Toan Van Luan Van - Hoang Hai Yen

1
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_ Li cm n _
*
*
*
Trong sut qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu ti Trng i

hc Xy dng, ti nhn c s gip tn tnh ca Khoa o
to Sau i hc, ca cc Thy c gio ging dy gip ti c
thm kin thc v hnh trang phc v cng tc v ngh nghip
ca mnh. Sau qu trnh hc tp, ti hon thnh Lun vn tt
nghip. c th hon thnh c Lun vn, ti nhn c rt
nhiu s gip ca cc Thy c gio.
Trc ht, ti xin chn thnh cm n Ban gim hiu Trng
i hc Xy dng, Ban lnh o Khoa o to Sau i hc gip
ti hon thnh Kha hc.
Ti xin chn thnh cm n GS. TSKH. Ng Th Thi, ngi
tn tnh ch bo v hng dn ti trong sut qu trnh thc
hin Lun vn tt nghip.
Ti xin chn thnh cm n cc Thy c gio trong Hi
ng Khoa hc cho ti nhng li khuyn qu gi, cc Thy c
gio trong B mn Kin trc Cng nghip
Trng i hc xy
dng to iu kin tt cho ti hon thnh Lun vn.

Cui cng, ti xin gi li cm n su sc ti gia nh, bn
b, ng nghip ng vin v gip ht lng ti c th
hon thnh Kha hc v bo v thnh cng Lun vn tt nghip.
Xin chn thnh cm n!
H Ni ngy 02
thng 11 nm 2010
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Lun vn Thc s Kin trc
GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Lp : CH Kin trc 2008
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
2
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Hc
vin
Hong
Hi Yn
Mc lc
ti: nghin cu vn dng kin trc sinh thi thit k nh
chung c cao tng cho cc khu th mi h ni
Danh
mc
cc
bng
biu
............................................................................9
Danh
mc
cc
hnh
................................................................................10
a. Phn
u ........................................................................................
..15
1.
L do chn ti ..
..........15
2. Mc tiu nghin cu .....

..16
3. i tng nghin cu ......

17
4. Nhim v nghin cu .
.17
5. Phm vi nghin cu ..
..18
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
3
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6. Phng php nghin cu ...

.18
7. ng gp ca ti ..
..18
8. Cu
trc
ca
lun
vn
....................................................................................19
b. Phn
ni
dung
nghin
cu............................................................20
Chng 1: Tng quan tnh hnh nghin cu vn dng kin
trc sinh thi TRONG thit k nh cao tng trn th gii,
Vit Nam v h ni .......
20
1.1. Mt s khi nim .....

....20
1.1.1.
Khi
nim
Kin
trc
bn
vng
................................................................20
1.1.1.1. S ra i ca Kin trc bn

vng ............................................20
1.1.1.2. Khi
nim
Kin
trc
bn
vng ...........................................22
1.1.2.
Khi nim v H sinh thi v sinh thi hc
................................................24
1.1.2.1. H
sinh
thi .........................................................................
....24
1.1.2.2. Sinh
thi
hc .........................................................................
...24
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
4
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1.1.3.
Khi
nim
Kin
trc
sinh
thi
th
mi
.................................................................24
1.1.4.
Khi
nim
Khu
.......................................................................26
1.1.5.
Khi nim v nh chung c cao tng trong
cc Khu th mi ................26
1.1.6.
Khi nim v Kin trc sinh thi trong nh
chung c cao tng ................27
1.2. Tnh hnh pht trin kin trc sinh thi trn th gii..27
1.2.1.
Kinh nghim pht trin Kin trc sinh thi
cc nc u- M ...............27
1.2.1.1. Kinh nghim ca Cng ho Lin Bang

Nga ............................28
1.2.1.2. Kinh nghim ca

M ..............................................................29
1.2.2.
Kinh nghim pht trin Kin trc sinh thi
cc nc Chu ..............31
1.2.2.1. Kinh nghim ca

Singapore ....................................................31
1.2.2.2. Kinh nghim ca Trung

Quc .................................................34
1.2.2.3. Kinh nghim ca Nht

Bn .....................................................36
1.2.3.
Tnh hnh nghin cu v Kin trc sinh thi
nh cao tng ....................37
1.2.3.1. Kin
trc
Ken
Yeang ..........................................................37
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
5
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1.2.3.2. Kin
trc
Norman
Foster ....................................................45
1.2.3.3. Kin
trc
Charles
Correa ....................................................48
1.2.4.
trn
Mt s cng trnh nh cao tng sinh thi

th
gii
trong
thi
gian
gn
........................................................................................
....................................50
1.2.4.1. Ta nh cnh chun chun- Nam Rooselvelt,

thnh
ph
New
York.........................................................................
................50
1.2.4.2. Trang tri trong lng th - Harvest Green

Tower................52
1.2.4.3. Ta
nh
nng
lng
mt
tri
Dubai......................................53
1.3. Tnh hnh pht trin kin trc sinh thi nh chung c cao
tng
Vit
Nam
Ni ...............................................................53
1.3.1.
Tnh hnh pht trin nh cao tng Vit Nam
v H Ni ......................53
1.3.1.1. Tnh
hnh
pht
trin
nh
cao
tng
Vit
Nam .....................53
1.3.1.2. Tnh
hnh
pht
trin
nh
cao
tng
Ni .........................54
1.3.2.
Tnh hnh vn dng Kin trc sinh thi
trong thit k nh chung c cao tng Vit Nam

v
Ni
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
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.....................................................................................6
1
1.3.3.
S nhim mi trng do cc cng trnh xy
dng gy ra .......................63
1.4. Nhng
vn
tn
ti
cn
nghin
cu ...............................64
Chng 2: C s khoa hc ca vic nghin cu vn dng
kin trc sinh thi thit k nh chung c cao tng cho cc
khu
th
mi
ca
ni
.............................................................68
2.1. iu kin t nhin - kh hu H
Ni .................................................68
2.1.1.
tr
....................................................................................................68
2.1.2.
iu kin a hnh, a cht, thu vn
........................................................68
2.1.2.1. a
hnh ......................................................................
.............68
2.1.2.2. a
cht ........................................................................
...........68
2.1.2.3. Thu
vn .........................................................................
.........69
2.1.3.
im
kh
hu
........................................................................................
.70
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
7
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2.2.
nh
hng
pht
trin
kinh
hi .......................................73
2.2.1. Kinh t v tim nng tng trng kinh t H Ni
....................................73
2.2.2.
Xu
hng
pht
trin
hi
...........................................................................74
2.2.2.1. S bin i v dn s H
Ni ......................................................74
2.2.2.2. S bin i v cu trc gia
nh .................................................75
2.2.2.3.
S bin i v cu trc ngh
nghip ...........................................75
2.3.
vn
ho-
truyn
thng ..........................................................76
2.3.1.
Thi
quen
tr
ca
ngi
dn
Ni
Ni
......................................................76
2.3.2
.c
im
vn
ho,
li
sng
ngi
...................................................78
2.3.3. Nhng quan nim v thm m v bn vng trong
kin trc truyn thng..79
2.4. nh hng Quy hoch chung thnh ph H Ni n nm 2030
v
tm
nhn
nm
2050 ..................................................................80
2.4.1.
bo
dn
...............................................................................................81
2.4.2.
bo
dng
.......................................................................................81
2.4.3.
nh
hng
pht
trin
khng
gian
..............................................................81
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
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2.5. nh hng pht trin nh H Ni n nm 2030 v tm
nhn
nm
2050 ...........................................................................................83
2.5.1. nh hng pht trin nh H Ni n nm 2030
...................................83
2.5.2. Nhu cu pht trin nh ca ngi dn H Ni
........................................86
2.5.3. Cc dng nh chung c cao tng thng c s dng
hin nay ..............86
2.5.3.1.
Nh
thp .......................................................................................87
2.5.3.2.
Nh
tm ........................................................................................87
2.6. Mt s c s thm
m ...........................................................................89
2.6.1. Sc cm th th gic ca cng trnh chung c sinh
thi ............................89
2.6.2. ng gp vo b mt chung ca khu
th ................................................90
2.7. Mt s c s v vt l kin trc, kh hu kin trc ...........91
2.7.1.
Mi
quan
gia
con
ngi
vi
kh
hu
.....................................................91
2.7.2. nh hng ca kh hu, bc x mt tri, gi ti kin
trc v con ngi ...94
2.7.3. Kh nng thch ng kh hu v s dng ngun nng
lng t nhin .......97
2.7.3.1. Kh nng thch ng kh
hu..........................................................97
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
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2.7.3.2. Kh nng s dng cc ngun nng lng t
nhin........................98
2.8. Mt vi Xu hng pht trin c trng ca kin trc sinh

thi ...................................................................................................
...........98
2.8.1.
Kin
trc
thch
ng
kh
hu
..........................................................................98
2.8.2.
Kin
trc
hiu
qu
nng
lng
.........................................................100
2.8.3. Kin trc k tha v pht trin nhng tinh hoa ca
kin
trc
truyn
thng...............................................................................................
........................100
2.9. Mt s c s php l thit k nh chung c cao tng sinh thi
trong
cc
khu
th
mi .............................................................101
2.9.1. Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam TCXDVN 323: 2004 v
tiu
chun
thit
nh
cao
tng
.......................................................................................................1
01
2.9.2. Quy chun xy dng QCXDVN 09:2005, cc cng
trnh
xy
dng
dng
nng
lng
hiu
qu
........................................................................................101
Chng 3: gii php thit k kin trc sinh thi nh chung
c cao tng trong cc khu th mi h ni.....103
3.1. nhng nguyn tc v Yu cu chung thit k kin trc sinh
thi nh chung c cao tng trong cc khu th mi h
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
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ni ....................................................................................................
..............103
3.1.1.
Nhng
nguyn
tc
trong
thit
................................................................103
3.1.2.
Yu
cu
chung
.............................................................................................104
3.2. Gii php quy hoch cc khu chung c cao tng ..........105
3.2.1.
Quy
hoch
tng
mt
bng
...........................................................................105
3.2.2.
cc
cc
cng
trnh
trong
khu
.............................................................107
3.2.3.
Chn
hng
nh
.........................................................................................110
3.2.4.
Xc
nh
khong
cch
gia
cc
nh
..........................................................110
3.2.5.
chc
kin
trc
cnh
quan
trong
khu
.................................................113
3.2.5.1.
Cy
xanh .....................................................................................113
3.2.5.2.
Mt
n-
c .....................................................................................115
3.3. Gii php thit k cng trnh chung c cao tng theo nguyn
tc
sinh
thi .................................................................................117
3.3.1.
Mt
bng
cng
trnh
....................................................................................117
3.3.1.1.
Gii
php
mt
bng
m .............................................................120
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
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3.3.1.2.
Gii
php
mt
bng
cc
theo
li
sinh
lp .........................................122
3.3.1.3.
Gii
php
tr
thi .....................................................124
3.3.2.
Mt
bng
cn
..........................................................................................125
3.3.3.
Gii
php
hnh
khi
cng
trnh
......................................................,...........127
3.3.4.
Gii
php
mt
ng
.....................................................................................128
3.3.4.1.
Kt
cu
mt
tng
ngoi
chng
nng ..................................128
3.3.4.2.
Kt
cu
che
nng
to
bng ...................................................131
3.3.5.
Gii
php
mi
cng
trnh
............................................................................135
3.3.6.
Mt
ct
cng
trnh
.......................................................................................136
3.3.6.1. Gii php trng mt phn hay ton b tng
1 ......................136
3.3.6.2.
Gii
php
tng
trng
cng
cng ................................................136
3.3.6.3. Gii php t chc vng m hng bt
li ............................137
3.3.7.
tr
ni
tht
trong
cc
cn
..................................................................139
3.3.8. Gii php b tr cy xanh trong cng trnh
...............................................142
3.4. Gii php s dng nng lng thng minh .............................144
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
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3.4.1.
Thng
gi
nhin ......................................................................................145
3.4.2.
dng
nh
sng
nhin
.........................................................................145
3.4.3.
dng
nng
lng
mt
tri
.....................................................................145
3.5.
Gii
php
kin
trc
ng,
linh
xoay
quanh
trc
hot ...........................................146
3.5.1.
Cc
tng
......................................................................146
3.5.2.
Mt
ng
chuyn
ng
nh
gi
nng
linh
..................................................................147
3.5.3.
Gii
php
kt
cu
che
hot.........................................................147
3.6. Gii php s dng mu sc, cc loi vt liu bao che
mi.....................................................................................................
....................150
3.6.1.
dng
mu
sc
.........................................................................................150
3.6.2.
dng
vt
liu
bao
che
mi
.....................................................................150
3.7. gii php ng dng cng ngh hin i trong thit k v thi
cng..................................................................................................
............150
3.7.1. Gii php ng dng cng ngh hin i trong thit
k..............................150
3.7.2. Gii php ng dng cng ngh xy dng hin
i.....................................151
___________________________________________________________________
GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
13
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3.8. V d vn dng thit k kin trc sinh thi cho chung c cao
tng trong cc khu th mi H Ni ................................151
3.8.1.
hin
trng
..........................................................................................151
3.8.2.
tng
gii
php
thc
hin
...................................................................152
C.
Phn
kt
lun
kin
ngh.............................................................164
1.
Kt
lun ..................................................................................................
......164
1.1.
nh
gi
tng
hp
..........................................................................................164
1.2.
kin
kh
nng
dng
............................................................................166
2.
Kin
ngh .................................................................................................
......166
D.
ti
liu
tham
kho
..............................................................................168
Ti liu ting
Vit.....................................................................................168
Ti liu ting Nc
ngoi.........................................................................169
Danh snh cc website tham
kho............................................................169
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
14
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Danh mc cc bng biu
1.
Bng
1.1.
Khi
nim
tnh
bn
vng...
..21
2.
Bng
1.2.
Nh
cao
tng
ti
Lin
Bang
Nga.......28
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
15
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3.
Bng
1.3.
Nh
cao
tng
ti
cao
tng
ti
M.....30
4.
Bng
1.4.
Nh
Singapore.......33
5.
Bng
1.5.
Nh
cao
tng
ti
Trung
Quc....35
6.
Bng 1.6. Ch tiu kinh t k thut ca mt s Khu th
mi ti H Ni.57
7.
Bng 1.7. Cc Khu th mi H Ni giai on trc
y..............58
8.
Bng 1.8. Cc d n Khu th mi H Ni gn
y...60
9.
Bng 1.9. Mt s nh chung c c xy dng gn y
H Ni.............62
10. Bng
2.1.
Thng
kh
hu
Ni
theo
thng...70
11. Bng
2.2.
trung
bnh.71
12. Bng 2.3. Lng ma trung bnh.

71
13. Bng
2.4.
Tng
lng
bc
x...72
14. Bng 2.5. Tng gi tr ti sn ca cc h gia nh mc

sng khc nhau..76
15. Bng 2.6. Bng nh gi mc yu cu tin nghi kh hu

i
vi
cc
phng
chc
nng
ca
cn
h...97
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
16
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Danh mc cc hnh v
1.
Hnh
1.1.
Ba
lnh
vc
ca
tnh
bn
vng
...21
2. Hnh 1.2. Khi nim pht trin bn vng theo Brian

Edwards..22
3.
Hnh
1.3.
hnh
ca
Kin
trc
bn
vng...22
4.
Hnh 1.4. Mi quan h ca kin trc sinh thi.
.25
5.
Hnh 1.5. Phi cnh Trung tm Panasonic, Tokyo, Nht
Bn...37
6.
Hnh
1.6.
Mt
ct
cng
trnh...37
7.
Hnh 1.7. Bn trong cng trnh.
.37
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
17
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8.
Hnh 1.8. Phi cnh to nh Singapores Ecoligical Editt
Tower..40
9.
Hnh
1.9.
Cy
xanh
ph
khp
cng
trnh...40
10. Hnh
1.10.
Mt
bng
cng
ng
cng
trnh....41
11. Hnh
1.11.
Mt
trnh....................................................................41
12. Hnh 1.12. Phi cnh to nh Menara Mesiniaga, Kuala

Lumpur................42
13. Hnh 1.13. Mt bng ta nh Menara

Mesiniaga........................................42
14. Hnh1.14.
Nng
chiu
hng
cng
trnh..................................................42
15. Hnh 1.15. Mt ct ta nh Menara

Mesiniaga...........................................43
16. Hnh1.16. Ta nh Menara Mesiniaga hai tng di thng

thong
trng
cy...............................................................................................
..............................43
17. Hnh 1.17. T chc hp l h thng chn nng nhm hn

ch tia nng trc tip, dng nh sng gin tip cho khng gian
sng...43
18. Hnh 1.18. Mt bng ta nh thp MBF, Penang,

Malaysia..44
19. Hnh
1.19.
Phi
cnh.
44
___________________________________________________________________
GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
18
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20. Hnh
1.20.
Hin
dt
cp
trng
cy
xanh...44
21. Hnh
1.21.
Mt
ct
cng
trnh44
22. Hnh 1.22. Phi cnh to nh Hearst Tower........

..46
23. Hnh
1.23.
Phi
cnh
to
nh
30
St
Mary
Axe..47
24. Hnh 1.24. Phi cnh cng trnh to thp Ngn hng thng mi ... 47
25. Hnh 1.25. Mt

bng..47
26. Hnh 1.26. Vn tri..

47
27. Hnh 1.27. Mt ct to thp Ngn hng thng mi

(Commerzbank Headquarter)..................................
48
28. Hnh 1.28. Cc ban cng rng bin thnh vn, m bo

cc
khng
gian
sinh
hot
khng
nng
chiu,
ma
tt49
29. Hnh
1.29.
Mt
bng
cng
trnh
chung
Kanchanjunga.49
30. Hnh
1.30.
Cng
trnh
chung
Kanchanjunga....50
31. Hnh 1.31. Ta nh cnh chun chun KTS Vincent

Callebaut ( B).........51
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
19
___________________________________________________________________
32. Hnh 1.32. Cng trnh Harvest Green Tower KTS

Romses........................52
33. Hnh
1.33.
Ta
nh
nng
lng
mt
tri
ca
Dubai......................................53
34. Hnh 1.34. Mt bng nh tp th khu B Kim

Lin.54
35. Hnh 1.35. Mt bng n nguyn in hnh khu Trung

T...55
36. Hnh
1.36.
Phi
cnh
tiu
khu
nh
Ging
V.55
37. Hnh 1.37. Mt bng n nguyn Khu nh Ngha

55
38. Hnh 1.38. Nhng nc v khu vc b nh hng ca bin

i
kh
hu
trong
nm
2011:
Maplecroft.....................................................................................
..........63
39. Hnh
2.1.
tr
Ni
trong
khu
vc
pha
Bc....68
40. Hnh 2.2. nh lng trong kin trc truyn thng Vit
Nam.79
41. Hnh 2.3. Bn quy hoch chung th H Ni n

nm
2030
tm
nhn
2050..
..80
42. Hnh
2.4.
Phn
vng
cc
khu
th
mi
Ni....85
43. Hnh
2.5.
Cc
dng
mt
bng
nh
thp
nh
tm...88
___________________________________________________________________
GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
20
___________________________________________________________________
44. Hnh
2.6.
Cy
xanh
mt
phn
ca
nh......90
45. Hnh 2.7. Ta nh Elephan & Castle London v Tokyo Nara,
KTS.
Ken
Yeang....
90
46. Hnh 2.8. T trn cao cng trnh c thy vi ton mt

mu xanh.91
47. Hnh 2.9. Kh hu ngoi nh v vi kh hu trong

phng....92
48. Hnh 2.10. S trao i nhit gia c th vi mi trng....94
49. Hnh 2.11. Mi quan h Con ngi Kin trc Kh

hu...95
50. Hnh
2.12.
Khu
nh
Habita
67,
Montreal,
Canada.99
51. Hnh 3.1. Nhng nguyn tc thit k Kin trc sinh

thi103
52. Hnh 3.2. Yu cu chung thit k Kin trc sinh

thi.104
53. Hnh 3.3. Quy hoch mng li ng v hng thch hp H

thng ng giao thng v cnh di nh t theo hng gi
tt..107
54. Hnh 3.4. Mt mi nh thp tng v nhiu tng tr thnh

khng
gian
xanh..............................................................................................
...........................107
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55. Hnh
3.5.
cc
cc
cng
trnh
trong
khu
..109
56. Hnh 3.6. Hnh dng cng trnh n gi nh hng n

vng lng gi..111
57. Hnh 3.7. Chn hng nh v khong cch gia cc

nh112
58. Hnh
3.8.
Cy
xanh
trong
khu
th...113
59. Hnh 3.9. Din tch cy xanh

ln114
60. Hnh 3.10. Cy xanh hi ha vi mt nc.114
61. Hnh 3.11. Cy xanh trong cng vin, qung trng...115
62. Hnh 3.12. Cy dc cc tuyn ng giao

thng.115
63. Hnh 3.13. Cy xanh trong khu

115
64. Hnh 3.14. Cy xanh trong cng trnh kin

trc..115
65. Hnh 3.15. Nh chung c cao tng nn b tr gn cc h nc...116
66. Hnh 3.16. Mt nc kt hp vi khu cy

xanh...116
67. Hnh 3.17. Tng cng xy dng cc tiu cnh, h nc, b

bi trong khu
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........................................................................................................
.......................117
68. Hnh 3.18. Hiu qu gim nhit nh mt nc...117
69. Hnh 3.19. Gii php mt bng m v b cc theo

lp....119
70. Hnh 3.20. Gii php mt bng m cho nh thp v nh

tm..121
71. Hnh 3.21. Gii php mt bng b cc theo lp cho nh

thp v nh tm..123
72. Hnh 3.22. S b tr mt bng cng trnh theo

nguyn tc sinh thi......125
73. Hnh 3.23. S b tr mt bng cn h theo nguyn

tc sinh thi .......127
74. Hnh 3.24. Tng cch nhit Tng hai

lp.129
75. Hnh 3.25. Hiu qu cch nhit ca tng hai

lp..130
76. Hnh 3.26. S truyn bc x mt tri vo nh ca cc

loi knh....131
77. Hnh 3.27. Phm vi cn che nng cho nh H

Ni...132
78. Hnh 3.28. Chn kt cu che nng cho 8 hng H

Ni..133
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79. Hnh 3.29. Kt cu che nng to hiu qu thm m cho

mt ng.134
80. Hnh 3.30. Kt cu che nng

ngang.....134
81. Hnh 3.31. Kt cu che nng

ng..134
82. Hnh 3.32. Cc gii php chng nng cho

mi....136
83. Hnh 3.33. Gii php mt ct cng

trnh.138
84. Hnh 3.34. Khong khng gian m lin thng trong cn

h...141
85. Hnh 3.35. a cy xanh vo trong ni

tht....141
86. Hnh 3.36. Mu sc sinh thi trong cn

h......141
87. Hnh 3.37. Cy xanh c a ln tng nh, mi nh, vo

mi tng nh.143
88. Hnh 3.38. T chc vn tri.

..144
89. Hnh 3.39. Cy xanh trn v

nh.144
90. Hnh 3.40. S dng mi nh lm nng nghip

th..144
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91. Hnh 3.41. Cc tng nh c th t xoay quanh

trc.147
92. Hnh 3.42. Mt ng thay i theo chuyn ng lung

gi147
93. Hnh 3.43. Gii php kt cu che nng chuyn ng theo

chuyn ng mt
tri...
149
94. Hnh 3.44. V d nghin

cu...153

cu...154

cu...155

cu...156

cu...157

cu...158

cu...159

cu...160
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cu...161

cu...162

cu...163
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a. Phn m u
1. L do chn ti
Trong 10 nm tr li y, cng vi s pht trin cc loi hnh
nh , c dn th c xu hng sng trong cc khu th mi.
Cc khu th mi thc s em ti mt din mo mi m cho
th , em li s nng ng, tr trung cho thnh ph. Tuy nhin,
s gia tng dn s chng mt ko theo s gia tng cc khu
th, chung c, nh cao tng khin vic u t thch ng cho
mi trng sng b l l.
Do dn s th c xu hng cng ngy cng tng thm, nn
vic tm ra mt loi hnh khng gian thch hp, va tit kim
din tch t xy dng, va phc v c s ng ngi dn, li
em li mt mi trng sng thoi mi v tin nghi l mt nhu cu
bc thit. Nh chung c cao tng l mt loi hnh nh p ng
c cc yu cu trn, v hin nay ang c p dng xy dng
rng ri trong cc khu th mi.
Xy dng cc khu chung c l yu cu bc thit, cc nc c
nn kinh t - x hi pht trin i trc chng ta c thp k v
loi hnh ny. u im ca khu chung c l tit kim t th,
gii quyt c ch cho nhiu ngi dn, tng din tch cy
xanh v cc cng trnh cng cng, to tin li v thng thong v
giao thng trt t, v iu ng k nht l to nn b mt vn
minh th hin i.
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Ti H Ni, ni vn nh lun lun "nng st" t 5- 7
nm tr li y, hng lot d n xy khu chung c v ang c
trin khai. Hin thnh ph c hn 70 khu th mi nh nh
Cng, Linh m, Php Vn, T Hip, i Kim, M nh, lng Quc
t Thng Long, Nam Thng Long, Trung Ha - Nhn Chnh... vi
gn 200 khu chung c. l tn hiu khi sc, m u cho tin
trnh pht trin th vn minh, hin i. Nhng trong qu trnh
trin khai li ny sinh nhng bt cp t thit k n thi cng v
qun l s dng cc khu th mi, khu chung c.
Hu ht chung c c xy dng u c kin trc na n
nhau, thm ch ging nhau c v mu sc trang tr. Kin trc
ca khu nh ny ging khu nh khc, kin trc ca mi cn h
ging ht nhau to nn s n iu, thm ch bt tin,
khng tha mn nhiu loi nhu cu.
Nh chung c cao tng hin nay phn no p ng c
nhu cu ca ngi dn. Cc chung c cao cp cng cung cp
c cc khng gian rng ri, y tin nghi vi h thng h
tng v phc v cng cng y . Tuy nhin, vic xy dng
t cc chung c cao tng, ch yu phc v mc ch kinh t
v u t, nn coi nh yu t bo v mi trng, lm cho kin
trc ho hp vi thin nhin v thch ng vi iu kin kh hu
a phng. y l lc chng ta phi ngh n kin trc sinh
thi v vic a nhng ng dng trong thit k kin trc sinh thi
vo thit k nh chung c cao tng.
Khi nim Kin trc sinh thi i hi ngi Kin trc s phi
quan tm n mi tng tc gia cng trnh v h sinh thi. Mt
ngha rng hn, ngi Kin trc s cn phi nm c lun im
da trn mi lin h gia thin nhin v s tin b x hi. Tn ph
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thin nhin i ly vn minh c th s khng bao gi mang li
mt gii php bn vng cho nhng vn mi trng hin ti.
Mt khng gian nh chung c cao tng thc s tin nghi,
em li cuc sng thoi mi, hi ho vi thin nhin, ph hp vi kh
hu a phng v thn thin vi mi trng Vit Nam ni chung
v H Ni ni ring hin nay vn cha c.
Vic xy dng nh chung c cao tng H Ni ang giai
on khi u. Chng ta cn phi xy dng mt khi lng nh
rt ln. H Ni l ni tp trung ng dn c, nh chung c cao tng
v th cng c xy dng nhiu. Mi trng khng kh y
cng ang b nhim nng, m nguyn nhn xut pht t
ngnh xy dng v do cc cng trnh xy dng thi ra cng
ng gp phn no. Vic nghin cu v xy dng chung c sinh
thi hi ho vi thin nhin, bo v mi trng v em li cuc sng
tin nghi cho con ngi l ht sc cn thit, nht l trong iu
kin H Ni hin nay.
2.
Mc tiu nghin cu
ti nh gi thc trng cc nh chung c cao tng c xy
dng H Ni hin nay v ra cc gii php thit k nh

chung c sinh thi, gip to ra mt mi trng sng tin nghi, hi
ho vi thin nhin, thn thin vi mi trng, ph hp vi iu kin
kh hu a phng, m bo pht trin bn vng.
Xc nh c s khoa hc cho vic pht trin nh chung c
cao tng H Ni theo hng sinh thi. To ra nn tng v nh hng cho vic pht trin th bn vng trong tng lai.
3.
i tng nghin cu
i tng nghin cu ca ti l nghin cu vn dng kin
trc sinh thi thit k chung c cao tng trong cc khu th

mi H Ni.
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Khch th nghin cu l nh chung c cao tng trong cc khu
th mi H Ni.
4.
Nhim v nghin cu
Kho st v nh gi nhng cng trnh chung c cao tng
c xy dng H Ni v kh nng thch ng vi mi trng v

to mi trng tin nghi. Tng kt nhng mt t c v
nhng mt cn hn ch ca cc cng trnh chung c cao tng
c xy dng.
Nghin cu v kin trc sinh thi vn dng trong nh chung
c cao tng trong iu kin kh hu H Ni, t ra gii
php thit k. Ni dung chnh bao gm:
- Tm hiu v kin trc sinh thi v tng quan tnh hnh

vn dng kin trc sinh thi trong thit k nh cao tng trn
th gii, Vit Nam v ti H Ni.
- Phn tch cc c s khoa hc, nhng nguyn tc c lin

quan trong vic vn dng kin trc sinh thi trong thit k
chung c cao tng: thng qua vic phn tch kh hu a
phng, thng qua vn vn ho li sng ca ngi dn,
thng qua vn thm m m kin trc sinh thi mang li.
- xut cc gii php vn dng kin trc sinh thi trong

chung c cao tng H Ni: quy m cm cng trnh, trong
mt cng trnh c th, trong cc cn h.
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t vn
Tng quan
tnh hnh
Kinh nghim
th gii
C s khoa hc
Kinh nghim
trong nc
Tng hp
xut
Nguyn tc thit
k chung
V d nghin
cu
Gii php thit k

c th
Kt lun Kin
ngh
5.
Phm vi nghin cu
Phm vi nghin cu ca ti l cc cng trnh chung c
cao tng H Ni, ch phc v nhu cu .

