MC LC Li ni u.....................................................................................................2 Phn 1: Tng quan v bia...............................................................................3 1.1 Khi nim.................................................................................................3 1.2 Lch s ....................................................................................................

3 Phn 2: Tng quan v nguyn liu sn xut bia.............................................6 3.1 Malt i mch..........................................................................................6 3.2 Hoa houblon.............................................................................................7 3.3 Nc.........................................................................................................8 3.4 Nm men dung trong sn xut bia...........................................................9 3.5 Nguyn liu thay th................................................................................11 3.6 Cc cht ph gia.......................................................................................12 Phn 3: Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bia.....................................................13 Phn 4: Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh.....................................................14 Phn 5: Kt lun v ngh...........................................................................22 TI LIU THAM KHO.............................................................................23

Li ni u:
1

Bia l mt loi nc lu i c t hng ngn nm trc cng nguyn, khng c mt quc gia no trn th gii khng sn xut hoc khng tiu th bia,bia c tc dng lm mt c th, n mang li cho ngi ung mt cm gic rt sn khoi v hp dn. Trong bia c cha h enzyme phong ph v t bit l enzyme khch thch h tiu ha v vy khi ung bia vi mt lng thch hp khng nhng c li cho sc khe, n cm ngon d tiu ha gim c s mt mi sau khi lm vic. Mc khc, khi ung bia s lm tng kh nng bi tit nc tiu, gip qu trnh gii c c th nhanh hn. Khi i sng kinh t x hi tng thi nhu cu ung bia ca con ngi cng tng theo thc y cng ngh sn xut bia pht trin v c nhng bc tin nhy vt. Chnh v vy cng ngh sn xut bia cn c bit n v c nhng ci tin mi v cng nghip mang li hiu qu kinh t cao cho nh sn xut, mang li gi tr dinh dng v cht lng ca bia cho ngi tiu dng.

Phn 1: Tng quan v bia

2

1.1 Khi nim: Bia c sn xut t cc loi nguyn liu chnh l nc, malt, go, hoa houblon, sau qu trnh ln men, s cho ra mt loi ung giu dinh dng, c hng thm c trng, cn thp, v ng du v lp bt trng mn vi hm lng CO2 ph hp. Ngoi ra, trong bia cn cha mt h enzim kh phong ph, c bit l nhm enzim kch thch tiu ho amylaza. 1.2 Lch s: Bia l mt trong cc ung lu i nht m loi ngi to ra, c nin i t nht l t thin nin k 5 TCN v c ghi chp li trong cc th tch c ca Ai Cp c i v Lng H (Mesopotamia) Ging nh phn ln cc cht cha ng khc c th b ln men mt cch t nhin, rt c th l cc ung tng t nh bia c pht minh mt cch c lp gia cc nn vn minh trn ton th gii. Vic kim nh ha hc cc bnh gm c pht hin ra rng bia (tng t nh ru vang) c sn xut khong 7.000 nm trc khu vc ngy nay l Iran v l mt trong s cc cng ngh sinh hc bit, trong cc quy trnh sinh hc ca s ln men c p dng. Ti Lng H, chng c lu i nht v bia c cho l bc v 6.000 nm tui ca ngi Sumeria miu t nhng ngi ang ung mt th ung bng cc cn ht bng sy t thng cng cng. Bia cng c cp ti trong Thin s thi Gilgamesh, mt bn trng ca 3.900 nm tui ca ngi Sumeria t lng tn knh n thn Ninkasi, v thn bo tr cho bia, n cha cng thc lm bia c nht cn st li v miu t vic sn xut bia t la mch thng qua bnh m.[5][6] Bia tr thnh thit yu i vi tt c cc nn vn minh trng ng cc th gii phng Ty c xa, c bit l Ai Cp v Lng H.[7] Bia tng l quan trng i vi ngi La M trong thi k u, nhng trong thi k Cng ha La M th ru vang thay th bia nh l mt ung cha cn c a chung hn. Bia tr thnh ung c coi l thch hp cho nhng ngi man r; Tacitus vit mt cch y ch bai v bia c cc ging ngi c sn xut trong thi i ca ng. Ngi Thracia cng c bit l s dng bia sn xut t la mch en, thm ch t th k 5 TCN, nh Hellanicos vit trong v cc opra. Tn gi cho bia ca h l brutos hay brytos. S b sung hoa bia vo bia to v ng, bo qun v hng v cho bia l mt pht kin tng i mi: trong thi Trung c nhiu hn hp khc ca cc loi tho mc thng thng c cho vo bia ch khng phi hoa bia. Cc hn hp ny thng thng c gi l gruit. Hoa bia c trng ti Php sm nht l vo khong th k 9; vn bn c nht cn st li c ghi chp v vic s dng hoa bia trong bia c nin i vo nm 1067 bi n tu vin trng kim nh vn Hildegard: "Nu ngi ta nh lm bia t yn mch, n c chun b cng hoa bia."

Ti chu u, trong thi Trung c, bia ch yu c sn xut trong gia nh. Vo th k 14 v 15, vic sn xut bia dn dn chuyn t hot ng gia nh sang hot ng th cng, vi cc qun bia v tu vin sn xut bia ca mnh hng lot tiu th. Trong th k 15, Anh th loi bia khng c hoa bia c bit n nh l ale, cn vic s dng hoa bia th ung gi l bia. Bia c cha hoa bia c nhp khu vo Anh t H Lan sm nht l t nm 1400 Winchester, v hoa bia c trng trn quc o ny t nm 1428. Tnh ph bin ca hoa bia ban u l hn hp Cng ty bia ru London i xa ti mc ra thng bo "khng hoa bia, khng tho mc hoc nhng g khc tng t c cho vo bt k ale hay ru (mi) no s c sn xut m ch c liquor (nc), mch nha, v men bia". Tuy nhin, vo th k 16, ale c dng ch cc loi bia mnh (nng cn cao) bt k, v tt c ale v bia u s dng hoa bia.

