Gis v vin thm ng dng_Nhm 7_2010

M U

Thm thc vt c tm quan trng to ln trong i sng ca con ngi. Mt mt, n cung cp cho ta cc loi nguyn liu v sn phm khc nhau nh: g, thc n cho gia sc, nguyn liu lm thuc, cy cng nghip, qu v ht. Mt khc, n c vai tr to ln trong chu trnh vt cht t nhin, trong vic bo v con ngi trnh c cc thin tai xy ra nh: l lt, gi bo; bo v t khi b ra tri, iu ho kh hu v ch nc trn mt t. Tuy nhin, qu trnh gia tng dn s, th ho qu nhanh i hi con ngi phi khai thc t nhin nhiu hn phc v cho nhu cu pht trin ; iu ny lm thay i nhanh chng trng thi lp ph thc vt. Hin nay trn th gii v nc ta v ang ng dng thnh cng cng ngh vin thm v H thng thng tin a l vo nghin cu, thnh lp bn hin trng thm thc vt phc v cho cng tc qun l rng v bo v ti nguyn sinh vt. Mc tiu ca ti: ng dng phng php vin thm v GIS nh gi s bin i ca thm thc vt vng Ty Nam tnh Lm ng t nm 1989 n 2003, thng qua bn hin trng thm thc vt c th bit c hin trng phn b cng nh nhng xu hng bin i theo thi gian v khng gian c th. T kt hp vi thng tin thu thp t thc t tm ra nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy ra bin i theo hng tch cc hay tiu cc ca vng c th a ra k hoch quy hoch, khai thc v bo v hp l.

Gis v vin thm ng dng_Nhm 7_2010

1. Gii thiu khi qut v khu vc nghin cu
1.1 iu kin t nhin 1.1.1 V tr a l Lm ng c 12 n v hnh chnh, trong c 2 thnh ph l Lt, Bo Lc v 10 huyn. Khu vc nghin cu thuc a phn ca thnh ph Bo Lc, huyn Bo Lm, Huoai v Th. 1.1.2 c im a hnh y l vng chuyn tip gia cao nguyn Di Linh Bo Lc v bn bnh nguyn ca ng Nam B. Cc dng a hnh phc tp: a hnh ni cao b chia ct mnh, dc ln, a hnh ni thp xen k vi cc thung lng hp. a hnh thp dn t ng Bc xung ty nam, cao nguyn Bo Lc cao trungn bnh l 800m so vi mc nc bin, khu vc Huoai, Th co trung bnh l 300m. 1.1.3 Kh hu thy vn Nm trong khu vc chu nh hng ca kh hu nhit i gi ma bin thin theo cao, trong nm c hai ma r rt: ma ma t thng 5 n thng 11, ma kh t thng 12 n thng 4 nm sau. Nhit trung bnh t 18 250C, thi tit n ho v mt m quanh nm. Lng ma trung bnh 1.750 3.150 mm/nm, ma c cng ln v tp trung vo thng 7 n thng 9, m tng i trung bnh c nm 85 87%, s gi nng trung bnh c nm 1.890 2.500 gi. Phn ln sng sui chy t hng ng bc xung ty nam.Do c im a hnh i ni v chia ct m hu ht cc sng sui y u c lu vc kh nh v c nhiu ghnh thc thng ngun. H thng sng sui thuc lu vc sng ng Nai, cc khe sui tch t t cc trn ma trc chy chm v quanh nm, nc c khong ha cao, iu tit nc trong ma kh. Trong vng c cc h thng sng sui chnh l sng DarNga, h thng sui i Bnh v amBri, h thng sui Quay. H thng

Gis v vin thm ng dng_Nhm 7_2010

sng, sui, h, p c tim nng ln pht trin cc d n thy in t qui m nh n qui m ln, kh nng p ng ngun nng lng in ti ch. 1.2 Ti nguyn thin nhin 1.2.1 Ti nguyn t Gm cc nhm t nh t bazan, t ph sa, t xm,..Cht lng t ai rt tt, kh mu m, c kh nng sn xut nng nghip, trong t bazan tp trung cao nguyn Bo Lc Di Linh thch hp cho vic trng cy cng nghip di ngy c gi tr kinh t cao nh c ph, ch, du tm. 1.2.2 Ti nguyn rng c im rng l rng c dng v rng phng h. Tp trung ngun tre, na, l kh di do, tr lng ln. Do ma nhiu, kh hu m t, t ai ph hp nn cc loi tre, na, l c tc ti sinh rt nhanh sau khi khai thc. Din tch tre, na c kh nng p ng yu cu ch bin khong 50.000 tn bt giy hng nm. Rng rt a dng v loi, c trn 400 cy g, trong c mt s loi g qu nh: pmu xanh, cm lai, gi, sao, thng 2 l, 3 l, ngoi ra cn c nhiu loi lm sn c gi tr khc. 1.2.3 Ti nguyn khong sn Khong sn phong ph, a dng, nhiu loi khong sn cha c khai thc. Mt s loi khong sn c tr lng ln v cht lng tt iu kin khai thc qui m cng nghip nh xy dng, bauxit, bentonit, than nu, than bn v diamite. Ni bt nht l qung bauxit ti khu vc nghin cu tr lng qung l hn 130 triu tn. Ngoi ra cn c mt s m nc khong ti huyn Huoai.