6.
Phng php nghin cu
Cc phng php s dng trong nghin cu bao gm:
7.
Phng php kho st thc a
Phng php iu tra x hi hc
Phng php phn tch tng hp, i chiu so snh
Phng php thng k thu thp ti liu
Phng php nh gi mi trng
Phng php d bo v phng php chuyn gia.

ng gp ca ti
- Tng hp v h thng nhng ng dng ca kin trc sinh

thi trong thit k chung c cao tng trn th gii, Vit
Nam.
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- xut mt s gii php p dng thit k kin trc sinh

thi cho nh chung c cao tng trong cc khu th mi H
Ni.
-
M ng cho vic nghin cu su hn v kin trc sinh thi

v ng dng ca n trong cc cng trnh nh hin nay.
8.
Cu trc ca lun vn
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b. Phn ni dung nghin cu

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Chng 1: Tng quan tnh hnh nghin cu vn dng kin
trc sinh thi TRONG thit k nh cao tng trn th gii,
Vit Nam v h ni.
1.1. Mt s khi nim
1.1.1. Khi nim v Kin trc bn vng

( Sustainable Architecture)
1.1.1.1. S ra i ca Kin trc bn vng

Khi nim Kin trc bn vng ngy nay c dng kh
ph bin v cc hc gi u tha nhn n c ngun gc t khi
nim Pht trin bn vng, xut hin t nhng nm 70 ca Th
k 20.
Khi nim Pht trin bn vng c ph bin rng ri sau
Bo co Brundland ni ting Tng lai chung ca chng ta trong
Hi ngh ca Lin hip quc v Mi trng v Pht trin nm 1987.
Ti y, nh ngha Pht trin bn vng l s pht trin p
ng c nhu cu ca hin ti m khng nh hng n kh nng
p ng nhu cu ca th h tng lai .
Khi nim Pht trin bn vng c nghin cu k lng hn
trong vn kin quc t Chm lo cho Tri t: Mt chin lc v s
tn
ti
bn
vng
(do
chc
quc
cng
IUCN/UNEP/WWI:1991), trong nh ngha s Pht trin bn

vng l S nng cao cht lng i sng con ngi trong lc ang
tn ti, trong khun kh m bo ca cc h thng sinh thi,
cn tnh bn vng l mt c im c trng ca mt qu
trnh hoc mt trng thi c th duy tr mi mi.
Hin nay t nht c 70 nh ngha v Pht trin bn
vng. Bn cnh nhng hc gi cho rng khi nim bn vng v
quan im nhn nhn s pht trin bn vng l mt mc tiu c
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kh nng t c khng h l khoa trng , th cng c ngi
nhn thy thut ng Pht trin bn vng vn cn m h, khng
c tc dng.
Khi nim bn vng khng ch xt trn gc v s bn
lu, m phi hiu l s bn vng ca h sinh thi, ca mi
trng sng v ca c x hi loi ngi.
Cch nhn nhn v tnh bn vng da trn ba lnh vc
kinh t, x hi v mi trng. ( Hnh 1.1, bng 1.1 tr 21)
Hnh 1.1. Ba lnh vc ca tnh bn vng

Bng 1.1: Khi nim tnh bn vng = Sustainability
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Bn vng kinh t
Bn vng mi tr-
Bn vng x hi =
ng =
Social
Sustainability
Environmental
Sustainability
To ra th tr-
Sustainability
Gim cht thi,
Sc kho v an
Economic
ng v c hi
ngun pht sinh
ton cho ngi
mi cho s tng
cht thi v
lao ng;
trng bun
pht thi vo
bn;
mi trng;
Gim gi thnh
Nhng tc
ng ln cng
Gim tc ng
ng c dn
nh nng cao
ti sc kho con
a phng,
hiu qu v
ngi;
cht lng cuc
gim nng lng
S dng vt liu
v chi ph vt
ti sinh dng
liu u vo;
th;
To ra gi tr
thng d.
Loi tr cc cht
sng;
V hiu ho
nhng hon
cnh bt li.
c hi.
Brian Edwards cng a ra mt m hnh tng t v khi

nim pht trin bn vng. ( Hnh 1.2- tr 22)
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Hnh 1.2. Khi nim pht trin bn vng theo Brian Edwards
1.1.1.2. Khi nim v Kin trc bn vng

Kin trc bn vng l nghin cu v thc hnh kin trc
nhm gp phn bo m s pht trin bn vng ca cc th
trn c s hn ch ti a cc tc ng xu ca cng tc quy
hoch, giao thng, kin trc, xy dng v vn hnh cng trnh,
cng cc hot ng vn ho, x hi, dch v do kin trc em li.
gi c s cn bng n nh v pht trin bn vng ca a
dng sinh thi th, trong con ngi c sng kho mnh,
n ,, lm vic, hc tp, vui
chi gii tr, i li trong mt
mi trng v sinh v tin
nghi,
trong
quan
gia
nh v x hi lnh mnh, an
ton v tt p.
Kin trc bn vng l
tng ho ca cc xu hng
kin trc:
( Hnh 1.3- tr 22)
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+ Kin trc mi trng.
+ Kin trc sinh thi.
+ Kin trc c hiu qu nng lng.
+ Kin trc thch ng.
+ Kin trc kh hu.
Hnh 1.3. M hnh ca
Kin trc bn vng
Ni giao thoa, to thnh ci li ca Kin trc bn vng l
Kin trc kh hu, v Kin trc kh hu l mt ni dung c bn
ca tt c cc xu hng kin trc k trn.
Kin
1.
trc
mi
trng
Environmental
Architecture
Kin trc mi trng l kin trc nhm to lp mi trng v
sinh, lnh mnh v bo v mi trng sng ( mi trng v sinh) ca
h sinh thi.
Kin trc mi trng nghin cu nh hng qua li gia kin
trc v mi trng, bao gm kh hu, nh sng, m thanh, cht lng mi trng khng kh, cng nh nh hng tr li ca mi trng
khng kh i vi s bin i mi trng khu vc.
Kin trc mi trng l kin trc bo m cho mi trng t
nhin ca khu vc, ca th trong sch, khng b nhim.
Chnh nhim mi trng gy ra s bin i kh hu
(climatic change) v suy gim tng zn (ozone layer deplete), c
th dn n thm ho dit vong ca s sng tri t.
2.
Kin trc sinh thi = Ecologic Architecture
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Kin trc bo m s pht trin bn vng ca h sinh thi,
bao gm c Mi trng sng v cc qun th sinh vt, trong
ch trng con ngi.
Kin trc sinh thi phi m bo a dng sinh hc.
Kin trc mi trng nm trong kin trc sinh thi.
3.
Kin trc c hiu qu v nng lng = Energy
Efficient Buildings
L kin trc s dng t nht nng lng nhn to, s dng
nhiu nht nng lng t nhin, nng lng ti to, nng lng sinh hc:
trong qu trnh xy dng; trong qu trnh vn hnh cng trnh (
si m, lm mt, chiu sng, giao thng, sinh sng); khi ci to, s
dng li, ph d, hu b.
Kin trc thch ng = Adaptable Architecture
4.
Theo Norman Foster: Kin trc phi c tnh thch ng

( adaptability) v tnh linh hot, mm do ( flexibility).
Thch ng vi iu kin kh hu a phng: thng gi t
nhin, nh sng t nhin, khng gian xanh h tr thng gi v cung
cp xy.
Linh hot vi s pht trin cng ngh: cng trnh khng b
ph d khi cng ngh thay i, khi chuyn i mc ch s
dng.
S dng nng lng mc thp: t vt liu, kt cu, gii php
quy hoch (sng v lm vic trong cng mt ni, gim bt giao
thng v nhim nh p dng cng nghip sch), gii php kin
trc ( hnh dng v vt liu v nh), thu hi nhit tha, s dng
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nc ma( ti cy v khu v sinh), x l cht thi, s dng nng lng
ti sinh, hn ch tiu thu nng lng t nhin.
Kin trc thch ng l biu hin ti a bng phng tin ti
thiu.
Kin trc thch ng cng bo v mi trng, h sinh thi v
cng l kin trc c hiu qu nng lng.
5.
Kin
trc
(sinh)
kh
hu
Climatic
( Bioclimatic) Architecture
Kin trc kh hu l kin trc tn dng ti a iu kin
kh hu t nhin( thin nhin) thun li, hn ch cc iu kin kh
hu bt li ca mt a phng( v cng trnh nh b lc kh
hu), do to c mi trng kh hu tt nht, c li nht cho
cc hot ng v sc kho ca con ngi.
1.1.2. Khi nim v H sinh thi v sinh thi hc

1.1.2.1.
H sinh thi
Tri t chng ta ang sng l mt h sinh thi khng l,

c gi l sinh quyn, tp hp bi v s cc h sinh thi. H sinh
thi l n v c s ca t nhin, l cc qun x sinh vt v mi
trng v sinh c quan h hai chiu v tn ti trong mt khng gian
v thi gian xc nh.
H sinh thi th l tp hp tt c cc h sinh thi tn ti
trong mt th, bao gm cc thnh phn hu sinh (con ngi v
cc sinh vt), v sinh (t, nc, khng kh) v cng ngh (nh
ca, trng hc, c quan, x nghip, nh my, cng trnh vn ho,
bnh vin,), trong con ngi c vai tr quan trng v quyt
nh nht. H sinh thi th khc xa vi cc h sinh thi t
nhin do qu trnh hot ng ca n lun lun gy ra s mt
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cn bng sinh thi, lm bin i mi trng t nhin, c bit
khi khng c kim sot cht ch.
1.1.2.2.
Sinh thi hc
Sinh thi hc ( Ecology) l khoa hc tng hp nghin cu

quan h tng h gia sinh vt v mi trng v gia cc sinh vt
vi nhau.
1.1.3. Khi nim v Kin trc sinh thi

Khi nim Kin trc sinh thi c th hiu theo Tuyn
ngn ca KTS. Ken Yeang (Malaysia):
Thit k sinh thi l nhng nghin cu y , ton din, bao
gm vic s dng c cn nhc ngun nng lng v vt liu trong
sut tui th ca h thng thit k, v qua thit k gim
nh hng ca qu trnh s dng cng trnh i vi mi trng t
nhin, hoc ho lm mt vi mi trng t nhin
Ni mt cch tng qut th Kin trc sinh thi l kin trc
hng ti gii quyt mi quan h gia con ngi, kin trc v thin
nhin, n phi va v con ngi m sng to ra mt mi trng
khng gian nh d chu, va phi bo v mi trng ln chung
quanh. (Hnh 1.4- tr 25)
Hnh 1.4. Mi quan h ca kin trc sinh thi

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Kin trc sinh thi to lp mi trng khng gian nh, mi trng vi kh hu (th hin giai on s dng) l to nn mt mi
trng c nhit , m, khng kh trong lnh, c nh sng,
m thanh... thch hp vi con ngi, c khng gian linh hot, thng
thong, a thch dng v t hiu qu lu di.
Kin trc sinh thi bo v mi trng ln chung quanh, mi trng v m (th hin trong ton b qu trnh t khi xy dng, s
dng cho n khi cng trnh b loi b) l hn ch khai thc gii
t nhin, gim nh hng tiu cc i vi mi trng m ch yu l
gim v x l tho ng ph thi (cht thi rn, nc bn, kh
c hi, nhim m thanh, nh sng).
Thit k Kin trc sinh thi phi t c nhng ni dung
sau:
a. La chn a im xy dng, kim tra nhng iu kin
hin c nh kh hu, th nhng, nc ngm, khng kh... t
ra trong iu kin sinh thi.
b. Vic b tr hng ca cng trnh, tn dng iu kin kh
hu mi trng v trnh s dng nhng bin php nhn to,
tn dng vt liu a phng, tn dng ti nguyn c th ti
sinh khng nhim nh: nng lng mt tri , nng lng gi,
nng lng a nhit...
c. To kh nng pht trin trong qu trnh xy dng v s
dng.
d. Tit kim gi thnh. S dng vt liu k thut mi, sng to
hnh thc kin trc a dng, mt xy dng gn vi
cnh quan thin nhin. Da vo thc t trong nc chn
nhng gii php k thut ph hp.
e. Khng ch nghin cu bn thn cng trnh kin trc m
cn phi nghin cu mi trng xung quanh, kt hp mt cch
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42
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hu c thm thc vt, sng ni v kin trc li vi nhau lm
cho kin trc tr thnh mt b phn ca mi trng rng ln.
Nh vy, mc ch cao nht ca Kin trc sinh thi l gim
cht ti i vi mi trng trong c qu trnh t thi cng, s dng
n loi b nhm bo v ti nguyn thin nhin v khng gy
nhim i vi mi trng.
1.1.4.
Khi nim v Khu th mi.

Nm 2006, Chnh ph chnh thc ra Ngh nh s
02/2006/N-CP ngy 05 thng 01 nm 2006, quy nh v Qui ch

khu th mi, theo D n khu th mi l d n u t
xy dng mt khu th ng b c h thng cc cng trnh
h tng k thut, h tng x hi, khu dn c v cc cng trnh dch
v khc, c pht trin ni tip th hin c hoc hnh thnh
khu th tch bit, c ranh gii v chc nng c xc nh ph
hp vi quy hoch xy dng th c c quan nh nc c
thm quyn ph duyt.
1.1.5.
Khi nim v nh chung c cao tng trong cc Khu
th mi
Chung c cao tng ni chung l loi nh ph bin cc thnh
ph hin i ngy nay, nht l cc nc pht trin v mt s nc
ang pht trin. Loi nh ny c s tng l t 7 tng tr ln hoc
c cao trn 21m so vi mt t ( nu tng cao trung bnh l
3m), vi phng tin i li ch yu bng thang my, c hnh
thnh t cc cn h hin i kiu h khp kn, c s dng chung
cc phng tin giao thng trong nh nh: cu thang b, hnh lang,
thang my v mt s dch v cng cng khc. Cc chung c cao
tng ny phc v ch yu cho nhng ngi c thu nhp trung
bnh v thp: nhng gia nh vin chc, nhng cn b xa gia
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43
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nh sng c thn, nhng gia nh tr cha c con hoc ngi
ngho th.[22]
Tuy nhin nh cao tng cng cn gp nhng chung c tiu
chun cao kiu khch sn vi cc cn h rt sang trng.
Nh cao tng c nhiu quan im khc nhau. M coi nh
cao tng l cc cng trnh c 10 tng tr ln. Nht Bn quy nh
nh cao tng l nh c trn 11 tng. Trung Quc th quy nh
nh cao tng l nh c t 10 tng tr ln. Theo hi tho Quc t
ln th IV v nh cao tng do Hi nh cao tng ca Lin hip
quc t chc ti Hng Kng ( 1990), quy nh nh cao tng l
nhng cng trnh c t 9 tng tr ln. Quy nh ny cng ph hp
vi quan nim ca Vit Nam. Cc chuyn gia phn chia nh
cao tng thnh 4 loi:
+ Loi 1: T 9 n 16 tng;
+ Loi 2: T 17 n 25 tng;
+ Loi 3: T 26 n 40 tng;
+ Loi 4: Trn 40 tng.
Nh chung c cao tng trong cc khu th mi l nh
chung c cao tng c xy dng trong cc khu th mi theo quy
hoch chung ca khu th, s dng cc h thng h tng k
thut v h thng h tng x hi ca khu th.
1.1.6. Khi nim v Kin trc sinh thi trong nh

chung c cao tng
Mt vn bc xc hin nay l cc nh cao tng vi cc
quan nim thit k nh hin nay li ang l kiu kin trc tp
trung tiu hao nhiu nng lng v khng ngng sn sinh ph thi
v nhim. S xut hin ca Kin trc sinh thi ni chung v
vic ng dng cc nguyn tc ca Kin trc sinh thi trong thit
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44
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k nh cao tng chnh l li thot bo v mi trng trong qu
trnh th ho, pht trin p ng c nhu cu ca hin
ti m khng nh hng n kh nng p ng cc nhu cu ca
cc th h mai sau.
1.2. Tnh hnh pht trin kin trc sinh thi trn th gii
1.2.1. Kinh nghim pht trin Kin trc sinh thi cc nc
u - M
1.2.1.1. Kinh nghim ca Cng ho Lin Bang Nga

(Bng 1.2- tr 28)
Kin trc nh cao tng ti Cng ho Lin Bang Nga lun c
nhng bc i tin phong, vi nhng ngi nh kt cu ln u tin
trn th gii, nhng khu chung c cao tng c h tng k thut rt
hin i, t chc khu , to nh v cn h c nghin cu rt c
th.
Mc d x lnh nhng cc cn h c thit k vi xu hng c
100% cc phng chnh c tip xc vi thin nhin. Mi tng c
thit k c rt t cn h, mt bng tng i a dng, yu cu
thng thong ci thin vi kh hu c cao. Ngoi cc cn
h c tip xc trc tip vi thin nhin, tt c cc phng u
c ban cng rng.
Cc phn tch trn cho thy yu t thin nhin trong nh
cao tng l mt vn c tt c cc nc trn th gii quan tm,
cho d l thuc vng kh hu no.
Bng 1.2: Nh cao tng ti Lin Bang Nga

Nh 16 tng ti Bacu
Nh thp trong nhm
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c im:
-
c im:
Nh thp, s lng cn h
t.
-
Nh thp, s lng cn h
nhiu.
Cc phng
chnh
thng thong t nhin tt.

-
Giao thng thng thong.
Hnh khi p nh th
php li lm.
Kiu nh mi cho th ti
a s phng chnh thng

thong, khu ph ti.
Giao thng ngang thng

thong.
Hnh khi p.
Nh 20 tng ti AnmaAta
Bacu
c im:
-
c im:
Nh thp, mt bng hnh
Nh thp, s lng cn h t.
lang bn.
Cc phng chnh, ph u
S lng cn h nhiu.
Cc
phng
thong.
thng
tip xc vi thin nhin.

-
Giao thng ngang ti.
Hnh khi p.
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-
Mt ng li lm to
hnh khi p.
1.2.1.2. Kinh nghim ca M (Bng 1.3- tr 30)
M c mnh danh l qu hng ca nh cao tng. S lng
nh cao tng v cc nghin cu v nh cao tng M lun c

xem nh nhng mu mc ca nhiu nc trn th gii.
S c gng ca cc nh thit k khng nm vic to ra
nhiu cc cn h ln m i su vo to nhiu dng cn h khc
nhau. Phong cch t do trong to hnh mt bng nh cao tng
to ra cc khng gian ni tht rt sinh ng.
Mi trng thin nhin c c gng a vo cc phng . M
thuc vng kh hu lnh v kh nn khng yu cu cc khu ph
Bng 1.3: Nh cao tng ti M

Nh thp ST.Louis Hill M.O
Nh thp Marina City - Chicago
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c im:
c im:
- S lng cn h nhiu ( 12
cn).
-
Cc
- S lng cn h nhiu.
- Cc phng u tip xc
phng
chnh
vi thin nhin, khu ph th
thng thong t nhin tt.
- Khu ph v giao thng ti.
c s hn ch.
- Giao thng ngang, ng
- Hnh khi sinh ng nh

th php li lm.
Nh thp Water side, New
b ti.
- Hnh khi n tng.

Nh 20 tng ti AnmaAta
York
c im:
c im:
- Mt bng chong chng,

nhiu cn h.
- Phn ln cc phng u
- Khu ph, hnh lang, giao

thng ti.
Nh thp, s lng cn h t.
- Cc phng chnh u tip

xc vi thin nhin.
- Khu
ph,
giao
thng
ngang, ng ti.
- Hnh khi c bn.
- Mt ng li lm to
hnh khi sinh ng.
1.2.2. Kinh nghim pht trin Kin trc sinh thi
cc nc Chu
1.2.2.1. Kinh nghim ca Singapore (Bng 1.4- tr 33)

Singapore l mt nc nm vng ng Nam , vi kh hu
thuc vng kh hu nhit i. Singapore l nc duy nht Chu
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ph kn th ln ton b 685,4 km2 din tch ca mnh vi
gn 100% dn s sng th.
th Singapore c ngun gc t cc khi Chinatown ( khu
ph Tu) ti tm, cht chi, phc v cho cc hot ng kinh doanh
nh l ch yu. Quy hoch ton o c thng qua nm 1958
loi b hon ton phng hng pht trin th t trung tm to
ra xung quanh m ngc li chp nhn vic xy dung giai on
u cc khu mi ngoi , hu ht gm cc khu nh cao tng
dy c, gi thnh thp vi tin nghi ti thiu nhm gii to mt
ca trung tm. Cc khu mi thi k ny to cho Singapore
mt khng gian th mi trn c s s kt hp gia kiu thnh
ph vn thnh hnh Anh vi nhng khi nim kin trc ca Le
Corbusier. Kt qu l Singapore c c cc khu v mt tng
th hon ton ph hp vi kh hu nhit i.
Cng vi vic xy dng cc khu th mi vng ven ,
Singapore gim bt mc tp trung dn s khu trung tm
bng cch ph b nhng khu chut thay th bng cc
khng gian xanh, h nc, qung trng to ra nhng l phi xanh
nho nh trong ni thnh. Trong khu vc trung tm xen k cc cng
trnh cao tng vi mt hn ch c tnh ton n mi trng v
kh hu lnh mnh, c tnh n s gi gn mi trng trong sch
cho trung tm.
Gn y, Chnh ph Singapore t vn cht lng cuc
sng trong th ln mt trnh mi. Tiu chun hng u l
mi trng trong sch. Nhng ch tiu v mi trng, kh hu,
kch thch cc kin trc s tm kim cc gii php hu hiu cho
tng th v cc cng trnh xy dng.
Cc nh thp l nhng im nhn mnh ca nhng khu nh
cao va phi t trong cc di cy xanh an xem lan to. Din
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tch cc cn h tng ln rt cao: 90, 120, 150, 180 m 2 to iu
kin cho vic thit k cc khu v sinh thong ng, a thin
nhin vo nh thnh mt yu t chnh nh gi cht lng cn h.
Hin nay Singapore c xu hng chn cc khu nh cao tng
c nhit i ho v kin trc t cc khu trung tm
tit kim t nhng c cy vo gia cy xanh, h nc, cc
khong trng rng, a thin nhin vo trong cng trnh. Tt c l
mt s kt hp hi ho t tng th n chi tit, c v cng nng
v hnh thc kin trc to ra mt mi trng th nhit i
hon ho.
Trong khong 30 nm qua, Singapore xy dng c
khong 70 vn cn h nh , ton quc c khong 87% dn s c trong cc ngi nh ny. Nhng ngi nh chnh c s tng cao
khc nhau nhng vic b tr mt ngoi ngi nh v tng th quy
hoch c nghin cu rt quy c v trt t. Gia cc ngi nh cao
tng l cc vn cy xanh, sn chi cho thiu nhi. Mt xy
dng rt cao nhng khi vo khu nh li cm thy d chu. Sng
trong nhng ngi nh c tm nhn thong rng, mi trng xanh
mt p , thng gi tt nn ma h rt mt. Tng trt ngi nh
cao tng thng l khng gian trng trong ch b tr cc
thang my, gia cc cu thang l nhng khong t trng bng
c xanh, sch p lm cho ngi trong phm vi tm nhn khng
cm thy l nh cao tng b hp khng gian, m nh ang trong
mt vn hoa rng ln v tn. Trong mi trng cnh quan nh th,
khng c nhim, khng c ting ng n o, ch c tri cao,
my xanh v gi mt, s thong ng, khng kh trong lnh
khin con ngi thoi mi d chu.
Mi ngi nh c in nc ( nng lnh) c cung cp thng
xuyn sut ngy m. Nhng gara t ngoi nh c xy dng
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bng gch l hoa, kin trc m quan v c lin kt vi cy xanh
bn ngoi thnh mt di cy xanh hi ho p mt. Cc cht
thi sinh hot c cha trong cc ti nha x l theo tng loi
khi thu dn.
B cc kin trc cc cn h kh hp l, s dng thun tin v
iu kin sinh hot rt tt. Cch qun l v quy hoch tng th
th lun gn lin vi thin nhin, ly yu t mi trng v bo
v sc kho con ngi ln hng u l mt kinh nghim qu bu
cc nc trong khu vc hc tp.
Bng 1.4: Nh cao tng ti Singapore

Nh cao tng S1C24-Punggol
Nh cao tng N2C30Sengkang
c im:
-
Nh thp, s lng cn h
c im:
- Nh tm, dng hnh lang
t.
- Cc phng chnh u
tip xc thin nhin do s
dng nhiu khe thng gi.
- Giao thng thng thong.

-
Hnh khi sinh ng.

Nh cao tng N4C14-
bn, s lng cn h t.
-
Cc phng u tip xc
vi thin nhin.

- Hnh khi p.
Nh cao tng N6C19- Jurong
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Sengkang
West
c im:
c im:
- Nh tm, dng hnh lang
- Mt bng t do, s lng cn
gia, s lng cn h nhiu,

b cc t do.
-
Phn ln cc phng u

Mt
ng
li
lm
Cc phng chnh u tip

xc vi thin nhin.

-
h t.
- Hnh khi sinh ng.
to
hnh khi sinh ng.

1.2.2.2. Kinh nghim ca Trung Quc (Bng 1.5 tr
35)
Ti Trung Quc hin nay, cc khu nh th cao 20 -30
tng tr nn quen thuc vi ngi dn thnh ph. Nhng gii
php nh ca Trung Quc c nhng quan im rt tin b:
- Cng a nhiu quan nim sinh thi vo chung c cng tt;
- Mt bng cn h cht ch;
- Coi trong pht trin bn vng;
- Coi trong x l ting n thang my;
- Cn c nhiu cn h vt tng;
- T chc mt bng rt a dng. Gii php mt bng c cc
nh thit k Trung Quc la chon rt t do
Ti Bc Kinh, thnh ph lch s lu i ca Trung Quc, cc
nh qui hoch hoch nh li thnh ph thnh nhng vnh ai
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dao ng, trong vnh ai 1 c khu trung tm c knh khng c xm phm v ph v v mt kin trc, vnh ai 2 l c s thu
ht u t xy dng hng lot cc cng trnh dch v cng cng,
mt phn ln c nh u t nc ngoi quan tm trin khai trn c
s qun l cht ch v mt tiu ch kin trc n xy dng quy
hoch, hoch nh rnh mch vi cc khu chc nng cng h tng
k thut giao thng y chun b cho qu trnh u t, vnh
ai 3 l khu th mi pht trin.
Kinh nghim ca Trung Quc l vic ch o v qun l
u t xy dng. Lnh o chnh quyn v cc nh qun l ra
nhng tiu ch bt buc cho vic u t.
Bng 1.5: Nh cao tng ti Trung Quc

Nh cao tng Thm Quyn
c im:
- Nh thp, s lng cn h
Nh cao tng Thm Quyn
c im:
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nhiu.
nhiu
- Cc phng chnh u
vi thin nhin.
tip xc thin nhin s

dng th php li lm.
- Giao thng ngang, ng
ph.
Hnh khi sinh ng.

Nh cao tng Thng Hi
c im:
Nh cao tng Thm Quyn
c im:
t.
- Nh thp, s lng cn h t.
-
- Phn ln cc phng u
- Hnh khi p, phong
thng thong.
-
Cc phng u tip xc
Cc phng chnh u tip

xc vi thin nhin.
tip xc vi thin nhin do
s dng khe ly sng.
- Hnh khi n gin.
- Hnh khi n gin.

