thut hoc do cng nhn iu khin khng tun th cc nguyn tc an ton giao thng. S
c ny hon ton phng trnh c bng cch kim tra tnh trng k thut cc phng
29

tin vn ti, tuyn truyn nng cao thc chp hnh lut l giao thng ca ngi iu
khin phng tin giao thng v cho cng nhn .
3.4.2. Nhng ri ro trong giai on hot ng
(1). Tai nn lao ng
Tai nn lao ng c th xy ra trong qu trnh lao ng ti trm XLNT sinh hat.
Nguyn nhn ch yu ca tai nn lao ng l :
- thc chp hnh ni quy v an tan lao ng km.
S bt cn ca cng nhn trong qu trnh iu khin my mc, thit b, phng
tin giao thng;
Tnh trng sc kho ca cng nhn khng tt dn n ng gt trong lc lm vic
hay do lm vic qu sc.
(2). R r nguyn nhin liu
R r nhin liu, ha cht dng lng hay kh s gy nh hng n sc khe con
ngi, tc ng n ng thc vt. R r c th dn n s c gy chy, n, trn du, trn
ha cht ... gy thit hi ln v kinh t - x hi cng nh h sinh thi trong khu vc v
cc vng ln cn.
(3). S c chy n
S c chy n c th xy ra trong trng hp vn chuyn v tn cha nhin liu
hoc do chp in, gy nn cc thit hi v ngi v ti sn ca doanh nghip v cng
ng dn c xung quanh. C th xc nh cc ngun gc gy chy n nh sau:
- Cc kho cha nhin liu (xng, du DO, du FO, kh thin nhin...), cc kho cha
ha cht (sn, keo, vecni ).
- Trm bin th, h thng cp in ti khu vc trm XLNT sinh hat.

30

CHNG 4. CC BIN PHP GIM THIU CC TC NG TIU CC CA

D N X L NC THI TH N MI TRNG T NHIN V KINH
T X HI
Yu cu : Cn c vo cc tc ng mi trng nu trong chng 3, xut mt cch
c th cc bin php qun l v k thut mang tnh kh thi cao nhm phng trnh,
gim thiu cc tc ng mi trng do vic thc hin d n gy nn.
Cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng c hi c xut phi m bo cc nguyn
tc sau:
- Gim thiu ti a cc tc ng ca D n nhm m bo cc tiu chun v quy
chun mi trng trong giai on xy dng v hot ng.
- Bin php gim thiu phi c tnh kh thi cao, ph hp vi iu kin thc t v ph
hp vi kh nng ti chnh ca ch u t.
- Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng phi c trin khai lin tc trong sut qu trnh
chun b mt bng, xy dng nh my v qu trnh hot ng ca nh my.
- xut vi cc c quan chc nng cc gii php ph hp nhm gim thiu cc tc
ng mi trng khng th khc phc hoc gim nh trong phm vi mt d n.
Nh phn tch chng 3, cc tc ng ca D n n mi trng vt l xut pht
t vic thi cc cht nhim vt qu tiu chun cho php vo mi trng v cc s
c pht sinh trong qu trnh hot ng ca d n. Do vy, gim thiu cc tc ng
ca D n n mi trng vt l cn phi khng ch nhim do cc cht thi v hn
ch n mc thp nht kh nng xy ra s c. Vic khng ch v gim thiu nhim
do cht thi ca D n x l nc thi sinh hot th c th c tin hnh bng
cch kt hp 3 nhm bin php sau: Bin php phng nga nhim v s c mi
trng; bin php k thut khng ch nhim v x l cht thi ; bin php qun l
v quan trc mi trng.
4.1. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on chun b d n
Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng trong giai on chun b mt bng d n l :
- Phun nc gim bi vo nhng ngy nng nng.
- Che chn kn cc xe vn chuyn vn chuyn thc vt b cht, cc xe vn chuyn
t ct phc v san lp;
- Che chn kn cc x lan vn chuyn ct phc v san lp mt bng;
- Lp trm ra bnh xe vn chuyn nguyn vt liu i ra t cng trng.
- Xy dng h thu gom nc ma t cng trng tch rc v lng t ct trc
khi thi vo ngun nc.

31

4.2. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on xy dng d n

4.2.1. Cc phng n v sinh, an ton trong giai on xy dng
(1). Nhng vn chung
Ch D n c th p dng cc bin php k thut v t chc nhm m bo an ton
cho ngi, my mc, thit b, nguyn vt liu, bao gm :
- C cn b theo di v kim tra an ton lao ng ti cng trng.
- Xy dng v ban hnh cc ni quy lm vic ti cng trng, bao gm ni quy ra,
vo lm vic ti cng trng; ni quy v trang phc bo h lao ng; ni quy s dng
thit b nng cu; ni quy v an ton in; ni quy an ton giao thng; ni quy an ton
chy n.
- T chc tuyn truyn, ph bin cc ni quy cho cng nhn bng nhiu hnh thc
khc nhau nh in ni quy vo bng treo ti cng trng, nh n, t chc hc ni quy v
thi kim tra; t chc tuyn truyn bng loa phng thanh; thanh tra v nhc nh ti hin
trng ...
- T chc theo di tai nn lao ng, xc nh kp thi nguyn nhn tai nn v p
dng cc bin php khc phc kp thi nhm trnh xy ra tai nn tng t.
(2). Cc bin php an ton
- Cc bin php an ton khi lm vic vi thit b nng cu
- Cc bin php an ton khi lm vic vi xe my
- Cc bin php an ton chy n ti cng trng
- Cc bin php an ton khi dng in
- Trang b bo h lao ng
- T chc y t ti cng trng
- Cng tc v sinh mi trng ti cng trng
4.2.2. Khng ch nhim khng kh trong giai on xy dng
(1). Khng ch nhim bi
hn ch mc nhim bi ti khu vc cng trng xy dng, n v thi cng
s thc hin cc bin php gim thiu nh :
- Phn b lung xe ti ra vo cng trng chuyn ch nguyn vt liu ph hp,
trnh n tc, gy nhim khi bi cho khu vc.
- Khi chuyn ch vt liu xy dng, cc thng xe vn ti s c ph kn trnh ri
vi xi mng, ct, gch, ra ng.
- Khi bc d nguyn vt liu, cng nhn s c trang b cc phng tin bo h lao
ng hn ch nh hng ca bi n sc kho cng nhn.

