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lines.
ISO 11898-3 defines data rates up to 125 kbit/s with the maximum
bus length depending on the data rate used and the busload. Up to
32 nodes per network are specified. The common mode voltage
ranges between -2 V and +7 V. The power supply is defined at 5 V.
Transceiver chips, which support this standard, are available from
several companies. The fault-tolerant transceivers support the
complete error management including the detection of bus errors
and automatic switching to asymmetrical signal transmission.

SAE J2411 single wire

The single-wire standard SAE J2411 is also for CAN network

applications with low requirements regarding bit rate and bus
length. The communication takes place via just one bus line with a
nominal data rate of 33,3 kbit/s (83,3 kbit/s in high-speed mode for
diagnostics). The standard defines up to 32 nodes per network. The
main application area of this standard is in comfort electronics
networks in motor vehicles.
An unshielded single wire is defined as the bus medium. A linear
bus topology structure is not necessary. The standard includes
selective node sleep capability, which allows regular communication
to take place among several nodes while others are left in a sleep
state. Transceivers for this standard are available, too.

ISO 11992 point-to-point

An additional approach to using CAN low-speed networks with

fault-tolerant functionality is specified in the ISO 11992 standard. It
defines a point-to-point connection for use in e.g. towing vehicles
and their trailers. For one vehicle with one trailer, a point-to-point
connection is defined. For one vehicle with two trailers, a daisy-
chain connection is defined. The nominal data rate is 125 kbit/s with
a maximum bus line length of 40 m. The standard defines the bus
error management and the supply voltage (12 V or 24 V). An
unshielded twisted pair of wires is defined as the bus medium.

Others

Not standardized are fiber-optical transmissions of CAN signals.

Due to the directed coupling into the optical media, the transmitting
and receiving lines must be provided separately. Also, each
receiving line must be externally coupled with each transmitting line
in order to ensure bit monitoring. A star coupler can implement this.
The use of a passive star coupler is possible with a small number of
nodes, thus this kind of network is limited in size. The extension of
a CAN network with optical media is limited by the light power, the
power attenuation along the line and the star coupler rather than
the signal propagation as in electrical lines.
Advantages of optical media are emission- and immission-free
transmission and complete galvanic decoupling. The electrically
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