Sn xut bia th k 16 Nm 1516, William IV, Cng tc x Bavaria, thng qua Reinheitsgebot (Lut tinh khit), c l l quy nh v thc phm c nht cn p dng n nay. Gebot quy nh rng thnh phn ca bia ch c bao gm nc, la mch hoa bia, vi men bia c b sung sau pht kin ca Louis Pasteur vo nm 1857. Lut ca ngi Bavaria c p dng trong c nc c nh l mt phn ca nc c thng nht nm 1871 thnh ch c di thi Otto von Bismarck, v k t c cp nht phn nh xu hng hin i trong sn xut bia ru. Cho n nay, Gebot vn c coi l tiu chun ca tinh khit cho bia, mc d iu ny c th gy tranh ci. Phn ln cc loi bia cho n thi gian gn y thc cht l th m ngy nay gi l ale. Bia lager c pht hin ra mt cch tnh c vo th k 16 sau khi bia c lu tr trong cc hm lnh mt thi gian di; k t n c sn xut nhiu hn ale. Vi s pht minh ra ng c hi nc nm 1765, cng nghip ha sn xut bia tr thnh s tht. Cc ci tin mi trong cng ngh sn xut bia xut hin cng vi s ra

i ca nhit k v t trng k vo th k 19, cho php cc nh sn xut bia tng tnh hiu qu v kim sot nng cn. Cho n cui th k 18, mch nha ch yu c lm kh bng la do t g, than ci, tru, v sau nm 1600 l t than cc. Ni chung, khng c loi mch nha no trong s ny c che chn tt khi khi sinh ra trong cc l sy, v do cc loi bia thi k c thnh phn hi khi trong hng v ca chng; cc chng c ch ra rng cc nh sn xut mch nha v bia thng xuyn phi c gng gim thiu s m khi ca bia thnh phm. S pht minh ra l nng hnh trng nm 1817 ca Daniel Wheeler cho php to ra mch nha nng chn k v to tin cho sn xut cc loi bia en (porter v stout). S pht minh ra vai tr ca men bia trong qu trnh ln men vo nm 1857 bi Louis Pasteur gip cho cc nh sn xut bia phng php ngn chn v chua ca bia bi cc loi vi sinh vt khng mong mun. Nm 1953, Morton W Coutts, mt ngi New Zealand pht trin k thut ln men lin tc. Morton ly bng sng ch cng ngh ca ng v n l mt cuc cch mng trong cng nghip bia do n lm gim thi gian v sn xut bia trc y l 4 thng xung cn cha y 24 gi. Cng ngh ca ng vn c s dng bi nhiu nh sn xut bia ln nht th gii ngy nay, bao gm c Guinness. Ngy nay, cng nghip bia l cng vic kinh doanh khng l ton cu, bao gm ch yu l cc t hp c ra i t cc nh sn xut nh hn. Trong khi bia ch yu l ung cha cn th mt s bin thi ca n cng tn ti, xut pht t th gii phng Ty, l cc loi bia i qua cng on x l loi b bt cn, sn xut ra ci gi l bia khng cn.

Phn 2: Tng quan v nguyn liu sn xut bia

Nguyn liu chnh dng cho sn xut bia l Malt i mch, hoa Houblon v nc. Malt i mch l ngun cung cp cht ha tan, h enzym quan trng, c tc dng ln trong qu trnh lc dch ng. Hoa houblon to nn hng thm v v ng c trng m ch sn phm bia mi c. Nc chim phn ln trong bia v vy nc l thnh phn nh hng n cht lng bia rt ln. h gi thnh sn phm th ta dng nguyn liu thay th mt phn Malt i mch. Vi iu kin Vit Nam th go l mt nguyn liu thay th rt tt trong sn xut bia. Lng go thay th l 25% l hon ton c th sn xut c bia cht lng kh tt, c th xut khu c. 2.1 Malt Malt i mch l nguyn liu chnh s mt dng sn xut bia. Khong 1/3 i mch trn th gii c trng sn xut bia. i mch thuc h Hordeum Sativum, c mt s t thuc h H.Muvirum, H.Jubatum. i mch thng c gieo trng vo ma ng hay ma xun, c trng nhiu Nga, M, Canada, Php, Nga i mch c ging hai hng v i mch a hng, trong i mch a hng li gm c i mch 4 hng v i mch 6 hng. Tuy nhin ch c i mch hai hng c dng trong sn xut bia. Cn i mch a hng ch dng trong chn nui v cc mc ch khc.

Hnh : malt dng trong sn xut bia

2.1.1 Thnh phn ho hc ca malt Bng : thnh phn ho hc ca malt TT 1 2 3 4 5 Thnh phn ho hc ca malt Tinh bt ng kh Saccarose Pentose Nit formol % cht kh 58 65 4 5 1 0,7 1

6 7 8 9 10 11 2.1.2 -

Cht khong Pentozan khng ho tan v Hexozan Cellulose Cc cht cha nit Cc cht cha nit khng ng t Cht bo Ch tiu ca malt

2,5 9 6 10 2,5 2,5

Mu: c mu vng ng nh rm Mi: c mi thm c trng ca malt V: ngt Trng thi: malt phi xp v kh Tp cht(%khi lng) < 0.1 Ht gy(%khi lng) < 0.5 Ht xm mu hai u(%khi lng) < 0.01