1.2.2.3.
Kinh nghim ca Nht Bn
Nht Bn l mt qun o nm pha ng Bc Chu .

Mt dn s Nht Bn rt cao, 327 ngi/ km2.
Kin trc Nht Bn lun lun c s ng cm vi mi trng, ngi Nht lun lun c tinh thn hp tc vi thin nhin v c
gng thch ng vi thin nhin. Nn nh Nht Bn c nng cao,
bn trong thong khng kh lu thng. Vic chn vt liu xy
dng do kh hu quyt nh, g c chung hn c v g nhy
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cm vi kh hu. V khi nim khng gian trong kin trc, nh v
vn mang tnh cht lin tc, kin trc Nht Bn khng c s ngn
chia r rt ni tht v ngoi tht, ngi Nht coi trng hin nh.
Nikken Sekkei l mt trong nhng cng ty kin trc danh
ting nht ca Nht Bn hnh ngh trong lnh vc thit k bn
vng. Nikken Sekkei vn dng nhng quan im c tnh
truyn thng trong khng gian kin trc hin i. Nhng quan
nim ny c th xem nh l c s l thuyt quan trng trong thit
k ph hp vi iu kin kh hu. Quan im ca Nikken Sekkei
l kin trc gn gi vi mi trng. Nikken Sekkei nghin cu k
cch t chc khng gian ca nh truyn thng Nht Bn v
nhn thy rng nhng ngi nh l nhng m hnh rt khoa
hc xt trn phng din sinh thi:
- Mi hin ua ra, hoc snh c li vo nht nh ngn
bc x mt tri khng chiu trc tip vo nh.
- Kt cu bao che c dng li, nan chp cho php khng kh lu
thng. Vch bao che bn trong cn nh c th ko y hoc tho
ri ra lm khng gian s dng c linh hot, ng thi tng
kh nng thng gi xuyn phng.
- Khng gian ngoi nh c t im bng h thng thc vt c
chn lc. Cc dng cy c tn ng vai tr nh tm bnh phong
th nht cho ngi nh. Cc loi cy thn tho c kh nng ht nc
ma v iu chnh mc nc ngm. Cc b cnh v h nc nh
quanh nh c tc dng h nhit thng qua qu trnh bay hi.
To nh Trung tm thng tin Panasonic- Tokyo l mt cng
trnh thng minh c s nhy cm hu c, t mt khng gian
trong mt khng gian khc sao cho chng c quan h v nh hng
ln nhau, to mi trng bn trong a th v s dng nng lng t
nhin. To nh c nhng c im nh thng gi t nhin rng
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khp to nh, h thng thng gi iu ho t sn, lm mt ban
m bng khng kh bn ngoi, s dng hiu qu lm mt t do
trong vng thi nhit, phi hp gia chiu sng t nhin v nhn
to. ( Hnh 1.5, 1.6, 1.7- tr 37)
Hnh 1.5. Phi cnh Trung tm Panasonic, Tokyo, Nht Bn
Hnh 1.6.Mt ct cng trnh
Hnh 1.7.
Bn trong cng trnh

1.2.3. Tnh hnh nghin cu v Kin trc sinh thi nh
cao tng
1.2.3.1.
Kin trc s Ken Yeang
Ken Yeang l ngi theo ui Kin trc sinh thi t kh sm,

c nh du t lun n Tin s Thit k vi thin nhin c s
sinh thi hc cho thit k vi tuyn ngn: Pht trin khng phi
ch bo tn nhng g c li, m cn phi bo m cho
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s tn ti lu di ca sinh quyn nh mt tng th . ng c tha
nhn nh mt nh l lun thc tin, mt chuyn gia hng u
v kin trc nh cao tng sinh thi Chu v th gii.
T duy xuyn sut ca Ken Yeang l lun lun to s ha hp
cng trnh vi kh hu, to mi quan h tt p hai chiu gia
khng gian trong v ngoi nh. Tc gi nhn mnh rng: thit k
sinh thi thc cht khng phi l l thuyt kin trc m ch l
mt phn l thuyt gn lin vi kin trc. L thuyt sinh thi v
bn cht c lin quan cht ch vi cc h sinh thi ca Tri t, c
nh hng n mi mt hot ng con ngi v tc ng n
mi trng t nhin. L thuyt thit k sinh thi ca Ken Yeang cho
rng, bn cnh kin trc, cn xem xt cc lnh vc lin quan nh:
sn xut nng lng,ti ch cht thi, s dng c hiu qu nng lng
v vt liu m ngi thit k cn quan tm.
Quan nim v kin trc c hiu qu nng lng, KTS Ken
Yeang cho rng thit k sinh thi bao gm vic s dng c cn
nhc ngun nng lng v vt liu trong sut tui th ca h
thng thit k, v qua thit k gim nh hng ca qu trnh s
dng cng trnh i vi mi trng t nhin.
Cng nh cc kin trc s Malaysia khc, Ken Yeang thin v
thit k nh cao tng,vi l do l gii php ny tit kim c nng
lng tiu th v d to nhng iu kin con ngi c th tip
xc c vi thin nhin ngay c nhng tng cao cht vt.
Nhng ngi thit k v xy dng nh cao tng cn s
dng cc yu t kh hu a phng lm cho cng trnh mang
nhng nt c trng ring ca a phng, tit kim nng lng,
bo v mi trng v khng to ra nhng ci hp kn v hn c
th t bt k ni no trn ton th gii. T duy xuyn sut ca
Ken Yeang l s ho hp ca cng trnh vi kh hu, to lp mi
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quan h tt p hai chiu gia khng gian trong nh v ngoi
nh. ng phn ng li nhng ci hp iu ho khng kh, v
tm mi cch gim bt s tiu th nng lng trong nh.
Ken Yeang cho rng mt ta nh cao tng s dng nhiu
hn 30% nng lng v vt liu xy dng v vn hnh so vi
cc cu trc khc nhng i vi cc ta nh cao tng, vi hnh dng
nh nh xy, ng cn nhc kh k cho n khi tm ra mt s
la chn hp l v kinh t hn. Quan im ca ng l nu phi
xy cc ta nh th s lm chng gn gi vi h sinh thi nht
c th.
Qua thc t chng minh ca xy dng th ,nhng kin
trc vn theo chiu cao thch hp v sinh thi hn so vi b cc
nh kiu phn tn. Vi nguyn tc ly con ngi lm trung tm
,nng cao ti a hiu sut s dng nng lng v vt liu cng nh
gim nhim mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng, khai thc v
s dng cng trnh, nh chc tri mu xanh l kin trc ca tng
lai. V s dng ngun nng lng, ly vic tn dng cc nhn t t
nhin lm chnh: thng gi t nhin, chiu sng t nhin v
a cy xanh vo trong cng trnh.
* Cng trnh Singapores Ecoligical Editt Tower ( Hnh 1.8,
1.9, 1.10, 1.11- tr 40,41)
+ Ti cng trnh EDITT, Ken Yeang c gng lm cn bng khi lng v c rt ln ca cng trnh vi khi lng hu c, iu c
ngha l mang h thc vt v cnh quan vo cng trnh. Nhng
ng cng khng mun a tt c cnh quan vo mt a im.
ng tri khp cng trnh, kt hp vi cy ci t di t leo ln
bao ph cng trnh.
+ Ken Yeang mun n tiu th t nng lng hn bng cch t
cc tm pin nng lng vo b mt pha ng, pha Ty v trn
___________________________________________________________________
GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
58
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mi v vi cch ny ta nh c ngun nng lng ca ring n.
ng thu nc chng c th hot ng c lp vi cc nh cung
cp nc. ng t h thng thu nc ln trn mi, nhng bi v cng
trnh c mt din mi rt nh m c h thng mnh che kiu v
s cho php thu nc ma qua chng rt tt.
Hnh 1.8. Phi cnh to nh Singapores Ecoligical Editt Tower
___________________________________________________________________
GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
59
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Hnh 1.9. Cy xanh ph khp cng trnh
Hnh 1.10. Mt bng cng trnh
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Hnh 1.11. Mt ng cng trnh

* To nh Menara Mesiniaga, Kuala
Lumpur
( 14,5 tng, 6503 m2, 1989 1992)
( Hnh 1.12, 1.13, 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1.17tr 42,43)
Cc hin lm vi cy xanh chy
vng theo tng nh t thp ln cao to
thnh nhng ming ht gi v cung cp
khng kh mt. N to bng mt, gim
bc x chiu vo nh. Ken Yeang gi
l v lc khng kh. Cc ca s hng
ng Ty u c che nng, ng
thi cc hng tt lp tng knh ly
___________________________________________________________________
GVHD:
Hnh 1.12. Phi
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
cnh to nh Menara
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
Mesiniaga, Kuala
Lumpur
61
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nh sng v to tm nhn rng.Li nh khng t trung tm, m
nm bn ngoi, cc hng c BXMT cao nht, va gi vai tr che
nng, va ly c nh sng v gi t nhin.
Hnh1.14. Nng
chiu v hng cng
trnh
Hnh 1.13. Mt bng ta nh Menara Mesiniag
Hnh1.16. Ta nh Menara
Mesiniaga hai tng di thng
___________________________________________________________________
thongGVHD:
trng cy
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
62
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Hnh 1.15. Mt ct ta nh Menara Mesiniaga
Hnh 1.17. T chc hp l h thng chn nng nhm hn ch

tia nng trc tip, dng nh sng gin tip cho khng gian sng.
* Nh thp MBF, Penang, Malaysia ( 31 tng, 7428 m2, 1990
1993) ( Hnh 1.18, 1.19, 1.20, 1.21- tr 44)
To nh l s pht trin cc tng cho kin trc nh cao
tng nhit i. Phn cao ca nh c cc sn trong thng hai tng
thng gi, trng cy xanh v cng l ni giao tip, nh l
nhng im nhn ca cng trnh. Lng thang l li giao thng
chnh cho cc cn h c thng thong t nhin. Hin dt cp
trng cy xanh b tr mt chnh ca nh.
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GVHD:
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Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
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Hnh 1.18. Mt bng ta nh thp MBF, Penang, Malaysia

Hnh 1.19. Phi cnh
Hnh 1.20. Hin dt cp trng cy xanh
Hnh 1.21.
Mt ct cng trnh
1.2.3.2.
Kin trc s Norman Foster
Kin trc s Norman Foster sinh nm 1935 to thnh ph

Manchester, Vng quc Anh. T khi cn nh, ng c nim say
m vi kin trc, c bit l nhng cng trnh ca nhng KTS
___________________________________________________________________
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GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
64
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ni ting nh Frank Lloyd Wright v Le Corbusier. ng tt nghip
H Kin trc ti Manchester v sau nhn hc bng ton phn
chuyn ngnh Kin trc ti H Yale ni ting M.
Norman Foster c nhn gii thng Pritzker nm 1999, l mt
trong nhng kin trc s ng i c nhiu cng trnh nht. Ngi
ta gi kin trc ca Norman Foster l Kin trc ton cu bi v
ng c nhng cng trnh c nhc ti khp cc chu lc trn
th gii. Trong lnh vc kin trc sinh thi, kin trc c hiu qu
v nng lng, Norman Foster cng l ngi c nhn thc su sc,
to bo v t c nhiu thnh cng, c bit th hin trong
nhng cng trnh xy dng Chu u v nhiu nc trn th gii
t u nhng nm 90 cho n nay. V kin trc kh hu, ng
ni : kim sot hon ton kh hu l c th thc hin c; cc
vng cc c th c nhit i ho, v vng sa mc s c mt m.
* Ta nh Hearst Tower, New York, M ( Hnh 1.22- tr 46)
Ta nh Hearst Tower ti New York (M) l mt cng trnh
hon ton bng knh, nhng iu c bit l n c xy dng
trn phn ta nh 6 tng Joseph Urban c sn theo phong cch
kin trc Art Deco. Cng trnh l mt thit k tiu tn t nng lng nht, nn ni y c coi l m hnh vn phng tiu biu
cho mt mi trng pht trin bn vng.
* To nh 30 St Mary Axe, London, Anh ( Hnh 1.23- tr 47)
30 St Mary Axe c hnh dng kh c bit v khng b ln
bi bt k cng trnh no ti London. y l ta nh sinh thi cao
tng u tin th Vng quc Anh, s dng nng lng sch.
30 St Mary Axe l mt tp hp ca cc tiu chun tin tin v cng
to bo nht v k thut, kin trc, x hi v x l khng gian.
Nhng bc tng knh v mi nhn hp th nh sng v to
nhng gc nhn th v. Cng trnh hon thnh nm 2004.
___________________________________________________________________
GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
65
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* Ngn hng Thng mi ( Commerzbank Headquarters),
Frankfurt, CHLB c
( 53 tng, 100 000 m2, 1997) ( Hnh 1.24,1.25,1.26,1.27- tr
47,48)
To thp cao hn 300 m, l thp c ngi cao nht Chu
u, vi nhng vn tri ( sky gardens) c ni vi h thng thng
gi t nhin trn c hai mt ng ca nh. Mt bng hnh tam
gic, ba cnh l khi vn phng bao quanh thn l mt ging
tri khng l, to ra hiu ng ng khi trn cc tng cao ca to
nh. Thp khng c li trung tm; thang my v bung thang b,
khu phc v v cc khi k thut khc b tr ti ba gc ca thp.
Cc i tr ng xy theo cu trc gc ny c ni bng cc
dm cch nhau tm tng nh, chng c h tr bi sn vn phng
t gc n sang gc kia.
Ton b nh vn phng c thng gi t nhin bng cch m
ca s vo mt trong ca nh. Mt ngoi lun ng; ch cho
mt lng khng kh c kim sot vo phng. C tm tng vn
phng li c mt vn tri cao bn tng, chng chy quanh cc mt
thp hnh tam gic ln cao dn bo m cc vn tri trn cc
mt nh c nhn thy t khong cch xa trong thnh ph.
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Hnh 1.22. Phi cnh to nh Hearst Tower
Hnh 1.23. Phi cnh to nh 30 St Mary Axe
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Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
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Hnh 1.24. Phi cnh cng trnh
Hnh 1.25.
Mt bng
Hnh 1.26. Vn tri
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Hnh 1.27. Mt ct to thp Ngn hng thng mi

(Commerzbank Headquarter)
1.2.3.3.
Kin trc s Charles Correa
n nm trong vng kh hu nhit i khc nghit, trong

nc tn ti nhiu hnh thi kh hu khc nhau, kh hu nhit i
gi ma, nhng thi gian ma kh trong nm ko di, thi tit nng
kh. Quan im thit k ca KTS Charles correa khng da hon
ton vo khoa hc k thut hin i, m ch yu phi bit tn
dng nhng u im ca thin nhin a ra nhng gii php
ng n, trnh nhng tc ng xu ca kh hu. Nhng quan
im ca ng trong thit k kin trc l nh sau:
-
B cc mt bng: c hin rng chy xung quanh nh lm

khng gian m cho khng gian sinh hot chnh trong nh.
Do , c s chuyn i dn t khng kh ngoi nh qua
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khng gian m, ca i v ca s vo nh, khng gy
nn s chnh lch t ngt gia trong v ngoi nh.
-
i vi nh chia l, kh nng thng thong ch yu da vo

hai mt nh v mi. Do , cn to c s chnh lch p
sut to lung khng kh i lu.
Khng gian giao thng ng vai tr ng ht gi theo hiu

ng ng khi, cc khng gian sinh hot b tr xung quanh
trc giao thng, va to c kh nng thng gi, va c
tip xc vi khng gian bn ngoi.
S dng cc sn trong v cc khng gian m nh ban

cng, lgia va c tc dng che nng, ng thi kt
hp trang tr hnh khi kin trc cng trnh. M rng
khng gian sinh sng hu dng tu theo ma trong nm.
B cc mt bng dn tri, lin h gia cc khi nh vi

nhau bng hnh lang cu to mi trng thng thong
tt. Cc khi nh ny khng c cn gi cc cng trnh
xung quanh.
S dng vt liu xy dng a phng nhm t c hiu

qu kinh t v hiu qu s dng cao, khng lm dng cc
thit b x l vi kh hu nhn to, trnh nhng nh hng
khng tt ti sc kho con ngi.
Cng trnh nh chung c Kanchanjunga Bombay l mt
cng trnh kin trc mu mc trong vic s dng cc nguyn tc

thit k iu khin kh hu, phn khu khng gian, xem xt
n v tr xy dng v phn tch cc im nhn. ( Hnh 1.28,
1.29, 1.30- tr 49,50)
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Hnh 1.28. Cc ban cng rng
Hnh 1.29. Mt bng
bin thnh vn, m bo cc
cng trnh
khng gian sinh hot khng b

nng chiu, ma tt.
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GVHD:
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Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
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Hnh 1.30. Cng trnh chung c Kanchanjunga

1.2.4.
Mt s cng trnh nh cao tng sinh thi trn
th gii trong thi gian gn y
1.2.4.1. Ta nh cnh chun chun- Nam Rooselvelt, thnh

ph New York (Hnh 1.31 tr 51)
Cng trnh ny nm gc pha nam Rooselvelt, thnh ph
New York. Ta thp thc s l 1 cng trnh sng c kh nng t
cung cp nc, nng lng, ng thi l 1 m hnh trang tri ti
th. Cnh chun chun c 132 tng ny c chiu cao 600 mt,
to mi trng sng thch nghi cho 28 loi thc vt, ng vt khc
nhau, ti y ngi ta c th t chc canh tc v chn nui, t
sn xut ra khc sn phm t rau qu, la go, tht v sa.
D n ny a ra m hnh trang tri th s l 1 ta nh
a chc nng, gm c c nh , cng s, phng th nghim xen
ln vi nhng khong khng gian trng trt v chn nui, tt
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Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
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c c b tr ri rc gia cc tng nh. c trang b ton b cc
thit b h tr cn thit, ta nh c th cung cp 1 lng ln cc sn
phm nng nghip a dng theo ma. M hnh canh tc nng
nghip ny cn c kh nng ti s dng rc thi bng cc phng
php ha sinh, s dng nng lng 1 cch thng minh t cc ngun
nng lng mi, nng lng ti sinh.
Cng trnh 2 lp ny bn trong c thit k m phng theo
kin trc ca t ong, tn dng ti a ngun nng lng mt tri
bng cch tch ly, gi nhit vo ma ng. Ma h, gi tri v
cy ci trng trong nh cng gip lm mt khng kh rt hiu
qu.
Ta nh cn c h thng lc nc ma, nc thi ca cc h gia
nh; sau khi qua x l sinh ha, b xung thm m, kali, pht
pho, ngun nc ny c dng cho hot ng canh tc.
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Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
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Hnh 1.31. Ta nh cnh chun chun KTS Vincent Callebaut

( B)
1.2.4.2. Trang tri trong lng th - Harvest Green Tower

(Hnh 1.32 tr52)
Harvest Green Tower, ta nh v ma xanh va ginh gii thng ln ti cuc thi ti Vancouvers Thch thc 2030.
Thit k ny ly tng t s thay i kh hu, s thiu ht
cy xanh, hin tng nng ln trn tri t. Ta nh sinh hc ny s
l xu hng mi trong tng lai.
Harvest Green Tower l mt khi nh cao tng vi nhiu
phng lp rp vi nhau. Cc khong khng gian c b tr cho
vic trng cy nng nghip nh hoa qu, la m, ng cc, nui
gia sc, gia cm cung cp lng thc cho ngi dn.
Nc ma tng trn cng s c tn dng cung cp cho cc loi
cy trng cc khu vn trong ta nh.
Nng lng mt tri v turbin gi s cung cp nng lng cho ta
thp ny. Cc loi ng vt, thc vt s c b tr theo tng tng.
Ta nh sinh thi ny cn l ni l tng cho cc sinh vin, cc nh
khoa hc nghin cu v s pht trin ca sinh vt.
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Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
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Hnh 1.32. Cng trnh Harvest Green Tower KTS Romses
1.2.4.3. Ta nh nng lng mt tri Dubai ( Hnh 1.33 tr

53)
Ta nh mang tn Graft Lab c h thng knh v cc thanh
thu nng lng mt tri trn tt c b mt ngoi. Cm cng trnh
hn hp s dng h thng thu nng lng mt tri pha nam vi
cc trc t ng c b mt tip xc ti a.
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
75
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Hnh 1.33. Ta nh nng lng mt tri

ca Dubai.
1.3. Tnh hnh pht trin kin trc sinh thi NH CHUNG C CAO
TNG Vit Nam v H Ni
1.3.1.
v H Ni
1.3.1.1.
Tnh hnh pht trin nh cao tng Vit Nam gn lin

vi cc thi k pht trin kinh t x hi ca t nc.
Thi k trc nm 1975, t nc cn trong chin tranh nn cha
pht trin nh cao tng. Trong giai on t nm 1975- 1988, s
lng nh cao tng nc ta qu t, thnh ph H Ch Minh c mt
s cng trnh nh cng s, cao nht l 14 tng. H Ni ch c
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Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
76
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mt ngi nh duy nht l Nh cao 11 tng ti Ging V, sau ci
to thnh khch sn H Ni. Cc a phng khc khng c nh
cao tng.
Thi k t 1988 n nay, trong cc d n xy dng th d
n xy dng nh cao tng l nhiu nht, ch yu tp trung
cc thnh ph ln.
1.3.1.2. Tnh hnh pht trin nh cao tng H Ni

1. Giai on 1954 1986 ( Nh nc u t)
Sau ngy gii phng th ( nm 1954), H Ni bc vo
thi k xy dng kinh t XHCN, nhu cu nh l rt ln. Giai
on t 1954 n 1975 l qu trnh xy dng XHCN min
Bc v chng M min Nam. Nh nc c gng u t xy
dng v a vo s dng mt s khu nh tp th thp tng nh
khu nh An Dng, Phc X, Mai Hng, i La, Chng Dng,
Nhng khu nh ny c tc dng nht nh trong vic p ng
ch cho ngi lao ng.
T nm 1960 1965, H Ni xy dng thm hai khu nh
tp th l khu nh Kim Lin v khu nh Nguyn Cng Tr.
Cc gii php x l kin trc cha to ra c sc li cun v ph hp
vi iu kin x hi thc t lc by gi. Do yu cu i hi cp
thit cn qu nh vi khi lng ln, nhng quy m cc cng trnh
ch cao n 4 tng, cha hp l v s dng v kinh t. ( Hnh
1.34- tr 54)
Hnh 1.34. Mt bng nh tp th khu B Kim Lin

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Giai on t 1975- 1986 l giai on thng nht, pht trin
kinh t x hi trn ton quc vi m hnh kinh t bao cp tp
trung. Thi k ny, H Ni xy dng kh nhiu khu nh chung
c 4 5 tng theo m hnh tiu khu nh . Cc chng trnh pht
trin nh vn do nh nc u t xy dng. Cc cn h c thit
k phong ph hn v khng gian, din tch v tnh c lp
khp kn trong tng cn h ngy mt r nt. Nhng khu nh
nh khu Trung T, Thnh Cng, Ging V, Ngha l nhng khu
nh 4- 5 tng c xy dng trong giai on ny. ( Hnh 1.35,
1.36, 1.37- tr 55)
Hnh 1.35. Mt bng n nguyn in hnh khu Trung T
Hnh 1.36. Phi cnh tiu khu nh Ging V

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Hnh 1.37. Mt bng n nguyn Khu nh Ngha

Thnh cng ca cng tc xy dng chung c giai on ny
l pht trin nhanh qu nh th, p ng s nghip cng
nghip ho, hin i ho t nc, xy dng XHCN.
Quy hoch cc tiu khu nh ti H Ni da trn cu trc
tiu khu nh c pht trin kh mnh Lin X v cc nc
XHCN ng u, lm nn tng pht trin cho l lun quy hoch ban
u ca Vit Nam. Khi u ca vic pht trin cc khu chung c
l xy dng cc tiu khu nh c h thng phc v c quy
hoch theo cu trc tng bc gm 3 cp. Nh chung c thng c
b tr song song vi nhau v vi cc trc ng ln. Cy xanh trong
tiu khu c b tr phn tn kt hp vi cc nh tr hoc sn
chi gia cc dy nh. Cc ch tiu v cng cng, cy xanh ph
hp vi tiu chun ti thi im xy dng.
Giai on ny do vn tp trung t nh nc nn thit k xy
dng kh hon chnh, iu kin cng c nng cao hn giai
on trc. Tuy nhin c cu phng trong cc cn h cn nh, hnh
lang, cu thang cht chi nn vic t chc thng thong t nhin
v cc gii php tim nghi vi kh hu cn hn ch. Mi cng trnh
thng c ghp t 2 n 3 n nguyn, mi n nguyn in
hnh thng c 6 cn h c lp, cc h s dng chung hnh lang
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Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
79
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bn v cu thang. Mi cn h c khu ph ring bit, phng c t
1 n 3 phng. in hnh cho loi hnh nh thi k ny l cc
khu nh Trung T, Ging V. Mu nh thi k ny l nh lp
ghp tm ln, din tch s dng mi cn h khong 24 28 m2.
Sau nhng nm 80, loi hnh nh chung c nhiu tng
pht trin vi nhiu loi mu a dng v hnh dng v hnh thc
b cc, to nn cc khu sinh ng hn. in hnh trong giai
on ny l cc khu nh Ngha , Thanh Xun Bc,
2.
Giai on t 1986 n nay

Nm 1986, sau khi xo b ch bao cp, bt u
chuyn sang nn kinh t th trng, iu kin sng H Ni c

ci thin ng k. Thnh ph c ch trng khng bao cp v nh
, Nh nc giao t nhn dn t xy dng hoc Nh nc v
nhn dn cng lm. Chnh sch ny thu ht s tham gia vn
ca ngi dn, tc xy dng tng nhanh, vic xy dng nh
bng n v c H Ni l mt cng trng xy dng.
T nm 1994, khi nim khu
th mi bt u xut hin nc ta
gn lin vi s ra i ca mt s khu
th in hnh nh nh Cng, Bc
Linh m, Trung Yn.
nh gi v quy m ca 131 khu
th mi xy dng ti thnh ph H ni tnh n nm 2005,
c th thy: ( Bng 1.6 tr 57)
Bng 1.6
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Trong cc khu mi ny, loi hnh nh chung c cao tng vi

cht lng sng tt hn v ang dn chim c cm tnh ca
ngi dn H Ni. Chung c cao tng l loi nh mi c p dng
trong thi gian gn y ti cc d n khu th mi ca H Ni.
Loi nh ny c s tng t 9 tng tr ln, phng tin i li ch
yu l thang my. Chung c cao tng c hnh thnh t cc cn h
hin i kiu cn h khp kn, s dng chung cc phng tin giao
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thng trong nh nh: hnh lang, thang b, thang my v mt s
dch v cng cng khc.
Chung c cao tng t ra c nhiu u im v ang tr
thnh hng u tin pht trin ti cc khu mi ca H Ni. Ti y,
H Ni xy dng hng lot cc khu mi c s lng nh cao tng
chim t trng ln, khong 60-70%. iu th hin s quan
tm v nh hng ca Thnh ph vo loi nh c nhiu yu t
x hi ny.( Bng 1.7 tr 58,59)
Bng 1.7: Cc khu th mi H Ni giai on trc y
Khu th mi Bc Linh m
- Khu th c nhiu din tch
cy xanh, mt nc, c bit l
mt nc t nhin.
- Chung c cao tng c xy dng
vi mt ln.
- Cc chung c c xy dng vi
din tch cn h nh, cha ch
n kh hu.
- Cha tn dng c cnh quan h
nc.
Khu th mi nh Cng- Thanh Tr
- Cc dy chung c cao tng c a ra st bin khu th.
- Quy hoch cha ch n hng
gi chnh.
- Thiu khng gian cy xanh,
mt nc.
Khu th mi Trung Ho - Nhn Chnh
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- Chung c cao tng dng thp l
chnh.
- Khng gian tng th nghin cu
tt.
- Mt nh cao tng ln, cha
m bo khong cch thng
thong.
- Thiu khng gian t nhin.
Khu th mi C Nhu T Lim
- Chung c cao tng dng thp l
chnh.
- Nh cao tng c a ra ngoi
bin khu th.
- Mt nh cao tng ln.
- Thiu khng gian t nhin.
Khu th mi M nh II T Lim
- Chung c cao tng dng thp v
dng tm.
- Nh cao tng c a ra ngoi
bin.
- Mt xy dng hp l.
- c nhng khng gian ginh
cho cy xanh mt nc v cc
hot ng cng cng.
Cc chung c cao tng c xy dng trong thi gian gn
y c mt bng hnh hc v hnh khi n gin. Ch yu l
mt bng c thit k theo hnh hc vung vc, ghp khi
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
83
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vung gc, song song hoc i khi l hnh a gic. Tng bao
che chu tc ng trc tip ca nh nng mt tri. Mt bng b
tr kn m bo hiu qu kinh t ca ch u t. Cc loi nh
ny dng nh cha ph hp vi iu kin kh hu nhit i nng m
H Ni. Khng gian bn trong v bn ngoi lin h trc tip qua
ca s v ca i. Khng c khng gian chuyn tip v cc gii
php che nng to bng rm trn mt ng.
V quy hoch, cc khu chung c cao tng thng c b tr
pha ngoi, gn ng chnh khu th mi, vy xung quanh cc
khu nh thp tng. Cch b tr ny lm cn hng gi v to vng
chn nh sng cho cc khu nh pha sau. Cc d n khu th
mi sau ny phn no ch hn ti iu kin t nhin, a
nhiu cy xanh, mt nc vo trong khu th v khng b tr
cc khu chung c ngoi bin na.( Bng 1.8 tr 60)
Bng 1.8. Cc d n Khu th mi H Ni gn y
Khu th sinh thi Ecopark
Khu th mi Bc An Khnh
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
84
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1.3.2.
Tnh hnh vn dng Kin trc sinh thi trong
thit k nh chung c cao tng Vit Nam v H Ni

( Bng 1.9- tr 62)
Xy dng th v ang ny sinh hng lot cc vn
; Mi trng th c nhng din bin theo chiu hng bt li,
nh hng n i sng ngi dn
Theo quan im Kin trc sinh thi qua phn tch mt s
nh cao tng c xy dng my nm gn y, c th rt ra
mt s kt lun sau y:
- Li chu lc vi cu thang, thang my, snh nm ti trung tm
ca to nh, to ra mt li c ca cng trnh ;
- Nh quay u v c bn hng, t c che nng v to bng trn
mt nh nn s b Mt tri nung nng rt mnh;
- Mt bng b tr cht, c, nn thng gi t nhin u rt
km hiu qu, c bit cc cn h nhng hng bt li;
- Vng bng cy xanh, l phi v b lc ca to nh;
- Khng c khng gian chuyn tip v giao tip, th dn, kh c
th to c mt n tng tt v tm v sinh l cho ngi ;
- Phn ln cc cn h mun to c iu kin vi kh hu d chu
u phi nh n iu ho nhit , do s tiu th nhiu
nng lng, trc tip v gin tip gy nhim mi trng, nh hng
n s pht trin bn vng ca h sinh thi.
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GVHD:
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Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
85
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- nh hng n sc kho ca ngi dn trong nh v khng phi
mi gia nh u c th s dng iu ho nhit , v ngi
dn sng chung quanh do s bin i ca mi trng th.
Mc d Vit Nam hay H Ni, n nay vn cha c mt
ti liu no thng k, nh gi nh cao tng theo tiu ch v cc
gii php kin trc sinh thi, thch nghi vi iu kin kh hu,
hoc c nhng tiu chun p dng mang tnh bt buc. Nhng
nhng nm gn y, c nhiu nh nghin cu, cc KTS v
mt s n v t vn thit k bt u quan tm n lnh vc
ny. Tuy nhin, cc gii php a ra c th khng mang tnh ton
din v gii quyt trit , mt phn do khng dung ho c li
ch ca ch u t, mt phn do nhn thc ca Nh t vn cng
nh cc cp qun l vn cha ch n vn pht trin bn
vng.
Bng 1.9: Mt s nh chung c c xy dng gn y
H Ni
Chung c DN1-OCT1 Khu Linh m
Chung c 9T Cu Giy
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GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
86
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Chung c 17T10 Trung Ho Nhn Chnh
Chung c s 9 Ct Linh
1.3.3.
S nhim mi trng do cc cng trnh xy
dng gy ra
Hin nay qu trnh th ho ang din ra mnh m trn
phm vi th gii. D bo nm 2025 s c khong 8 t ngi sng
trong cc th, chim 2/3 dn s th gii.
th ho gy ra bn sc p ln mi trng:
-
Thu hp t ai nng nghip v t nhin;
Khai thc gy suy thoi ti nguyn thin nhin;
Tng cng s dng nng lng ho thch;
Lng cht thi (kh, rn, lng) khng l gy nhim mi tr-
ng.
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
87
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Vit Nam ng th 13 trong s 16 nc hng u s phi
chu tc ng mnh ca hin tng bin i kh hu ton cu
trong 30 nm ti bo co mi nht ca c quan phn tch ri ro
Maplecroft (Anh) nhn nh. l vn thay i kh hu lin
quan n nhng bin i thi tit ca chng ta, n b nh hng trc tip hoc gin tip bi hot ng ca con ngi. Nhng
hot ng ny lm tng nng ca cc kh hiu ng nh knh
trong kh quyn ton cu. (Hnh 1.38, tr 63)
Hnh 1.38. Nhng nc v khu vc b nh hng ca bin i

kh hu trong nm 2011: Maplecroft
Qu trnh th ho c th gy tn hi nghim trng
n s pht trin bn vng. Bn cnh , cc cng trnh Kin
trc trong cc th cng c th lm bin i mi trng kh
hu:
- V cng trnh, ng ph, qung trng bng b tng, ,

gch, st thp, nha , khng c cy xanh che ph, hp
th mnh bc x mt tri, sau thi dn vo mi trng,
lm tng nhit trong cc th. Cc nghin cu mi trng th bng phng php chp nh nhit t xa ca
GS. Akira Hoyano (Vin cng ngh Tokyo, Nht bn cho bit,
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
88
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ti nhng khu vc th khng c cy xanh v mt nc,
nhit cao hn nhit khng kh ni khc khong 20
o
C v hn na, v c nh ngha theo sinh thi hc nh
mt sa mc th (urban desert);
-
Nh ca th, c th cn gi (gi mt, gi nng, gi lnh),

cng c th, cng vi ng ph, nh mt knh dn gi vo
trung tm thnh ph. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh di chuyn,
cht lng khng kh c th thay i, ni chung l nng ln,
kh hn;
Thiu cy xanh, khng c cy nh hi m v h bt nhit