32

(2). Khng ch nhim do ting n

gim tc ng ca ting n ti sc kho ca cng nhn, Ch u t s b tr cc
hot ng ca cc phng tin thi cng mt cch ph hp, khng gy n vo gi n v
gi ngh ca cng nhn.
4.2.3. Khng ch nhim nc trong giai on xy dng
Trong giai on xy dng vo ma ma, nc ma chy trn qua mt bng thi cng
s cun theo t, ct, rc thi v c bit l du nht ri vi... xung ngun nc mt khu
vc.
Cc bin php xut nhm hn ch tc ng ti cht lng nc nh sau :
- Ban hnh ni quy nghim cm phng u ba bi ti khu vc xy dng.
- Thu gom trit rc thi sinh hot, khng t rc thi trong khu vc d gy ra ho
hon cho khu vc ln cn.
- Trong qu trnh sa cha my mc thit b, du nht s c thu gom trit ,
khng ri vi hoc tu tin trn mt bng khu vc.
4.2.4. Khng ch nhim do cht thi rn trong giai on xy dng
Trong qu trnh xy dng, cc loi cht thi rn s thi ra l x bn, g cotpha ph
thi, nilon, st thp, rc sinh hot. Cc loi cht thi ny s c thu gom v x l nh
sau :
- Thu gom v phn lai giy, st thp, nha, g ti s dng lm nguyn liu sn
xut cho cc ngnh khc .
- Thu gom rc sinh hat hng ngy vo cc thng cha bng nha c lp y kn,
sau thu n v dch v cng cng ca a phng thu gom v x l ti bi rc ca
khu vc.
- Thu gom cc loi cht thi rn tr nh x bn (gch v, b tng...), sau s dng
san lp mt bng .
4.3. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on vn hnh d n
4.3.1. Cc bin php gim thiu nhim khng kh, ting n trong giai on vn
hnh
(1). Bin php tng hp nhm gim thiu nhim khng kh
Cc bin php tng hp nhm hn ch nhim khng kh v tc ng i vi sc
kho cng nhn nh sau:
- Trang b cc dng c bo h lao ng theo quy nh cho cng nhn, gim st
vic s dng dng c bo h trong qu trnh lm vic.
- Cung cp y thng tin v v sinh, an ton lao ng cho cng nhn.
(2). Cc bin php gim thiu nhim khng kh ti trm XLNT sinh hat th

33

- S dng cc ch phm sinh hc v ho hc : Ch u t c th p dng cc ch

phm sinh hc v ho hc gim thiu mi hi pht sinh t khu vc cha cht thi, khu
vc x l nc thi, khu vc h sinh thi, bi cha bn . Ngai ra, phng n gim
cm gic kh chu v mt loi mi ny bng vic s dng mt loi mi d chu hn (hay
ni cch khc l s dng cht che mi) cng c th c p dng ti khu vc trm XLNT
sinh hat th.
- xy ho cc cht gy mi : Cc cht gy mi hi c th b phn hu bi cc cht
xy ho mnh nh H2O2 hay zn (O3). V vy, Ch d n c th nh k phun dung dch
H2O2 ti cc khu vc pht sinh mi hoc lp t mt s my pht zn x l mi hi.
Hin nay my pht zn c ng dng rt nhiu x l mi hi ti Vit Nam.
(3). Gim thiu nhim ting n
Ch u t c th p dng cc bin php sau nhm lm gim nhim ting n trong
qu trnh hot ng:
- Lp m chng rung cho cc my mc thit b c n cao, c bit my nn kh
s c t trong bung cch m.
- Cch m cc ngun gy n ln (thng l lp tng dy 200 mm, k tip n lp
xp cch m dy 100 mm, ca s b tr dng vch nghing tiu m, ca chnh kn v
bng g nng).
- Kim tra v bo dng nh k cc my mc thit b. Thng thng chu k bo
dng i vi thit b mi l 4-6 thng/ln, thit b c l 3 thng/ln.
- Trng thm nhiu cy xanh trong khun vin hn ch lan truyn n i xa.
4.3.2. Cc bin php gim thiu nhim do nc thi trong giai on vn hnh
(1). Nc thi sinh hot : i vi cc ngun nc thi sinh hot (nc tm ra,
nc thi v sinh cng cng, ) c thu gom vo cc h ga, dn chuyn n cc b t
hoi xy dng ti khu vc d n.
B t hoi l cng trnh ng thi lm 2 chc nng gm: Lng v phn hu cn
lng. Cn lng c gi li trong b t 6 - 8 thng, di nh hng ca cc vi sinh vt k
kh, cc cht hu c s b phn hu t t. Cc s liu thng k thc t cho thy mi ngi
cn khong 0,2 - 0,3 m3 b t hoi.
Sau khi qua b t hoi nc thi sinh hot s thu gom, dn chuyn v Trm x l
nc thi sinh hot th x l trc khi thi ra mi trng.
(3). Nc ma chy trn : H thng thot nc ma v nc thi cn phi tch
ring. H thng thot nc ma c xy dng dc hai bn ng giao thng ni b, b
tr cc h ga c song chn rc, nc ma lng lc t nhin v c cc ging kim tra. Cc
h ga s c nh k no vt loi b nhng rc ri, cn lng. Bn thi c x l
theo chn lp hp v sinh. Sau khi i qua khu vc d n, h thng thot nc ma ca d
n c u ni vo h thng thot nc ma ca khu vc chy ra ngun nc tip nhn.
4.3.3. Gim thiu tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn trong giai on vn hnh
(1). Cht thi rn sinh hot ca cng nhn :
Thu cng ty dch v cng cng a phng thu gom v x l.
(2). Cht thi rn do qu trnh sn xut:
34

- Cc loi cht thi nh bao b ph thi s c phn lai ti s dng.

- Bn cn t h thng x l nc thi sinh hat s c thu cng ty dch v cng
cng a phng thu gom v x l.
- Cht thi l cc bao b cha ho cht : Ch u t phi hp ng vi cc n v
chuyn mn thu gom, x l an ton ton.
4.3.4. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n cc h sinh thi
D n XLNT sinh hot th s gy tc ng rt ln n cc h sinh thi ti khu
vc v cc hot ng nh xy dng h thng giao thng, cng trnh ngm, h tng c s
v cht thi sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng. Do vy cn c nhng bin php gim thiu
thch hp nh:
- Trong qu trnh la chn a im cn quan tm n cc h sinh thi c th b tc
ng bi d n trn c s so snh nh gi li hi gia cc v tr c a ra nhm chn
c v tr ti u cho D n, t tc ng nht ti cc h sinh thi.
- Khng ch nhng tc ng c hi ti cc h sinh thi bng cc gii php hn ch
nhim nh trnh by trn.
- Trin khai cc bin php bo v, qun l v phc hi cc h sinh thi b tc ng.
4.3.5. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n kinh t-x hi
Nh trn trnh by, cc tc ng n mi trng kinh t x hi v nhn vn c
th xy ra. Do vy cn phi c cc bin php thch hp gim thiu cc tc ng kinh t
x hi. Cc bin php c th l :
- Mi loi tc ng xu ti kinh t, x hi xc nh trong giai on xy dng v
hot ng ca D n u phi c km theo bin php gim thiu tng ng, c l gii r
rng v hiu qu gim thiu tc ng kinh t x hi.
- Phi xut phng n n b, gii to, ti nh c; h tr di di, gii to nh ca,
m m, cc cng trnh lch s, vn ho, tn gio; h tr o to chuyn i ngh nghip,
h tr vic lm cho nhng i tng b tc ng. Cc gii php phi c th, kh thi,
tun th cc quy nh hin hnh, km theo d tr kinh ph, tin thc hin v c quan
thc hin, c quan gim st thc hin.
- Phi xut cc bin php nhm qun l cng nhn, gii quyt mu thun gia
cng nhn v ngi a phng ni thc hin d n; phng nga ly lan bnh dch (V d
: HIV/AIDS); h tr cho cc hot ng ca a phng trong qu trnh xy dng v
hot ng ca d n.
4.4. Bin php gim thiu, phng nga v ng ph cc s c mi trng
4.4.1. Cc bin php ngn nga v ng cu s c chy n
- Trang b cc thit b chng chy, nhm cha kp thi khi s c xy ra.
- Tp hun, hng dn cho cng nhn cc phng php phng chng chy n.
- Cc my mc, thit b lm vic nhit , p sut cao s c h s l lch c
kim tra, ng kim nh k ti cc c quan chc nng nh nc. Cc thit b ny cn
c lp t ng h o nhit , p sut, mc dung dch trong thit b...nhm gim st
35

cc thng s k thut.
- Thc hin nghim ngt quy phm an ton tng cng nhn trong sut thi gian
lm vic.
- Trong khu vc c th gy chy, cng nhn khng c ht thuc, khng mang bt
la, dim qut, cc dng c pht ra la do ma st, tia la in.v.v..
4.4.2. Phng chng st
- Lp t h thng chng st trn v tr cao nht ca khu vc d n thu ht st khi
m ma dng.
- Lp t h thng thu st, thu tnh in tch t v ci tin h thng theo cc cng
ngh mi nhm t an ton cao cho cc hot ng ca d n;
- Tin hnh lp t h thng chng st chung cho ton b khu vc d n.
- S dng loi thit b chng st tch cc, cc tr chng st c b tr bo v
khp d n vi cao bo v tnh ton l 10 - 14m;
- Tin hnh u t theo tin xy dng c s h tng.