2.2 Hoa Houblon Hoa houblon l nguyn liu c bn, ng v tr th hai (sau i mch). N c con ngi bit n v s dng khong 3000 nm trc cng nguyn. Hoa houblon lm cho bia c v ng du, hng thm rt c trng, lm tng kh nng to v gi bt, lm tng bn keo v n nh thnh phn sinh hc ca sn phm. Do nhng tnh nng cc k c bit nh vy, cho nn tri qua my thin nin k tn ti v pht trin ca ngnh bia, hoa houblon vn gi c vai tr c tn v l nguyn liu khng th thay th trong ngnh cng nghip sn xut bia. Trong cng ngh sn xut bia, ngi ta ch s dng loi hoa ci cha th phn. Nu hoa ci th phn th gi tr cng nghip ca chng gim i rt nhiu. V vy ngi ta thng tin hnh loi b ngay nhng cy c trong vn houblon. Trong mt gi houblon c cc b phn: trc, cnh v nh hoa. Khi hoa bt u chin th bn trong cnh hoa v c bit l nh hoa xut hin cc ht mu vng ng, rt do gi l lupulin, ht lupulin c dng hnh cu, ng knh 0,15 0,25mm, chng dnh vo cnh hoa v nh hoa bng nhng cung rt mnh v ngn. Chnh nhng ht lupulin ny l ngun gc chnh sinh ra cht ng v tinh du thm ca hoa houblon.

Hnh : hoa huoblon Vai tr ca cht ng trong cng ngh sn xut bia l rt ln. Trc ht chng to cho bia c v ng du l mt c tnh cm quan rt c bit ca bia. Khi ha tan vo dch ng, cc cht ng l nhng cht c hot tnh sinh hc cao, to sc cng b mt gip cho bia c kh nng gi bt rt lu. Mt khc, cc cht ng cn c kh nng c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, tc l bo v cht lng ca bia n nh khng b vi sinh vt tc ng hay cn gi l lm tng bn sinh hc ca bia. Cht ng trong hoa Houblon gm Axit ng l hp cht c cu trc tinh th v nha ng l hp cht v nh hnh. Tinh du thm ca hoa houblon ha tan vo dch ng, tn ti trong bia v to cho bia mt mi thm c trng, nh nhng v d chu. Tinh du thm bay hi kh nhanh nhit thng. Tinh du thm c thnh phn ha hc rt phc tp, gm rt nhiu cc hp cht, trong phn ln l terpen, ru, xeton, aldehid, este v axit. Polyphenol: Tnh cht c bit ca hp cht ny l kh nng d dng kt hp vi cc protein cao phn t to ra phc cht khng ha tan, do vy chng c dng lm kt lng v loi b cc hp cht protid cao phn t, l nguyn nhn gy c bia, ra khi dch ng, n nh thnh phn v tng bn keo ca bia.
-

Ch tiu cm quan Cao hoa c dng keo, mu vng h phch Mi thm c bit, d bay hi, d nhn mi V ng r rt Ch tiu ho hc Hm lng - axit ng: 30% Tan ht v c th to kt ta lng nhanh khi un si vi nc. Hoa thm r rt, v ng du. 8

Hoa houblon c th s dng cnh hoa, hoa vin, hoc cao hoa. 2.3 Nc Trong qu trnh sn xut bia, nc c s dng rng ri trong mi khu, t cc cng on chnh nh nu, lc ... n cc khu v sinh. Trong thnh phn bia, nc cng chim mt lng ln (80 90%), gp phn hnh thnh nn hng v ca bia. Bi vy, nc dng trong sn xut bia phi c cht lng tt, p ng c cc ch tiu quan trng nh my bia nc s dng nu bia phi t tiu chun sau: -

Khng mu, khng mi, khng v c NTV 0,7 pH : 6,5- 7,5 Kim tng (oF) 2 cng tng(oF) 2 Hm lng Ca2+(mg/l): 30-60 Hm lng Mg2+(mg/l) < 20 Hm lng Na+(mg/l): 23-28 Hm lng K+(mg/l) 4 Hm lng NH 4 +(mg/l) 0.5 hm lng Fe(mg/l) 0,05 hm lng Mn(mg/l) 0,05 hm lng mui(quy v mg/l NaCl) 20 hm lng Cl2 d(mg/l): 0 mg/l Hm lng NO 3 (mg/l) 15 Hm lng NO 2 mg/l) 0,1 Hm lng SO 4 Al(mg/l): 0 Hm lng kim loi nng: Theo quy nh ca B Y t Vi sinh vt: Theo quy nh ca B Y t
2

mg/l) 3

Nc s dng ca nh my c ly t nc ngm, qua mt h thng x l nc t n tiu chun.

2.4 Nm men Nm men thuc nhm c th n bo, chng phn b rng ri trong thin nhin, c bit chng c nhiu vng t trng nho v cc ni trng hoa qu. Nhiu loi nm men c kh nng ln men ru. T lu ngi ta bit s dng nm men sn xut ru, bia. Nm men sinh si nhanh, t bo li cha nhiu vitamin, acid amin khng thay th, hm lng protein chim ti 50% trng lng kh ca t bo, nn nhiu loi nm men cn c s dng sn xut protein. Nm men Saccharomyces cerevisiae v Saccharomyces carlsbergensis l hai loi nm men thng c s dng ln men bia. Cc loi nm men ln men bia thuc loi ym kh ty nghi. Khi c oxy chng tng sinh khi nh h hp t bo, khi khng c oxi chng ln men to thnh ethanol v CO2 theo phng trnh:

ng + Nit amine t do + Nm men + Oxy Ethanol + CO2 + Nm men Bng : c tnh ln men ca hai loi nm men Saccharomyces cerevisiae v Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.
Nm men chm Saccharomyc es carlsbergensis Loi bia: Lager 0 100C Ln men tt glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, saccharose, maltose v c raffinose. Ln men mnh trong lng mi trng

c tnh

Nm men ni Saccharomyces cerevisiae Loi bia: Ale

Nhit ln men

10 250C

C cht

Ch yu ln men ng n (glucose, fructose), ng i (saccharose, maltose), kh ln men ng tam (raffinose)