, nhiu mt b tng, , si dn nc ma chy xung
cng rnh, khng thm xung t, lm cho khng kh kh
hn, bi hn, nng hn;
Ngi ng, sinh hot v sn xut a dng, thi ra nhiu

nhit, thn kh, v cc cht c hi v kh chu khc, khng
kh th nhim bn tr nn nng n, u m, n o, gy
mt v sinh, gim sc kho v tui th;
Cht lng khng kh t nhin v mi trng kh hu th

xu i, ngi ta buc phi tng cng s dng nng lng
to ra mt mi trng nhn to, cch ly vi t nhin. Cuc
sng cng vn minh, nng lng s dng cho i sng, xy
dng, giao thng, vn ho, gii tr cng tng. Khi s xy
ra vng lun qun: th ho v cuc sng th lm cho
mi trng xu i, lm tng s dng nng lng, nng lng s
dng cng nhiu, cng lm xu hn mi trng sng.
Hin nay, trn a bn Th H Ni c rt nhiu cng
trnh xy dng gy nhim mi trng, nh hng xu n

m quan th. a s cc cng trnh xy dng khng c h
thng thot nc phc v cng tc thi cng nn x trc tip nc
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
89
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thi ra ng ph ngay c gia ban ngy. V m, ti cng cc
cng trng xy dng tp np xe ti vn chuyn bn t ra khi
thnh ph, iu c bit l cc xe ti ny u khng tun th
cc quy nh bo v mi trng.
1.4. Nhng vn tn ti v cn nghin cu trong chung c cao

tng h ni hin nay
Nh cao tng bt u xut hin khong nm 1995, khi
c x hi bt u nhn ra nhng mt tri ca vic pht trin
qu nhanh nh chia l, manh mn, ln xn.
giai on u 1995, mt bng nh cao tng c
nghin cu mt cch n gin, ging nh cc nh chung c nhiu
tng xy dng trc nhng nhiu tng hn, ch yu 9-11 tng,
xy dng theo kiu "trm hoa ua n", thm ch cn dng
nguyn mu cc nc x lnh xy dng ti H Ni.
Giai on 2001-2005, nh cao tng c xy dng t,
nhiu tng hn. T khi c Quyt nh123/QUB ngy 6/12/2001
ca UBND thnh ph H Ni, quy nh tt c cc khu th mi
u bt buc phi xy dng ti thiu l 60% nh cao tng,
c cc tc gi nghin cu v thit k nh cao tng theo tiu ch
gii quyt yu t thng thong v chiu sng t nhin cho tt c
cc khng gian trong cn h. Tuy s lng xy dng cha nhiu,
xong khng nh c u im vt tri. Gn y, mt s nh
cao tng bt u c nghin cu theo hng sinh kh hu nh
khu th Nam Trung Yn, Cu Bu, C Nhu, Xun nh, i
Kim- nh Cng, Nam i C Vit...
Nhng tn ti chnh trong kin trc: V t chc khng
gian ,tuy c ci tin trong cng tc thit k, song cha thc s
l cuc cch mng, thit k vn i theo li mn trc y, cha ph
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
90
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hp vi iu kin kh hu H Ni. a s cc mu thit k khong
80% cha ph hp vi kh hu nhit i. Cn h c thit k theo
dng "cn h ng" nh cc khu Linh m, nh Cng, Lng Quc
t Thng Long, M nh, M Tr... Mt bng nhiu cn h b
mt tin phng, b yu cu thng gi xuyn phng, to ra nhng
hnh lang di v ti, i khi ging "ph" gia nh. Nhiu nh
cao tng s dng ca i pan g kn c cn ca s bng nhm
knh y, pha trn khng c vng che chn nn khi ma phi
ng ca cho khi ht, khng kh ngt ngt. Hu ht ca s
khng c thit k h thng che nng, chng nng, chng ma
ht. Hnh thc kin trc cn n iu, ngho nn, cha theo kp
vi xu th pht trin ca khu vc. Phn ln thit k theo dng cn
h "ng" nn c cc nhc im sau:
-
Khu v sinh hoc bp thng khng c tip xc trc tip

vi nh sng t nhin, phi thng gi cng bc thng qua hp
k thut.
Mt s cn h ch c mt hoc hai mt thong, khng c

gi, khng thng thong. Cc mt cn li ti v khng th
thng gi t nhin. Vi h c 3 phng ng tr ln, thng c
mt phng khng c nh sng t nhin, hoc phi m ca
ra hnh lang chung. Khng t chc h thng phi qun o
v b tr iu ho, dn ti hin tng iu ho "ba l" nh
hng ti mt ng cng trnh.
Nhiu cn h khng m bo yu cu c lp khp kn,

mt gii php chng ta gii quyt c ngay t thp nin
80 ca th k trc.
Nhiu nh qu dy, hoc nhiu c cu do yu cu thng

gi b tr ging tri gia nh, gy n v nh hng
n v sinh chung, khng m bo tiu chun PCCC.

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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
91
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Nhiu nh c qu nhiu cn h trong mt n nguyn ln
hn 8 hoc c hnh lang gia qu di, to ra "ph" gia
nh, gy n, nh hng ti yu cu c lp ca cn h.
-
Hnh lang gia v nt giao thng thng b ti, thiu nh

sng t nhin, h thng rc thng c b tr gia li,
gy mt v sinh chung.
Cc vn sau y hu nh khng c xem xt n:
Tin nghi vi kh hu trong nh. Yu cu gim nhit cho

cng trnh hoc tng bng rp.
Khai thc nng lng c hiu qu, bo v mi trng v pht

trin bn vng.
Vn iu tra x hi hc v nhu cu s dng v cc u

nhc im ca nh cao tng xy dng.
Cc khng gian ph nh: kho, tin phng, ni phi phng,

ni th cng cha c nghin cu p ng nhu cu s
dng.
Mi nm pht trin nh cao tng va qua cho chng ta
nhiu bi hc kinh nghim. y thc s l giai oan "khi ng"

i tm cc khuynh hng thit k cho ph hp vi tc pht
trin kinh t x hi, nhu cu thc ca ngi dn v iu kin t
nhin ca H Ni. Thc t trin khai cho thy: cc nh qun l th
ch quan tm n s lng mt vung sn t c hng nm: cc
nh u t ch mong cho d n c trin khai v c li cao; cc
nh t vn do qu t thi gian, li b ch u t chi phi nn ch lo
lm sao thit k nhanh chng c duyt v trin khai. Ngi dn
th hy vng sm c c mt cn h n nh cuc sng. Cha
c ch u t hay c quan no t ra yu cu v cht lng kin
trc nh cao tng, ni dung v hnh thc phi t c cc tiu
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
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ch g, nht l cc tiu ch ph hp vi kh hu v con ngi Vit
Nam.
Trong thi gian ti, khi m i sng x hi ngy cng pht
trin, nhu cu con ngi ngy cng tng ln, th nhu cu v mt
cn nh thn thin vi mi trng, tit kim nng lng, thng
thong, v sinh, m bo sc kho v i sng tin nghi cho con
ngi tr thnh thc t trc mt. Nh cao tng thit k theo
kin trc sinh thi, m bo sinh kh hu l mt hng i tt c
th gii quyt c vn ny.
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
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Chng 2: C s khoa hc ca vic nghin cu vn dng
kin trc sinh thi trong thit k nh chung c cao tng cho
cc khu th mi ca h ni.
2.1. iu kin t nhin - kh hu H Ni
2.1.1. V tr a l ( Hnh 2.1
tr 68)
Nm pha ty bc ca
vng ng bng chu th sng
Hng, H Ni c v tr t 2053'
n 2123' v Bc v 10544'
n 10602' kinh ng, tip
gip vi cc tnh Thi Nguyn, Vnh
Phc pha Bc, H Nam, Ha
Bnh pha Nam, Bc Giang, Bc
Ninh v Hng Yn pha ng, Ha
Bnh cng Ph Th pha Ty. Sau t m rng a gii hnh
chnh vo thng 8 nm 2008, thnh ph
c 2.1.
din V
tch
Hnh
tr3.324,92
H
Nitp
trong
khu
vc
km, nm c hai bn b sng Hng, nhng
trung
ch
yu bn
pha Bc
hu ngn.
2.1.2.
iu kin a hnh, a cht, thu vn
2.1.2.1.
a hnh
a hnh H Ni thp dn theo hng t Bc xung Nam v

t Ty sang ng vi cao trung bnh t 5 n 20 mt so vi
mc nc bin. Nh ph sa bi p, ba phn t din tch t nhin
ca H Ni l ng bng, nm hu ngn sng , hai bn sng
Hng v chi lu cc con sng khc. Phn din tch i ni phn ln
thuc cc huyn Sc Sn, Ba V, Quc Oai, M c, vi cc nh
nh Ba V cao 1.281 m, Gia D 707 m, Chn Chim 462 m, Thanh
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GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
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Lanh 427 m, Thin Tr 378 m... Khu vc ni thnh c mt s g i
thp, nh g ng a, ni Nng.
2.1.2.2.
a cht
iu kin a cht khu vc H ni c nhng c im :

Vng Bc sng Hng, c cu to do phc h a tng ngun gc
AIII2VP gm : cui, si, ct, ct pha, st pha v st. Min Nam
sng Hng v Gia lm cu to t ngun gc AIVTB gm : ct, ct
pha, st pha v st.
- ng t : H ni nm trong phm vi nh hng ca i sinh
ng vi Mma=6,2+0,3 richter vi chn 1-20km Imax=8
(theo thang MSK-64)
- Hin tng st mt t do khai thc nc ngm : t nm
1968=1991 on 64 lin on 2 a cht thu vn o c
t 1 ln/1nm v ma kh, kt qu :
+ Vng ln mnh pha Nam thnh ph : H Linh m>20mm/nm
+ Vng H ng, H nh, Vn in, Cu bu, Cu mi, ng t Vng,
Php Vn trung bnh 10-20mm/nm
+ Cn li t 0-10mm/nm
+ Vng ven sng Hng khng c hin tng ln.
2.1.2.3.
Thu vn
Thnh ph H Ni nm cnh sng Hng v sng , hai con

sng ln ca min Bc. Sng Hng di 1.183 km, bt ngun t
Vn Nam, Trung Quc, chy vo H Ni huyn Ba V v ra khi
thnh ph khu vc huyn Ph Xuyn tip gip Hng Yn. on
sng Hng chy qua H Ni di 163 km, chim khong mt phn
ba chiu di ca con sng ny trn t Vit Nam. Sng l ranh
gii gia H Ni vi Ph Th, hp lu vi dng sng Hng pha Bc
thnh ph, khu vc huyn Ba V. Ngoi hai con sng ln k trn,
qua a phn H Ni cn nhiu con sng khc nh sng y, sng
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GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
95
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ung, sng Cu, sng C L... Nhiu con sng nh cng chy
trong khu vc ni , nh sng T Lch, sng Kim Ngu... tr thnh
nhng ng tiu thot nc thi ca thnh ph.
Do s pht trin th qu mnh m trong hai thp nin
1990 v 2000, phn ln cc sng h H Ni hin nay u ri vo
tnh trng nhim nghim trng. Sng T Lch, trc tiu thot nc
thi chnh ca thnh ph, hng ngy phi tip nhn khong
150.000 m. Tng t, sng Kim Ngu nhn khong 125.000 m mt
ngy. Sng L v sng St trung bnh mi ngy cng vo
sng Kim Ngu khong 110.000 m. c bit, lng nc thi sinh hot
v cng nghip ny u c hm lng ha cht c hi cao. Cc
sng mng ni v ngoi thnh, ngoi vai tr tiu thot nc cn phi
nhn thm mt phn rc thi ca ngi dn v cht thi cng
nghip. Nhng lng ngh th cng cng gp phn vo gy nn
tnh trng nhim ny.
2.1.3.
c im kh hu
Kh hu H Ni tiu biu cho vng Bc B vi c im
ca kh hu nhit i gi ma m, ma h nng, ma nhiu v ma

ng lnh, t ma. Thuc vng nhit i, thnh ph quanh nm
tip nhn lng bc x Mt Tri rt di do v c nhit cao. V
do tc ng ca bin, H Ni c m v lng ma kh ln, trung
bnh 114 ngy ma mt nm. Mt c im r nt ca kh hu
H Ni l s thay i v khc bit ca hai ma nng, lnh. Ma
nng ko di t thng 5 ti thng 9, km theo ma nhiu, nhit
trung bnh 29,2 C. T thng 11 ti thng 3 nm sau l kh hu
ca ma ng vi nhit trung bnh 15,2 C. Cng vi hai thi k
chuyn tip vo thng 4 v thng 10, thnh ph c bn ma
xun, h, thu v ng. ( Bng 2.1- tr 70)
Bng 2.1: Thng s kh hu H Ni theo thng
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Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
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Nhit trung bnh (oC)
I
12,
II
14,
III
16,
IV
21,
V
26,
VI
27,
VII
27,
VIII
27,
IX
26,
X
22,
XI
18,
XII
15,
2
20,
2
20,
6
22,
2
23,
2
28,
5
30,
3
31,
2
29,
3
28,
3
26,
8
22,
5
20,
2
8
8
0
0
0
0
8
8
5
Kh hu H Ni c c im d thng, l hin tng
nm xy ra vo cui thng 1 n u thng 4. Nhit trung

bnh thng vo khong 20oC v m tng i ln, ln ti 95
100% gy ra tnh trng ng sng, m t trn b mt cng
trnh, c bit l b mt trong ca tng v sn mi gy cm
gic khng thoi mi cho c th. Trn nh cao tng c gi nn b
mt ngoi c gim ng sng nhng bn trong cn h, li cu
thang v cc khu vc k thut khng c thng thong s rt m t.
iu ny khng ch nh hng n cuc sng ca ngi dn m
cn tc ng xu n h thng k thut to nh nh lm xy ho
dy dn i ngm, lm hoen r cc vt liu bng kim loi.
Ma nng ko di t thng 4 n thng 10 vi ch
nhit bc x ln v ng u. Nhit trung bnh thng vo
cui ma h ln ti 28,8- 31,7oC. Mt vi nm tr li y do nh hng ca qu trnh nng dn ln ca Tri t lm nhit
trung bnh ma nng tng 2-3oC, thng nng nht c nhit
trung bnh trn 32oC. m khng kh t 80-85%. m cao
lm cho m hi kh bc hi, to nhit cng vi nhit cao to
nn iu kin kh hu oi bc, gy kh chu cho c th con ngi.
Ma lnh ko di t thng 11 n thng 1 nm sau, c km
theo ma. Nhit trung bnh thng t 13,7 18oC. m trung
bnh tng i cao ( 80%, c khi ln ti 85-90%). Ma ng lnh do
nh hng ca gi ma ng Bc thi t Xibri qua lc a Trung
___________________________________________________________________
GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
97
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Quc n Vit Nam, kt hp vi ma nn m cao lm tng tn
tht nhit ca con ngi. Mc d nhit trung bnh trong ma
ng l 16oC nhng vn c cm gic rt but. ( Bng 2.2 tr 71)
Bng 2.2: m trung bnh (%)
Trung bnh
Thng ln
Thng nh
Thng nng
Thng lnh
nht
nht
nht
nht
83
100
80
83
80
Lng ma c nm cao ( 1680 mm), lng ma ph bin t 1500
2500 mm/nm. Ma ma trng vi ma nng, lng ma khng nhng
tp trung theo ma m cn tp trung theo tng trn ma ln.( Bng
2.3- tr 71)
Bng 2.3: Lng ma trung bnh (mm)
I
1
55
II
III
IV
V
1
10
50
75
80 125 175 260
Nng nhiu l c
VI
VII
100 150
400 550
im ni
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
70
10
10
0
0
700 350 140 165 70
bt ca kh hu vng nhit
i. Yu t nng c nhiu nh hng ti cng trnh kin trc. Cc

cn h trn tng cao khng c cy ci v cc cng trnh kin
trc ln cn che chn nn phi chu nh hng rt mnh ca nh
sng mt tri. Bc x mt tri l nhn t chnh chiu sng v
lm nng cc cng trnh kin trc. Tc ng ca mt tri l yu
t c bn dn n s khc nhau gia kin trc vng nhit i v
cc vng kh hu khc.
Bu tri thng b my che ph, lm cho s gi nng c
nm ch chim 20% (1500-1800 gi/ nm). Cc thng ma ng v
ma Xun c s gi nng trong ngy l: 1,5- 2,5 gi. ( Bng 2.4tr 72)
Bng 2.4: Tng lng bc x ( Cal/cm2/ngy)
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
236 230 222 309 469 445 446 407 405 373 281 317
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
98
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H Ni, Mt tri c dng ch tuyn. Hai ln Mt tri i
qua thin nh vo ngy 26-V v 19-VII, cch nhau 53 ngy. Hai
cc i ca BXMT gn nh nhp lm mt v gn ngy H ch 21VI, mt cc tiu trong khong thng I III, gn ngy ng ch 22
XII, to ra mt ma nng v mt ma lnh trong nm.
Tc gi trung bnh trong nm khng qu 2,4 m/s. Vo
ma h tc gi trung bnh t ti 2,8 m/s. Hng gi ch o vo
ma h l hng Nam- ng Nam, hng gi ch o vo ma ng l
hng Bc- ng Bc.
Gi l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng tc ng trc
tip n nh cao tng nh trao i khng kh gia bn trong v
bn ngoi nh. V ma ng c gi lnh cng nh hng rt ln n
cuc sng con ngi trn tng cao.
T nhn xt trn ta thy rng H Ni, trong vic chn hng
nh ni chung nn chn hng ng Nam, hng c th n gi mt
vo ma h v khng phi che gi lnh vo ma ng. Ca n gi
hng ny c th m rng tn dng gi mt trong cc thng
11,12,1,2,3,4 ban ngy v trong cc thng 3,4,10,11,12 ban m,
ng thi c th ng kn mc thch hp trnh gi
nng trong cc thng 5,6,7,8,9,10 ban ngy v trong cc thng
5,6,7,8,9 ban m.
Tuy nhin chng ta mi ch xt n ch gi bnh thng,
cha xt n khi c gi bo, trn nh cao tng gi bo l rt nguy
him do vn tc gi ln. Cc cn bo nhit i H Ni thng din
ra bt u t cui thng 4 v kt thc vo thng 9.
Nhn chung khu vc ng bng Bc B c kh hu khc
nghit, hay chu tc ng ca bo lt nn trong t chc khng
gian nh cn lu tn dng iu kin c li v hn ch tc ng
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
99
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bt li ca thi tit sao cho cuc sng ca con ngi t c tin
nghi ti a.
2.2. nh hng pht trin kinh t - x hi
2.2.1. Kinh t v tim nng tng trng kinh t H Ni
H Ni l trung tm u no v chnh tr, v vn ho v
khoa hc k thut, ng thi l trung tm ln v kinh t v l
mt trung tm giao dch quc t ca c nc, do vy H Ni c
vai tr to ln thc y s pht trin kinh t ca vng ng bng
sng Hng v c vng pha Bc.
Sau mt thi gian di ca thi k bao cp, t u thp nin
1990, kinh t H Ni bt u ghi nhn nhng bc tin mnh m.
Nm 2007, GDP bnh qun u ngi ca H Ni ln ti 31,8 triu
ng, trong khi con s ca c Vit Nam l 13,4 triu. H Ni l
mt trong nhng a phng nhn c u t trc tip t nc
ngoi nhiu nht, vi 1.681,2 triu USD v 290 d n.
D kin tng trng kinh t quc gia giai on 15 nm ti s
duy tr 7% mi nm. Mc tng trng kinh t ca t nc c vai tr
rt quan trng trong vic y mnh qu trnh hin i ho,
th ho. Tc th ho nc ta ang din ra mnh m, c
bit l cc th ln nh H Ni. Nn kinh t pht trin m bo
cho con ngi c mt cuc sng tt hn, nhu cu v n, , sinh
hot tng ln dn n nhu cu v nh v mt mi trng sng
tin nghi cng tng ln. Vi c s kinh t nh nc ta hin nay, hon
ton c iu kin pht trin cc khu th v nh cao
tng theo hng sinh thi. y l xu hng kin trc cn c bit
quan tm trong giai on hin nay, khi m cc khu th mi
ang trong giai oan mi pht trin.
Mt kh khn i vi vic pht trin cc khu th v nh
sinh thi, l vic u t ban u cho mt th sinh thi tn
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
100
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km hn t 10-15% gi thnh, thm ch hn, so vi mt th
thng thng. Nhng trn thc t, sau khi thu hi vn, vic p
dng cc kin trc xanh s gip nh u t thu li cao hn thng
qua vic tit kim cc loi ti nguyn, nng lng... y ch l tr
ngi trc mt m nu khc phc c, ta s thu li c nhiu ci li
v sau.
Kh nng ku gi vn u t ca cc d n khu th mi do
c ch v cc chnh sch u t ca nh nc quy nh. Hin nay
c rt nhiu cc nh u t trong v ngoi nc ang u t pht
trin th Vit Nam c hiu qu nh: Nh u t i Loan ti
khu th mi Ph M Hng (Thnh ph H Ch Minh), nh u t
Indonexia ti khu th mi Siputra ( H Ni) v cc Tng cng ty
ln ca Vit Nam. Cc nh u t c nhiu chin lc kinh doanh v
c nhiu mc, phng thc xy dng ngi dn la chn: bn
nh tr gp, ch u t t b vn kinh doanh, hp tc kinh doanh,
Kt qu l c nhiu sn phm nh v cc dch v phc v nhu
cu khc nhau ca cc tng lp nhn dn.
2.2.2. Xu hng pht trin x hi
2.2.2.1. S bin i v dn s H Ni
Cc thng k trong lch s cho thy dn s H Ni tng
mnh m trong na th k gn y. Vo thi im nm 1954,
khi qun i Vit Minh tip qun H Ni, thnh ph c 53 nghn
dn, trn mt din tch 152 km. n nm 1961, thnh ph c
m rng, din tch ln ti 584 km, dn s 91.000 ngi. Nm
1978, Quc hi quyt nh m rng th ln th hai vi din
tch t t nhin 2.136 km, dn s 2,5 triu ngi. Ti nm 1991,
a gii H Ni tip tc thay i, ch cn 924 km, nhng dn s
vn mc hn 2 triu ngi. Trong sut thp nin 1990, cng vic
cc khu vc ngoi dn c th ha, dn s H Ni tng u
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
101
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n, t con s 2.672.122 ngi vo nm 1999. Sau t m rng
a gii gn y nht vo thng 8 nm 2008, thnh ph H Ni
c 6,233 triu dn v nm trong 17 th c din tch ln nht
th gii. Theo kt qu cuc iu tra dn s ngy 1 thng 4 nm
2009, dn s H Ni l 6.448.837 ngi.
Mt dn s H Ni hin nay, cng nh trc khi m rng
a gii hnh chnh, khng ng u gia cc qun ni v
khu vc ngoi thnh. Trn ton thnh ph, mt dn c trung
bnh 1.979 ngi/km nhng ti qun ng a, mt ln ti 35.341
ngi/km. Trong khi , nhng huyn nh ngoi thnh nh Sc
Sn, Ba V, M c, mt khng ti 1.000 ngi/km. S khc
bit gia ni thnh v ngoi thnh cn th hin mc sng,
iu kin y t, gio dc... V c cu dn s, theo s liu 1
thng 4 nm 1999, c dn H Ni v H Ty khi ch yu l ngi Kinh, chim t l 99,1%. Cc dn tc khc nh Dao, Mng, Ty
chim 0,9%. Theo s liu ca cuc iu tra dn s ngy nm
2009, ton thnh ph H Ni c 2.632.087 c dn thnh th, tng
ng 41,1%, v 3.816.750 c dn nng thn, tng ng 58,1%.
L do kinh t v on t gia nh l nguyn nhn chnh
ca dng di dn ti th H Ni. Khi di chuyn n H Ni, ngi di dn c nhu cu rt ln v nh n nh ch lu di.
y l mt trong nhng p lc i hi thnh ph phi pht trin
nh cao tng, c th m bo ch cho ngi dn.
2.2.2.2. S bin i v cu trc gia nh
i tng phc v nh chnh l gia nh, chnh v vy
cu trc nh cn c tho mn tt nht cc yu cu a dng,
phong ph v cc kiu loi gia nh khc nhau. Nm bt c
nhng vn ny, chng ta mi c th d kin c cc din tch
khng gian bung phng, d kin c mi quan h gia cc loi
___________________________________________________________________
GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
102
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hot ng trong gia nh . c bit cn thit khi thit k
chung c v mng ny khng c ng ch tng lai r rng vi n
t hng c th cho cc kin trc s.
C cu gia nh ngy nay thay i nhiu so vi trc
y. Nu nh trc y, mt gia nh tam i ng ng c 3
th h chung sng, s ngi trng mt gia nh phai n hn 6
ngi, th ngy nay li ph bin gia nh ch c 2 th h ( cha
m v con ci), mi gia nh ch c 2 con nn mt gia nh
ch c khong 4 ngi. Li sng v nhu cu ca con ngi hin i
cng khc xa v ngy cng tng ln, iu ny i hi cc nh
thit k v ch u t phi nghin cu mu cn h chung c ph hp
vi cuc sng v con ngi hin i.
2.2.2.3. S bin i v cu trc ngh nghip
Khi thit k, ngi kin trc s cn quan tm bo m chc
nng nh tng ng vi c im ngh nghip ca tng ch h
gia nh.
Kt qu nghin cu mu bn qun ni thnh H Ni ( 1980
1985) cho thy c cu cc h gia nh theo ngh nghip x hi
nh sau:
a)
Nhm
gia
nh
thun
cng
nhn
4,8%
b)
Nhm
gia
Nhm
gia
nh
thun
vin
chc
tr
thc
quc
doanh
5,8%
c)
nh
thun
15,7%
d)
Nhm
gia
nh
hn
hp
19,7%
e)
Nhm
gia
nh
ngoi
quc
doanh(
th
dn)
22,6%
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
103
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f) Nhm gia nh hn hp quc doanh v ngoi quc doanh
4,6%
g)
Nhm
gia
nh
hu
tr,
gi
3%
h)
Nhm
gia
nh
khc
khuyt)
3,7%
Cc phn nhm ny phn nh tnh trng chung v phn b
ngh nghip. V li khng c s phn bit r rt gia cc nhm
trn, chng hn, nhng ngi v hu c th l nhng ngi bun bn
... v i khi c s chuyn dch t nhm ny sang nhm khc.
c im c cu lao ng l mt trong cc nguyn nhn
xc nh nhu cu v pht trin nh cao tng ni ring v
cc loi nh ca th ni chung. Theo cc phn tch v dn
s v lao ng th tng lp ngi c thu nhp n nh chim
khong 60% tng s lao ng x hi - y chnh l tng lp
dn c c nhu cu ph hp vi nh cao tng. Nh vy nhu cu v
nh cao tng chim khong 60% tng s cc nhu cu v nh
ca H Ni trong giai on hin nay. ( Bng 2.5- tr 76)
Bng 2.5: Tng gi tr ti sn ca cc h gia nh mc
sng khc nhau
Nhm
Rt giu
Giu
Tng gi tr ti sn ca h
Trn 1.5 t ng
T 500 triu ng n 1.5 t
Bnh thng
ng
100 triu ng n 500 triu
194
46,97
Ngho
ng
T 40 triu ng n 100 triu
105
25,42
ng
Di 40 triu ng
60
14,54
100
Rt ngho
Tng cng
413
S h
%
5
1,21
49
11,86
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
104
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(Ngun :Hi Xy Dng Vit nam)
2.3. C s vn ho- truyn thng
2.3.1. Thi quen c tr ca ngi dn H Ni
Mc d l th ca mt quc gia ngho, thu nhp bnh
qun u ngi thp, nhng H Ni li l mt trong nhng thnh
ph t nht th gii v gi bt ng sn khng thua km
cc quc gia giu c. iu ny khin nhng c dn H Ni,
c bit tng lp c thu nhp thp, phi sng trong iu kin
cht chi, thiu tin nghi. Theo con s nm 2003, 30% dn s H
Ni sng di mc 3 mt vung mt ngi. nhng khu ph trung
tm, tnh trng cn bi t hn rt nhiu. Nh nc cng khng
kh nng h tr cho ngi dn. Ch khong 30% cn b,
cng nhn, vin chc c phn phi nh .
Do truyn thng vn ha v nhng kh khn v ch , hin
tng 3, 4 th h cng sng chung trong mt ngi nh rt ph bin
H Ni. Mi nm, thnh ph xy dng mi hng triu mt vung
nh, nhng gi vn mc qu cao so vi phn ln ngi dn. Gn nh
100% cc gia nh tr H Ni cha c nh , phi sng ghp
chung hoc thu nh tm. Vi gi t 500 triu ti 1,5 t ng
mt cn h chung c, mt ngi dn c thu nhp trung bnh ch c
th mua c sau nhiu nm tch ly ti chnh. Bn cnh nhng
khu chung c mi mc thm ngy cng nhiu, vn cn nhng b
phn dn c phi sng trong nhng iu kin ht sc lc hu. Ti
bi An Dng, di t gia sng Hng thuc a phn Yn Ph, T
Lin, Phc X, hng trm gia nh sng trong nhng ngi nh lp
mi tre xy t nhiu nm trc, khng c in, khng c trng hc
v khng c chm sc v y t.
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
105
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S bng n dn s cng hu qu ca dng dch c t nng
thn ra thnh th buc cc thnh ph phi m rng v pht trin
theo chiu cao. a s ngi dn thch tng cao yn tnh thng
thong, c tm nhn p v khng b hn ch tm mt. Tuy
nhin, sng trn nh chung c cao tng to ra cm gic mt cn
bng v tm sinh l cho ngi s dng. Trn cc tng cao, con ngi
phi sng xa cy xanh, mt nc, xa thin nhin gn gi qun
thuc. Cy xanh ngoi tc dng tt v tm l, thm m, cnh
quan, n cn l l phi t nhin, gip iu ho kh hu, khng
th thiu trong cuc sng con ngi.
C nhng ngi tuy thch cao nhng do yu bng va, s
nhn xung cao nn phi nh thp tng. Nhng ngi sng
trn cao u ni rng mi u c lo ngi nhng ri cng quen v
thy bnh thng. Nhn chung phn ln u mong mun cn nh
c mt gc thin nhin t chc cy xanh, tip cn vi bu tri
v khng kh ti mt nhng vn an ton.
Trn cao cng c nhiu bt tin cn khc phc, l tha
gi. Tc gi qu ln lm cho sinh hot trong phng bt tin.
n ng ph khi trn ln cao, khng b cn s b gi tt vo nh.
Ngoi ra, nhng vn trong nh cao tng nh thng my, ch
rc, ch xe, ni giao tip cng ng v c s qun l
trong nh chung c cng rt cn c quan tm.
2.3.2. c im vn ho, li sng ngi H Ni
H Ni thng c xem nh ni tp trung nhng tinh hoa vn
ha ca min Bc v ca c Vit Nam. Khi ngi dn t x v
nh c ti H Ni, cc phong tc tp qun m h mang theo cng
dn thay i, to nn nt vn ha ca H Ni.
Nhng gi tr vn ha ca H Ni c th hin cc cng
trnh kin trc nh n, cha, khu ph c... Nt p ca ngi H
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
106
___________________________________________________________________
Ni chnh l np sng thanh lch, n cha trit l sng ca ngi
Vit bit cao gi tr tinh thn hn cc gi tr vt cht, thch
quan tm nhiu n ci ngha, ci hng, ci v ca cuc sng
hn l chy theo s lng, chy theo nhng gi tr vt cht thc
dng.
Trong giai on hin nay, H Ni ang pht trin thi k
lch s mi, thi k c ch th trng. S gia tng dn s c hc
lm bin ng dn c v H Ni tr thnh ni c tr ca nhiu c
dn n t mi min t nc. Nhng ngi dn s mang v
H Ni nt vn ha ca a phng mnh. Lm phong ph thm
i sng vn ha ca th . Mc d c th sng H Ni nhiu
i nhng ngi dn th vn gi c mi quan h vi qu gc
nng thn v th m dng vn ha dn gian, nt sinh hot v
phong tc tp qun lng qu vn tip tc c duy tr trong i
sng tinh thn ca ngi dn thnh th. Cho d ang trong qu
trnh th ha t, H Ni vn gi c nt c trng ring v
vn ha, li sng. Xt v nhng c dim chung, H Ni c
nhng c im vn ha, truyn thng sau:
- Tnh ngha lng xm: Tc l nhu cu giao tip cng
ng hng ngy theo tinh thn hng xm ti la tt n c
nhau.
- Sng hi ha, gn gi vi thin nhin: D sinh sng th
rt cht hp nhng ngi H Ni vn c thi quen trngg cy cnh,
trng hoa trong nh hoc ngoi ban cng. Lun mun gn gi vi
thin nhin, a thin nhin vo nh.
- Cc tn ngng v vn ha dn gian: hu ht ngi dn c
phong tc th cng t tin, th Pht, th thn Th a. Thn
bp, Thn ti lc ti cc khng gian hng ngy. y l khng
gian linh thing v thng c t ni sang trng trong nh.
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
107
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- Truyn thng o l gia nh: Th hin mi quan h
gia ng b, cha m, con ci trong gia nh trn tinh thn hiu
l. Mi quan h truyn thng o l gn kt cc thnh vin
trong gia nh, to thnh mt t m lun bit yu thng chm
sc ln nhau. y chnh l l do khin cc gia nh thng c
nhiu th h chung sng vi nhau trong mt mi nh.
2.3.3. Nhng quan nim v thm m v bn vng trong
kin trc truyn thng
Khi ni v bn sc kin trc dn tc Vit Nam, nhiu ngi
cho rng phi c mi ngi, mi cong, hay nhng cng trnh kin
trc nh xinh mi l kin trc truyn thng Vit Nam. ( Hnh 2.2tr 79)
Hnh 2.2. nh lng trong kin trc truyn thng Vit Nam
Ging nh mi ni trn th gii, kin trc truyn thng VN
bt ngun t iu kin thin nhin, kh hu, (nhit i, m t, gi
ma, gn bin), lao ng (nng nghip), phong tc, tp qun, vn
ho (la nc ng), tn ngng (Pht gio, Nho gio), trn c s ca
mt nn kinh t (ngho), khoa hc cng ngh (th cng, lc hu)
c con ngi vn dng kho lo, thng minh, sng to, c o
v c nhiu ngi, nhiu th h bt chc, noi theo. Trong hai
___________________________________________________________________
GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
108
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yu t quyt nh phong cch kin trc l kh hu, thin nhin
v cng ngh xy dng.
Nhng c im ca kh hu nhit i gi ma Vit
Nam c phn nh r rt trong Kin trc truyn thng Vit Nam,
nht l nh nng thn, c th chia thnh 3 hng chnh:
-
Ph hp/ thch ng kh hu trong iu kin k thut, cng