Gis v vin thm ng dng_Nhm 7_2010

1.3 c im kinh t 1.3.1 Nng nghip Ti nguyn t ai ca vng rt thch hp pht trin cc loi cy cng nghip di ngy nh ch, c ph, du tm, tiu iu. Ngoi ra cc sn phm nh du tm t, tht b sa, ma ng, ht iu dc liu cng chim t trng ng k. 1.3.2 Cng nghip Ch yu l cng nghip ch bin: cc sn phm sa, nng sn, cng nghip khai khong ang c ch trng trong nhng nm gn y. Tiu th cng nghip: cc sn phm phc v du lch ngy cng pht trin mnh m trn c s tha hng nt truyn thng ca a phng, ngun nguyn liu di do v th mnh v tay ngh ca ngi lao ng. Cc sn phm bao gm: my tre an, dt th cm, chm khc, m ngh 1.3.3 Du lch, dch v Tim nng du lch ca vng l rt ln, v l th mnh ca vng vi u th v kh hu, cnh quan thin nhin v ti nguyn rng. Rng l ni lu gi ngun gen ng thc vt qu him, cng vi sng sui h p, thc nc.. to nn mt qun th c sc thu ht khch du lch trong v ngoi nc. Du lch gm nhiu loi hnh phong ph nh du lch tham quan, nghin cu, gii tr, ngh dng, c bit l du lch sinh thi, du lch di tn rng. 1.3.4 Giao thng vn ti Quc l 20 vng kinh t pha Nam, v quc l 27 gn vi cc tnh Ty Nguyn v duyn hi Nam Trung B, rt ngn khong cch v kinh t- x hi gia cc vng. 1.4 c im dn c, vn ha, x hi Dn c tp trung cc th, cc l giao thng chnh, vng t tng i bng phng, ngi Kinh sinh sng khp cc x phng trong vng cso vai tr tng tr
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gip cc dn tc thiu s khc ti a phng nh dn tc M, Khoi sng tinh thn, gio dc v y t ca ng bo ngy cng c nng cao. X hi ngy cng tin b nhng vn gi c nt vn ha ring ca tng dn tc.

2. ng dng vin thm nghin cu s bin i din tch thc vt

2.1 C s khoa hc ca vin thm v h thng thng tin a l trong nghin cu bin i din tch thc vt C s khoa hc: cc i tng trn mt t u bc x li quang ph theo nhiu cch khc nhau, thm thc vt bc x rt cao ti vng cn hng ngoi. Vin thm cho php nghin cu k nhiu ln cc i tng trn din rng; c tnh a thi, kh nng cp nht thng tin v cc ti liu mi phc v cho nh gi, nhn nh nhanh i tng nghin cu. H thng tin a l (GIS): H thng thng tin cung cp kh nng truy nhp, phc hi, x l, phn tch v a ra d liu c lin quan ti d liu khng gian nhm h tr vic ra quyt nh trong cc cng tc lp k hoch v qun l ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng. ng dng h thng thng tin a l trong thnh lp d liu v din tch t rng giai on x l thng tin, sa i mt s d liu t nh vin thm phn loi, s ha to bn (chuyn t dng raster sang dng vector) t suy ra din tch tng loi hnh s dng t ti vng nghin cu. Vic chuyn t nh vin thm sang h thng thng tin a l cn phi khi qut ha, xy dng cc lp d liu thnh lp mt c s d liu. 2.2 Phng php thc hin 2.2.1 Thng tin v d liu nh NH TM NM 1989 Ngun d liu : Ly t trang web : http://glcfapp.umiacs.umd.edu mang tn Global Land Cover Facility EARTH SCIENCE DATA INTERFACE.
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Thng tin nh :
Data set: TM, Path 125, Row 53.

Location: Vietnam. Output Type: GeoTIFF. Vt mang : v tinh Landsat 4-7. Ngy chp : 6-03-1989. Tn sensor : TM. Php chiu bn : UTM. Khu vc : +48. Reference Datum = "WGS84". Reference Ellipsoid = "WGS84". NH ETM+ NM 2003 Ngun d liu : Ly t trang web : http://glcfapp.umiacs.umd.edu mang tn Global Land Cover Facility EARTH SCIENCE DATA INTERFACE. Thng tin nh : Data set: ETM+, Path 125, Row 53. Location: Vietnam.
Output Type: GeoTIFF.