Kh nng ln men

Ln men mnh trn b mt mi trng

10

Kh nng to bng, kt lng

Kt bng trn b mt, bia kh trong t nhin

Kt chm lng xung y, bia trong t nhin

Hnh : Hinh thai nm men 2.4.1 Tnh cht ca nm men chm

Ln men mnh trong lng mi trng, khi ht ngun cacbon trong mi trng, c xu hng kt chm, chui v lng nhanh xung y thng ln men, lm trong bia nhanh. Ln men c glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, saccharose, maltose. c bit rafinose v cc dextrin n gin, ln men tt, thm ch nhit thp t 6-10 0C. Khng ln men c cc ng: lactose, sorbic... Kh nng kt lng: tnh cht ny ca nm men rt c ngha trong sn xut bia, ty thuc vo nhiu yu t, nht l hm lng nit ha tan. Tnh kt lng ph thuc vo pH ca mi trng. pH ri vo cc im ng in ca protein nm men s th hin tnh kt lng. Vng pH= 8,0 4,0. Nm men pht trin 150C, sau h nhit xung cn 7 80C nm men thch nghi. Cui cng a nm men vo tank ln men chnh. Nm men sau khi ln men chnh th c em i lc, kim tra li v ti s dng ti a 8 ln. 2.4.2 Yu cu cht lng ca nm men

Khi a vo sn xut, t l men chit di 2%, t l ny chi ln hn 10%, thi k mnh nht khi ng xung nhanh nht c th trn 80%. Nm men a vo dch ng ln men phi c t 10 20 triu t bo/ml ging. Nm men c kh nng chuyn ha ng i, ng n, peptid, acid amin, gii phng CO2, ru etylic v nhit.

11

2.4.3

Nhn ging men

Nui cy men trong sn xut bia theo nguyn tc tng dn th tch: ging t ng nghim cy qua cc bnh, cc thng ri chuyn vo thng ln men chnh. u tin, ging ng nghim c chuyn vo cc bnh 300ml dch ng malt, gi 18-250C ti khi pht trin mnh. T y chuyn qua cc bnh 3 5 lt c 2 3 lt dch ng malt c hoa houblon v nui 18-250C. Tip nui ging cc thng 200 400 lt c 100 200 lt mi trng 120C. T l tip ging l 10%. n khi ging sinh trng mnh cc thng ny s tip ging cc thng ln men.
2.5 Nguyn liu thay th

Go l nguyn liu dng ht c dng thay th mt phn malt nhm mc ch gim gi thnh sn phm. So vi cc nguyn liu thay th khc go c s dng nhiu hn c bi chng c hm lng tinh bt cao, khong 75%, lng Protein mc va phi, khong 8%. Go li l loi lng thc rt ph bin, gi thnh thp. c bit Vit Nam, ngun cung cp go rt di do. Ph thuc vo mc cha y protein ca t bo, mc lin kt ca protein vi cc ht tinh bt, cng nh kch thc v hnh dng ht tinh bt m ni nh ca go c th l trng trong hay trng c hoc trng trong tng phn. ht trng trong khc ht trng c bi hm lng protein cao hn, ht chc v cng hn. thay th malt i mch ta nn chn loi go c trng c cao hn. Khng s dng go mi thu hoch sn xut. Go mi thu hoch khi h ha dch s c nht cao gy kh khn cho vic ng ha v lc dch ng sau ny. Go mi thu hoch phi c bo qun t nht 1 thng mi c s dng. Tiu chun i vi go s dng trong sn xut ca nh my bia.

Tiu chun cm quan mi v: Khng c mi l, khng c v ng

Hnh thi: trng c, nhn bng, ht u, khng mi mt, khng vn cc, khng mc

Thc ln(% khi lng) 4.0 T l go, cm lt(% khi lng) 6.5

Tiu chun ha hc

m(% khi lng) 14

12

Go ng vo bao ti hoc bao PP kh, sch, khu kn. Khng vn chuyn go cng cc loi ha cht khc. Kho cha go m bo kh ro thong mt, khng b chut ph, b mi mt xm nhp. Thi gian lu kho khng qu 90 ngy t ngy nhp nguyn liu vo kho. Bng: ch tiu thnh phn trong go Thnh phn Tinh bt Protein Cht bo Cellulose Cht khong % cht kh 75 68 1 1,5 0,5 0,8 1 1,2

2.6 Cc cht ph gia Cc ha cht c s dng phi m bo tiu chun dng cho thc phm, phi c ngun gc xut x r rng. Bo qun ni kh ro thong mt, trnh nh nng mt tri. Nh my bia chu s dng cc ha cht sau:
-

Nhm ha cht s dng trong qu trnh nu: axit lactic, H 3 PO4 , CaCl 2 , CaSO4 , enzym Termamyl, enzym Cereflo, Hexa Nhm ha cht ra thit b: NaOH 2%, P3 trimeta 2%, Oxonia 3%. Nhm ha cht dng trong lc bia: Bt Diatomit, Vicant...
Nhm ha cht dng x l nc: NaCl, NaOH, HCl

13

14

Phn 3: Quy trnh cng ngh xut bia

3.1 s quy trnh sn xut bia:

15

Go

Malt

Nghin

Nghin

H ha dch ng

m ha

un si B

ng ha

Lc trong un si vi hoa

Cn

Lng trong

Lnh nhanh Men ging

Ln men chnh

Ln men ph

Lc bia Bo ha CO2 Thnh phm

Phn 4: Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh

4.1. Qa trnh nghin: 4.1.1 Nghin go: 16

- Mc ch ca vic nghin go l nghin go thnh dng bt mn, ph v cu trc vng chc ca cc ht tinh bt c trong ht go. thit b thng dng nghin go l my nghin ba. 4.1.2 Nghin malt: - Mc ch ca qu trnh nghin malt l p nh ht thnh nhiu mnh tng b mt tip xc vi nc, lm cho s xm nhp ca nc vo cc thnh phn cht ca ni nh nhanh hn, thc y qu trnh ng ha v cc qu trnh thy phn khc nhanh v trit hn. - Yu cu ca qu trnh nghin malt l v cng nguyn vn cng tt, v tch ra khi ni nh, lng tm th nh. - Trong dy chuyn sn xut ny, chn thit b nghin trc, nghin theo phng php nghin t, s dng my nghin c 2 cp rulo. Malt c chuyn xung my nghin v c phun nc 65oC, nghin xong li b sung nc hn dch t nhit 45oC v t t l bt malt/nc = , dch sa malt ny c bm chuyn vo cc ni nu. 4.2 Qa trnh h ha: - Qu trnh h ha tinh bt nhm mc ch thy phn tng phn to iu kin cho giai on ng ha t hiu qu cao, ng thi giai on ny cng ha tan mt phn cht chit vo dch ng. trong qu trnh nu tng hiu qu trch ly v ng ha nguyn liu ngi ta c b sung enzyme hoc malt lt. Ty thuc vo cng ngh sn xut ca tng nh my m ngi ta c th s dng lng malt lt theo t l thch hp km theo vi ch phm enzyme. giai on ny ch phm enzyme thng dng l Termamyl. - Trong quy trnh cng ngh ca nh my ta s dng c malt lt v enzyme Termamyl. y l enzyme c ngun gc t vi sinh vt nn c nhit hot ng ti thch kh cao 86oC rt thch hp cho giai on h ha. Bt go c phi trn vi nc m t nhit dch khong 45oC trc khi bm vo ni vi t l: bt/nc = 1/5. bt cnh khuy b sung axit lactic h pH ca hn dch xung khong 5,4 5,6. cho malt lt vo ni vi lng bng 20% lng go v b sung thm nc vi t l: bt/nc = 1/5. cng lc ny ta b sung enzyme Termamyl. Bt c trn u v gi nhit 42-45oC trong khong 15 pht tinh bt ht nc trng n, ng thi h enzyme trong malt c bit l peptidase thc hin qu trnh m ha. Cp hi tng t t nhit ca khi dch ln 72oC v gi trong khong 10 pht. Tip tc nng nhit ca khi dch ln 83 oC v gi trong 30 pht thc hin qu trnh h ha tinh bt go. cui cng cp hi un si khi dch trong khong 30 pht trc khi bm sang ni malt. Thi gian nu 1 m khong 150 pht. 4.3 Qa trnh ng ha: - Qu trnh ng ha nguyn liu l phn ct cc hp cht cao phn t thnh hp cht thp phn t d ha tan to thnh cht chit ca dch ng. Thc cht ca qu trnh giai on ny l s thy phn cc hp cht cao phn t di s xc tc ca enzyme. H enzyme trong malt rt a dng trong c vai tr quan trng nht l: sitaza, proteza, v amylaza. Nhm enzyme sitaza thy phn hemixelluloza v cc cht dng keo thnh cc ng n pentoza, hexoza v cc sn phm khc. Phn hy thnh t bo, to iu kin cho cc enzyme khc c hot ha. H enzyme proteaza thy phn protein thnh cc peptid v cc axit amin. H enzyme amylase gm - amylase v -amylase phn ct tinh bt thnh ng n gin v cc dextrin. Enzyme -amylase tn cng lin kt - 1,4 glucoside ca thnh phn amyloza cng nh ca amilopectin to nn cc polysaccharide c kch thc nh v mt lng rt t disaccharide hoc glucoza. Enzyme -amylase tc

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ng trn amiloza v amylopectin bt tnh kh ca cc chui v gii phng ln lt cc gc maltoza. Enzyme ny cng tn cng lin kt - 1,6 glucoside. Bm dch nghin malt vo ni ng ha. Bt cnh khuy o trn u dch malt. - B sung acid lactic v CaCl2, acid lactic h pH ca dch xung 5,4-5,5 thun li cho hot ng ca h enzyme thy phn v cng c tc dng kh cng ca nc cn li. cc mui canxi c b sung vo ni ng ha nhm lm tng bn ca enzyme amylase. Do Canxi tham gia vo s hnh thnh v n nh cu trc bc 3 ca enzyme, duy tr cu hnh hot ng ca enzyme. Canxi cn c tc dng m bo cho - amylase c bn cc ln i vi cc tc ng gy bin tnh v s phn hy bi cc enzyme phn gii protein. Nng nhit khi dch ln 50oC v gi trong khong 5 pht. Bm dch cho sang ni malt ha trn vi dch bt malt, khi nhit ca hn dch s vo khong 63-65oC, thi gian bm cho khong 10 pht, gi nhit ny 20 pht. Tip tc nng nhit khi dch ln 72oC v gi trong khong 30 pht. Nng nhit khi dch ln 76oC v gi trong khong 20 pht, ri bm sang thng lc. thi gian ng ha 1 m khong 120 pht. 4.4 Lc dch ng: - Lc dch ng c 2 giai on: giai on th nht l lc tch dch ng ra khi b, giai on 2 l ra b rt ht phn cht ha tan cn st li trong b. - Tin hnh lc: Trc tin bm nc c nhit l 78oC vo y phn khng gian gia y gi v y tht. sau mi bm dch hm t ni ng ha sang, cnh khuy c bt vi tc chm s dn u lp b. Sau khi ht dch ng h thng cnh o b c nng ln cao. Dch ng c yn 20 pht b kt lng to thnh lp lc. c th chia lp b thnh 3 lp: lp di cng gm cc phn t nng nht v ln nht, dy khong 1cm; lp gia gm v v cc phn t nng khc; lp trn cng l cc phn t nh v mn, xm, dy khong 1cm. Sau m vang thu dch ng, ban u dch ng cn c nn ta cho hi lu tr li thng lc trong khong 15 pht u. khi dch ng bt u trong th kha van hi lu, dch ng c a sang ni nu hoa. Nu ni hoa cha sn sng th dch ng c a sang ni trung gian c v bo n cha tm. Lc u tc lc nhanh, v sau tc lc chm dn do mng lc b bt lm tng tr lc khi cn ngng qu trnh lc dng h thng co b to li lp mng lc. Qu trnh ti to li lp mng lc nh sau: cho li dao quay mt gc 15-20 o. Dng kch thy lc h dao co xung v tr thp nht, quay trong 15-20 pht xo trn lp lc. H thng van tho dch c ng li. Dn bng b mt lc; nng h thng dao co ln ngang tm chiu cao lp lc, tr dao v v tr ban u,quay dao trong 15 pht, thao tc lp li nh ln u tin. Tin hnh ra b gin on 3 ln, nc ra b c nhit 78oC. Sau khi thu ht dch ng, kha van x dch, cp 1/3 lng nc ra b, cho cnh khuy quay lm ti lp b gii phng cht tan cn lu trong b vo dch. yn 10 pht th tho dch, dch ny cng c bm sang ni hoa vi dch lc trc . Kt thc qu trnh ra b hm lng ng trong b cn 0,5-1oBx. Thi gian ra b khong 60 pht. Thc hin tho b: b malt c h thng dao co dn v ch c l hng tho b ra ngoi qua y v c vt ti vn chuyn ra thng cha b malt. 4.5 Houblon ha:

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- Thit b un hoa c v sinh sch s trc mi m nu. ngay t khi dch lc a sang ni hoa th m van cp hi nhng mc va phi duy tr nhit dch lc trn 75oC. Sau nng dn nhit sao cho ti khi ton b dch lc v nc ra b c bm sang ni hoa th dch ng trong ni cng va si. Khi dch si c khong 15 pht th cho ton b lng hoa cao vo ni. sau khi dch si c khong 60 pht th cho lng hoa vin vo ni. Trc khi kt thc un hoa 15 pht th b sung nt lng hoa vin vo ni. T l: cao hoa/ hoa vin = . Thi gian un hoa khong 90 pht. 4.6 Lng trong v lnh nhanh: - Dch ng ra khi ni hoa c bm vo thng lng xoy theo phng tip tuyn vi vn tc 12-14m/s, di tc dng ca lc ly tm v trng lc cc cn lng v b hoa tch ra tp trung gia thng v lng xung y. yn dch ng khong 15 pht cho cn lng xung y. Ban u tho dch ra thn thng, sau mi tho ra t y thng. Dch ra khi thng c nhit khong 90oC c bm sang thit b lm lnh nhanh. Cn tp trung y thng khi bm ht dch c xi nc x b ra ngoi. Thi gian lng xoy khong 30 pht. Sau khi ra khi thng lng xoy, dch ng c nhit 90oC, c dn v my lnh nhanh kiu tm bn. My c cu to t nhng tm bn gp song ch to t thp hay hp kim Cr Ni. Cc tm bn c hnh ch nht, c 4 tai 4 gc, trn mi tai c c l trn. Kt hp xen k cc tm bn vi cc giong cao su to nn 4 mng dn: dch ng vo my, dch ng ra khi my, cht ti lnh vo my, cht ti lnh ra khi my. Dch ng nng c bm vo mt trong hai mng dn pha trn, chy thnh mng ziczac trn b mt cc tm bn trong khong trng gia 2 tm bn lin k, dch ng chy cc khong trng cch nhau 1 khong trng xen k bi cht ti lnh, cui cng ra khi my mng dn di ngc pha. Nc lnh 2oC c i theo chiu ngc li t mng dn vo pha di qua cc khong trng m dch ng khng i qua ri ra mng dn pha trn i din. nc lnh qua trao i nhit vi dch ng tr thnh nc nng 70-80oC c thu hi v thng nc nng a i phc v cho qu trnh nu. 4.7 Qa trnh ln men: - L giai on quyt nh chuyn ha dch ng houblon ha thnh bia di tc ng ca nm men thng qua hot ng sng ca chng. Phn ng sinh hc chnh ca qu trnh ny to cn v CO2. Ngoi ra, nh sn xut cn thu c mt dch ln men c nhiu cu t vi t l v khi lng ca chng hi ha v cn i. c th chia qu trnh ln men thnh 2 giai on: qu trnh ln men chnh nhm thay i v lng v bin i su sc v cht trong cc cu t hp thnh cht ha tan ca dch ng; qu trnh ln men ph nhm chuyn ha ht phn ng c kh nng ln men cn tn ti trong bia non, ng thi lm n nh thnh phn v tnh cht cm quan ca sn phm. - Dch nha khi vo thit b ln men c nhng c im nh sau: + pH 5,0- 5,4 + Tng cht rn ha tan ( plato) tnh theo ng Saccharose 10- 12 + Oxy nm men tng sinh khi (8- 10 mg/l) + Mt nm men 10- 20 triu t bo/ ml dch ln men

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- Bin dng v pht trin ca nm men Trong qu trnh ln men, nm men s chuyn ha c cht trong dch nha nhm phc v nhu cu tng sinh khi v to sn phm chuyn ha (cn). Qu trnh chuyn ha hydrocarbon theo th t u tin: Fructose v Glucose; Maltose; Maltotriose. ng dextrin khng c chuyn ha bi nm men. Acid amin rt cn thit nm men tng hp t bo v th cn phi c mt lng nit amin t do (FAN) trong dch nha . Bn cnh ethanol l sn phm ch yu nm men cn to ra cc hp cht khc ng vai tr trong hng v ca san phm bia. Mt hp cht quan trng c to ra trong qu trnh ln men l Glycogen (mt dng d tr ca t bo nm men). Qa trnh ln men chnh