ngh lc hu, th s.
Xut pht t lao ng, vn ho, phong tc, tp qun, tn

gio, np sng.
- Sng to theo thm m ng.

y chnh l nhng t tng kin trc bn vng t tha s
khai c ng cha ta ng dng trong xy dng nh dn gian,
m cho n nay, chng ta vn rt cn phi hc tp v ng dng
trong thit k kin trc nh .
2.4. nh hng Quy hoch chung thnh ph H Ni n nm 2030
v tm nhn n nm 2050 ( Hnh 2.3- tr 80)
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
109
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Hnh 2.3. Bn quy hoch chung th H Ni n nm

2030 v tm nhn n 2050
2.4.1. D bo dn s
Nm 2030, dn s ton thnh ph c khong 9,4 triu ngi
(trong thnh th khong 6,4 triu ngi, Nng thn khong 3
triu ngi, t l th ha 68,8%). Phn b dn c th ht
nhn khong 4,41triu ngi (Trong : cc qun ni c pha
Nam sng Hng khong 1,69 triu ngi; khu pht trin mi c
pha Bc v Nam khong 2,72 triu ngi); 5 th v tinh
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
110
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khong 1,77 triu ngi; Cc th sinh thi v cc th trn hin
hu khong 0,26 triu ngi.[2]
2.4.2. D bo s dng t
Tng qu t xy dng c thnh th v nng thn
khong 125.500ha, ch tiu: 130-135 m2/ngi, chim xp x
37,5% tng din tch t t nhin. Trong t xy dng
thnh th khong 92.000ha, ch tiu: 125-130m2/ngi, chim
27,5% so t t nhin ton thnh ph. t xy dng nng thn
khong 33.500 ha, ch tiu 135-140m2/ngi.
Phn b chi tit t xy dng th ti cc khu vc:
th ht nhn c din tch khong 40.000 ha; ch tiu: 90 m2/ngi, trong khu vc cc qun ni thnh (Nam sng Hng) c din
tch khong 9.000 ha; ch tiu: 50-52 m2/ngi. Khu vc pht trin
mi din tch khong 31.000 ha; ch tiu: 110-115 m2/ngi, trong
5 th v tinh din tch khong 32.000 ha; ch tiu: 180
m2/ngi; Cc th sinh thi v cc th trn hin hu din tch
khong 3.900 ha; ch tiu: 135-140 m2/ngi.[2]
2.4.3. nh hng pht trin khng gian
Cu trc th H Ni c xy dng da trn cc yu t
pht trin bn vng l s kt ni mng a cc, a trung tm,
a tng bc. C th l:
(1) Pht trin Th H Ni gm th ht nhn v 5 th
v tinh.
th ht nhn l trung tm chnh tr, vn ha, lch s,
dch v, y t, o to cht lng cao ca c nc, khu vc ni thnh
Thnh ph H Ni, c dn s khong 4 - 4,5 triu ngi, c m
rng t th li lch s v pha Ty n tuyn ng Vnh
ai IV, v pha Bc sng Hng Khu vc M Linh, ng Anh, Gia
Lm theo nh hng ca Quy hoch 1998. Trong : Thnh ph
___________________________________________________________________
GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn
111
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li lch s c kim sot bo tn nghim ngt cc di sn di sn
vn ha Thng Long c v li sng truyn thng ca ngi H Ni,
dn s ti a l 0,8 triu ngi, khng ch kim sot mt v
tng cao xy dng. Xy dng Chui th nm dc ng vnh
ai IV an Phng Hoi c H ng Thng Tn ni y s
xy dng cc cng trnh c mt cao, u tin v cnh quan
cy xanh mt nc. Chui th ny s m ly th li lch s,
c vng m ngn cch bi hnh lang xanh dc sng Nhu v
tip nhn nhiu n t trn 750 d n ang r sot, cp nht.
Khu vc Gia Lm, Long Bin pht trin dch v cht lng
cao nh thng mi, ti chnh, ngn hng, th trng chng khon,
o to ngh, y t chuyn suv h tr cc ngnh cng nghip
dc QL5. ng Anh pht trin thng mi giao dch quc t, cng
nghip k thut cao, du lch sinh thi, trng quay gn vi bo tn
di tch C Loa v m Vn Tr, TT th thao thnh ph H Ni
(ASIAD). M Linh khu l khu th dch v v cng nghip sch,
a ngnh, k thut cao kt ni vi sn bay Ni Bi, pht trin
trung tm trin lm EXPOR, hi ch hoa kt hp trung tm khoa
hc cng ngh chuyn ngnh hoa v cy.
Hnh thnh 5 th v tinh l Ha Lc, Sn ty, Xun
Mai, Ph Xuyn Ph Minh v Sc Sn c dn s t xp x t 21
vn n 75 vn ngi/1 th. Mi th v tinh s c mt hoc
nhiu nhn t chnh to cng n vic lm v c chc nng
c th ring h tr, chia s vi th trung tm v nh ,
o to cht lng cao, cng nghip, dch v
(2) Hnh thnh hnh lang xanh dc sng y, sng Tch, sng C
L nhm phn tch kim sot ngng pht trin ca th ht
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nhn v cc th v tinh. Hnh lang xanh chim 68% tng
din tch t t nhin, c chc nng bo v nhng khu vc t
nhin quan trng nh h thng sng h, vng ni Ba V, Hng
Tch, Sc Sn; bo v vng nng thn, nng nghip nng sut
cao, cc lng xm, lng ngh truyn thng, cc di tch vn ho v
kim sot l lt.
Trong khu vc hnh lang xanh, xy dng ng cnh quan
Bc-Nam v 3 th sinh thi mt thp l Phc Th, Quc
Oai, Chc Sn (quy m dn s ti a 5 vn ngi/ th) ti giao
ct ca 3 tuyn chnh QL6, ng Lng-Ha Lc v QL32. Duy tr
cc th trn hin hu nh Phng, Ty ng, Phc Th, Lin Quan,
Kim Bi, Vn nh, i Ngha, Thng Tn v hnh thnh mi
mt s th t. Cc th sinh thi v cc th trn, th t c
nhim v cung cp cc dch v cng cng hn hp cho khu vc
nng thn.
Thit lp vnh ai xanh dc theo sng Nhu kt ni cc
khng gian m v h thng cng vin th to vng m v l
khng gian cch bit gia th li lch s vi phn m rng mi
ca th ht nhn trn tuyn vnh ai IV trnh vic pht trin
theo vt du loang. Vnh ai xanh dc sng Nhu s gim ti a
mt xy dng, tin ti khng pht trin dn c th ch c
cc cng trnh cng cng sinh thi cy xanh v mt nc.
(3) Pht trin mng li giao thng hin i, nng cp v b sung
mi h thng ng quc l, ng vnh ai, ng cnh quan v
h thng giao thng cng cng ln kt ni thun tin th
ht nhn, th v tinh v ton b khu vc khc trong v ngoi
thnh ph H Ni.
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(4) Xy dng tuyn ng trc Thng Long kt ni gia Ba v vi
trung tm Ba nh Lch s. Ngoi chc nng v giao thng, y
cng l trc khng gian vn ha kt ni vn ha Thng Long v
vn ha X oi. Trn tuyn trc s xy dng mi cng trnh vn
ha, lch s v gii tr ca c nc v H Ni. Trung tm hnh
chnh quc gia d kin s t ti khu vc Ba V Ha Lc, gn
vi trc Thng Long.[2]
2.5. nh hng pht trin nh H Ni n nm 2030 v tm
nhn n nm 2050
2.5.1. nh hng pht trin nh H Ni n nm 2030
( Hnh 2.4- tr 85)
Giai on n nm 2030, nh th phn u tng t
7,5 m2/ngi (nm 2007), ln 18m2 sn/ngi (ch tiu chung ca
quc gia l 15 20 m2/ngi) v nh nng thn t 15m2
sn/ngi. Dn dn t th li lch s ti cc khu th mi
hoc th v tinh vi cc tiu chun nh t tiu chun quc
gia v a dng v loi hnh p ng nhu cu ca nhiu i tng
s dng trong x hi. i vi khu ph c, khng pht trin nh
mi, tp trung ci thin cht lng , bo tn gi tr kin trc nh ,
khng gian truyn thng. i vi cc khu ph c, hn ch pht
trin nh mi, tp trung vo ci to qu nh hin c, bo tn
kin trc nh c gi tr (cc bit th c). i vi cc khu tp th
c, quy hoch ci to khng lm tng thm quy m dn s, b
sung, hon thin cc chc nng cng cng v h tng k thut. i
vi nh nng thn truyn thng, pht trin nh hi ha vi bo
tn kin trc nh truyn thng, ci thin cht lng mi trng .
Ngh nh 71-2001/N-CP ca chnh ph nu r nhiu
chnh sch u i cho hot ng u t xy dng cc khu chung c
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cao tng. Trong tng khu vc khng gian kin trc th, nh
cao tng s c xy dng theo cc d n:
- Cc d n pht trin cc khu th mi: t dnh xy dng
nh phi m bo c cu 60% xy dng nh cao tng.
- Cc d n ci to khu c: Xy dng xen cy nh cao tng nh
cao tng vo cc khu nh nhiu tng c nh: Thnh Cng,
Ging V, Kim Lin, thay th nh nhiu tng qu c nt.
Mt xy dng, s tng theo hng quy hoch chung Thnh Ph
H Ni n nm 2030 v tnh n nm 2050.
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Hnh 2.4. Phn vng cc khu th mi H Ni

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2.5.2. Nhu cu pht trin nh ca ngi dn H Ni
Gn mt thp k sau chnh sch i mi nm 1986, s
khuyn khch kinh t theo xu hng th trng thc y H Ni
pht trin vt bc vo u nhng nm 1990. Cng vi s pht trin
ca nn kinh t theo xu hng th trng ca t nc, s bng n
cc hot ng thng mi v dch v gp phn to nn nhng nhu
cu mi v nh th.
Cc khu th mi trong thi k ny c xy dng gii
quyt nhu cu nh ca ng o ngi dn th trong thi
k thnh ph H Ni pht trin vt bc sau i mi. Ngoi vic
quan tm u t xy dng cc cng trnh phc v sinh hot hng
ngy trong cc khu th mi, nh nc cn quan tm ti vic xy
dng cc cng trnh thng mi dch v cao cp khc nh: Khch
sn, trung tm thng mi, tr s c quan. Cc khu th a
dng v th loi nh (nh lin k, bit th, chung c...) v ng
b h tng k thut, h tng x hi p ng c phn ln cc
yu cu v , sinh hot v ngh ngi ca ngi dn th.
Trong , khu cht lng cao l loi hnh ph bin
p ng nhu cu vn minh hin i ca ngi dn thnh ph,
khu cht lng trung bnh ch yu p ng nhu cu cho thnh
phn cn b cng nhn vin chc nh nc, tiu thng...cn khu
cht lng thp l nhng khu th mi vi quy m nh phc
v mc ch di dn gii phng mt bng phc v cc cng
trnh v d n trng im ca thnh ph.
Vn nh hin nay vn l mt vn ht sc bc
xc H Ni. Mc d cc d n nh v ang c xy dng
nhiu, nhng vn cha p ng c ht nhu cu ca i b phn
dn chng, nht l nhng ngi c thu nhp trung bnh v thp.
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Ch c nh chung c cao tng mi c kh nng p ng nhu
cu cho ngi dn th hin nay, trong iu kin t cht
ngi ng. Cc chung c ang c xy dng ngy mt nhiu,
phi quan tm ti mi trng sinh thi t by gi, c th to ra
mi mi trng bn vng cho cc th h mai sau.
2.5.3. Cc dng nh chung c cao tng thng c s dng
hin nay ( Hnh 2.5- tr 88)
Hnh thc mt bng nh chung c cao tng kh phong ph
v a dng nn c nhiu dng mt bng khc nhau c s dng.
C hai dng ch yu l nh thp (dng im) v nh tm ( dng
tuyn)
2.5.3.1. Nh thp
Kiu nh thp hay kiu nh mt n nguyn c lp hay
cn gi l nh im c p dng rt ph bin cho cc nh chung
c cao tng. L cng trnh vi cc cnh xp x bng nhau, hnh
dng mt bng ca nh thng l hnh vung, hnh ch nht,
hnh trn, hnh elp, hnh sao,[22]
Kiu nh thp c c im cc cn h tp trung quanh
mt nt giao thng ng gm cu thang b v thang my, c
tnh bit lp cao cho cc cn h v cc cn h c tip xc nhiu
vi thin nhin. Tuy nhin kiu nh ny, mt bng cc hng u
ging nhau nn cc hng bt li v thng gi v bc x mt tri,
phi c cc gii php s dng kt cu che nng, x khe thng gi
hp l.
Trong nh thp cao tng, nt giao thng bao gm thang b,
thang my v ng rc thng t trung tm dnh cho cc
cn h tip xc c nhiu vi thin nhin.
2.5.3.2. Nh tm
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Kiu nh ny c p dng nhiu cho cc khu chung c cao
tng v chung c nhiu tng kiu hnh lang gia v hnh lang
bn. L loi nh c hai cnh di ngn khc nhau v c th chn hng trnh bc x mt tri. Nu ti a im xy dng thun
li v hng, khu t pht trin theo chiu di c th p dng loi
nh ny. Cnh di nh quay v hng Bc Nam, cnh ngn quay
v hng ng Ty trnh bc x mt tri.
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Hnh 2.5. Cc dng mt bng nh thp v nh tm

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2.6. Mt s c s thm m
2.6.1. Sc cm th th gic ca cng trnh chung c sinh
thi ( Hnh 2.6, 2.7- tr 90)
V nh l kt cu phn cch khng gian trong v ngoi
nh. Trong nh cao tng sinh thi, v nh ng vai tr rt quan
trng.Khng kh, nh sng, nhit mun xm nhp vo nh phi
i qua v nh. V nh c th lm thin nhin thun li bn ngoi
t do trn vo nh, c th lm gim hoc trit tiu tc dng xu
ca chng, nhng li cng c th lm cho chng tr nn trm trng
hn.
n tng u tin v mt cng trnh kin trc l t v nh.
V nh cng l yu t gy sc cm th th gic ln nht ca mi
cng trnh kin trc. Nu mun a thm vo v nh nhng chi
tit sng to thm m truyn thng dn tc, th phi gn kt
mt cch nhun nhuyn, khng khin cng v c bit khng nn
coi l tiu ch nh gi kin trc truyn thng (ch l sng to
thm m).
Cy xanh c coi nh mt phn ca v nh v l khng
gian chuyn tip ni, ngoi tht. a cy xanh ln mt ng nh,
cy xanh trn ban cng, cy xanh trn mi, cy leo mt tng,
cy xanh vo trong nh khng ch tha mn thm m ng lu
i, m cn ci thin r rt cht lng mi trng vt cht v tinh
thn ca con ngi, l hon tr mt phn nhng g ta ly mt ca
t nhin, l gip ta li ko cc loi chim, bm v sng cnh con ngi.
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Hnh 2.6. Cy xanh l mt phn ca v nh
Hnh 2.7. Ta nh Elephan & Castle London v Tokyo - Nara,

KTS. Ken Yeang
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Nhng vn xanh trn cao, ci thin rt nhiu v kh cng
ca th dy c nhng ta nh, em li s ti vui, du mt
cho cnh quan th
2.6.2. ng gp vo b mt chung ca khu th ( Hnh
2.8- tr 91)
Trong cc th hin nay, c bit l th ln nh H
Ni, hnh nh cc ngi nh cao tng tr nn quen thuc v tr
thnh hnh nh c trng. Nh cao tng l mt b phn ng
k ca kin trc cao tng trong khng gian th, ng gp
ng k vo b mt chung ca th. Xu hng Thnh ph
Compact city ang c ph bin trong quy hoch hin i
khng ch nng cao hiu qu s dng khng gian trung tm ca
th, m cn c tc dng gii phng khng gian mt t cho
cy xanh, mt nc v khng gian trng. Nh cao tng cng tr
nn quan trng trong cc d n pht trin th v u t c hiu
qu.
Cc thnh ph ln ca Vit Nam bc vo th gii kin trc
cao tng mun hn so vi th gii hng trm nm, nhng li c c
hi thng tin nhanh hn, nh cc d n u t v nhng kinh
nghim c c t cc d n u t .
Nh cao tng trong khng gian th, hoc nm trong
tng th ca Quy hoch mt khu th mi, hoc c xy chen
trong mt khu c, nh hnh. Trong c hai trng hp, vic
sp xp v tr v xc nh kiu dng kin trc c nhng ci
thin nht nh, c bit v mt hnh thc, v s to dng
hnh nh th.
Nh cao tng ch yu tp trung 2 kiu hnh thi: Dng
tm, di hoc dng im thp. Do mt s l do, nh im thp
c quan tm nhiu hn. Nhng khi nh vung vc vn cao
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ny c nhng ci tin v mt k thut v cng ngh, nhng
ci tin v mt cng nng v hnh thc, ng gp rt nhiu vo
hnh nh chung ca th.
Kh nng thch ng ca ngi nh i vi mi trng thin
nhin trc ht thng qua v bao che chn bn ngoi. iu ny lin
quan ti gii php kin trc mt ngoi. Cng l kin trc cao tng
nhng t hp mt ng nh kh khn hn vic lm tng t i
vi cc cao c vn phng. Nh thit k theo m hnh sinh kh
hu s c nhiu c hi to ra cc kiu mt ng nh nhng
cnh quan c bit, lm ci thin hnh nh th.
Hnh 2.8. T trn cao cng trnh c thy vi ton mt mu

xanh
2.7. Mt s c s v vt l kin trc, kh hu kin trc
2.7.1. Mi quan h gia con ngi vi kh hu
Kh hu trong nh hay trong phng cn gi l vi kh hu l
do kh hu ngoi nh (bc x mt tri, nhit , m, gi, ma,
) tc ng vo cng trnh kin trc qua kt cu bao che ca n
( mi, tng, ca s, ca i, nn ) to nn. ( Hnh 2.9- tr 92)
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Hnh 2.9. Kh hu ngoi nh v vi kh hu trong phng

Gia c th con ngi vi mi trng vi kh hu trong phng
thng xuyn din ra qu trnh trao i nhit. Trong qu trnh
, lng nhit do cc hot ng sinh l trong c th phi cn
bng vi lng nhit do c th to ra mi trng xung quanh. Cc
qu trnh ho hc xy ra bn trong cc c quan v b my chc
nng sinh l ca c th ngi ch lm vic tt nht trong mt
phm vi nhit kh hp. Nhit ny c duy tr nh mt h
thng iu ho nhit t ng trong c th con ngi, nhim v
ca n l to nn s cn bng khi nhit xung quanh thay i.
Khi nhit qu chnh lch so vi phm vi tt nht ( tng hoc
gim) con ngi s cm thy kh chu. Nhit bnh thng ca
c th con ngi l 37oC. Khi lm vic nng nhc hoc tp luyn
nhit tng cao hn. Khi c th mt mi s lm cho nhit
gim i. H thng iu ho thn nhit trong c th lun phi
hot ng rt mnh gi cho nhit c th con ngi c
nh khi nhit bn ngoi thay i. Hiu qu ca h thng
iu ho ny l to ra s cn bng nhit, ngha l vn tc to
nhit v vn tc mt nhit phi bng nhau. S cn bng nhit l
ct li ca s sng hay cn gi l tin nghi nhit. (Hnh 2.10- tr
94)
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Cc qu trnh chuyn ho ca c th xy ra lin tc, cng
ca n ph thuc mc nng nhc ca cng vic hay ngh
ngi, tui tc, gii tnh, v cc c im sinh l ring. Khi hot
ng chuyn ho, c th lun sn sinh ra mt lng nhit gi l lng nhit sinh l, k hiu l M.
20% nng lng nhit c th sinh ra dng co c bp, cc
hot ng chung ca con ngi ( k hiu qlv), 80% phi thi ra
ngoi.
Lng nhit trao i bng i lu khi khng kh tip xc vi

mt da ngi
( q), ph thuc vo nhit khng kh,
nhit mt da ngi v vn tc gi trong phng.

q = 8,87v(35 tk)
kCal/h
(2.1)
Lng nhit trao i bng bc x gia b mt da ngi vi cc

b mt trong phng ( qb), ph thuc nhit cc b
mt phng, nhit mt da ngi v v tr ca ngi trong
khng gian phng. Khi ngi ng gia phng c th xc
nh theo cng thc:
qb = 2,16(35 tb)
kCal/h
(2.2)
Lng nhit trao i bng dn nhit ( qtx ) khi cc b phn

c th tip xc trc tip vi cc kt cu nh ca.
Nhit mt tri ( + qmt): Khi c BXMT trc tip chiu vo ngi, con ngi phi nhn thm mt lng nhit tng ng vi cng
BXMT, ph thuc c im qun o v din tch nng
chiu.
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S bay hi nc ( - qmh): khi c cm gic nng, c ch m hi

ca c th s hot ng v tit ra m hi trn mt da. Lng
m hi bay hi s mang theo mt lng nhit, ph thuc ch
yu vo m v vn tc gi trong phng.
q mh = 29,1.v0.8( 42 e )
kCal/h
(2.3)
Khi ht th, chng ta c th nhn thm hoc mt i mt lng nhit, ph thuc chnh lch gia nhit khng
kh vi nhit c th v lng khng kh ht th trong 1
gi.[11]
M = q qb qtx + qmt - qmh qth qlv q
(2.4)
q lng nhit tha thiu ca con ngi, lin quan n cm gic
nhit ca con ngi.
Hnh 2.10. S trao i nhit gia c th vi mi trng

Con ngi bng nhng hot ng sinh hot hng ngy ca
mnh c tc ng tr li i vi thin nhin. Vic s dng nng lng khng hp l sinh ra nhiu nhit tha, cht thi gy
nhim, tc ng n kh hu v mi trng. Ngoi ch bc
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x, hon lu kh quyn v a hnh cn c yu t bin i sinh
thi m c tc ng ca con ngi l:
- Mt xy dng qu ln lm gim din tch cy xanh, mt nc, cc din tch t nhin.
- Khai thc cn kit ngun ti nguyn thin nhin lm mt cn
bng sinh thi.
- Khai thc v s dng nng lng cha hp l to ra nhiu nhit tha,
cht thi gy nhim, lm bin i mi trng vi kh hu khu
vc, gp phn nh hng n i kh hu.
Cc tc ng theo chiu hng bt li phi chu s phn
hi t thin nhin. l nhng thay i v kh hu trong nhng
nm gn y, bo lt, thin tai v khng hong nng lng. Hin tng tri t nng dn ln, nhit khng kh tng ln 4-5oC lm
bng 2 cc tan ra, nc bin dng. L lt, cc cn bo xy ra
khp ni trn th gii. Sng thn, ng t gy thit hi ln v
con ngi v ti sn. y chnh l hi chung cnh tnh cho con
ngi. Nu chng ta cn tip tc tn ph thin nhin, th s nhn li
nhng hu qu v cng thm khc t thin nhin.
2.7.2. nh hng ca kh hu, bc x mt tri, gi ti kin
trc v con ngi
Mi quan h gia con ngi kin trc kh hu l mi quan
h a chiu m y, ch th l con ngi. Con ngi lun
nghin cu tm ra cc gii php ti u nht, nhm nng cao cht lng cuc sng. Con ngi lun tc ng ti mi trng trong qu
trnh sinh hot, sn xut, lm mi trng t nhin b thay i,
dn ti s thay i kh hu v s thay i tc ng tr li
chnh bn thn con ngi. gii quyt mu thun trn con ngi
phi tm ra nhiu bin php ci to mi trng, to ra cho
mnh v bc vng chc chng li tc ng xu ca kh hu
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v mi trng. Cng trnh kin trc do con ngi to ra nhm em
li cho con ngi mi trng tin nghi nht. ( Hnh 2.11- tr 95)
Hnh 2.11. Mi quan h Con ngi Kin trc Kh hu