Vt mang : v tinh Landsat 7. Ngy chp :24-01- 2003 Tn sensor : ETM+. Php chiu bn : UTM. Khu vc : +48. Reference Datum = "WGS84". Reference Ellipsoid = "WGS84".
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2.2.2 Thng tin v bn khu vc nghin cu

Tn mnh v phin hiu: T l 1:50 000

Thn 3 ( Triu Hi) C-48-12- C (6532 III)

Mi chiu : 60 H ta v cao Quc Gia VN

Li chiu : UTM

Kinh tuyn TW: 1050 2000

Cc file gm c 1.C s ton hc: 2. Thy h: 3. a hnh: 4. Giao thng: 5. Dn c: 6. Ranh gii: 7. Thc vt: C4812B-cs.dgn C4812B -th.dgn C4812B -dh.dgn C4812B -gt.dgn C4812B-dc.dgn C4812B-rg.dgn C4812B-tv.dgn

Tn mnh v phin hiu: T l: 1:50 000 Kinh tuyn TW: 1050

Bo Lc C-48-12- D (6532 II)

Mi chiu: 60 H ta v cao Quc Gia VN

Li chiu: UTM

2000 Cc file gm c: 1.C s ton hc: C4812D-cs.dgn

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2. Thy h: 3. a hnh: 4. Giao thng: 5. Dn c: 6. Ranh gii: 7. Thc vt: C4812D -th.dgn C4812D -dh.dgn C4812D -gt.dgn C4812D-dc.dgn C4812D-rg.dgn C4812D-tv.dgn

2.2.3 Quy trnh nghin cu

Thu thp nh vin thm

Ct vng nghin cu v tng cng cht lng nh Phn loi c kim nh vng thc vt

Tch hp vi GIS, lp bn thm thc vt

Nhn xt s thay i ca thm thc vt

Gis v vin thm ng dng_Nhm 7_2010

2.2.4 X l nh vin thm NH TM V ETM+ Tin hnh gii nn, Import tt c cc nh dng file *.tif ti v vo phn mm IDRISI ANDES. Ct nh ca vng nghin cu ct nh ca vng cn nghin cu, ta s thc hin cc thao tc sau y:

M phn mm IDRISI, vo File/Export/Geotiff/tiff chn idrisi to Geotiff/ tiff chuyn mt file nh ca knh no sang dng Geotiff/tiff a vo chng trnh MapInfo

M chng trnh MapInfo , m file nh chuyn sang dng Geotiff/tiff. Sau m file Sodoghep50vn2000 v file VN_RG_TINH chng lp vo c th d dng chn vng nghin cu m ta mong mun.

Sau khi chn c vng nghin cu trong chng trnh mapinfo ta bit c cc ta ca vng nghin cu th vo phn mm IDRISI thc hin ct nh.

RERFORMAT/ WINDOW chn kiu ct Geographical positions

nh trc khi ct ( TM, band5, 1989)

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nh sau khi chn vng nghin cu v ct (TM, band 5, 1989)

Gin nh (STRETCH), lc nh (FILTER), nn chnh nh v t hp nh

(COMPOSITE) phc v cho cng tc gii on nh Sau khi c c nh ct ca vng nghin cu, ta s tin hnh s dng chc nng ImageProcessing/Enhancement/STRETCH v Image Processing/Enhancement/ FILTER (vi kiu lc trung bnh - Mean) gin nh v loi nhiu cho nh nhm lm nh r hn, sng hn v d phn bit i tng hn. Sau tin hnh nn chnh nh, Trong Idrisi, vic nn chnh c thc hin bng lnh RESAMPLE da trn file text c phn m rng l *.cor cha ta ca 10 im khng ch. Chn im khng ch trn phn mm IDRISI , ng thi chn song song trn chng trnh MapInfo Cc im khng ch nm 1989 v 2003

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Sau bc tng cng cht lng nh, ta tin hnh t hp mu cho nh vi chc nng Image Processing/Enhancement/COMPOSITE. phc v cho
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mc ch kho st thc vt, hin trng s dng t v a hnh a mo khu vc, ta s tin hnh t hp theo cc kiu: 123 (t hp mu t nhin), 234 (t hp mu gi hngvngoi),345,457 v 732(t hp mu)

nh t hp mu gi hng ngoi 234(nm1989)

nh t hp mu 234 nm 2003

Phn loi c kim nh:

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Cch thc lm: da vo nh t hp mu gi 432 v google earth phn loi

Cc bc thc hin:
Chn vng mu: dng digitize chn vng khng ch polygon save

vector

Nm1989

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Nm 2003
To cha kha signature files: image processing signature

development d makesig nhp file vector trn, nhp 3 knh nh trong t hp gn tn vng mu trong Enter signature file names ok
Kim tra vng mu: Image processing signature development

sigcom s a cc lp vo ok.