Pht trin nm men trong qu trnh ln men chnh: C 3 giai on trong sut qu trnh ln men - Pha thch nghi (t 12- 24 gi) trong giai on ny nm men lm quen vi mi trng dinh dng mi chng s dng oxy nhiu h hp v Glycogen c to thnh trong t bo nm men. Lng Glycogen ny c cho l tc nhn kch hat s dng glucose tng hp sn phm. -Pha sinh trng l giai an nm men pht trin mnh nht t mt cc t; qu trnh ln men cng t cc t (bt u sau khi mt t cc i). Trong giai on ny Glycogen cng c tng hp nhm gip t bo i ph vi tnh trng cn kit dng cht (trong mt s ti liu pha ny c chia lm hai giai on) -Pha chm: khi dng cht trong mi trng bt u cn kit, nm men s chuyn dn vo pha dng. Cc t bo kt cm li vi nhau v chm xung y thit b (ging nm men chm), tc pht trin chm li. Lu nm men tng sinh khi sut c qu trnh ln men chng ch chm li cui qu trnh ln men chnh c im ca qu trnh ln men - Trong sut qu trnh ln men nhit l yu t ch o, vic duy tr nhit ln men chnh t 7- 14oC gip to ra sn phm mong mun. Khang nhit trn c th bin thin vi v trong qu trnh sinh trng nm men to ra mt nhit lng 140Kcal/ kg c cht. V th thit b ln men cn c h thng n nhit nhm duy tr nhit ti u. sn phm bia truyn thng thi gia ln men chnh t 8- 20 ngy nhng vi k thut hin i thi gian ny cn 7 ngy.

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- Trong 6- 10 gi u tin nm men s dng ht lng oxy ha tan trong dch nha (khng c du hiu s dng Glucose), sau 8- 16 gi du hiu ln men bt u c pht hin bi cc bt kh CO2 to thnh lp bt mng trn b mt. - Nm men ny chi trong vng 24 gi, lc ny nhit tng ln nu khng c kim sat. Trong khang thi gian t 24- 48 gi tc sinh sn v ng ha ng t cc i, CO2 cng c to ra nhiu trong giai an ny. - pH ca dch ln men s gim v t n mc ti thiu 3,8- 4,4 do hnh thnh cc acid hu c ngoi ra cn do pH ca dch ln men gim v do mt nm men tng. Vic gim pH c tc ng tch cc n bo qun v y khng phi iu kin thun li cho vi sinh vt khc nhim vo sn phm. - Kim loi nng nh l Km dng Ion Km II ng vai tr nh mt co- enzym trong t bo nm men phc v cho qu trnh tng trng ca t bo. Chc chn hm lng Zn2+ trong dch nha s khng p ng nhu cu ca nm men v vy cn b sung kim loi ny vo dch nha vi hm lng 0,3 ppm. Cc nghin cu cho thy rng nng 1ppm Zn2+ c ch s pht trin ca nm men. Vic chuyn ha cc hydrocarbon c tin hnh nh sau: - ng Glucose v Fructose c chuyn ha trc tin khi hm lng glucose nh li lc ny nm men tng hp enzym s dng ng Maltose v ng Maltotriose. Cc quan st cho thy rng cc sn phm ester c to ra sau khi c mt sn phm ru bc cao. Khi tc ln men gim cng l lc s gia tng nhit gim. Trong qu trnh ln men sn phm - acid acetohydroxyl cng c to ra, cht ny chuyn i thnh Diacetyl v 2,3- pentanedione y l nhng cht gy mi kh chu (mi b) nu vt qu ngng. Cc hp cht trn s c chuyn ha trong qu trnh ln men ph v tn tr bia. Qu trnh ln men ph

- Qu trnh ln men ph bt u khi nng ng trong dch ln men cn t 1- 4 plato. Mc ch ca qu trnh ln men ph nhm - Tip tc ln men phn cht kh cn li sau khi ln men chnh, lm tng mi cho bia v bo ho CO2, n nh cht lng bia. - a bia non v nhit thp t 0- 20C nhm hn ch s xm nhp, ph hoi ca vi sinh vt khng mong mun. Thu v mt loi nc ung bo ho CO2, v d chu v c hng thm. Bin i trong qu trnh ln men ph

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- Trong sut qu trnh ln men ph nhit thp diacetyl s dn gim, Diacetyl l sn phm ph ca qu trnh ln men, gy cho bia c hng v kh chu. - Trong sut qu trnh hnh thnh, CO2 d ni ln b mt dch ln men gp phn y O2 ra lm gim rH kt qu lm hn ch cc vi sinh vt hiu kh pht trin y l nguyn nhn lm gim cht lng bia. - Qu trnh "chn bia" l qu trnh lm mt mi v b hm, v ngt s mt khi ln men ht lng cht kh cn li. - V ng gt s dn mt ht do s tc dng tng h gia cc protein v tanin hnh thnh nn cc phc cht kt ta. - V cay t s bin mt dn v nm men s lng xung y khi qu trnh ln men ph kt thc. c im qu trnh ln men ph - Bia non c ln men ph trong cng mt tank vi ln men chnh. c im ca ln men ph l qu trnh ln men din ra rt chm, tiu hao mt lng ng khng ng k. Trong qu trnh ny bia c lng trong, v bo ha CO2. Vi phng php ny, qu trnh ln men ph c tin hnh nhit 0-10C, vi p sut 1-1.2kg/cm2 (tng kh nng ha tan CO2 trong bia; hn ch vi sinh vt xm nhp, ph hoi). T bo nm men cn st nhanh chng lng xung v c ly ra qua van x y. Bia non c v cay nng ca nm men, lng CO2 t khong 0.2%. Thi gian ln men ph khong 5- 7 ngy. - Mt qu trnh quan trng xy ra trong thi gian ln men ph l hin tng lng trong nh h nhit t ln men chnh sang ln men ph. Vi nhit ca ln men chnh lm cho cc ht khng ha tan tn ti l lng, khi gp nhit thp nha houblon, cc hp cht tanin, protein cng ng t ngoi ra t bo nm men chu nh hng ca nhit thp, ca p sut v nng CO2 cao cng lng xung hp th trn b mt cc cht huyn ph khc nhau ri ko xung y tip tc qu trnh ln men mt cch t t. - Nh hin tng trn, bia dn dn trong, to cc ester, bo ha CO2. Do bia ngon hn v bn ca bia ln hn, d dng cho qu trnh lc sau ny. S c xy ra trong qu trnh ln men (ln men d thng)

a. Hin tng trong qu trnh ln men (Struck hoc Hung) - Theo cc bo co s c thng xy ra trong qu trnh ln men l. Triu chng ca hin tng ny l thi gian pha lag (pha thch nghi) ko di; tc ln men (dng ng ca vi sinh vt) chm khng nhn thy cc du hiu ca s ln men (CO2). Trong mt vi trng hp bo co li thy rng pha lag din ra bnh thng nhng qu trnh ln men khng tip din.

