LAB 5

DIODES AND TRANSISTORS 1. 2. OBJECTIVES Learn how to use the basic diode characteristics in real applications. Understand the basic transistor characteristics. Learn how to assemble transistor circuits. LIST OF COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

List of Components Resistors: 200 k (red black yellow) (1), 4.7 k (yellow purple red) (1), 1.0 k (brown black red) (2), 10 k (brown black orange) (1), 100 (brown black brown) (1) 330 (orange orange brown) (1) 10K Potentiometer (1) Capacitors: 1 F electrolytic (1) Diodes: N4002(4) NPN Transistors: LED (1) Hookup wire AWG # 22. P2N2222A (1)

Equipment required Digital Multimeter Signal Generator Oscilloscope Power Supply

3. 3.1

HANDS ON DIODE CHECK

Set the Multimeter in Diode mode by pressing Shift and then Freq. The Multimeter will display the voltage drop across the diode when connected as shown in Figure 1. Write down the values for each diode. Connect the diode to the DMM as shown in Figure 1 (the striped end toward the black cable), when the diode is oriented in the right direction you will hear a beep

FIGURE 1

3.2

BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Remember to set your Function Generator to High Z. Build the bridge rectifier shown in Figure 2. Use a 10Vpp sinusoidal signal at 10 Hz with zero offset. You will be using an electrolytic capacitor in parallel with the load resistor. Electrolytic capacitors have polarity. You have to make sure to connect them the right way. If you connect them in the opposite way capacitor will EXPLODE. The long leg signifies the + (Higher potential), and the short leg the (Lower potential).

+ -

FIGURE 2

Note: when measuring the DC signal with a small ripple Auto-Scale might not work. Use the following settings: set channel 1 to DC coupling, vertical scale of 2V/, and a timebase of 50ms/
3.3 LED FLASHER

Build the Led Flasher shown in the diagram below, the LED should be turning on and off. LEDs have polarity also. The long leg signifies the + (Higher potential), and the short leg the (Lower potential). Use a 4.7 k resistor for RB and a 1 k resistor for RC. Use a square wave 6 Volts peak to peak at 100 mHz and an offset of 3 Volts. Use the Digital Multimeter to measure the DC voltages and currents. The collector, base and emitter voltages are measured with respect to ground. The 5V VCC should be supplied using ELVIS DC power supply +5V. The ELVIS DC power supply is located in the lower left hand portion of your breadboard. To use this DC power supply the breadboard needs to be plugged into the ELVIS and the ELVIS needs to be turned on.

You can find the amplification factor (hfe =) on the next page or on the third page of the P2N2222A transistor data sheet posted on Blackboard as Transistor Data Sheet. The amplification factor depends on the collector current and on the temperature. Assume a temperature of 25 C.

3.4

AMPLIFIER

Build the following circuit. You will have to use the ELVIS station DC power supply to supply 5 Volts. Measure the currents ic and ib using the DMM, remember that the multimeter must be in series with the current you are trying to measure.

LAB 5 REPORT NAME: _______________________________ SECTION: ___________ COMPUTER NO________ 1. DIODE CHECK Use the DMM by pressing Shift and then Freq
Voltage DIODE 1 DIODE 2 DIODE 3 DIODE 4

Which side of the diode is the negative side : 2. BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Fill out the following table

Voltages (Volts) RIPPLE AMPLITUDE VOLTAGE (Vpp) OUTPUT DC VOLTAGE (Vavg)

What is the function of the bridge rectifier in the circuit?

What is the function of the capacitor in the circuit?

What happen to the signal ripples if we increase the capacitor value? Explain?

3. LED FLASHER

Fill out the following tables. (Fill out the following table using the Digital Multimeter (DMM). Press DCV on the DMM to measure voltage and DCI to measure current. Remember: to measure voltage -- clip the black lead of the multimeter to ground and clip the red lead to the voltage you want to measure e.g. black lead on ground and red lead on the collector. Measure current is different than measuring voltage. Move the red lead to the bottom location on the DMM, press DCI and you must break the circuit and put the multimeter in series to measure current)

LED ON Collector Voltage (VC) Base Voltage (VB) Emitter Voltage (VE) Collector Current (iC) Base Current (iB) Emitter Current (iE) V B - VE V B - VC

LED OFF

Amplification Factor found in Data Sheet (=hfe ) Real Amplification Factor (=iC/iB) In which mode is the transistor operating when the LED is on? Explain your answer by the quadrant graph.

In which mode is the transistor operating when the LED is off? Explain your answer by the quadrant graph

4. AMPLIFIER

Fill out the following table. Use the DMM to take the measurement. Use a screwdriver to turn the knob on the potentiometer top to change LED brightness.

LED full brightness Collector Voltage (VC) Base Voltage (VB) Emitter Voltage (VE) V B - VE V B - VC iC iB

LED half dimmed

=iC/iB

In which mode is the transistor operating in? Explain your answer by the quadrant graph

List the three operating modes of the BJT that you observed in this lab and explain how each mode is used in application.