36

CHNG 5. CHNG TRNH QUN L V QUAN TRC, GIM ST MI

TRNG
Yu cu : Phn ni dung ny phi xut c cc bin php qun l v gim st ,
quan trc mi trng nhm m bo thc hin c hiu qu cc bin php bo v mi
trng c nu trong chng 4 ng thi kp thi pht hin nhng kim khuyt
trong qu trnh thc hin cng nh nhng biu hin suy thoi, nhim mi trng do
D n gy ra iu chnh, ngn chn.
Do vy nhng xut phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau :
- Nhng xut di gc qun l mi trng phi ht sc c th v ph hp vi
trnh t chc, qun l c s.
- Nhng xut v gim st mi trng ch nn tp trung vo nhng thnh phn mi
trng, nhng ch tiu mi trng chu tc ng ca D n.
iu cn lu l D n phi chu hon ton kinh ph cho nhng hot ng ni trn,
nn trong phn ny cng cn nu ln nhng d ton kinh ph cn thit nhm m bo
cho cc hot ng ny.
5.1. CHNG TRNH QUN L MI TRNG
Chng trnh qun l mi trng (EMP) l k hoch p dng cc bin php gim
thiu tc ng c hi v yu cu gim st d n. Mc tiu ca EMP l trin khai cc bin
php gim thiu tc ng xut v gim st hiu qu ca bin php gim thiu, xc
nh cc tc ng thc t ca d n.
ra mt chng trnh nhm qun l cc vn mi trng trong qu trnh chun
b mt bng, xy dng cc cng trnh ca d n v trong qu trnh d n i vo vn hnh
trong thc t. Chng trnh qun l mi trng c xy dng trn c s tng hp t cc
chng 1, 3, 4 di dng 1 ma trn bao gm: hot ng ca d n trong qu trnh xy
dng v hot ng, cc tc ng mi trng, cc bin php gim thiu tc ng c hi,
kinh ph thc hin, thi gian thc hin, c quan thc hin chng trnh qun l mi
trng v c quan gim st thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng.
5.2. CHNG TRNH QUAN TRC, GIM ST MI TRNG
Theo di din bin cht lng mi trng v kim sot nhim ca D n s do
Ch u t d n thc hin vi s kt hp vi cc c quan chuyn mn c chc nng.
Vic gim st mi trng cn phi c tin hnh mt cch lin tc trong sut qu trnh
xy dng v hot ng ca D n. Chng trnh gim st, quan trc mi trng cn xc
nh r:
- i tng, ch tiu quan trc mi trng.
- Thi gian v tn sut quan trc.
- Nhu cu, thit b quan trc.
- Nhn lc phc v cho quan trc.
37

- D tr kinh ph cho quan trc mi trng.

Cc im quan trc, gim st mi trng phi c th hin trn bn GIS, s liu
quan trc mi trng phi c cp nht, lu gi.
5.2.1. i tng, ch tiu quan trc, gim st mi trng
Chng trnh gim st mi trng cn tp trung vo cc i tng chnh sau : khng
kh, ting n, nc mt, nc ngm, t v sc khe cng ng.
5.2.1.1. Gim st cht thi
Ch d n cn phi kt hp vi cc c quan chuyn mn v bo v mi trng tin
hnh gim st nh k cht lng mi trng, nhm mc ch kim sot, bo v v gim
st nhim mi trng. Tnh trng mi trng s c thng xuyn theo di, s liu s
c lu tr.
(1). Gim st nc thi
- Thng s chn lc: pH, BOD5, COD, SS, NH4+, tng Nit, tng Photpho, du m
khong, Tng Phenol, Cht hot ng b mt, Ch, E.Coli, Tng Coliform;
- a im gim st: ti thiu 2 im gim st (1 im trc khi vo h thng x l,
1 im nc thi sau khi qua h thng x l).
- Tn sut gim st: 3 thng /ln;
- Thit b thu mu v phng php phn tch: Phng php tiu chun;
- Tiu chun so snh: Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam (TCVN 5945 - 2005).
(2). Gim st cht thi rn
Khi lng cht thi rn sinh hot, cht thi rn pht sinh t trm XLNT sinh hot
th s c thng k hng ngy. nh k (3 thng/ln) v bo co cho c quan qun l
mi trng.
5.2.1.2. Gim st mi trng xung quanh
(1). Gim st cht lng khng kh, ting n
- Thng s chn lc: Bi tng cng, kh SO2, NH3, H2S, THC, ting n.
- a im t v tr gim st: trong v ngoi khu vc D n.
- Tn s thu mu v phn tch: 6 thng /ln;
- Thit b thu mu v phng php phn tch : Phng php tiu chun;
- Tiu chun so snh: Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam (TCVN 5937 - 2005, TCVN
5938 - 2005, TCVN 5949 - 1998).
(2). Gim st cht lng nc mt
- Thng s chn lc: pH, BOD5, COD, DO, SS, Amonia, Nitrit, Nitrat, Sunfat,
Florua, tng st, ch, du m, tng phenol, Cht hot ng b mt, tng nit, Mangan,
E.Coli, Tng Coliform;
- S im gim st: ti thiu ti im x nc thi, thng lu v h lu so vi im
x nc thi.
38

- Tn s kho st: 6 thng /ln;

- Thit b thu mu v phng php phn tch: Phng php tiu chun;
- Quy chun so snh: Quy chun k thut Vit Nam v mi trng (QCVN 08/
2008/BTNMT).
(3). Gim st cht lng nc ngm
- Thng s chn lc: pH, mu, cng, TDS, Clorua, Florua, Nitrat, Nitrit,
Sunfat, Mangan, tng St, Ch, Thu ngn, Km, E.Coli, Tng Coliform;
- S im gim st: xung quanh khu vc d n;
- Tn s kho st: 06 thng /ln.
- Thit b thu mu v phng php phn tch: Phng php tiu chun;
- Tiu chun/quy chun so snh: Quy chun k thut Vit Nam v mi trng
(QCVN 09/2008/BTNMT) v Tiu chun nc sch km theo Quyt nh s
09/2005/Q-BYT ngy 11/3/2005 ca B trng B Y t).
(4). Gim st mi trng t
- La chn v tr gim st mi trng t ti vng t b nhim do b ngp bi
nc thi.
- Yu t gim st: hm lng mn, kim loi nng v du m.
- Tn sut gim st : 02 t/nm
- Quy chun so snh : Quy chun k thut Vit Nam v mi trng (QCVN
03:2008/BTNMT, QCVN 15:2008/BTNMT).
(5) Gim st khc:
Ch phi gim st cc yu t: xi mn, trt, st, l, ln t; xi l b sng, b sui,
b h, b bin; bi lng lng sng, lng sui, lng h, y bin; thay i mc nc mt,
nc ngm; xm nhp mn; xm nhp phn; v cc ngun gy tc ng khc (nu c)
trong trng hp ti khu vc thc hin d n khng c cc trm, im gim st chung
ca c quan nh nc, vi tn sut ph hp nhm theo di c s bin i theo khng
gian v thi gian ca cc yu t ny. Cc im gim st phi c th hin c th trn s
vi ch gii r rng.
S cc v tr gim st cht lng mi trng phi c th hin trn bn GIS.
5.2.2. D tr kinh ph cho gim st, quan trc mi trng
Vic d tr kinh ph cho hot ng quan trc mi trng ca c s l cn thit v
khng th thiu, do vy trong phn ni dung ny phi xut rt c th, r rng nhng
khong kinh ph d tr cho hot ng quan trc tng thnh phn mi trng nu trn.