Trc y, cc cng trnh kin trc nh ch mang tnh
cht bao che, mt xy dng khng cao, nn chng ta khng
cm thy s thay i ln v kh hu. Ngy nay, nhiu cng
trnh cao tng mc ln, din tch b mt cng trnh ln, lm
cho lng bc x mt tri ln kt cu nh cao tng rt ln. Bc x
mt tri chnh l yu t lm tng hay gim nhit khng kh
ngoi tri v c b mt chu bc x. H Ni v ma h nh nng
mt tri rt gay gt, nht l thi im t 10h n 15h hng
ngy. Lng nhit do bc x mt tri hp th trong kt cu truyn
vo nh l rt ln. Lng nhit ny ph thuc vo cng bc x
mt tri trn mt phng kt cu bao che v kh nng hp th
nhit ca kt cu bao che. y l mt yu t quan trng b
tr cc to nh trong quy hoch tng mt bng.
Gi l yu t kh hu quan trng nht khi thit k kin trc
nh cao tng. Vn tc gi do cc i kh tng cung cp c o
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ng nh hn trn cao. Trn b mt g gh t l tng vn tc theo
chiu cao nhanh hn trn cc b mt bng phng nh mt nc.
Vn tc gi cao x(m) c xc nh theo cng thc:[11]
Vx = Vr(x/r)k
(2.5)
Trong : Vx: vn tc gi trung bnh cao x
Vr: vn tc gi trung bnh cao r bit
k: h s ca hm m, c xc nh nh sau:
0,16 i vi khu t trng tri
0,28 i vi vng cy xanh
0.4 i vi vng th
Trn nh cao tng gi thi mnh c tc dng lm tng kh
nng trao i nhit ca kt cu v c th con ngi vi mi trng,
ng thi lu thng khi lng khng kh ln, cung cp khng kh ti cho vi kh hu trong phng, cn h. Tc gi qu cao s lm
cho con ngi mt cm gic tin nghi, kh chu, i khi pht ra
m thanh do s cng hng m ti cc hp m l cc lgia v ban
cng trn b mt cng trnh.
Vy, c th ni vai tr ca thng gi t nhin, l:
- Thng gi xy ra khi s dch chuyn ca khng kh nh tc dng
ca cc lc thin nhin gi l thng gi t nhin.
- Thng gi tng cng s thi nhit ca c th trc tip bng i
lu v bc hi m hi, h thp nhit khng kh trong nh v
nhit b mt cc kt cu. Nh iu kin tin nghi vi kh
hu s c ci thin, to c cm gic mt m trong ma nng.
- Thng gi c tc dng thay i khng kh b nhim bng
khng kh ti mt ca thin nhin.
- Trong thng gi t nhin, chng ta quan tm c bit n
thng gi xuyn phng l hnh thc thng gi cho php khng
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kh dch chuyn theo phng ngang v trc tip xuyn qua
phng.
2.7.3. Kh nng thch ng kh hu v s dng cc ngun
nng lng t nhin
2.7.3.1. Kh nng thch ng kh hu
iu kin t nhin, kh hu, mi trng l yu t khch quan
tc ng n nh chung c cao tng. Cuc sng ngy cng nng
cao, nhu cu v mt mi trng sng tin nghi v an ton ngy
cng ln. iu i hi cc nh thit k v ch u t khi thit
k nh chung c cao tng, phi c bit quan tm n cc yu
t t nhin, mi trng, kh hu a ra cc gii php hp l, to
ra cc cng trnh bn vng lu di vi thi gian.
Vit Nam l mt t nc nhit i, nng lng si m
khng ng k, nhng nng lng lm mt li kh ln. Nu ngi
thit k khng xem xt n kha cnh kh hu a phng, m
dp khun phong cch kin trc u, M vo thit k nh cao
tng Vit Nam s l khng ph hp, ch to ra nhng ci hp kn
v hn ch khng th to ra mt mi trng tht s cn thit cho
con ngi. Khi thit k, KTS cn nm r v a l ca mi khu
vc. Vit Nam nm v 8,5 23o Bc.
Tu theo tng mt bng c th, chng ta c th t chc cc
phng chc nng sao cho ph hp vi tin nghi vi kh hu. ( Bng
2.6- tr 97)
Bng 2.6: Bng nh gi mc yu cu tin nghi kh
hu i vi cc phng chc nng ca cn h
TT
Phng chc
nng
Chiu
sng
Cc yu cu tin nghi
Thng
Che
Chng
gi
nng
nng
Chng
n
lnh
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1
Tin
phng-
hnh lang
Phng khchPhng sinh hot
3
4
5
6
7
8
chung
Phng ng
Phng n
Bp
Phng v sinh
Ban cng lgia
Phng lm vic
(*) Mc cao
*
*
*
+
*
*
*
+
*
*
+
-
*
+
+
+
*
+
+
-
*
*
*
(+) Mc trung bnh
*
*
(-) Mc thp ( c
th khng cn)
Khi thit k kin trc v quy hoch, ta phi quan tm n
iu kin t nhin v kh hu a phng ngay t giai on
u, c nh vy mi c th thit k c cc cng trnh ph hp vi
iu kin khu vc, to ra cc khu th sinh thi bn vng.
Nhng yu cu v thit k ph hp vi kh hu cn c hn nhng
quy nh c th, nhng vn bn php quy chnh thc, cc
nh thit k v ch u t tun th v lm theo.
2.7.3.2. Kh nng s dng cc ngun nng lng t nhin
Vit Nam l nc c ngun ti nguyn ti to sch kh di do,
c kh nng thay th cc ngun nng lng ha thch, gim thiu
tc
ng
ti
mi
trng.
Mi nm Vit Nam c khong 2.000-2.500 gi nng vi mc chiu

nng trung bnh khong 150kCal/cm2, tng ng vi tim nng
khong 43,9 triu tn du qui i/nm. Trong khi nng lng
gi cng kh hp dn, c th t cng sut pht in khong
800-1.400 kwh/m2/nm trn t lin, t 500-1.000 kwh/m2/nm
ti cc khu vc b bin, Ty Nguyn v pha Nam v di 500
kwh/m2/nm cc khu vc khc. Nng lng sinh khi qui i cng
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vo khong 43-46 triu tn du trong 60% n t cc ph
phm g v 4% n t ph phm nng nghip.
Ring vng ng bng sng Hng, ni vn b hn ch v
ngun nng lng gi v nng lng Mt tri bi yu t kh hu th
cc nghin cu cho thy nng lng a nhit li tng i n tng.
Theo tnh ton ca cc nh khoa hc, ch ring s dng bm a
nhit dng cho iu ha khng kh H Ni cng s tit kim c khong 800 t ng/nm v mt kinh t v hn th na l
gim mc pht thi CO2 mc tng ng vi 252.000 tn do s
dng kh thin nhin.
2.8. Mt vi Xu hng pht trin c trng ca kin trc sinh thi

2.8.1.
Kin trc thch ng kh hu

Hng pht trin u tin ca Kin trc sinh thi l Kin
trc thch ng kh hu. l kin trc tn dng ti a

iu kin kh hu thun li, hn ch cc iu kin kh hu bt li
ca mt a phng, do to c mt mi trng kh hu tt
nht, c li nht cho cc hot ng v sc kho ca con ngi. V
vy cng c th gi n l kin trc sinh kh hu hay n gin l
kin trc kh hu .
Ngun nng lng ca t nhin l v cng to ln, vt xa bt c
mt ngun nng lng nhn to khng l no. Thch ng kh hu
l li dng nhiu nht ngun nng lng t nhin ny, em li
sc kho, tin nghi cao nht cho con ngi m xm hi t nht
n mi trng t nhin. Thng gi t nhin, nh sng t nhin, s
dng nng lng mt tri, nhit trong lng t, h nc, cy
xanh, cnh quan, mi trng t nhinl i tng ca kin trc
sinh kh hu. Khu nh Habita 67 (Montreal, Canada , KTS. Modie
Shase) li dng kh hu trong lnh bn b sng, c tm nhn p
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sang thnh ph, tuy l chung c nhng mi nh u c tip xc
nhiu nht vi thin nhin, c sn trng cy, ngm cnh.
( Hnh 2.12- tr 99)
Hnh 2.12. Khu nh Habita 67, Montreal, Canada

Tin thm mt bc na, l kin trc kim sot kh hu,
ngha l khng ch li dng, m cn phi ci to kh hu bt li,
tr thnh thun li phc v con ngi. KTS Norman Foster cho
rng:kim sot kh hu l hon ton c th thc hin c; cc
vng cc c th c nhit i ho, v vng sa mc s c mt m.
Kin trc thch ng kh hu i hi mt phng php tip
cn mi i vi kh hu a im, gi l "tip cn sinh kh hu,
xem xt kh hu theo tn sut xut hin trong nh hng ca n
ti tin nghi nhit ca con ngi, nh c th xut cc chin
lc v gii php thit k p ng tt nht.
2.8.2.
Kin trc c hiu qu v nng lng
Hng pht trin th hai ca Kin trc sinh thi l Kin trc
c hiu qu v nng lng, l kin trc nhm s dng t nht
nng lng nhn to, s dng nhiu nht nng lng t nhin, nng lng ti to, nng lng sinh hc, trong qu trnh xy dng, c
bit trong vn hnh di lu cng trnh.
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Nn kinh t ton cu ngy nay nhn thc c mt cch
r rt v vai tr ca nng lng nh l mt him ha, mt mt l do
cng ngy cng khan him v can kit ngun khai thc, mt khc
l do nh hng to ln ca n n mi trng khu vc v ton cu.
V vy kin trc bo tn cc ngun nng lng, v mt tng lai
bn vng ang tr nn ngy cng cp bch i vi tt c cc nh
thit k trn th gii (Ken Yeang).
Hin nay ch s nng lng in tiu th (tnh cho 1 m2 sn,
hoc cho 1 u ngi hng nm) c coi l mt ch tiu quan
trng nh gi tnh hp l v thit k sinh thi ca cng trnh
xy dng.
Ken Yeang cho bit, trong tui th 50 nm ca mt nh
chc tri thng nghip in hnh, chi ph nng lng chim
khong 34% tng chi ph. Nng lng tiu th trong cc nh vn
phng hin nay khong 150 250 kW.h/ m2. Cc cng trnh mi
thit k c hiu qu nng lng, nng lng tiu th gim bt khong
40%, ch cn 105 kW.h/ m2/ nm, v 65 W/m2 .
Trong tng chi ph nng lng tiu th ca mt to nh th
nng lng ca giai on vn hnh l ln nht. Nhng mun gim c
nng lng ny cn phi quan tm c thit k sinh kh hu v c
khu qun l cng trnh.
2.8.3.
Kin trc k tha v pht trin nhng tinh hoa
ca kin trc truyn thng

Hng pht trin th ba ca Kin trc sinh thi l khai thc,
cht lc s dng nhng tinh hoa ca kin trc truyn
thng dn tc bn a. Bt c ni u, trong qu trnh
nhiu ngn nm u tranh vi thin nhin, con ngi cng sng to
v tch lu nhng gii php thng minh, c o v hiu qu
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thch ng vi kh hu v c im ca a phng. Chng ta
trn trng nhng hin su, mi ua rng nhng khng gian
na kn na h -, sn trong, ging tri, nhng rm, lip, tng
hoa thong h, nhng dn cy leo, nhng chui sau, cau trc
c bit thch hp vi x nhit i m m ng cha ta truyn li.
Tp on Nikken Sekkei Nht Bn c bit coi trng khai thc
hng nghin cu ny trong mt trm nm pht trin Kin trc bn
vng ca mnh.
2.9. Mt s c s php l thit k nh chung c cao tng sinh thi
trong cc khu th mi
Hin nay Vit Nam cha c cc ti liu chnh thc v cc
tiu chun thit k quy nh cho nh chung c sinh thi. Hu ht
cc tiu chun trong h thng TCVN ch cp s b cc yu
cu thit k sinh kh hu cho cc hng mc v b phn ca ngi
nh.
2.9.1. Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam TCXDVN 323: 2004
v tiu chun thit k nh cao tng.
Tiu chun ny p dng thit k nh cn h c chiu cao t
9 tng n 40 tng.
- Thit k nh cao tng phi m bo an ton, bn vng,
thch dng, m quan, ph hp vi iu kin kh hu, t nhin v
nhu cu s dng ca cng ng.
- Thit k cn h trong nh cao tng phi m bo cc iu
kin v an ninh, chng n, tm nhn cnh quan v v sinh mi
trng ng thi m bo tnh c lp, khp kn, tin nghi v
an ton s dng.
- Kt cu tng bao che bn ngoi nh phi m bo an ton,
chng thm, cch nhit v chng n.[3]
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2.9.2. Quy chun xy dng QCXDVN 09:2005, cc cng
trnh xy dng s dng nng lng c hiu qu.
- Quy chun quy nh nhng yu cu k thut ti thiu bt buc
phi tun th s dng nng lng c hiu qu khi thit k xy
dng mi hoc ci to cc cng trnh thng mi, cc c quan
nghin cu, tr s hnh chnh Nh nc, chung c cao tng v cc
khch sn ln v.v.. c s dng iu ho khng kh, cc thit b s
dng nhiu nng lng.
- Quy chun ny c ban hnh nhm gim thiu lng ph nng lng s dng trong cc cng trnh xy dng, nng cao iu kin
tin nghi nhit, tin nghi th gic cng nh nng cao nng sut
lao ng cho nhng ngi sng v lm vic trong cc cng trnh
. [5]
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Chng 3: gii php thit k kin trc sinh thi nh chung

c cao tng trong cc khu th mi h ni
3.1. nhng nguyn tc v yu cu chung thit k kin trc sinh
thi nh chung c cao tng trong cc khu th mi h ni.
3.1.1. Nhng nguyn tc trong thit k ( Hnh 3.1- tr 103)
Hnh 3.1. Nhng nguyn tc thit k Kin trc sinh thi

+ Cc gii php quy hoch kin trc phi cng sinh vi mi trng
t nhin, ph hp vi iu kin kh hu a phng;
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+ Thit k phi c kh nng s dng cc vt liu tun hon, ti
sinh;
+ Gii php thit k phi to c mi trng bn trong lnh mnh,
d chu, m bo v sinh, an ton, sc kho cho ngi ;
+ Thit k phi ho nhp vi mi trng nhn vn ca lch s v
khu vc, k tha nhng tinh hoa kin trc truyn thng bn a;
+ Thit k phi ng dng cc k thut mi tit kim nng lng.
3.1.2. Yu cu chung ( Hnh 3.2- tr 104)
Hnh 3.2. Yu cu chung thit k Kin trc sinh thi

Gii php thit k Kin trc sinh thi nh chung c cao tng
trong cc khu th mi H Ni l vn dng nhng nguyn tc
thit k ca kin trc sinh thi, ng dng vo thit k nh chung
c, nhm mc ch to ra cc cng trnh nh ph hp vi iu
kin kh hu a phng, to ra mi trng tin nghi cho con ngi, gim thiu tc ng xu ti mi trng xung quanh, tiu tn t
nng lng, v a nhiu cy xanh mt nc vo bn trong cng
trnh. Yu cu c th l:
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- Quy hoch tng th m bo thng thong t nhin.
- Che nng, gim bc x mt tri, chng nng vo ma h.
- Chng gi lnh vo ma ng, chng ma tt, gi la.
- Thng gi t nhin v chiu sng t nhin, to mi trng vi kh
hu tt, tin nghi cho con ngi.
- Cng trnh thn thin, gn gi vi thin nhin, a cy xanh
mt nc vo trong cng trnh.
- Chng bi, n t ng ph hiu qu.
- Chng m t v ru mc.
- Hn ch nh hng n mi trng xung quanh.
- S dng cc ngun nng lng sch v c th ti sinh, tit kim
nng lng v t ai.
- Cc cng trnh khng nh hng ln nhau.
Nu cng trnh thit k tho mn c cc yu cu trn, s
to c mi trng thc s tin nghi v ph hp vi iu kin kh
hu nhit i H Ni.
3.1. Gii php quy hoch cc khu chung c cao tng

3.2.1. Quy hoch tng mt bng
Cc yu t ca mi trng t nhin nh h thng sng, h,
thm thc vt c tc ng nh hng tch cc n cht lng ca
gi khi thi n khng gian ca khu th ni chung v khng
gian khu ni ring, y l yu t cn bn trong vic nng cao
cht lng ca mi trng khng kh trong khu . Trong thit k khu
th cn ch trng gi gn, pht trin nng cao gi tr ca cc
yu t c trng ca mi trng sinh thi t nhin, trong v tr
ca cc yu t ny nn b tr u hng gi khi thi n khu
th hoc khng gian cc khu v b tr trong lng cc khu
vi phm vi bn knh nh hng c nghin cu hp l.
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Khi quy hoch tng mt bng khu th phi coi trng s
hiu bit c tnh a phng, tnh khu vc i vi a im
thit k, tip tc ngn ngun vn ho ca a phng ni thit
k.
S sp xp cng trnh kin trc hi ho v ph hp trong
tng th quy hoch, nu bit tn dng ti a cc yu t c li v
gim thiu cc ri ro ca mi trng thin nhin trong cnh quan
bao quanh c th to nn gii php Kin trc sinh thi di gc
quy hoch tng th. Nh c th c ci thin cht lng nh vo
cc gii php t chc quy hoch tng mt bng.
Khi thit k quy hoch tng mt bng cc khu th mi
theo hng sinh thi, cn gii quyt c cc vn nh sau:
- Quy hoch phi mang tnh chin lc pht trin lu di. p ng
c s pht trin v mt kinh t, x hi ca th trong mi
quan h tng th v quy hoch vng v quy hoch lnh th.
- Quy hoch cc khu th mi to thnh nhng hnh lang, nhng
ng ph v cc khng gian m a gi mt t cng vin, cy
xanh, mt nc vo trong tng khu v cng trnh.
- Tn dng hng gi ch o ca H Ni cng nh vng ng bng
Bc B l hng Nam v ng Nam. Khi b tr cng trnh nn t
cnh di ca cng trnh theo hng Bc Nam n gi mt v
trnh bc x mt tri rt mnh theo hng ng Ty.
- n gi nhiu nht v c gi thi trong cc khu nh th h
thng ng giao thng ( hnh lang dn gi) v trc di ca nh
nn t theo hng gi tt. ( Hnh 3.3- tr 107)
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- B tr v tr cc to nh hp l, v tr gia cc to nh cao tng
c th lm nh hng ln nhau trong mi quan h vi thin nhin
(cn hng gi, cn tm nhn, phn bc x nhit...).
- Khong cch gia cc to nh trong quy hoch khng qu tn
dng khng gian mt bng, phi lu ti chiu cao gia chng
khng gy hiu qu c ch gia cc khi nh cao tng.
- Mt s mt mi ca cc to nh nhiu tng v thp tng c
th tr thnh cc khng gian xanh, to nn mt h sinh thi t
nhin tng trung gian. iu s khng ch ci to iu kin
kh hu ca khu vc m cn to nn nhng im nhn c li cho
nhng ngi tng cao, y khng gian xanh ti gn hn cc cn
h trn cao. ( Hnh 3.4- tr 107)
Hnh 3.3. Quy hoch mng li ng v hng thch hp H thng

ng giao thng v cnh di nh t theo hng gi tt.
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Hnh 3.4. Mt mi nh thp tng v nhiu tng tr thnh khng

gian xanh
3.1.2. B cc cc cng trnh trong khu ( Hnh 3.5- tr 109)

Nghin cu b cc cc cng trnh trong tng th phi cn
c vo cc yu cu m bo cho tt c cc cng trnh trong khu
vc tip nhn c cc ngun nng lng sch t t nhin nh gi,
khng kh trong lnh, nh sng, tm nhn cnh quan, v.v
B cc cc khi nh chung c cao tng trong mt khu nh
phi m bo nguyn tc sau:
- Quy hoch khu nh theo quy lut nh thp t u hng gi
ch o, nh cao t cui hng gi ch o. Hng gi ch o
H Ni l hng Nam v ng Nam.
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- Trong mt tng th cm nh , cc nh cao tng nn c b tr:
song song, so le, git cp. u tin cc dng nh c mt bng hnh
ch nht, ch T hoc mt bng hnh sao.
- Phi bo m mt xy dng khng vt qu 40% v h s
s dng t khng vt qu 5,0 khi thit k nh cao tng trong
cc khu th mi. ( Theo TCXDVN 323:2004)
- B cc nh cao tng phi m bo gii quyt tt mi quan h
gia vic xy dng hin ti v d kin pht trin tng lai, gia
cng trnh xy dng kin c vi cng trnh xy dng tm thi.
- Tu thuc vo t chc quy hoch khng gian kin trc, chiu
cao cng trnh v chiu rng ca l gii, khong li ti thiu ca
nh cao tng khng c nh hn 6m. ( Theo TCXDVN
323:2004)
- Khi nghin cu b tr cc cng trnh kin trc chung c cao tng
trong khu th mi, nn nghin cu b cc tng th cc cng
trnh theo nhm c dng hnh ch U, V, L, v.v... Vi cc dng b
cc ny, s c hiu qu tc ng nh hng lm thay i hng gi,
qua to c trng gi v tc gi thun li khi thi n b
mt n gi ca cc cng trnh.
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Hnh 3.5. B cc cc cng trnh trong khu

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3.2.3. Chn hng nh ( Hnh 3.7- tr 112)
Vic nghin cu hnh khi v phng hng a l ti u ca
cng trnh cn c xem xt kt hp gia hai yu t chnh, l
yu t tc ng ca cng bc x Mt tri i vi cc b mt
cu trc ca cng trnh v yu t khai thc nng lng chuyn
ng ca gi lm mt cc b mt bn ngoi cng nh a
khng kh sch t mi trng vo cc khng gian bn trong ca
cng trnh kin trc.
Khi chn hng nh phi quan tm n quy lut chuyn
ng biu kin ca Mt tri. Hng bt li v bc x mt tri trn
ton lnh th Vit Nam l hng ng Ty. c bit hng Ty v
Ty Bc l hng xu nht do c th nhn nhiu bc x mt tri
vo ma nng nht trong nm ( thng V-VII min Bc) v vo gi
c nhit cao nht trong ngy ( 15h).
Hng ca nh chung c cao tng l hng c nhiu nht cc
ca s m ra t cc phng , khng nht thit phi l hng ca li
vo chnh.
Khi chn hng nh chung c, m bo sinh thi phi theo
nguyn tc:
- Chn hng gi tt nht ( hng Nam v ng Nam H Ni)
- Mt chnh ca cc to nh khng b tr vung gc vi hng gi
ch o, m nn to vi hng gi ch o mt gc t 30 45o
n gi nhiu nht.
- Chn hng nh chnh theo hng Bc Nam trnh bc x mt
tri ln b mt nh l nhiu nht, cnh di nh khng quay v hng ng Ty.
- T hp cng trnh cn m v hng Nam hoc ng Nam.
3.2.4.
Xc nh khong cch gia cc nh ( Hnh 3.7- tr
112)
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Theo TCXDVN 323:2004 khong cch gia cc mt nh i
din ca hai nh cao tng khng c nh hn 25m.
Khong cch gia cc to nh v hnh dng cng trnh nh
hng trc tip n vng lng gi. Khi thit k quy hoch phi
nh gi c nh hng ca phng n n trng gi trong khu
vc xy dng, bi v n quyt nh hiu qu thng gi trong
mi cng trnh.
Khi b tr khong cch gia cc nh chung c phi m bo
nguyn tc:
- Phi gim nh kch thc vng lng gi pha sau cng trnh,
a nhanh trng gi trong khu vc xy dng tr v trng thi
t do m vn m bo mt xy dng v khng lng ph
t ai, bng cch b tr khong cch v hnh dng hp l
cc cng trnh n gi. ( Hnh 3.6- tr 111)
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Hnh 3.6. Hnh dng cng trnh n gi nh hng n
vng lng gi
- S dng thng gi xuyn phng gim khong cch gia

cc nh, m bo nh pha sau cng c thng gi tt ( B=
2-2,5 H, trong B l khong cch gia 2 dy nh). ( Theo
kt qu nghin cu ca PGS.TS Hong Huy Thng)
- Khi hng gi thi lch vi mt chnh cng trnh mt gc 3045o th khong cch gia cc cng trnh B= 1-1,5 H vn
m bo thng thong tt. ( Theo kt qu nghin cu ca
PGS.TS Hong Huy Thng)
- B tr cc nh so le nhau gi c mt xy dng m
vn m bo thng gi tt cho tt c cc nh.
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Hnh 3.7. Chn hng nh v khong cch gia cc nh
3.2.5. T chc kin trc cnh quan trong khu
3.2.5.1. Cy xanh
Ch tiu t dnh cho cy xanh cng vin, khng gian
cng cng vui chi gii tr l 18 m2/ngi phn b u trong ton
khu th bao gm:
- Cy xanh ti cc cng vin, qung trng;
- Cy xanh dc cc trc ng giao thng;
- Cy xanh xen k trong cc khu , qun th kin trc;
- Cy xanh trong cc cng trnh kin trc.
( Hnh 3.8- tr 113)
Hnh 3.8. Cy xanh trong khu th

Bn cnh da vo cnh quan t nhin ca khu t xy
dng khu th mi, c th tn dng iu kin cy xanh sn
c ca khu t.
Cy xanh trng dc theo cc tuyn ph s to ra cc hnh
lang gi mt cho th. Nhng khi cy xanh ln, trng dy
c c th lm thay i hng gi thi, cho php hng lung gi
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mt vo khu vc cc to nh v chn gi lnh vo ma ng i
vi kh hu H Ni.
Khi t hp cng trnh, vic b tr nhng cm cy xanh
tp trung xen k trong cm cng trnh s gip iu ho kh hu
khu vc. Cy xanh trong cc cng vin, qung trng khu th
to thnh nhng l phi xanh ca c khu th, lm khng
kh tr nn mt m trong lnh hn.
Nhit trong cc khu cy xanh c th thp hn nhit
trong khu xy dng t 6 8oC, do tng hp cc tc dng bay
hi, phn x, che nng v tch lu nng lng. Cy xanh trong khu
th c tc dng lm sch bu khng kh, gim tc dng ca
bc x mt tri.
Khi b tr cy xanh trong tng th khu phi m bo
nguyn tc:
- Din tch cy xanh hp l, kh nng iu ha vi kh hu v
lm sch khng kh khu vc. ( Hnh 3.9- tr 114)
- Cy xanh b tr phi m bo gp phn lm p thm cnh
quan th, phi hp hi ha vi mt nc t nhin v nhn to.
( Hnh 3.10- tr 114)
- Din tch cy xanh trong cc cng vin, qung trng phi ln, to
im nhn th, ng thi lm l phi xanh cho khu vc.
( Hnh 3.11- tr 115)
- Cy dc cc tuyn ng giao thng phi l cc cy to, tn l
rng ngn bi v ting n t ng ph nh hng n cc khu
. ( Hnh 3.12- tr 115)
- Trong cc khu , xen k gia cc ta nh phi c din tch ph
hp ginh cho cy xanh. Cy xanh y va c tc dng iu
ha vi kh hu, va to cnh quan cho cc khng gian giao tip
cng ng trong khu . ( Hnh 3.13- tr 115)
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- Cy trong cc cng trnh kin trc phi b tr u trn tng
nh, mi nh v trong cc tng nh, cc cn h. Cy xanh trong
nh phi b tr gip iu ha vi kh hu, to cnh quan p v
che chn c bc x mt tri chiu vo nh. ( Hnh 3.14- tr 115)
Hnh 3.9. Din tch cy xanh ln Hnh 3.10. Cy xanh

hi ha vi mt nc
Hnh 3.11. Cy xanh trong cng vin, qung trng
Hnh 3.12. Cy dc cc tuyn ng giao thng Hnh 3.13.

Cy xanh trong khu
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Hnh 3.14. Cy xanh trong cng trnh kin trc

3.2.5.2. Mt nc
Bn cnh cy xanh, mt nc l nhn t v cng quan trng
gip iu ho khng kh v lm p cnh quan. Qu trnh bc
hi ca cc b mt nc, h thng thm thc vt s sinh ra nhit
n v hi nc c tc dng lm gim nhit ca khng kh trong
mi trng, ng thi ty theo c im ca h thng thc vt s
c tc dng nng cao cht lng, trong sch ca khng kh do
kh nng dit khun v gi bi, v.v...
Cc mt nc ln c tc dng gim nhit khng kh ma h
t 2-4oC, tng m tng i t 5-12%. Nhit khng kh ven
cc h nc gim 1-1,5oC v vng ven sng gim 4-5oC. Ti cc
th c mt xy dng cao, vn tc gi thp thng nh, khi xut
hin mt nc rng s cho php tng cng vn tc gi tng thp,
ng thi gi sau khi thi qua mt sng h s tr nn mt hn,
iu ny rt tt cho th vng nhit i vn nhit lun cao.
( Hnh 3.18- tr 117)
Khi s dng yu t mt nc ci thin iu kin tin
nghi vi kh hu trong khu th, m bo iu kin sinh
thi cn lu mt s im nh sau:
- Nh chung c cao tng nn b tr gn cc h nc; ( Hnh 3.15- tr
116)
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- Nn b tr mt nc pha u hng gi chnh;
- Mt nc nn kt hp vi khu cy xanh; ( Hnh 3.16- tr 116)
- Tng cng xy dng cc tiu cnh, h nc, b bi trong khu
th, va c tc dng ci to kh hu, va lm p cnh quan
chung. ( Hnh 3.17- tr 117)
Hnh 3.15. Nh chung c cao tng nn b tr gn cc h nc
Hnh 3.16. Mt nc kt hp vi khu cy xanh
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Hnh 3.17. Tng cng xy dng cc tiu cnh, h nc, b bi
trong khu
Hnh 3.18. Hiu qu gim nhit nh mt nc

3.3. Gii php thit k cng trnh chung c cao tng theo nguyn
tc sinh thi
3.3.1. Mt bng cng trnh
C cu chc nng trong nh chung c cao tng bao gm cc
khng gian chnh sau:
-
Khng gian chc nng giao tip: snh chnh vo nh, snh
tng, phng a nng,
Khng gian chc nng dch v cng cng: dch v sa cha

dng gia nh, ch xe, cc dch v cng cng, vn
ho.
Khng gian chc nng qun l hnh chnh: phng qun l

hnh chnh v qun l k thut to nh.
- Khng gian chc nng : cc cn h.