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- Nguyn nhn: do qu trnh cp men khng ; cp kh khng ; kh nng sng ca nm men; thnh phn dinh dng ca dch nha (khi s dng th liu vi t l cao); i khi do hm lng ng fructose cao qu; ngoi ra cn c th do ging b ln nm men st th. - Cch x l: C th thm vo mi trng tinh cht nm nem (Yeast extract) trong trng hp nguyn nhn do thnh phn dinh dng ca dch nha khng bo m. Bin php cp ging li s c s dng nu nguyn nhn do ging; Ta cng c th phi trn vo 1020% th tch dch ln men tt, trong vi trng hp s ny cth tng ln 50%. Trng hp nguyn nhn do cp kh ngi ta t s dng phng php sc kh v s tng nguy c nhim khun v phn ng oxy ha lm gim hng v. b. Ln men to sng: l hin tng m khi ta nhn vo, thy nh c s chuyn ng dng sng ca dch ln men. Bt khng to thnh nhng lng CO 2 to ra rt nhiu. Biu hin trn b ca dch ln men ging nh mt dch lng ang si ln tn, sng to ra t tm thng v chuyn dch dn v pha thnh. Hin tng ny thng xut hin vo giai on th ba ca chu k ln men. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng l do lng kt lng qu nhiu, c bit l cn cha nhiu protein. Hin tng ny khng nh hng tin trnh ln men giai on sau v cng khng nh hng n cht lng ca sn phm. 4.8. Thu hi CO2: - Di 10% ng c th ln men s dng cho qu trnh tng sinh khi; phn ln lng ng cn li c dng to ra Ethanol v CO 2. Khong 0,4Kg CO2 c to ra khi nm men s dng ht 1Kg c cht. S to thnh kh Carbonic ph thuc vo nhiu yu t (cu to thit b; tc ln men; hiu sut ca h thng thu hi Kh CO2 c dng cho cc mc ch: Duy tr p sut trong thit b; y v lm sch ng ng vn chuyn; ng gi chit chai; bo ha CO2 cho bia thnh phm. - Thu hi kh CO2 cn phi t cc tnh cht sau: khng hoc cha rt t oxy (v th ch thu hi CO2 khi hm lng Oxy trong dch nha thp nht (thp hn hoc bng 0, 01%). Thit b kt ni gia Tank ln men v h thng thu hi phi c ngt khi hm lng ng trong dch nha gn ht v CO2 rt t. 4.9. Thnh phm: Bng yu cu cm quan: Bia trong sut khng c vt th l trong mu Trng thi v bn bt Mi

Mu vng, sng c trng ca sn phm Bt n u, xp, rt bn khi ln khi mt thong, thi gian gi bt lu C mi thm d chu, c trng cho sn phm, khng c mi l 23

V ha hp, m du,d chu, hon ton c trng cho v sn phm c sn xut hon ho

Bng yu cu ha l: Cc ch tiu Mc mong mun 2,2 2,3 2,3 4,9 cn (%, V/P) 4,5 5,3 11,4 ha tan nguyn thy (oP) 11,5 12,3 5 5,5 Hm lng CO2 (g/l) 5 5,5 5,0 1,5 chua ml NaOH 0,1N 10ml bia (ml) 1,6 1,5 6,5 mu (EBC) 7 7 21 ng (mg/l) 22 23 Mc chp thun 2 2,5 2 2,6 2 27 4,7 4,8 5,1 11,2 11,4 12 4,8 4,8 4,8 1,3 1,7 1,3 1,8 1,3 1,8 6 7,5 6 8,5 6 8 18 24 18 24 18 24

ha tan biu kin (oP )

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pH trong % (Neph) Tng s nm men mc Tng s VSV hiu kh (khun lc/ml) Diacetyl (tham kho)

4,2 10 Khng c 0 < 0,1

4 4,4 < 20 Khng c 10 < 0,1

Phn 6: Kt lun v ngh

Vit Nam tuy ngnh sn xut bia pht trin t rt lu nhng vic sn xut bia cn rt hn ch. Vi nhng u im vt tri ca ln men bia nh lm tng hiu qu s dng thit b nu, thit b ln men, lm tng sn lng ca nh my m khng cn u t thm thit b bn cnh , sn xut bia nng cao c th s dng nng thay th vi t l cao hn. Do vy gim lng malt nhp ngoai t tit kim c ngoi t. khng ch vy vi vic s dng ngun nguyn liu sn c trong nc s lm gim gi thnh bia, khch thch ngi tiu dng v lm li cho quc gia. V vy cn khuyn khch, u tin pht trin ngnh nu bia ti Vit Nam, vic nghin cu s dng nguyn liu thay th malt i mch v ng trong sn xut bia cn c quan tm,nghin cu v a vo sn xut mt cch rng ri.

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TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Nguyn c Lng, cng ngh sinh hc, nh xut bn H Quc Gia Tp.HCM, 2000. 2. Nguyn c Lng, cng ngh vi sinh tp 2, nh xut bn H Quc Gia Tp. HCM, 2006. 3. Lng c Phm, H xng vi sinh vt tng hp, nh xut bn khoa hc k thut, H Ni, 1978.

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