39

CHNG 6. THAM VN KIN CNG NG

Yu cu : Phn ny phi tng hp c nhng kin tn thnh, khng tn thnh ca
y ban nhn dn, y ban Mt trn T quc cp x, ca i biu tham gia i thoi.
Mc tiu ca tham vn cng ng v cng b thng tin l huy ng cng ng tham
gia tch cc vo qu trnh TM nhm xc nh cc tc ng ca d n trong giai on
gim st tun th d n.
6.1. nh ngha v cng ng
Cng ng c xc nh nh ton b tp hp nhng ngi c kh nng b tc ng
bi d n, bao gm ngi ni tr, ngi bun bn, ngi s dng t v ngi lm vic
trong lnh vc cng nghip. Theo Lut BVMT 2005, i din ca cng ng l UBND v
UBMTTQ cp x.
Cch tip cn nhm thc hin tham vn cng ng l khuyn khch s tham vn
cng ng t giai on u tin ca qu trnh TM- Giai on nghin cu tin kh thi tip xc vi cng cc i din ca cng ng trong sut qu trnh TM. Bng cch ny
cng ng tr thnh b phn b sung vo i ng thc hin TM.
6.2. Hng dn v tham vn cng ng v cng b thng tin
Theo Mc 8, iu 20 ca Lut BVMT 2005 kin ca U ban nhn dn x,
phng, th trn (sau y gi chung l U ban nhn dn cp x), i din cng ng dn
c ni thc hin d n; cc kin khng tn thnh vic t d n ti a phng hoc
khng tn thnh i vi cc gii php bo v mi trng phi c nu trong bo co
nh gi tc ng mi trng.
Ngh nh 21/2008.N-CP4 b sung "iu 6a. Ly kin y ban nhn dn x,
phng, th trn v i din cng ng dn c trong qu trnh lp bo co nh gi tc
ng mi trng nh sau
(1). y ban Mt trn T quc x, phng, th trn (sau y gi l y ban Mt trn
T quc cp x) i din cho cng ng dn c tham gia kin trong qu trnh lp bo
co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n u t trn a bn.
(2). Ch d n gi vn bn thng bo v cc hng mc u t chnh, cc vn mi
trng, cc gii php bo v mi trng ca d n v ngh y ban nhn dn, y Mt
trn T quc cp x ni thc hin d n tham gia kin.
(3). Trong thi hn mi lm ngy (15) lm vic, k t ngy nhn c vn bn
ngh tham gia kin, y ban nhn dn v y ban Mt trn T quc cp x c trch
nhim tr li ch d n bng vn bn kin ca mnh v cng b cng khai nhn dn
bit.
Qu thi hn nu trn, nu khng nhn c vn bn tr li th c xem l y ban
nhn dn cp x v i din cng ng dn c ng vi ch d n.

40

(4). Cc d n sau y khng phi ly kin ca y ban nhn dn cp x v i

din cng ng dn c ni thc hin d n trong qu trnh lp bo co nh gi tc ng
mi trng:
a). D n u t nm trong khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, khu cng ngh cao trong
trng hp d n xy dng kt cu h tng ca khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, khu cng
ngh cao c c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn ph duyt bo co nh
gi tc ng mi trng.
Trng hp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n xy dng kt cu h
tng khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, khu cng ngh cao c ph duyt sau ngy 01
thng 7 nm 2006 th phi c c quan nh nc v bo v mi trng c thm quyn
theo quy nh ca php lut kim tra, xc nhn l thc hin y cc ni dung bo v
mi trng nu trong Quyt nh ph duyt v bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng.
b). D n trn vng bin khng xc nh c trch nhim qun l hnh chnh ca
y ban nhn dn cp x ly kin trong qu trnh lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi
trng;
c). Cc d n u t thuc lnh vc an ninh, quc phng lin quan n b mt quc
gia".
Theo Thng t 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ca B TN-MT, qu trnh thc hin tham vn
kin cng ng c trin khai nh sau :
(1). Ch d n gi vn bn thng bo v cc hng mc u t chnh, cc vn mi
trng, cc gii php bo v mi trng ca d n v ngh y ban nhn dn, y ban
Mt trn T quc cp x ni thc hin d n tham gia kin. Ni dung c th ca thng
bo bao gm: nhng ni dung chnh ca d n, nhng tc ng tiu cc ca d n n
mi trng t nhin v kinh t - x hi (trong cn ch r chng loi km theo nng ,
thi lng cc loi cht thi), nhng bin php gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc s p
dng v nhng cam kt khc ca ch d n v bo v mi trng (trong cn ch r
cng ngh, thit b v cng trnh x l cht thi, mc x l theo cc thng s c
trng ca cht thi so vi tiu chun, quy chun quy nh v cc bin php khc v bo
v mi trng) km theo nhng s (bn , bn v) th hin r v tr ca d n trong
mi lin h vi cc i tng t nhin v kinh t - x hi xung quanh, s (bn v)
tng mt bng ca d n vi cc hng mc cng trnh chnh ca d n v cc cng trnh
x l v qun l cht thi ca d n, cc cng trnh bo v mi trng i vi cc yu t
khc ngoi cht thi (th hin r cc im u ni h tng c s, k c cc cng trnh x
l v qun l cht thi ca d n vi h thng h tng c s v cc i tng t nhin bn
ngoi hng ro khu vc d n).
(2). Trong thi hn c quy nh ti khon 4 iu 1 Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP,
y ban nhn dn v y ban Mt trn T quc cp x c trch nhim:
- Cng b cng khai nhn dn bit v tr li ch d n bng vn bn c lp
theo mu quy nh ti Ph lc 5 ban hnh km theo Thng t 05/2008/TT-BTNMT.
- Thng bo bng vn bn yu cu ch d n phi hp thc hin i thoi i vi
trng hp cn thit. Kt qu i thoi gia ch d n, y ban nhn dn, y ban Mt
trn T quc cp x v cc bn c lin quan c ghi thnh bin bn, trong c danh
sch i biu tham gia v phn nh y nhng kin tho lun, kin tip thu
41

hoc khng tip thu ca ch d n; bin bn c ch k (ghi h tn, chc danh) ca i

din ch d n v i din cc bn lin quan tham d i thoi.
(3). Nhng kin tn thnh, khng tn thnh ca y ban nhn dn, y ban Mt trn
T quc cp x, ca i biu tham gia i thoi phi c tng hp v th hin trung
thc trong ni dung bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng.
(4). Cc vn bn tham vn cng ng ca ch d n, vn bn gp kin ca y ban
nhn dn, y ban Mt trn T quc cp x, bin bn cuc i thoi v cc vn bn tham
vn cng ng khc (nu c) phi c sao v nh km trong phn ph lc ca bo co
nh gi tc ng mi trng.
(5). Cc trng hp khng phi ly kin ca y ban nhn dn cp x v i din
cng ng dn c ni thc hin d n trong qu trnh lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi
trng c quy nh ti khon 4 iu 1 Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP.