-
Khng gian giao thng: cu thang b, thang my, hnh lang.
Khng gian k thut: cc bung t thit b in, nc, thu

gom rc,
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Mi khng gian c mt chc nng khc nhau v chim mt
phn ca mt bng nh. t hiu qu v kin trc sinh thi
th khng gian c u tin t u hng gi mt. Cc khng
gian ph tr t pha sau, hng bt li, c tc dng che chn cho
khng gian .
Hnh dng mt bng cng trnh c lin quan nhiu n
s nhn bc x mt tri, s mt nhit trong nh v kh nng
thng gi t nhin. iu kin kh hu c nh hng trc tip n
hnh thc cng trnh. T gc nhit hc c th xc nh kch
thc ti u cho mt bng cng trnh trong iu kin kh hu
nhit i nng m c t l 1:3 vi cnh di pha Nam.
V mt bng th hnh thc nh nht l thch hp. S dng
hnh thc hai trung tm phc v l tt nht.
Thng gi t nhin c coi trng v gi l ngun nng lng
mi trng quan trng. S dng bn hoa gi hng ngy chng
ta c th xc nh hnh thc mt bng tng nh v tng ngoi
ca kin trc sao cho c li v phng din thng gi t nhin v
c hiu qu h thp nhit .
Tn dng khong bc ra t gian thang my, ang t mt mi
trng kn mt chuyn sang mt khng gian y nh sng v gi
t nhin ,to cm gic ti ch mnh m.
Gim chiu su mt bng tng nh tn hng nh sng
t nhin ,tit kim nh sng nhn to. Cc b phn phn x nh
sng c th c s dng phn x cc tia sng vo khng gian
ca phng,tuy chng khng th nng cao cht lng nh sng nhng
c th ci thin tnh hnh phn b nh sng cho phng.
Cc gii php t chc mt bng nh chung c cao tng theo
nguyn tc sinh thi bao gm gii php mt bng m v gii php
mt bng b cc theo lp: ( Hnh 3.19- tr 119)
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Hnh 3.19. Gii php mt bng m v b cc theo lp

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3.3.1.1. Gii php mt bng m ( Hnh 3.20- tr 121)
Mt bng m c khng gian chuyn tip hay khng gian
m c chc nng ca mt mng lc hn ch nhng yu t kh
hu c hi nh: bc x mt tri, gi lnh, ma, bo,, tng cng cc
iu kin thun li nh: n gi mt, thng thong t nhin, Mt
bng m to ra hiu qu chng nng lnh, to cho con ngi c kh
nng tip xc vi thin nhin ngay c trn cc tng cao. S dng
mt bng dng m em li nhng tc dng sau:
- a c khng kh sch vo cng trnh
- Tng cng thng thong t nhin
- Chng lnh v ma ng v chng nng v ma h
- Gim bc x mt tri vo nh
- Yu cu k thut n gin v d p dng Vit Nam.
S dng gii php thit k mt bng dng m c th m
bo iu kin sinh thi vi chi ph thp.
Cc gii php thit k mt bng m cho kiu nh
thp:
- Thng gi cho li thang
- X khe ly sng v thng gi t nhin cho cc cn h, khe ly sng
thng vo tn trong li thang.
- B tr cy xanh v to thnh khng gian cng cng ti cc v tr
x khe thng gi.
Cc gii php thit k mt bng m cho kiu nh
tm:
- B tr li thang st tng ngoi, x khe thng thong cho li v
snh thang;
- Cch mt on trng mt phn to khe ly sng v thng
gi;
- To cc khng gian cng cng, vn tri ti v tr khe thng gi.
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Hnh 3.20. Gii php mt bng m cho nh thp v nh tm

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3.3.1.2. Gii php mt bng b cc theo lp ( Hnh 3.21- tr
123)
B cc theo lp l b tr cc khng gian trong v ngoi cng
trnh thnh nhiu lp v mi lp c mt chc nng nhim v khc
nhau, cc khng gian s dng c cng nng gn ging nhau s nm
trn cng mt lp.
Vi nh chung c cao tng c th p dng b cc theo lp
tng tin nghi kh hu, to mi trng tin nghi trong cng trnh.
Cc khng gian ph, khi k thut, thang my, thang b, hnh
lang giao thng b tr v hng Bc. Vic b tr nh vy cn c tc
dng hn ch tc ng c hi ca bn ngoi nh bi, ting n. Vic
b cc theo lp lm cho cng trnh c hng chnh, hng ph, to ra
s sinh ng cho b mt kin trc.
Vic s dng mt bng theo lp em li nhng tc dng
sau:
- To iu kin tin nghi vi kh hu cho cc khng gian chnh.
- Hn ch mt s tc ng c hi ca bn ngoi nh ting n, bi,
bc x mt tri,
- Lm phong ph ngn ng kin trc.
Cc gii php mt bng b cc theo lp cho kiu nh
thp v nh tm:
- To vng m bng ban cng hoc trng cy xanh hng ng Ty.
- Lp ngoi cng trnh b tr cc kt cu che nng, vt liu cch
nhit, cch ly cc cn h vi cc yu t bt li bn ngoi.
- B tr mt lp cy xanh trn mt ngoi cng trnh, to thnh lp
v mu xanh, va iu ha vi kh hu, va lm p din mo
cng trnh.
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Hnh 3.21. Gii php mt bng b cc theo lp cho nh thp v
nh tm
3.3.1.3. Gii php b tr li sinh thi
Gia khi nh cao tng, to mt sn chi rng, to
thnh thng gi t nhin, dn gi, lun chuyn khng kh trong
phng, k c nhng phng khng c li.
Li sinh thi cn gi sn trong giao tip, m vo bu tri c
cy xanh, hoa c, b nc, vi thng thong v chiu sng t nhin
ca nh cao tng . Li sinh thi hot ng nh mt ng ng thng
gi t nhin, dn khng kh t nhin vo phng, c bit cc
phng nm pha khut gi ca cng trnh. Gii php li sinh
thi tr thnh gii php hp l thng gi t nhin trong nh cao
tng vi mt mt bng b tr cht, c .
Vi kh hu Vit Nam, thng gi t nhin c coi l chin lc
thit k sinh kh hu hng u. Trong nhng ngy ng lnh
hoc khi c bo t, cn ng kn mt ngoi trnh gi, th li
sinh thi l khng gian qu gi khng kh trong nh c trao
i vi bn ngoi.
Tuy nhin li sinh thi ch t hiu qu cao khi ngi thit
k c t chc cc khng gian lin thng li vi khng kh bn
ngoi. Gii php thng p dng l b trng tng trt (ton b
hoc mt phn), cho thin nhin trn vo ho trn vi khng gian
bn trong to nh, hoc b trng mt s khng gian cc tng
trn v pha hng gi mt a phng thnh hnh.
Sn trong ca li sinh thi s l ni giao tip, gp g ca
nhng ngi sng v lm vic bn trong to nh, c cho khch ca
h, c th b tr ch n ung, ngh ngi th dn. Giao tip va l
nhu cu, va l tp qun sng ca ngi ng ni chung, Vit
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Nam ni ring. Cc khng gian trng tng trn cng lm cy
xanh mt nc.
( Hnh 3.22- tr 125)
Hnh 3.22. S b tr mt bng cng trnh theo nguyn tc

sinh thi
3.3.2. Mt bng cn h
Phn vng khng gian s dng, mi cn h c 3 b phn
khng gian c bn nht:
- Snh cn h- tin phng: lin h trc tip vi phng khch, kt
hp lm ch m o, giy dp,
- Khng gian sinh hot chung gm phng khch, phng sinh hot
chung, phng n v mt s phng khc nu c khng gian rng .
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- Khng gian ngh ngi gm cc phng ng khng gian tnh .
- Khng gian ph gm cc phng v sinh, bp v cc b phn k
thut, khng gian ph tr.
- Ban cng, lgia: c thit k gn lin vi phng sinh hot chung
v phng ng.
nh gi mc yu cu tin nghi vi kh hu i vi cc
phng chc nng trong cn h, ta c th sp xp theo th t u
tin nh sau:
-
Phng lm vic
Phng ng
Phng khch, sinh hot chung
Phng n
Cc phng ph tr khc: bp, v sinh, tin phng,

Cc phng khch, sinh hot chung, phng n khng gian yu
cu tin nghi cao vo ban ngy. Ti y thng xuyn din ra cc

hot ng sinh hot chung ca cc thnh vin trong gia nh, yu
cu chng nng, chng lnh v thng thong t nhin tt.
Cc phng ng c khng gian yu cu tin nghi ch yu vo
ban m, hot ng trong khng gian ny ch yu l ngh ngi,
cc phng ng khng c yu cu cao v che nng nhng i hi
thng gi t nhin tt.
Cc phng ph tr nh bp, phng v sinh, tin phng i
hi mc tin nghi vi kh hu mc tng i.
Nguyn tc thit k cn h theo kin trc sinh thi :
- L cn h hin i vi quy m din tch, c cu khng gian chc
nng p ng hp l cc yu cu s dng din tch cc khng gian
trong cn h nhit i.
- Cc cn h c thit k phi m bo c tt c cc khng gian
chc nng c tip xc trc tip vi thin nhin hoc thng qua
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lgia, tt c cc khng gian chc nng trong cn h u c kh
nng thng thong, chiu sng.
- Khng gian chnh nh phng sinh hot chung, phng ng... cn u
tin tip xc vi thin nhin v c quay ra mt chnh ca cng
trnh. Cc khng gian ph hn ch b tr ra mt chnh cng
trnh.
- To cc im nhn tt cho cc khng gian chc nng chnh. c
bit nhn khng b nh hng trc ca khng gian cn h ngi nh
bn cnh.
( Hnh 3.23- tr 127)
Hnh 3.23. S b tr mt bng cn h theo nguyn tc sinh

thi
3.3.3. Gii php hnh khi cng trnh
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Hnh khi ph hp nht cho vic thit k nh chung c cao
tng theo hng sinh thi, m bo iu kin tin nghi vi kh hu
trong nh l nh c mt bng hnh ch nht. Do tnh cht
ca nh , trn mt bng c ngn chia thnh cc phng c lp
nn vic t chc thng thong trong nh cho u cc phng l
rt kh. S l khng ph hp khi t chc tin nghi vi kh hu cho
nh chung c cao tng dng thp c bn mt bn hng l nh
nhau. Khi bn mt nh c din tch nh nhau, v din tch b
mt hng bt li tng ln, s phi s dng nhiu gii php ci
thin vi kh hu v che bc x mt tri cho cc cn h hng bt
li.
Kch thc cng trnh ph thuc khu t xy dng cng
trnh, mt xy dng phi ph hp, khng c qu ln
thun tin cho vic t chc quy hoch tng th khu vc.
Cc nguyn tc cn quan tm khi xc nh gii php hnh
dng khi ca cng trnh theo cc nguyn tc ca kin trc sinh
thi, m bo thng thong cho khng gian ca cc cn h:
- Nh nn chn hnh khi l hnh hp ch nht c mt cnh
ngn v mt cnh di, cnh ngn t theo hng bt li b bc x
mt tri nhiu.
- Hnh khi dng 2 khi hnh hp ch nht t song song hoc
so le.
- Hnh khi dng hnh ch L, ch T, hnh sao hoc ghp khi
nhiu n nguyn.
- Cu trc hnh khi v b tr cc khng gian chc nng trong
hnh khi theo phng hng a l n c gi ch o theo cc
ma trong nm, trong u tin thng gi t nhin cho cng trnh
trong ma nng.
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- Chiu dy ca cc khng gian bn trong cng trnh c hai mt
tip cn vi mi trng t nhin, trong c mt mt n c hng gi thi n khng ln hn 17 m, m bo hiu qu thng
gi trc xuyn i qua khng gian bn trong cng trnh kin trc.
- Gii php t hp v b cc hnh khi cng trnh c cc khng
gian m (bn trong khi, trn b mt khi hng n c gi ch
o theo cc ma trong nm) tng kh nng cho yu cu thng
gi t nhin i vi cc cn h cc v tr khng thun li.
- Thit k h thng k thut thng gi t nhin h tr cho cc
khng gian su bn trong hoc v cc hng khng thun li.
- Kt hp gia hiu qu thng gi t nhin do p lc gi v thng
gi t nhin do p lc nhit m bo yu cu thng gi t
nhin cho cc khng gian, trong iu kin vn tc chuyn ng
ca khng kh bn ngoi thi n c tc nh.
3.3.4. Gii php mt ng
3.3.4.1. Kt cu b mt tng ngoi chng nng
Cc b phn bao che bn ngoi nh bao gm tng, mi, h
thng ca s ca i. V nh lc nhit ca Bc x mt tri, gi,
bi v ting n. ng thi n cng quyt nh m quan mt
ng ca to nh.Trong nh cao tng, tng ngoi l b phn
chu tc dng ca Bc x mt tri ln nht. v ca H Ni
th tt c cc hng u phi hng nhiu Bc x mt tri, nhng hng Ty lun lun l bt li nht, lin quan n thi gian nhn Bc
x mt tri nhiu hn vo bui chiu, thi im nng nht ca
mt ngy.
Sau hng nh, vt liu v cu to tng ngoi c vai tr ht
sc quan trng. Nn s dng kt cu b mt tng ngoi ph hp,
thng l kt cu nh, gii to nhit nhanh.
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1.
Tng cch nhit, tng hai lp ( Hnh 3.24, 3.25- tr 129, 130)
Tng cch nhit nh mt lp kt cu v ngoi mng, nh
cch ly vi lp trong ( lp cch nhit) bng mt lp khng kh mng,
c thng thong. Mt ngoi ca n cng c kh nng nhn bc
x mt tri nh v c h s bc x nhit ln chng ngui. Vt
liu ca n c th bng cc ch phm hu c, bng cht do, c
th bng kim loi, vt liu 3D.
Hnh 3.24. Tng cch nhit Tng hai lp

C th s dng gii php tng cch nhit bng mt lp kim
loi t pha ngoi nh trn nhng bn trong c h thng ng dn
nc v cc u van x c b tr u trn b mt tng. Trn h
thng ng ng lp cc van cm ng, hoc bm theo gi, khi
bc x mt tri nung nng tng n mt nhit nht nh
cc van t x nc lm mt b mt tng, gim nhit khng kh
xung quanh. Gii php ny p dng i vi mt tng pha Ty rt
hiu qu v tit kim.
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Hnh 3.25. Hiu qu cch nhit ca tng hai lp

2. Mt tng ngoi, ca s, ca i bng knh
Vic s dng knh cho tng nh trong kh hu Vit Nam tri
ngc vi quan im s dng knh ti cc nc chu u. Ni chung
khng nn qu lm dng knh cho cc tng nh, d l knh mu
(gim c 15 20% Bc x mt tri) hay knh phn quang, u
d dng gy hin tng nh knh nung nng phng. Mt khc,
knh mu c th lm bin i ph nh sng mt tri, gim cht
lng nh sng.
Knh phn quang tuy gim c ng k Bc x mt tri vo
nh (gim bt khong 50 60% bc x) nhng li c th gy
nhim nhit cho cng trnh ln cn v c bit lm nhim
nh sng ng ph, gy lo mt ngi li xe trn ng ph.
Din tch knh trn mt nh khng nn vt qu 20 35%,
tu thuc loi cng trnh.
Trong mi trng hp i vi kh hu H Ni nn thit k kt
cu che nng hiu qu cho ca knh. Khi c th s dng knh
nhiu hn, lm tng nh sng v tm nhn cho ngi trong nh
m khng b nung nng phng. ( Hnh 3.26- tr 131)
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Hnh 3.26. S truyn bc x mt tri vo nh ca cc loi

knh
3.3.4.2. Kt cu che nng v to bng
Che nng l che bc x mt tri trc tip chiu vo nh
qua ca ly nh sng, m bo tin nghi cho con ngi sng
trong nh. ( Hnh 3.27- tr 132)
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To bng l to ra trn cc mt ng ca nh nhng mng
ti, nhm gim cng bc x mt tri tr tip chiu ln tng
nh.
C hai gii php ny u c hiu qu cao v nng lng cho
cng trnh, k c nh m ca thng thong t nhin v nh ng
kn iu ho kh hu nhn to, mt khc to kh nng
chng thm tt do ma c cng cao km gi ln thng xy ra
vng nhit i.
Hnh 3.27. Phm vi cn che nng cho nh H Ni

Kt cu che nng bao gm cc loi c nh, di ng, vt
liu nh, kim loi c nhit dung thp, hp th nhit nhng chm
ta nhit.
C nhiu kiu dng: tm che nng ngang, tm che nng
ng, tm che nng kiu vung, tm l sch, tm che nng c
nh, di ng. Ngoi ra c th che nng bng cy xanh, khng
ch ngn cn nng bc m cn ha hp cng trnh vi thin nhin.
u vit l bn thn cy xanh chu nh hng bc x nhit nhng
khng tng cao nhit , cn cu kin che nng khc bn thn
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n b nung nng v li ta nhit, truyn vo trong nh. ( Hnh
3.28- tr 133)
Bin php thit k cng gp phn che nng hiu qu. Cu
kin, hnh khi li ra, lm vo do t chc mt bng kin trc,
hnh thnh nhng bng rm lm ca. Lgia l bin php hp l
hn ban cng. Nh cao tng xt v nhiu mt khng nn lm
ban cng c th lm Lgia li ra. Quy phm tng 6 tr ln khng
lm ban cng.
cc gii php che nng c hiu qu phi cn c vo biu
mt tri xc nh vng cn che nng. Che nng khng nht
thit ch s dng cc cu to che nng, m c th s dng cc b
phn, cu kin kin trc ln hoc nh ( cc ban cng, lgia, hin,
hc nh, bn cy, dn cy, c nhng phn trng ca tng
nh) nh b tr hnh khi mt bng v khng gian cng trnh
to ra nhng mng sng ti trn mt ng.
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Hnh 3.28. Chn kt cu che nng cho 8 hng H Ni
Cc dng ca kt cu che nng:
-
Kt cu che nng ngang bao gm vng, hnh lang, cc

tm chn nng c nh v cc tm chn nng c th
iu kin c.
Kt cu che nng ng bao gm cc lam ng, tng lgia,

mnh kim loi iu khin c.
Vt liu lm kt cu che nng rt a dng, ngoi b
tng, g nh trc y, cn c kim loi, nha composit v c bng

knh ( knh dn nhiu lp, knh ht nhit v knh phn quang)
khng ch c hiu qu cao v nhit m cn gim v nng n ca
cng trnh.
( Hnh 3.29, 3.30, 3.31- tr 134)
Hnh 3.29. Kt cu che nng to hiu qu thm m cho mt

ng
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Hnh 3.30. Kt cu che nng ngang
Hnh 3.31. Kt cu che nng ng

3.3.5. Gii php mi cng trnh ( Hnh 3.32- tr 136)
Mi nh cao tng l mt chnh th nm chu bc x mt
tri ln nht so vi cc mt tng c v tr s v thi gian. Mi phi
m bo tt hai chc nng l cch nhit v chng thm. Mt s
gii php cch nhit cho mi:
Mi phun nc:
Trn mi t mt s vi phun nc to thnh mt lp sng m
trn mi. Mi ny c cht lng cch nhit tt nht trong nm loi
mi th nghim ( mi c lp vt liu cch nhit, mi c tng khng
kh kn v thng gi, mi c lp nc cha thng xuyn).
Mi phun nc lm t mt mi:
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Mi ny ch phun nc theo chu k nhm lm t mt mi.
Hiu qu cch nhit nh bay hi nc trn b mt mi khng cao
lm.
Mi c tng khng kh lu thng:
Cht lng cch nhit cao, to nhit nhanh, trng lng nh,
gi thnh hp l.
Mi tn v mi tri si:
Mi lp tn cng thuc loi mi c tng khng kh lu thng.
Mi ny c nhc im nhn nhit rt cao. Tuy nhin kh nng
chng them tt, nh, n nh v d thay th.
Mi tri si: Cc khe khng kh gia cc vin si ( thng ding
si ln, ng knh 3-4 cm) lm nhim v lp khng kh thng gi
cch nhit.
Mi c mi ph che nng:
Mi ph c th lp bng tn, hay s dng cc tm pin mt
tri hoc dn cy leo. Mi lp tn m bo tt c chng nng v
chng tm, do lp mi chnh khng phi x l chng nng,
chng them v to dc nn mi s nh nhng v n gin hn.
C th t chc vn cy, thm c trn mi va c gi tr
thm m kin trc, va c li cho mi trng th v vi kh hu
trong nh.
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Hnh 3.32. Cc gii php chng nng cho mi

3.3.6. Mt ct cng trnh ( Hnh 3.33- tr 138)
3.3.6.1. Gii php trng mt phn hay ton b tng 1
Trong cc khu chung c cao tng hin nay, tng 1 thng c
s dng cho thu kinh doanh bn hng, thiu cc khng gian
dnh cho cc hot ng vui chi cho tr em, ngh ngi cho ngi
gi v cc hot ng giao tip x hi. Gii php trng mt
phn hay ton b tng 1 va gii quyt c yu cu to cc khng
gian giao tip cng cng, va iu ho kh hu cho ton b ngi
nh.
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T chc tng mt thng thong,kh c vng gi m sau
nh, mt mt cho gi la vo qua tng mt ht ln theo cc ging
tri to thng gi t nhin cho cc tng, mt khc to s gn gi
tip cn thn thin vi thin nhin ngoi nh.
3.3.6.2. Gii php tng trng cng cng
i vi nhng to nh khng th s dng gii php trng
tng 1, c bit l li thang nm hon ton trong trung tm to
nh, khng thng gi v ly sng t nhin qua cc khe hay cc
thang b c, li thang kn v ti. Gii php tng trng cng cng
c a ra nhm khc phc yu im trn, ng thi, n cn to
ra cc khng gian giao tip cng cng trn cc tng cao ca nh,
vn rt cn thit i vi nh chung c cao tng nhng cha h c
p dng H Ni.
Gii php t chc tng trng cng cng trn nh chung c
cao tng nh sau:
- Khong cch 5-6 tng t mt tng trng, kt hp lm phng
a nng v khng gian cy xanh. Phn trng ny ni vi li thang.
- Cc tng trng t so le trn mt ng to cnh quan v
iu ho kh hu u cho to nh, to nn mt ng vn
chuyn gi theo kiu zch zc ln cc tng.
- Tng trng c th 1 phn hay ton b ph thuc mt bng tng
cng trnh.
- Tng trng m v hng n gi mt v c ca che chn khi c
gi bo.
3.3.6.3. Gii php t chc vng m hng bt li
Gii php ny p dng cho cc cn h hng ng hay hng
Ty, chu nh hng ca bc x mt tri ln. Ti cc mt ny, cc
phng ca cc cn h c lm su vo bn trong so vi tng bin.
Khong m ny thng lm sn c gin cy leo che kn, nu
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din tch rng c th lm thnh vn tri, sn nc lm ni th
gin v iu ho vi kh hu cho cc cn h.
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Hnh 3.33. Gii php mt ct cng trnh

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3.3.7. B tr ni tht trong cc cn h
Vic b tr ni tht trong cn h cn m bo cc yu cu:
- V tr cc khng gian chc nng ph hp vi yu cu tp qun s
dng.
- V tr cc khng gian chc nng p ng cc yu cu khc nhau
trong vic hn ch hoc khai thc cc tc ng t mi trng thin
nhin.
- Quan h gia cc khng gian thun li cho qu trnh chuyn
ng ca khng kh t mi trng t nhin.
Cn u tin b tr cc phng ng, phng gia nh tip cn
trc tip vi mi trng t nhin bn ngoi, cc phng ph nh bp,
v sinh b tr tip cn gin tip thng qua gii php cu trc cc
rnh m trn hnh khi ca cng trnh c mt mt tip cn vi
mi trng t nhin.
Cc khng gian chc nng cn c mt b mt tip cn vi
mi trng t nhin hoc trc tip hoc gin tip, b mt cn li
m bo yu cu thng thong cn b tr tip cn vi khong
khng gian m lin thng trong cn h. Khng gian m lin thng
c vai tr iu tit mi trng vi kh hu cho cc khng gian khc,
nh tng kh nng chiu sng t nhin su vo bn trong cn h,
tng kh nng thng thong cho cc khng gian k cn, to hiu
ng thng gi xuyn sut cn h. Trong khng gian m lin thng
c th b tr phng gia nh, phng n v phng khch.
( Hnh 3.34- tr 141)
Mt s v tr khng gian chc nng trong cn h c ngun
nhit pht sinh ln hoc gy khng kh nhim cn b tr tng
cng kh nng thng thong cc b, v d nh thng thong cho
khng gian phng v sinh, bp vi gii php thit k h thng ht
gi t nhin hoc c kh s dng nng lng thp.
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Nh ca ngi Vit thng gn lin v ha hp vi thin
nhin. Mu xanh ca cy l xut hin trong nh khng ch iu
ha v kh hu, mang v ti mt m cn gip hi phc sinh kh
cho ni .
Vic a cy xanh vo ni tht rt quan trng. V y l
yu t hnh thnh nn cc cnh quan thin nhin thu nh, ci
thin mi trng v iu chnh lung kh. V vy cy xanh
dnh cho ni tht nn l nhng loi cy xanh tt, c nhiu mm
lc ph hp vi mi trng sng t nh sng trc tip. Nn trnh cc
loi cy th nhm, x x, gai gc ( Hnh 3.35- tr 141)
Mt s quy tc thit k khng gian xanh trong ni tht
cn h:
- Nn t cy xanh vo nhng ni nhiu nh sng, cc gc
trng, nhng v tr mun che khut tm nhn
- nhng ni i li v tp hp nhiu ngi nh hnh lang, cu
thang, hng hin, li i trong vn cn trng nhng cy nh, t
gai nhn hay cnh cha, thn l gn v khng vng vu nh trc
Qun T hay trc Nht hoc hoa, cy bi thp mm mi, khng
che khut tm nhn v cn tr di chuyn.
- Cc khng gian ring nh phng ng, phng lm vic, phng tr
thin v tnh, thng thng cy trng c tnh trang tr im
xuyt nh nhng. C th t cy Bonsai, xng rng ln bn lm
vic. Nhng cy nh pht ti hoc cc loi hoa u ph hp gip
th gin hn khi lm vic.
- i vi nhng gian bp, c th b tr nhng cy nh gn, trnh
vng vu v c tc dng kh mi, gim khi nh dng x. Phng n
nn t mt s chu cy c sc mu vui ti kch thch tiu ha
v d nh ta t cnh, quyn, hoa l
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Cc khng gian trong cn h nn c s lin thng vi nhau,
phng khch v bp nn b tr trong cng mt khng gian to cm
gic v khng gian m, c th ngn cch bng cy xanh. Ngoi
ra, iu ho vi kh hu, c th a thm mt nc vo trong
cn h.
Trong lnh vc mu sc, mt thnh phn quan trng ca
mt cng trnh kin trc hoc khng gian ni tht, nhng gam
mu mang y cm hng t thin nhin, hng n mi trng,
nhng gam mu sinh thi cng cn c s dng. y l nhm
mu gm cc gam mu xanh tri, xanh bin, xanh Navi v Xanh
ngc. Vi sc v cng c iu chnh phong ph, nhm
mu ny th hin s lc quan v thanh thot, tng trng mt chn
tri mi v tn, mt khi u mi, ngun nng lng mi v s nng
ng tch cc. ( Hnh 3.36- tr 141)
Hnh 3.34. Khong khng gian m lin thng trong cn h
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Hnh 3.35. a cy xanh vo trong ni tht
Hnh 3.36. Mu sc sinh thi trong cn h

3.3.8. Gii php b tr cy xanh trong cng trnh
Trong nh chung c cao tng sinh thi, yu t cy xanh l
mt trong nhng yu t quan trng hng u gip ci thin vi
kh hu trong nh. Vic t hp cy xanh trong nh v trn b
mt cng trnh cng phi c nhng nguyn tc nht nh
c th tn dng ti a hiu qu ca n. Cy xanh ngoi tc
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ng tt v tm l, thm m, cnh quan, n cn l l phi t
nhin, khng th thiu trong cuc sng con ngi.
Cy xanh c a ln tng nh, mi nh, vo mi tng nh,
mi phng . Tc dng tm l ca cy xanh i vi con ngi cng
rt quan trng trong nh cao tng, khi m con ngi phi sng
trn cao, xa ri vi cy c, thin nhin, mt nc.( Hnh 3.37- tr
143)
Thit k cnh quan theo phng thng ng ca nh chc
tri cng l mt bin php quan trng cn ch . l nguyn tc
ca thit k sinh kh hu trong thit k sinh thi,kt hp vi hnh
thc kin trc theo phng thng ng. l vic a vt hu c
vo trong mt th v c,nh cao hn ln trong mt mnh t
nh. Vi gii php ny,chng ta c c hi s dng c ba phng
php a cy xanh vo kin trc cao tng : sp xp ,an xen
,chnh hp.
Thc vt c tc dng che nng cho khng gian bn trong
phng v tng ngoi, ng thi gim phn x nhit v chi la t
bn ngoi vo phng. Tc dng bc hi ca thc vt c th bin
n thnh mt loi thit b lm mt c hiu qu ngoi mt nh
v ci thin vi kh hu cng trnh.
Kinh nghim cho thy din tch b mt mt ng ca ngi
nh c th ln hn din tch t s dng n 4-5 ln. Gi th
ton b mt ng u bao ph bi cy xanh th hiu qu
gim nhit to ln v khng cn lo ti hiu ng nh knh.
Tnh lin tc ca thc vt l rt quan trng trong vic to lp tnh
a dng ca ging cy trng. t c tnh lin tc ca cy
xanh theo phng thng ng th thc vt trong h thng phi
k tip nhau, chng hn cc dy chu hoa nm k tip nhau theo
dng bc thang. Chng c th phi hp v chuyn ch ln nhau
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trong mt phm vi nht nh v kt thnh mt th thng nht vi
h thng sinh thi mt t. Ta c th c cc gii php b tr cy
xanh trong chung c cao tng m bo sinh thi nh sau:
- Vn tri c l l gii php thch hp nht cho nh cao tng, bi
cc bn cy, mng hoa trn ban cng l cha . Vn tri l mt
khng gian na kn, na h, khng cn ng kn bn trn, c
th ni kt vi hin, sn trc, sn sau, hnh lang, s dng nh mt
khng gian chuyn tip, c kh nng ht gi vo bn trong cng
trnh. Vn tri cng c ng gp gi tr vo thm m kin trc
thnh ph khi a vo cnh quan theo chiu ng. ( Hnh 3.38tr 144)
- Nn s dng cy xanh, cy leo, kt cu che nng v to
bng cho v nh. Hiu qu ca chng khi khng ch v mt
nhit v kh hu. S li lm, khng bng phng ca mt nh, s
c mt ca cc hc tng, hin, ban cng, vn tri u c tc
dng gim bt trc x ca Mt tri truyn vo nh. ( Hnh 3.39- tr
144)
- Mi ca nh cao tng nn xem l mt chnh th nm. Ngoi vic
s dng mi b tr cc thit b k thut cn thit cho to
nh, nn s dng mi trng hoa, thm c, v cho c nng
nghip th, bi v nhiu loi rau c ch cn mt lp t dy
khong 20 cm sinh trng. Khi li ng thi c th gii
quyt tt c cch nhit v chng thm cho mi, tuy rng trong
nh cao tng cch nhit cho tng ng quan tm hn.( Hnh
3.40- tr 144)
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Hnh 3.37. Cy xanh c a ln tng nh, mi nh, vo mi

tng nh
Hnh 3.38. T chc vn tri
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Hnh 3.39. Cy xanh trn v nh
Hnh 3.40. S dng mi nh lm nng nghip th