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Phn loi nh: Image processing Hard classifiers

piped khai bo

file vng mu output filenameook.

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Gis v vin thm ng dng_Nhm 7_2010

Nm 1989

Nm 2003
Histogram ca nh phn loi c kim nh nm 2 thi k

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2.2.1 Chng lp bn Lp thc vt nm 1989 v 2003

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S bin ng din tch thc vt trong qua 14 nm

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2.2.2 Nhn xt

Qua nh phn loi v histogram ta thy rng v thm thc vt chim din tch tng i ln trong vng. Tuy nhin phn gii cha nghin cu phn loi chi tit hn, hn na nhiu vng b my che ph nn kh phn loi chnh xc.

Nm 1989 din tch thm thc vt l 956844*30*30=861.2*106 m2. (956844 l s im nh ca vng thc vt, 30*30 l kch thc nh). Phn cn li l khu th, cm dn c, mt nc, t trng i trc v cc yu t khc.

Nm 2003 din tch l 776237*30*30=698.6*106 m2 S bin ng trong 14 nm (1989-2003) ca din tch thm thc vt theo tng thi im c xc nh r rng hn v mt khng gian. Do s tng nhanh ca din tch t th, t trng t rng dn c thay th bi cc khu dn c, th. Bn bin ng kt hp nhng thng tin thu thp c cho thy phm vi ca cc khu th Bo Lc ch yu pht trin v pha Bc th x.

Nguyn nhn chnh lm gim din tch thm ph thc vt l do tc th ha trong khu vc. C th xt theo nguyn nhn trc tip v gin tip:
+

Nguyn nhn trc tip bao gm: khai thc g v lm sn khc ngoi g nh nh ng thc vt hoang d, song my tre na,l , cy thuc; di dn t do v xm chim t rng , chy rng.

Nguyn nhn gin tip: nhim mi trng, xm nhp ca ng thc vt ngoi lai xm hi (cy mai dng), pht trin du lch, chuyn mc ch s dng t rng xy dng c s h tng khai thc khong sn (khai thc
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xy dng v bauxite Bo Lc, Bo Lm), m rng ng giao thng..; c ch qun l,chnh sch php lut cn nhiu bt cp; gia tng dn s ko theo nhu cu s dng ti nguyn v khai thc t phc v nng nghip tng nhanh.

Ch s NDVI l g? Ch s NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) c xc nh da trn s phn x khc nhau ca thc vt th hin gia knh ph thy c v knh ph cn hng ngoi. Dng biu th mc tp trung ca thc vt trn mt t. Ch s thc vt NDVI c tnh ton theo cng thc. NDVI = (NIR-RED) / (NIR+RED) NIR : knh cn hng ngoi (knh 4). RED :knh (knh 3). Gi tr ca NDVI l dy s 1 n +1: Gi tr NDVI thp th hin ni NIR (near infrared) v RED c phn x gn bng nhau, cho thy khu vc ph thc vt thp Gi tr NDVI cao th ni NIR c phn x cao hn phn x ca RED cho thy khu vc c ph thc vt tt. Gi tr NDVI c gi tr m cho thy Vi c phn x cao hn phn x ca NIR (near infrared), ni y khng c thc vt, l nhng th mt nc hay do my ph. XC NH CH S THC VT Chnh li user preference : + Automatically display the output of analytical modules: bt + Chn Display tab , chnh li quantative paletete: NDVI
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Gis v vin thm ng dng_Nhm 7_2010

+ Show titles: tt. S dng module Vegindex (Image processing/transformation) to ra nh v NDVI ca cc nm 1989, 2003 da trn nh knh 3 v 4.

nh NDVI nm 1989

nh NDVI nm 2003 Nhn xt: + Nhng vng c mu xanh trn nh c gi tr NDVI>0 v c th xem l din tch thc vt + Din tch nc nm 2003 phn b rng hn so vi 1989

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Kt lun ng dng vin thm v GIS l mt th mnh trong nghin cu, qun l ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng. c bit l nghin cu cc i tng phn b trn din tch rng ln nh thm thc vt, cho bit thng tin nhanh v c tnh a thi, gip iu tra v s bin i ca thc vt cng nh cc i tng nghin cu khc qua cc thi k, trong qu kh v hin ti. Hin nay Vit Nam c trm thu nh v tinh. Bn cnh nhng li th trn vic ng dng GIS v vin thm cn c mt s im yu: kh nng tch bit cc i tng cn thp, kh gii on khi nh c my.

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