42

CHNG 7. GII THIU CU TRC V NI DUNG CA BO CO TM CA

D N
Yu cu : Cu trc bo co TM phi da trn hng dn ti Ph lc 4, Thng t s
05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 12 nm 2008 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam
kt bo v mi trng
Cu trc v ni dung bo co TM d n x l nc thi sinh hot th c m
t chi tit da theo Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 12 nm 2008 ca B
Ti nguyn v Mi trng hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc
ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng, c th nh sau:

43

M U
1. Xut x ca d n:
- Tm tt v xut x, hon cnh ra i ca d n u t, trong nu r l loi d n
mi, d n b sung, d n m rng, d n nng cp hay d n loi khc.
- C quan, t chc c thm quyn ph duyt d n u t (bo co u t/bo co
kinh t - k thut/d n u t hoc ti liu tng ng ca d n).
- Mi quan h ca d n vi cc quy hoch pht trin do c quan qun l nh
nc c thm quyn thm nh v ph duyt (nu r hin trng ca cc quy hoch pht
trin c lin quan n d n: c ph duyt th nu y tn gi ca quyt nh
ph duyt hoc ang trong giai on xy dng trnh cp c thm quyn thm nh v
ph duyt).
- Nu r d n c nm trong khu kinh t, khu cng ngh cao, khu cng nghip,
khu ch xut hay khng? Nu c th nu y tn gi v nh km bn sao cc vn
bn sau vo Ph lc ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng:
+ Quyt nh ph duyt (nu c) bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n
u t xy dng kt cu h tng ca khu kinh t, khu cng ngh cao, khu cng nghip,
khu ch xut do c quan c thm quyn cp;
+ Vn bn xc nhn (nu c) thc hin/hon thnh cc ni dung ca bo co v
yu cu ca quyt nh ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng do c quan c
thm quyn cp (i vi trng hp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n
xy dng kt cu h tng khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, khu cng ngh cao c ph
duyt sau ngy 01 thng 7 nm 2006).
2. Cn c php lut v k thut ca vic thc hin nh gi tc ng mi
trng (TM):
- Lit k cc vn bn php lut v vn bn k thut lm cn c cho vic thc hin
TM v lp bo co TM ca d n, trong nu y , chnh xc m s, tn, ngy
ban hnh, c quan ban hnh ca tng vn bn.
- Lit k cc tiu chun, quy chun p dng bao gm cc Tiu chun Vit Nam,
Quy chun Vit Nam; tiu chun, quy chun ngnh; cc tiu chun, quy chun quc t
hoc cc tiu chun, quy chun khc c nu trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi
trng ca d n.
- Lit k cc ngun ti liu, d liu s dng trong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi
trng (tn gi, xut x thi gian, tc gi, ni pht hnh ca ti liu, d liu), bao gm:
+ Ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho;
+ Ngun ti liu, d liu do ch d n t to lp.
3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh TM:
Lit k y cc phng php s dng trong qu trnh thc hin TM v lp
bo co TM, bao gm cc phng php TM, cc phng php iu tra, kho st,
nghin cu, th nghim v cc phng php khc.
4. T chc thc hin TM:
44

- Nu tm tt v vic t chc thc hin TM v lp bo co TM ca ch d n,

trong ch r vic c thu hay khng thu dch v t vn lp bo co TM. Trng
hp c thu dch v t vn, nu r tn c quan cung cp dch v; h v tn ngi ng
u c quan cung cp dch v; a ch lin h ca c quan cung cp dch v;
- Danh sch nhng ngi trc tip tham gia lp bo co TM ca d n (bao gm
cc thnh vin ca ch d n v cc thnh vin ca c quan t vn, nu r hc v,
chuyn ngnh o to ca tng thnh vin).
Chng 1: M T TM TT D N
1.1. Tn d n:
Nu chnh xc nh tn trong bo co u t/bo co kinh t - k thut/d n u
t hoc ti liu tng ng ca d n.
1.2. Ch d n:
Nu y : tn ca c quan ch d n, a ch v phng tin lin h vi c quan
ch d n; h tn v chc danh ca ngi ng u c quan ch d n.
1.3. V tr a l ca d n:
M t r rng v tr a l (gm c ta theo quy chun hin hnh, ranh gii )
ca a im thc hin d n trong mi tng quan vi cc i tng t nhin (h
thng ng giao thng; h thng sng sui, ao h v cc vc nc khc; h thng i
ni ...), cc i tng kinh t - x hi (khu dn c, khu th, cc i tng sn xut kinh doanh - dch v, cc cng trnh vn ho - tn gio, cc di tch lch s ...) v cc i
tng khc xung quanh khu vc d n, km theo s v tr a l th hin cc i
tng ny, c ch gii r rng.
1.4. Ni dung ch yu ca d n:
M t ni dung ch yu ca d n theo cc giai on (chun b, xy dng v vn
hnh) ca d n, gm:
- Lit k y , m t chi tit v khi lng v quy m (khng gian v thi gian)
ca tt c cc hng mc cng trnh cn trin khai trong qu trnh thc hin d n, km
theo mt s , bn v mt bng tng th b tr tt c cc hng mc cng trnh hoc cc
s , bn v ring l cho tng hng mc cng trnh. Cc cng trnh c phn thnh 2
loi sau:
+ Cc cng trnh chnh: cng trnh phc v mc ch sn xut, kinh doanh, dch
v ca d n;
+ Cc cng trnh ph tr: cng trnh h tr, phc v cho hot ng ca cng trnh
chnh, nh: giao thng vn ti, bu chnh vin thng, cung cp in, cung cp nc,
thot nc ma, thot nc thi, di dn ti nh c, cy xanh phng h mi trng,
trm x l nc thi, ni x l hoc trm tp kt cht thi rn (nu c) v cc cng
trnh khc.
- M t chi tit, c th v cng ngh thi cng, cng ngh sn xut, cng ngh vn
hnh tng hng mc cng trnh ca d n, km theo s minh ha. Trn cc s
minh ha ny phi ch r cc yu t mi trng c kh nng pht sinh, nh: ngun cht
thi v cc yu t gy tc ng khc (nu c).
45