3.4. Gii php s dng nng lng thng minh
Gii php thit k nh chung c sinh thi c kh nng tit
kim nng lng tiu th v d to nhng iu kin con ngi
c th tip xc c vi thin nhin, ngay c nhng tng cao cht
vt.
Vi nguyn tc ly con ngi lm trung tm ,nng cao ti a
hiu sut s dng nng lng v vt liu cng nh gim nhim mi
trng trong qu trnh xy dng,
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khai thc v s dng cng trnh,nh chc tri mu xanh l kin
trc ca tng lai. V s dng ngun nng lng ,ly vic tn dng
cc nhn t t nhin lm chnh; thng gi t nhin v chiu sng
t nhin.
3.4.1. Thng gi t nhin
Thng gi t nhin c coi trng v gi l ngun nng lng
mi trng quan trng . S dng bn hoa gi hng ngy chng
ta c th xc nh hnh thc mt bng tng nh v tng ngoi
ca kin trc sao cho c li v phng din thng gi t nhin v
c hiu qu h thp nhit . Thng gi t nhin ph hp vi thit
k pht trin bn vng ,bi gim thiu c yu cu thng gi c
gii v iu ha khng kh,tit kim ngun nng lng quan trng
khng ti sinh c. Nh vy m gii quyt c hai yu cu c bn
l thi c khng kh bn v m t trong phng v tng cng cm
gic d chiu. Ti vng kh hu nng m ,thng gi t nhin c th
lm gim nh hng do m tng i cao gy ra,t lm
tng cm gic d chu trong phng. Khi ny c th s dng qut
in lm phng tin h tr.
3.4.2. S dng nh sng t nhin
Theo thng k v s dng nng lng trong nh cao tng vn
phng trn th gii, nng lng chiu sng trung bnh chim
khong 13% tng nng lng. S dng nh sng t nhin khng
nhng c ngha ln v nng lng, m cn t c tin nghi mi
trng nh sng tt hn so vi nh sng nhn to.
Mt s bin php tng cng s dng nh sng t nhin:
+ Gim chiu su ca phng trn mt bng,
+ S dng nh sng phn x t trn, kt cu che nng,
+
S dng knh phn x hoc khc x nh sng vo su trong
phng,
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+ B tr hp l ni tht, v tr lm vic, li i.
3.4.3. S dng nng lng mt tri
C hai phng php s dng nng lng mt tri l phng
php ch ng v phng php b ng. Phng php ch ng
phi s dng bm hoc qut vn chuyn nhit, cn phng
php b ng s vn chuyn nhit xy ra theo c ch t nhin.
Phng php b ng thng hay s dng mt bung mt
tri vi s lu thng ca nc hoc khng kh ly nhit si m
nh ma ng hoc cp nc nng sinh hot. Ngy nay k thut pin
quang in, bin nng lng mt tri thnh in nng, cng
pht trin n mc tr thnh thng phm nhng gi thnh cn
kh cao so vi mt bng mc sng ca ngi dn nc ta hin nay.
Vic s dng nng lng mt tri cn tr thnh cng ngh hp l
p dng rng ri trong nh cao tng Vit nam.
3.5. Gii php kin trc ng, linh hot
3.5.1. Cc tng t xoay quanh trc ( Hnh 3.41- tr 147)
Nhng yu t kh hu nh mt tri, gi l nhng yu t
thay i theo gi trong ngy v theo ma trong nm. cng
trnh kin trc p ng c nhng thay i trn ca kh hu v
c nhng thay i bt ng ca thi tit, cn c nhng gii php
kin trc bin i linh hot, c th chuyn ng thch ng
vi iu kin kh hu hin thi. C th a ra mt s gii php
nh sau:
- Mi tng nh c th chuyn ng, quay 360o quanh trc m
khng nh hng n nhau. Cc tng nh quay theo hng c th
n c nhiu gi nht v trnh c bc x mt tri. Do ,
khng c cn h no b hng bt li hon ton.
- Cc cn h trong to nh c th xoay trn 360o quanh mt
trc da vo lc ca tua- bin gi to nng lng c lp t gia
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cc tng. H thng ny cng pht in gip cng trnh khng
cn n ngun nng lng bn ngoi, thm ch c th cung cp
in vo mng li chung. Nng lng s dng trong cng trnh hon
ton l nng lng t nhin, l mt bc tin c tnh cch mng trong
vic tm kim ngun nng lng thay th, c th gy tc ng
n mi trng v kinh t trong tng lai.
- Mi tng s c xy dng nh mt mun trong nh my, sau
c lp ghp vo li trung tm, gip xy dng t hiu qu
hn.
Hnh 3.41. Cc tng nh c th t xoay quanh trc

3.5.2. Mt ng chuyn ng nh gi ( Hnh 3.42- tr 147)
Lp v cng trnh s dng vt liu l nhng tm kim loi
nh c th chuyn ng linh hot theo chuyn ng ca lung
gi. Khi gi thi, nhng tm kim loi ny s thay i chiu hng
theo lung gi iu chnh lng gi thi vo nh sao cho hp
l. Nh iu kin vi kh hu trong nh lun t yu cu nh
c thng thong hp l.
S chuyn ng ca nhng tm kim loi ny trn mt
ng cng gip to hiu qu bt ng, n tng cho mt ng cng
trnh.
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Hnh 3.42. Mt ng thay i theo chuyn ng lung gi

3.5.3. Gii php kt cu che nng linh hot ( Hnh 3.43- tr
149)
Kt cu che nng ny l nhng nhng tm mnh, lip s
dng vt liu hin i nh nhm, km, thp khng r c t ti
cc b mt cn che nng, c th di ng c. Cc kt cu di
ng ny c th iu chnh mc ng m, gc nhn
c th ngn cnh nh sng trc tip vo cng trnh nhng khng
cn gi, vn m bo thng thong bn trong. S iu chnh
mc ng m t ng cm ng theo s thay i ca mt
tri, ph thuc vo cng ca bc x mt tri c ng
m khc nhau. Khi c gi bo cc kt cu ny c ng li khng
gy nh hng n con ngi trong nh.
Cc tm che nng ny c th kt hp tr thnh nhng tm
pin mt tri, thu nng lng mt tri, bin i thnh cc ngun
nng lng khc cung cp cho cc hot ng ca ta nh v hot
ng ca chnh h thng. Ngun nng lng mt tri cng c th
c cung cp da vo nhng tn pin mt tri ln thu nng lng
t trn mi nh.
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Cc tm che nng ny cng c th kt hp to thnh cc
tm ht hi m trong khng kh. Trn b mt tm che nng
gn cc mao mch c kh nng ht hi m trong khng kh, nht
l vo nhng ngy m trong khng kh cao, gip lm khng
kh kh thong hn, to tin nghi vi kh hu trong nh. Lng nc
thu c ny c bin i s dng cho cng trnh.
Cc kt cu che nng ng thng c t lgia. Lgia
l ni hng mt, che chn nng, ch phi qun o v l ni c
th trng cy ci to vi kh hu bn trong cn h. Lgia cn
c chiu su ti thiu l 1,8m n 3m. Trong 0,9m dng
t cc kt cu che nng, chng gi bo v trng cy.
Khng gian cn li ginh cho sinh hot v phi qun o.
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Hnh 3.43
3.6. Gii php s dng mu sc cc loi vt liu bao che mi
3.6.1. S dng mu sc
Mu sc c tc ng ng k n thm m kin trc v
iu kin tin nghi vi kh hu trong nh. Mu sc d phn x
nh nng mt tri lm gim bc x vo b mt bn trong cng
trnh, mu sng thch hp cho cc b mt chu bc x mt tri
ln. Mu ti hp th nhit tt ph hp vi cc hng gi lnh ( Bc v
ng Bc).
Mu sc phi c phi hp hi ho lm tng v p cho cng
trnh kin trc v cnh quan xung quanh, va gp phn lm p
b mt th, va m bo c iu kin tin nghi vi kh
hu.
3.6.2. S dng vt liu bao che mi
Cng vi s pht trin v tin b ca khoa hc k thut,
ngy nay con ngi to ra rt nhiu vt liu mi xy dng
cng trnh bn cnh nhng vt liu truyn thng nh gch, ,
ct, si, xi mng, Cc vt liu nh cp d ng lc, vt liu bng
thp ang c s dng trong thi cng nh cao tng, p ng yu
cu vt khu ln. Nhng loi vt liu mi c nhng tnh nng u
vit, kiu dng p, cht lng cao, bn vng m gi thnh hp l
m ra nhiu trin vng cho nh cao tng th.
Trong nh cao tng, tng ngoi l b phn chu tc dng
ca bc x mt tri ln nht. Vic s dng knh cho nh trong
iu kin kh hu Vit Nam tri ngc hn vi quan im ca cc
nc Chu u.
Khng nn qu lm dng knh cho tng nh. D
gy hin tng hiu ng nh knh lm phng b nung nng. Din

tch dng knh trn mt nh khng nn vt qu 20-35%, tu thuc
loi cng trnh. Cn phi s dng cc vt liu cch nhit trn
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194
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mt ng cng trnh, kt hp vi cc gii php che nng. Khi
c th s dng nhiu knh hn, lm tng nh sng v tm nhn
cho con ngi. Nhng c mt iu cn lu , l ng bao gi s
dng knh 1 lp cho nh cao tng. Cn phi s dng knh 2 lp v
knh mu, knh phn quang gim lng bc x mt tri chiu
vo nh.
3.7. gii php ng dng cng ngh hin i trong thit k v thi
cng
3.7.1. Gii php ng dng cng ngh hin i trong thit
k
S dng phn mm chuyn dng thit k nh cao tng
sinh thi. Khi a cc thng tin u vo c th nh v tr khu t
xy dng, din tch khu t, phn mm s x l thng tin da
trn cc d liu v c im t nhin, kh hu khu vc, c
im khu t xy dng a ra cc biu tnh ton, t
a ra gii php c th cho cng trnh ph hp vi c im khu
t v kh hu a phng. Ban u s l gii php mt bng,
khi c nh mt bng, phn mm s a ra cc gii php mt
ng, mt ct c th cho cng trnh m bo v mt sinh
thi. Cc tnh ton ca my tnh cng a ra c s lng v din
tch cc ca s, s lng v hnh dng kt cu che nng th
no cho ph hp. Phn mm cng d tnh c lng nng lng cng
trnh s tiu th trong tng lai. Cc kin trc s c th cn c vo
cc s liu v d liu thit k cng trnh m bo iu
kin sinh thi.
3.7.2. Gii php ng dng cng ngh xy dng hin i
xy dng c cc cng trnh chung c sinh thi, vic ng
dng cng ngh thi cng hin i l mt phn khng th thiu.
Cc cng ngh xy dng c s dng bao gm:
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- Cng ngh b tng ct thp ti ch
- Cng ngh lp ghp:
+ Lp ghp panel tm ln
+ Lp ghp nh dng khung
- Phng php cp pha trt
- Phng php nng tng v nng sn
- Phng php dy treo
- Cng ngh tm 3D
3.8. V d vn dng thit k kin trc sinh thi cho chung c cao
tng trong cc khu th mi H Ni
3.8.1. M t hin trng
D n H Ni Vimeco Complex
- V tr: Khu th mi Trung Ho - Cu Giy H Ni
- Din tch khu t xy dng: 5 672,00 m2
- Din tch xy dng: 2 264,36 m2
- Tng din tch sn : 100 216,00 m2
Trong : Din tch sn tng ni: 80 456,00 m2
Din tch sn tng hm: 19 760,00 m2
- Mt d xy dng: 39,92%
- H s s dng t: 14,18 ln
- S tng ni: 47 tng + 01 tng hm
- S tng hm: 04 tng
- Chiu cao cng trnh : 178,3 m
- Tng s cn h : 280 cn
Trong : Chung c cn h n tng: 232 cn
Chung c cn h phc hp: 48 cn
- Cng trnh p ng c cc yu cu v: thng gi t nhin,
chiu sng t nhin, hn ch bc x mt tri chiu vo nh, a
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nhiu cy xanh vo trong cng trnh, to nhiu khng gian trng
cng cng c im nhn p, to c mi trng tin nghi.
3.8.2. tng v gii php thc hin ( Hnh 3.44 n 3.54- tr
153 n 163)
- Cng trnh c thit k vi 5 tng dc cho cng vin. Xen k
gia mi tng cng vin l 7 tng chung c. Mt trc v mt sau
ca cc tng chung c ny u c tip xc vi thin nhin, thng
gi t nhin v chiu sng t nhin tt. Cng vin khng ch mang
li mt khng gian sng khoi cho ngi s dng m cn ph hp v
thch ng tt vi iu kin kh hu nhit i nng m ca H
Ni, v c bit tit kim nng lng. H thng cng vin bao
gm cc cng vin dnh cho tr em, cng vin th gin, th thao,
sn chi, khu chy b.
- To khng gian cng ng theo chiu dc vi y s tin
nghi nh mt khng gian th ngang.
- S dng h thng ca knh hai lp. Khong cch gia 2 lp knh
c chiu rng 1m, b tr thm hoa y. Lp knh bn ngoi s
dng kt cu che nng ngang, lp bn trong s dng ca s trt.
H thng ca ny c kh nng chn bc x mt tri cng cao.
Kh nng thng gi t nhin tt, tit kim nng lng, to khng
gian th thi trong cng trnh nh thm cy xanh b tr gia 2 lp
knh.
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Hnh 3.44
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Hnh 3.45
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Hnh 3.46
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Hnh 3.47
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Hnh 3.48
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Hnh 3.49
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Hnh 3.50
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Hnh 3.51
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Hnh 3.52
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Hnh 3.53
Hnh 3.54
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C. Phn kt lun v kin ngh

1. Kt lun
1.1. nh gi tng hp
Ti H Ni, tc xy dng th ang din ra rt
nhanh, cc d n khu th mi ang mc ln khp ni, c H
Ni nh mt i cng trng ln. Trong , s lng chung c cao tng
chim phn ln trong cc d n xy dng do tnh cp thit ca
n, gip gii quyt nhu cu cho s lng dn c ngy mt tng
nhanh trong th. Mt mi trng sng xanh, sch v tin nghi l
iu m tt c mi ngi u mong mun.
Kin trc nh cao tng ang tr thnh mt xu th tt yu
ca qu trnh th ho trn th gii. Nh cao tng v nh
chc tri s cn c tip tc xy dng trong th k ny v tn ti
trong nhiu thnh ph trn khp hnh tinh chng ta . Chc rng
tro lu ny khng th trnh khi nc ta. Mt vn bc xc
hin nay l cc nh cao tng vi cc quan nim thit k nh hin
nay li ang l kiu kin trc tp trung tiu hao nhiu nng lng
v khng ngng sn sinh ph thi v nhim.
S xut hin ca kin trc sinh thi ni chung v kin trc
nh cao tng sinh thi ni ring chnh l li thot bo v mi
trng trong qu trnh th ho, pht trin p ng c nhu
cu ca hin ti m khng nh hng n kh nng p ng cc
nhu cu ca cc th h mai sau.
H thng th ang pht trin nhanh, m nhim vai
tr trung tm pht trin kinh t, x hi ca c nc. Tuy nhin, n
cng ko theo h qu l mi trng sng ti cc thnh ph ln b
b tng ha, tr nn cht chi, ngt ngt. th sinh thi tr
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thnh xu hng ca nhiu nc, v Vit Nam cng ang c nhng
bc u tin, song rt cn s quan tm c nhng khu th
cht lng.
Kin trc sinh thi l kin trc hng ti gii quyt mi quan
h gia con ngi, kin trc v thin nhin, n phi va v con ngi m sng to ra mt mi trng khng gian nh d chu va phi
bo v mi trng ln chung quanh.
ti nghin cu vn dng kin trc sinh thi thit
k nh chung c cao tng trong cc khu th mi H
Ni a ra nhm ng gp mt s c s khoa hc v ra cc
gii php thit k nh sau:
* Gii php quy hoch:
- B tr cc cng trnh hp l trong mi quan h vi thin nhin.
Quy hoch khu nh theo hng gi ch o l hng Nam v ng
Nam, to thnh cc hnh lang dn gi trong khu th.
- Khi b tr cng trnh hng nh chnh nn quay v hng Nam v
ng Nam, mt chnh nh to vi hng gi ch o mt gc 3045o.
- Cc mt mi nh thp tng v nhiu c th trng cy xanh to
h sinh thi t nhin tng trung gian.
- Trong tng th khu nh nn b tr song song, so le v git cp,
m bo thng thong tt m vn m bo mt xy dng.
- Khong cch gia cc nh ti thiu l 1-1,5 ln chiu cao, s
dng thng gi xuyn phng gim khong cch nh.
- B tr hp l cy xanh, mt nc trong khu th.
- B cc m bo s pht trin trong tng lai.
* Gii php thit k cng trnh:
- Mt bng: chn hnh thc nh, m bo yu cu thng gi v
chiu sng t nhin. S dng hnh thc mt bng nh thp hoc
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nh tm, gii php thit k theo hng m hoc b cc theo lp. B
tr li sinh thi trong cng trnh to ng ng thng gi t nhin.
Thit k cn h m bo cc khng gian chc nng u c tip
xc trc tip vi thin nhin, c kh nng thng thong v chiu
sng tt.
- Mt ng: B cc hnh khi cng trnh c cc khng gian m,
m bo thng gi t nhin cho cc cn h v tr khng thun
li. Trn mt ng s dng kt cu tng ngoi chng nng nh tng hai lp, tng cch nhit, knh hai lp, Mi cng trnh s dng
cc gii php phun nc, lu thng khng kh, tri si v mi ph
chng nng. S dng cc kt cu che nng v to bong trn mt
ng cng trnh.
- Mt ct: gii php trng mt phn hoc ton b tng mt,
b trng mt s tng trung gian, kt hp vi li sinh thi m bo
thng gi t nhin, to khng gian giao tip trong cng trnh. Ti
hng bt li t chc vng m che chn cho cc cn h.
* Cc gii php khc: t chc cy xanh trong nh, trn tng
nh, mi nh, vo mi tng nh v mi phng , va gip iu
ho vi kh hu, va to cnh quan cho to nh. S dng nng lng
thng minh, thng gi t nhin, nh sng t nhin, nng lng mt
tri, nng lng ti ti bo v mi trng. S dng cc loi vt liu
v mu sc m bo thm m v sinh thi cho to nh. S dng
cc gii php kin trc ng, linh hot, ng dng cng ngh hin
i trong thit k v thi cng cng trnh.
1.2. D kin kh nng p dng
Cc nghin cu v quy hoch v thit k kin trc trn th
gii dn n kt lun, rng trong th k XXI nh cao tng sinh
thi s l loi hnh kin trc thay th cc loi hnh trc y, v
chng s tr thnh loi hnh kin trc ch yu trong cc th.
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Vit Nam, nh cao tng mi bt u c xy dng , nhng c tc
pht trin kh nhanh trong my nm gn y. V vy, nu
t giai on u ny chng ta khng p dng ngay loi nh cao
tng sinh thi, chc chn chng ta s phi tr gi t trong vi
thp k ti c v mi trng th, kinh t s dng v cht lng
cuc sng.
Kh nng ng dng kin trc sinh thi trong nh chung c
cao tng cc khu th mi ca H Ni l hon ton kh thi. Do
cc khu th mi c quy hoch ng b, vi h thng h tng
k thut y , kh nng to nn mt khu sinh thi vi cc
khu nh cao tng sinh thi. Vn y l chng ta phi bit
nhn xa trng rng, c cch ng x hp l vi thin nhin. ng thi
cng cn s quan tm ng mc ca cc cp lnh o mi c th
to ra mt mi trng sng bn vng cho cc th h mai sau.
2. Kin ngh
Vit Nam c tiu chun TCXDVN 323:2004 v thit k
nh cao tng, nhng ch c mt s iu mc a ra lin quan
n cc nguyn tc m bo sinh thi trong thit k cng
trnh. Quy chun QCXDVN 09:2005 v cc cng trnh xy dng
s dng nng lng c hiu qu, v cc ch dn kin trc vng kh
hu nng m cng nu ln nhiu nguyn tc thit k sinh thi.
Nhng c mt m hnh nh chung c sinh thi hon chnh,
thch ng vi iu kin a phng, thn thin mi trng v
tin nghi H Ni, cn phi a ra mt s kin ngh sau:
- nh gi cc cng trnh chung c cao tng hin nay v cc cng
trnh c xy theo hng sinh thi nghin cu v a ra cc
tiu chun thit k.
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- Yu cu nghin cu iu kin t nhin kh hu a im xy
dng i vi tt c cc cng trnh chung c cao tng v ng dng
trong thit k.
- Phi vn dng nhng nghin cu ca cc nh nghin cu kin
trc sinh thi nc ngoi, bin son thnh sch v ph bin cho cc
kin trc s, p dng vo iu kin nc ta, gp phn to ra mt
nn kin trc Vit Nam hin i c bn sc.
- p dng nhng gii php a ra trong ti, tng bc hon
chnh a ra nhng tiu chun v sinh thi trong thit k
kin trc nh chung c cao tng, a vo p dng trong thc t.
- Yu cu s dng cc ngun nng lng sch, nng lng thng minh,
nng lng ti sinh v nng lng mt tri trong sut qu trnh xy
dng v vn hnh cng trnh. Cn a ra tiu chun gii hn v
mc s dng nng lng trong cng trnh. Khuyn khch cc
cng trnh tiu hao t nng lng.
- a ra tiu chun v mc nh hng n mi trng do cc
cng trnh chung c cao tng gy ra v a vo p dng.
D. ti liu tham kho

Ti liu ting Vit.
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___________________________________________________________________
1. Nguyn Huy Cn (1985), Kh hu- Kin trc Con ngi, NXB

Khoa hc v K thut.
2. B Xy Dng ( 2008), nh hng quy hoch chung Th

H Ni n nm 2030 v tm nhn n nm 2050, tm
tt bo co, B Xy Dng.
3. B Xy Dng (2004), TCXDVN 323:2004 Nh cao tng

Tiu chun thit k, NXB Xy dng.
4. B Xy Dng (1987), TCVN 4088:1985- S liu kh hu dng

trong thit k xy dng, NXB Xy dng.
5. B Xy Dng (2005), QCXDVN 09:2005 Cc cng trnh

xy dng s dng nng lng c hiu qu, NXB Xy dng.
6. Phm Ngc ng (1981), C s kh hu hc ca thit k

kin trc, NXB Khoa hc v K thut.
7. Phm Ngc ng (2002), Nhit v kh hu kin trc, NXB

Xy dng.
8. Phm Ngc ng, Phm Hi H (2002), Bn v xy dng

th sinh thi nc ta, Tp ch Kin trc Vit Nam, S (3/95).
9. Nguyn Vn nh R ( 2002), Sinh thi th nhng nhim

v c bn v phng php nghin cu, Tp ch Kin trc
Vit Nam, S (4).
10.
Phm c Nguyn ( 2002), Kin trc sinh kh hu, NXB
Xy dng.
11.
Phm c Nguyn, Nguyn Thu Ho, Trn Quc Bo
(1998), Cc gii php kin trc kh hu Vit Nam, NXB Khoa

hc v K thut.
12.
Phm c Nguyn (1997), Chiu sng t nhin v nhn
to, NXB Khoa hc v K thut.

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13.
Phm c Nguyn (2002), Knh trong nh v nh
knh, Tp ch Xy dng, S (3).
14.
Phm c Nguyn (2004), s dng knh trong kin
trc c hiu qu nng lng v mi trng, Tp ch kin trc,

S (5).
15.
Phm c Nguyn ( 2003), Kin trc nh cao tng sinh
thi Vit Nam, Tp ch kin trc, S 1(99).
16.
Phm c Nguyn (2004), th ho, Kin trc sinh
thi v s pht trin bn vng, Tp ch Ngi xy dng, S

(6).
17.
Phm c Nguyn( 2005), Phng php tip cn sinh
kh hu trong kin trc thch ng kh hu Vit Nam, Hi

tho Kin trc nhit i Vit Nam, nh hng v gii php,
Vin Kin trc nhit i.
18.
Phm c Nguyn ( 2008), Kin trc bn vng: Kin
trc th k 21, Tp ch Kin trc, S (1).
19.
Phm c Nguyn (2009), Xy dng vn ho kin trc
Vit Nam th k 21, Tp ch Kin trc, S (2).
20.
Hong Huy Thng (1997), Kin trc v kh hu nhit
i Vit Nam, NXB Xy dng.
21.
Hong Huy Thng (2002), Kin trc nhit i m, NXB
Xy dng.
22.
Nguyn c Thim (2002), Nguyn l thit k kin
trc nh dn dng, NXB Khoa hc v K Thut.
23.
Vin nghin cu kin trc (1997), Kin trc v kh hu
nhit i Vit Nam, NXB Xy dng.

Ti liu ting Nc ngoi
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24.
Ken
Yeang
(1996),
The
skycraper
bioclimatically
considered.
25.
Ken Yeang, Tropical Urban Regionalism, Building in a
South East Asia City.
26.
Richard L. Crowther (1992), Ecologic Architecture.
Danh snh cc website tham kho
27.
http://vi.wikipedia.org
28.
http://www.kienviet.net
29.
http://kientrucvietnam.org.vn
30.
http://mag.ashui.com
31.
http://www.ecologicalarch.com
32.
http://www.trhamzahyeang.com
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GVHD:
GS.TSKH. Ng Th Thi
Hc vin: Hong Hi Yn

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1

Trong sut qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu ti Trng i

dng to iu kin tt cho ti hon thnh Lun vn.

2. Mc tiu nghin cu .....

3. i tng nghin cu ......

6. Phng php nghin cu ...

1.1. Mt s khi nim .....

1.1.1.1. S ra i ca Kin trc bn

Khi nim v H sinh thi v sinh thi hc

Khi nim v nh chung c cao tng trong

Khi nim v Kin trc sinh thi trong nh

chung c cao tng ................27

Kinh nghim pht trin Kin trc sinh thi

1.2.1.1. Kinh nghim ca Cng ho Lin Bang

1.2.1.2. Kinh nghim ca

Kinh nghim pht trin Kin trc sinh thi

1.2.2.1. Kinh nghim ca

1.2.2.2. Kinh nghim ca Trung

1.2.2.3. Kinh nghim ca Nht

Tnh hnh nghin cu v Kin trc sinh thi

nh cao tng ....................37

Mt s cng trnh nh cao tng sinh thi

1.2.4.1. Ta nh cnh chun chun- Nam Rooselvelt,

1.2.4.2. Trang tri trong lng th - Harvest Green

Tnh hnh pht trin nh cao tng Vit Nam

Tnh hnh vn dng Kin trc sinh thi

trong thit k nh chung c cao tng Vit Nam

S nhim mi trng do cc cng trnh xy

iu kin a hnh, a cht, thu vn

S bin i v cu trc ngh

2.8. Mt vi Xu hng pht trin c trng ca kin trc sinh

Danh mc cc bng biu

Bng 1.6. Ch tiu kinh t k thut ca mt s Khu th

Bng 1.7. Cc Khu th mi H Ni giai on trc

Bng 1.8. Cc d n Khu th mi H Ni gn

Bng 1.9. Mt s nh chung c c xy dng gn y

12. Bng 2.3. Lng ma trung bnh.

14. Bng 2.5. Tng gi tr ti sn ca cc h gia nh mc

15. Bng 2.6. Bng nh gi mc yu cu tin nghi kh hu

2. Hnh 1.2. Khi nim pht trin bn vng theo Brian

Hnh 1.4. Mi quan h ca kin trc sinh thi.

Hnh 1.5. Phi cnh Trung tm Panasonic, Tokyo, Nht

Hnh 1.7. Bn trong cng trnh.

Hnh 1.8. Phi cnh to nh Singapores Ecoligical Editt

12. Hnh 1.12. Phi cnh to nh Menara Mesiniaga, Kuala

13. Hnh 1.13. Mt bng ta nh Menara

15. Hnh 1.15. Mt ct ta nh Menara

16. Hnh1.16. Ta nh Menara Mesiniaga hai tng di thng

17. Hnh 1.17. T chc hp l h thng chn nng nhm hn

18. Hnh 1.18. Mt bng ta nh thp MBF, Penang,

22. Hnh 1.22. Phi cnh to nh Hearst Tower........

25. Hnh 1.25. Mt

26. Hnh 1.26. Vn tri..

27. Hnh 1.27. Mt ct to thp Ngn hng thng mi

28. Hnh 1.28. Cc ban cng rng bin thnh vn, m bo

31. Hnh 1.31. Ta nh cnh chun chun KTS Vincent

32. Hnh 1.32. Cng trnh Harvest Green Tower KTS

34. Hnh 1.34. Mt bng nh tp th khu B Kim

35. Hnh 1.35. Mt bng n nguyn in hnh khu Trung

37. Hnh 1.37. Mt bng n nguyn Khu nh Ngha

38. Hnh 1.38. Nhng nc v khu vc b nh hng ca bin

41. Hnh 2.3. Bn quy hoch chung th H Ni n

45. Hnh 2.7. Ta nh Elephan & Castle London v Tokyo Nara,