- Lit k y cc loi my mc, thit b cn c ca d n km theo ch dn v

nc sn xut, nm sn xut v hin trng mi hay c, cn bao nhiu phn trm (nu
c).
- Lit k y thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc loi nguyn, nhin, vt liu (u
vo) v cc chng loi sn phm (u ra) ca d n km theo ch dn v tn thng
hiu v cng thc ho hc (nu c).
- M t chi tit v tin thc hin cc hng mc cng trnh ca d n t khi bt
u cho n khi hon thnh v i vo vn hnh chnh thc.
- Tng mc u t v ngun vn u t ca d n, trong , ch r mc u t
cho hot ng bo v mi trng ca d n.
- T chc qun l v thc hin d n.
Chng 2: IU KIN T NHIN, MI TRNG V KINH T X
HI
2.1. iu kin t nhin v mi trng:
- iu kin v a l, a cht: ch cp v m t nhng i tng, hin tng,
qu trnh b tc ng bi d n (i vi d n c lm thay i cc yu t a l, cnh
quan; d n khai thc khong sn v d n lin quan n cc cng trnh ngm th phi
m t mt cch chi tit); ch dn ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho, s dng.
- iu kin v kh tng thu vn/hi vn:
+ iu kin kh tng: trnh by r cc c trng kh tng c lin quan n d n
(nhit khng kh, m, vn tc gi, hng gi, tn sut gi, nng v bc x, lng
ma, bo v cc iu kin v kh tng d thng khc); ch r di chui s liu;
ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho, s dng;
+ iu kin thu vn/hi vn: trnh by r cc c trng thu vn/hi vn c lin
quan n d n (mc nc, lu lng, tc dng chy v cc iu kin v thy
vn/hi vn khc); ch r di chui s liu; ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho, s
dng.
- Hin trng cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin: ch cp v m t nhng
thnh phn mi trng b tc ng trc tip bi d n, nh: mi trng khng kh tip
nhn trc tip ngun kh thi ca d n (lu hn n nhng vng b nh hng theo
cc hng gi ch o), ngun nc tip nhn trc tip nc thi ca d n, t, trm
tch v h sinh vt chu nh hng trc tip bi cht thi v cc yu t khc ca d n.
i vi mi trng khng kh, nc, t v trm tch i hi nh sau:
+ Ch dn r rng cc s liu o c, phn tch ti thi im tin hnh TM v
cht lng mi trng (lu : cc im o c, ly mu phi c m s, c ch dn v
thi gian, a im, ng thi, phi c th hin bng cc biu, bng r rng v c
minh ha bng s b tr cc im trn nn bn khu vc. Cc im o c, ly
mu t nht phi l cc im b tc ng trc tip bi d n. Vic o c, phn tch phi
tun th quy trnh, quy phm quan trc, phn tch mi trng; kt qu quan trc, phn
tch mi trng phi c hon thin v c xc nhn ca cc n v c chc nng
theo quy nh ca php lut);
46

+ Nhn xt v mc nhim khng kh, nc, t v trm tch so vi tiu

chun, quy chun k thut mi trng. Nhn nh v nguyn nhn, ngun gc nhim.
Trong trng hp c c s d liu v mi trng, nh gi s b v sc chu ti ca
mi trng khu vc d n theo tiu chun, quy chun k thut mi trng.
2.2. iu kin kinh t x hi:
- iu kin v kinh t: ch cp n nhng hot ng kinh t (cng nghip, nng
nghip, giao thng vn ti, khai khong, du lch, thng mi, dch v v cc ngnh
khc) trong khu vc d n v vng k cn b tc ng bi d n; ch dn ngun ti liu,
d liu tham kho, s dng.
- iu kin v x hi: ch cp n nhng cc cng trnh vn ho, x hi, tn
gio, tn ngng, di tch lch s, khu dn c, khu th v cc cng trnh lin quan
khc trong vng d n v cc vng k cn b tc ng bi d n; ch dn ngun ti liu,
d liu tham kho, s dng.
Chng 3: NH GI CC TC NG MI TRNG
3.1. nh gi tc ng:
- Vic nh gi tc ng ca d n ti mi trng t nhin v kinh t - x hi
c thc hin theo tng giai on (chun b, xy dng v vn hnh) ca d n v phi
c c th ho cho tng ngun gy tc ng, n tng i tng b tc ng. Mi tc
ng u phi c nh gi mt cch c th, chi tit v mc , v quy m khng
gian v thi gian (nh gi mt cch nh tnh, nh lng, chi tit v c th cho d n
, khng nh gi mt cch chung chung) v so snh, i chiu vi cc tiu chun,
quy chun, quy nh hin hnh. Trong :
+ Ngun gy tc ng c lin quan n cht thi: tt c cc ngun c kh nng
pht sinh cc loi cht thi rn, lng, kh cng nh cc loi cht thi khc trong qu
trnh trin khai thc hin d n;
+ Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi: tt c cc ngun gy tc
ng khng lin quan n cht thi, nh: xi mn, trt, st, l, ln t; xi l b sng,
b sui, b h, b bin; bi lng lng sng, lng sui, lng h, y bin; thay i mc
nc mt, nc ngm; xm nhp mn; xm nhp phn; bin i vi kh hu; suy thoi
cc thnh phn mi trng; bin i a dng sinh hc v cc ngun gy tc ng khc;
+ i tng b tc ng: tt c cc i tng t nhin, kinh t, vn ho, x hi,
tn gio, tn ngng, di tch lch s v cc i tng khc trong vng d n v cc
vng k cn b tc ng bi tng ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi, tng
ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi trong cc giai on ca d n (chun
b, xy dng v vn hnh) v bi cc ri ro, s c mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng
v vn hnh ca d n.
- D bo nhng ri ro, s c mi trng do d n gy ra: ch cp n nhng ri ro,
s c c th xy ra bi d n trong qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh ca d n.
3.2. Nhn xt v mc chi tit, tin cy ca cc nh gi:
Nhn xt khch quan v mc chi tit, tin cy ca cc nh gi v cc tc
ng mi trng, cc ri ro, s c mi trng c kh nng xy ra khi trin khai d n
v khi khng trin khai d n. i vi nhng vn cn thiu tin cy cn thit, phi
47

nu r cc l do khch quan v cc l do ch quan (nh thiu thng tin, d liu; s liu,

d liu hin c b lc hu; s liu, d liu t to lp cha c chnh xc, tin
cy; thiu hoc tin cy ca phng php nh gi c hn; trnh chuyn mn ca
i ng cn b v TM c hn; cc nguyn nhn khc).
Chng 4: BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NGA
V NG PH S C MI TRNG
Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu, phng nga v ng ph s c mi trng
phi c th hin i vi tng giai on (chun b, xy dng v vn hnh) ca d n,
tng i tng b tc ng nh nu trong mc 3.1 v phi l cc bin php c th, c
tnh kh thi s c p dng trong sut qu trnh thc hin d n.
4.1. i vi cc tc ng xu:
- Mi loi tc ng xu n cc i tng t nhin v kinh t - x hi xc nh
u phi c km theo bin php gim thiu tng ng, c l gii r rng v u im,
nhc im, mc kh thi, hiu sut/hiu qu x l. Trong trng hp vic trin khai
cc bin php gim thiu ca d n lin quan n nhiu c quan, t chc, phi kin
ngh c th tn cc c quan, t chc v xut phng n phi hp cng gii quyt.
- Phi chng minh c rng, sau khi p dng bin php gim thiu, cc tc ng xu
s c gim n mc no, c so snh, i chiu vi cc tiu chun, quy chun, quy nh
hin hnh. Trng hp bt kh khng, phi nu r l do v c nhng kin ngh c th
cc c quan lin quan c hng gii quyt, quyt nh.
4.2. i vi s c mi trng:
xut mt phng n chung v phng nga v ng ph s c, trong nu r:
- Ni dung, bin php m ch d n ch ng thc hin trong kh nng ca mnh;
nhn xt, nh gi v tnh kh thi v hiu qu;
- Ni dung, bin php cn phi c s hp tc, gip ca cc c quan nh nc
v cc i tc khc;
- Nhng vn bt kh khng v kin ngh hng x l.
Chng 5: CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI TRNG
5.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng:
ra mt chng trnh nhm qun l cc vn v bo v mi trng trong qu
trnh chun b, xy dng cc cng trnh ca d n v trong qu trnh d n i vo vn
hnh. Chng trnh qun l mi trng c xy dng trn c s tng hp t cc
chng 1, 3, 4 di dng bng, bao gm cc thng tin v: cc hot ng ca d n
trong qu trnh chun b, xy dng v vn hnh; cc tc ng mi trng; cc bin
php gim thiu tc ng c hi (cc cng trnh x l v qun l cht thi km theo ch
dn c th v chng loi v c tnh k thut; cng trnh x l mi trng i vi cc
yu t khc ngoi cht thi; cc bin php phng chng s c mi trng; cc bin
php phc hi mi trng nu c; chng trnh gio dc, o to v mi trng v cc
bin php gim thiu cc tc ng c hi khc); kinh ph thc hin; thi gian biu thc
hin v hon thnh; c quan thc hin v c quan gim st thc hin chng trnh qun
l mi trng.
5.2. Chng trnh gim st mi trng:
48

 ra chng trnh nhm gim st cc cht thi pht sinh trong sut qu trnh chun b,
xy dng v vn hnh ca d n:
5.2.1. Gim st cht thi: i hi phi gim st lu lng/tng lng thi v gim st
nhng thng s nhim c trng cho cht thi ca d n theo tiu chun, quy chun hin
hnh ca Vit Nam, vi tn sut ti thiu 03 (ba) thng mt ln. Cc im gim st phi
c th hin c th trn s vi ch gii r rng v ta theo quy chun hin hnh.
i vi cc d n pht sinh ngun nc thi, kh thi ln, tim n nguy c gy nhim
mi trng mc cao, phi c phng n thit k v lp t cc thit b o lu lng v
quan trc t ng, lin tc cc thng s nhim c trng trong cht thi c quan thm
nh v ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng xem xt, quyt nh.
5.2.2. Gim st mi trng xung quanh: ch phi gim st nhng thng s nhim
c trng cho d n theo tiu chun, quy chun, quy nh hin hnh ca Vit Nam
trong trng hp ti khu vc thc hin d n khng c cc trm, im gim st chung
ca c quan nh nc, vi tn sut ti thiu 06 (su) thng mt ln. Cc im gim st
phi c th hin c th trn s vi ch gii r rng v ta theo quy chun hin
hnh.
5.2.3. Gim st khc: ch phi gim st cc yu t: xi mn, trt, st, l, ln t;
xi l b sng, b sui, b h, b bin; bi lng lng sng, lng sui, lng h, y
bin; thay i mc nc mt, nc ngm; xm nhp mn; xm nhp phn; v cc tc
ng ti cc i tng t nhin v kinh t - x hi khc (nu c) vi tn sut ph hp
nhm theo di c s bin i theo khng gian v thi gian ca cc yu t ny. Cc
im gim st phi c th hin c th trn s vi ch gii r rng v ta theo
quy chun hin hnh.
Chng 6: THAM VN KIN CNG NG
6.1. kin ca y ban nhn dn cp x.
6.2. kin ca y ban Mt trn T quc cp x.
(Cc im 6.1 v 6.2 ny c th hin theo yu cu nu ti mc 2 Phn III ca
Thng t ny).
6.3. kin phn hi v cam kt ca ch d n trc cc kin ca y ban
nhn dn cp x v y ban Mt trn T quc cp x:
i vi tng ni dung kin, yu cu ca y ban nhn dn cp x v y ban Mt
trn T quc cp x, ch d n cn nu r quan im ca mnh ng hay khng ng
; trng hp ng th cn nu r cc cam kt ca ch d n p ng kin, yu
cu ny c trnh by ni dung (chng, mc) no ca bo co; trng hp khng
ng th cn nu r l do ti sao.
KT LUN, KIN NGH V CAM KT
1. Kt lun:
Phi c kt lun v nhng vn , nh: nhn dng v nh gi c ht nhng
tc ng cha, nhng vn g cn cha d bo c; nh gi tng qut v mc ,
quy m ca nhng tc ng xc nh; mc kh thi ca cc bin php gim thiu
tc ng xu v phng chng, ng ph cc s c, ri ro mi trng; nhng tc ng
tiu cc no khng th c bin php gim thiu v vt qu kh nng cho php ca ch
49

d n v nu r l do.
2. Kin ngh:
Kin ngh vi cc cp, cc ngnh lin quan gip gii quyt nhng vn vt kh
nng gii quyt ca d n.
3. Cam kt:
Cc cam kt ca ch d n v vic thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng,
chng trnh gim st mi trng nh nu trong Chng 5 (bao gm cc tiu chun,
quy chun k thut mi trng m d n bt buc phi p dng); thc hin cc cam kt
vi cng ng nh nu ti mc 6.3 Chng 6 ca bo co TM; tun th cc quy
nh chung v bo v mi trng c lin quan n cc giai on ca d n, gm:
- Cc cam kt v cc gii php, bin php bo v mi trng s thc hin v hon
thnh trong cc giai on chun b v xy dng n thi im trc khi d n i vo
vn hnh chnh thc;
- Cc cam kt v cc gii php, bin php bo v mi trng s c thc hin
trong giai on t khi d n i vo vn hnh chnh thc cho n khi kt thc d n;
- Cam kt v n b v khc phc nhim mi trng trong trng hp cc s
c, ri ro mi trng xy ra do trin khai d n;
- Cam kt phc hi mi trng theo quy nh ca php lut v bo v mi trng
sau khi d n kt thc vn hnh.
PH LC
nh km trong Ph lc ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng cc loi ti liu
sau y:
- Bn sao cc vn bn php l lin quan n d n;
- Cc s (bn v, bn ) khc lin quan n d n nhng cha c th hin
trong cc chng ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng;
- Cc phiu kt qu phn tch cc thnh phn mi trng (khng kh, ting n,
nc, t, trm tch, ti nguyn sinh hc ) c ch k km theo h tn, chc danh ca
Th trng c quan phn tch v ng du;
- Bn sao cc vn bn lin quan n tham vn cng ng v cc phiu iu tra x
hi hc (nu c);
- Cc hnh nh lin quan n khu vc d n (nu c);
- Cc ti liu lin quan khc (nu c).

50

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Chin lc bo v mi trng quc gia 2010
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dng ti nguyn nc, Tp ch a cht thy vn, 241 (1997)
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4. Nguyn Vit Ph, V Vn Tun, Trn Thanh Xun. Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam.
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8. Bo co hin trng v din bin mi trng nc 2003-2004-2006.
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51

19. Chng trnh mc tiu Quc gia v nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng
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20. Chng trnh mc tiu Quc gia v nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng
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v v sinh mi trng nng thn 5 nm (1999-2003). H Ni, 2000.
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m phng cht lng nc trong sng v ca sng. Hi tho quc gia v mi trng,
H Ni, 5-7, thng 8,1998.
33. Bo co hin trng mi trng cc th - khu cng nghip: H Ni, Hi
Phng, Hi Dng, Qung Ninh, Hng Yn v Bc Ninh nm 1998 -2001.
34. Bo co hin trng Mi trng Vit Nam nm 1995-2003 ca B KH,CN
&MT (lu hnh ni b).
35. Bo co nghin cu kh thi d n Cp That nc v v sinh TP H Long do
Cng ty Karl Bro thit lp nm 1994, 1998.

52

36. Bo co nghin cu k hoch ci thin v sinh TP Hi Phng do Cng ty

Nippon Koei thit lp nm 2000.
37. Bo co nghin cu Qun l Mi trng Vnh H Long do Cng ty Karl Bro
thit lp nm 1999 - 2000.
38. Bo co Tng quan cc vn mi trng vng ng bng Sng Hng. Trung
tm Nghin cu v H tr Pht trin Vng lnh th VKTTPB, 1997.
39. Bo co TM d n nng cao cht lng nc H Ty. CEETIA, H Ni
2001.
40. D n Tng cng nng lc th ch qun l thng tin mi trng- Chng
trnh th nghim ph bin thng tin cho Cng ng- S liu iu tra v nc thi cng
nghip thc phm v Dt May H Ni. Cc Mi trng 2001-2002.
41. Phm Ngc ng, Trn Hiu Nhu v nnk. Bo co ti "Din bin mi
trng v xut cc gii php BVMT H Ni n nm 2020. ti KHCN 07-11. H
Ni, 1998.
42. Phm Ngc ng, Trn Hiu Nhu v tp th tc gi: Bo co ti nghin
cu khoa hc KT02-03, 1995.
43. Trn c H- Bo co ti NCKH:" Nghin cu xut cc bin php x l
cht thi mt s cng bin khu vc pha Bc nhm ng dng Cng c Quc t v
BVMT Bin." H Ni 11-2003.
44. Hi tho Qun l Mi trng Khu Cng nghip, Tnh hnh Pht trin cc khu
Cng nghip nc ta v mt s vn mi trng cng nghip cn quan tm, Bo
co ca Ban Qun l cc Khu cng nghip Vit Nam, 1999.
45. Hi tho K hoch phi hp hnh ng v x l cht thi cng nghip, th
cng nghip, lng ngh bo v mi trng lu vc sng Cu. Thi Nguyn, ngy 10 11/9/1998. Tuyn tp ton vn cc bo co.
46. Jorgensen S.E., Vollenweider R.A. Guideline of Lake Management, Volume 1:
Principles of Lake Management, UNEP, 1991.
47. KTS Trn Ngc Chnh.Chin lc Pht trin thnh ph: T tm nhn ti tng
trng v xa i gim ngho, ngy 24-26 thng 11 nm 2004, H Ni, Vit Nam
48. PGS.TS. Phng Ch S. iu tra, nh gi ngun nhim ti Qung Nam,
2007-2008.
49. PGS.TS. Nguyn Th H. iu tra, nh gi ngun nhim ti Thi Nguyn,
2007-2008.
50. Th.S. Vng Quang Vit. iu tra, nh gi ngun nhim ti Bn Tre, 20072008.
51. Th.S. Trn Cng Khnh, PGS.TS. Nguyn Vit Anh. iu tra, nh gi ngun
nhim ti H Nam, 2007-2008.

53

PH LC
PH LC I. PHIU IU TRA KINH T - X HI
1. Khu vc iu tra:
- Tn khu vc iu tra: ................................................................................
- S h dn: ..... (h). Tng s dn: ..........(ngi). Bnh qun:........ ngi/h.
- T l tng dn s trung bnh: ................. %.
2. Tnh trng t ai:
- Tng din tch t:............... (ha). Trong t nng nghip: ............. (ha).
- t cng nghip: ..................(ha). t khc: ....................................... (ha).
3. Tnh hnh kinh t:
- S h lm nng nghip: .............. (h). Phi nng nghip: (h)
- S ngi lm trong cc x nghip cng nghip ti a phng: (ngi)
- Thu nhp: Bnh qun:......... /thng.
Cao nht: ................../thng
Thp nht: ................/thng
- S h giu: ............................ (h). S h ngho: (h)
4. Cc cng trnh cng cng, h tng c s trong khu vc:
- C quan, Trng hc, Vin nghin cu: ................(c s)
- Nh my, X nghip cng nghip: ..........................(c s)
- Bnh vin, Trm Y t: ............................................(c s)
- Ch: ..................... (c s). Ngha trang: ................(c s)
- nh, cha, nh th: ................................(c s)
- Trnh trng giao thng, ng:
+ ng t:........................ %. + ng cp phi: ................%
+ ng b tng: ................ %. + ng gch:....................... %
- Tnh trng cp in, nc:
+ S h c cp in: ............. (h). + S h c cp nc: .......... (h)
5. Tnh hnh sc kho:
- S ngi mc bnh truyn nhim: ....... (ngi).
- Bnh mn tnh: ................(ngi)
- Bnh ngh nghip: ................(ngi)
6. Cc yu cu v kin ngh ca a phng v D n:
Xc nhn ca chnh quyn a phng

Ngy... thng.... nm
Ngi iu tra
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PH LC II. CC PHNG PHP TM S DNG CHO LOI HNH D N

Cc phng php nh gi tc ng mi trng s dng trong qu trnh lp bo co
TM ni chung v i vi cc D n x l nc thi sinh hot th ni ring l :
- Phng php thng k : Nhm thu thp v x l cc s liu v iu kin kh tng,
thy vn, kinh t x hi ti khu vc xy dng D n.
- Phng php lp bng lit k (Checklist): c s dng lp mi quan h gia
cc hot ng ca D n v cc tc ng mi trng.
- Phng php ma trn (Matrices) : Phng php ny cho php phn tch, nh gi
mt cch tng hp tc ng tng h a chiu ng thi gia cc hot ng ca d n
n tt c cc yu t ti nguyn v mi trng trong vng d n.
- Phng php mng li (Networks) : Mc ch ca phng php ny l phn tch,
nh gi cc tc ng song song v ni tip do cc hot ng d n gy ra v c din
gii theo nguyn l nguyn nhn - h qu. Phng php ny c s dng nh gi
cc tc ng s cp (bc 1) v chui cc tc ng th cp (bc 2, 3, 4 ).
- Phng php so snh : Dng nh gi cc tc ng trn c s cc Tiu chun,
quy chun mi trng Vit Nam;
- Phng php chuyn gia : S dng i ng cc chuyn gia nh gi cc tc
ng mi trng.
- Phng php nh gi nhanh theo h s nhim do Vit Nam v cc t chc quc
t (V d : T chc Y t Th gii (WHO)) thit lp nhm c tnh ti lng cc cht
nhim t cc hot ng ca D n.
- Phng php ly mu ngoi hin trng v phn tch trong phng th nghim:
nhm xc nh cc thng s v hin trng cht lng khng kh, nc, n ti khu t
D n v khu vc xung quanh.
- Phng php m hnh ha mi trng : M phng cc qu trnh thc t di dng
cc phng trnh ton hc cho tng i lng. Dng cc phng php s gii cc
phng trnh ny trn my tnh s tm c cc tham s (hoc i lng) cn bit ti cc
thi im v cc im khng gian khc nhau.
- Phng php phn tch chi ph, li ch : l mt phng php nh gi s mong
mun tng i gia cc phng n cnh tranh nhau, khi s la chn c o lng
bng gi tr kinh t to ra cho ton x hi.
- Phng php tham vn cng ng : Phng php ny s dng trong qu trnh
phng vn lnh o v nhn dn a phng ti ni thc hin D n.
- Phng php vin thm v GIS :Trn c s gii on cc nh v tinh ti khu vc
55

d n, kt hp s dng cc phn mm GIS (Acview, Mapinfor, ...) c th nh gi c

mt cch tng th hin trng ti nguyn thin nhin, hin trng thm thc vt, cy trng,
t v s dng t cng vi cc yu t t nhin v cc hot ng kinh t khc.
- Nhng phng php khc (Phng php phng vn c nhn; phng php nh
gi nng thn c s tham gia ca cng ng (PRA) ...).

56