Huong Dan DTM - SX Giay Va Bot Giay - 2

B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG CC THM NH V NH GI TC NG MI TRNG
HNG DN K THUT LP BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNG
D N SN XUT GIY V BT GIY
H NI, 10/2009
Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy
MC LC LI NI U .....................................................................................................................4 CHNG 1. GII THIU TM TT D N SN XUT GIY V BT GIY ......5 1.1. Khi qut v vic trin khai loi hnh d n Vit Nam: ........................................5 1.2. M t s lc v loi hnh d n: .............................................................................5 1.2.1. Cc thng tin chung v d n ............................................................................5 1.2.2. Cc hot ng ca d n trong giai on xy dng...........................................6 (1). Phng n s dng t ..........................................................................................6 (2). Cc hot ng gii phng mt bng, n b, gii to, ti nh c ........................6 (3). Cc hot ng san lp mt bng ............................................................................6 (4). Cc hot ng xy dng c bn ............................................................................6 1.2.3. Cc hot ng ca d n trong giai on vn hnh ...........................................7 1.2.3.1. Sn phm, cng sut .......................................................................................7 1.2.3.2. Cng ngh sn xut .........................................................................................7 1.2.3.3. My mc thit b ...........................................................................................14 1.2.3.4. Nhu cu nguyn liu, ho cht, nhin liu, in, nc phc v sn xut giy v bt giy ..................................................................................................................15 1.2.3.5. Bin ch lao ng v t chc thc hin ........................................................15 1.3. u t d n............................................................................................................16 1.4. Tin thc hin d n ..........................................................................................16 CHNG 2. THU THP S LIU, KHO ST V NH GI IU KIN T NHIN V KINH T - X HI TI KHU VC D N SN XUT GIY V BT GIY..................................................................................................................................17 2.1. iu kin t nhin :.................................................................................................17 S liu mi trng t nhin sau khi c thu thp cn phi c x l v th hin r rng, chi tit trong bo co TM. Di y l mt s hng dn k thut v vic xc nh cht lng ca tng thnh phn mi trng. .........................................................20 (1). Ti nguyn t .....................................................................................................20 (2). Cht lng nc ..................................................................................................20 (3). Cht lng khng kh ..........................................................................................21 (4). Ting n, rung ................................................................................................22 2.2. c im kinh t - x hi : ......................................................................................23 CHNG 3. NH GI TC NG CA D N SN XUT GIY V BT GIY TI MI TRNG T NHIN V KINH T - X HI ..................................25 3.1. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh chun b mt bng .........................25 3.2. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng .......................................25 3.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng trong giai on xy dng ................................................25 3.2.2. nh gi tc ng trong qu trnh xy dng ...................................................26 (1). Tc ng n mi trng nc trong giai on xy dng:.................................26 (2). Tc ng n mi trng khng kh trong giai on xy dng ..........................26 (3). Tc ng n mi trng t trong giai on xy dng .....................................27 (4). Tc ng ca cht thi rn trong giai on xy dng .........................................27 3.3. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh vn hnh ........................................27 3.3.1. Cc ngun cht thi trong giai on hot ng ...............................................27 3.3.2. Tc ng n mi trng vt l .......................................................................30 (1). Tc ng n mi trng nc trong giai on vn hnh ..................................30 1
(2). Tc ng n mi trng khng kh trong giai on vn hnh ..........................30 (3). Tc ng n mi trng t trong giai on vn hnh .....................................31 (4). Tc ng ca cht thi rn trong giai on vn hnh..........................................31 (5). nhim nhit ......................................................................................................31 3.3.3. Tc ng n cc h sinh thi ..........................................................................31 3.3.4. Tc ng n kinh t-x hi ............................................................................32 (1). Tc ng ti kinh t x hi..................................................................................32 (2). Tc ng n c s h tng .................................................................................33 (3). Tc ng ti cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s v kho c ....................................33 (4). Tc ng ti sc khe cng ng .......................................................................33 3.4. nh gi ri ro s c mi trng ............................................................................33 CHNG 4. CC BIN PHP GIM THIU CC TC NG TIU CC CA D N SN XUT GIY V BT GIY N MI TRNG T NHIN V KINH T - X HI .....................................................................................................................35 4.1. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on chun b d n............35 4.2. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on xy dng d n ..........36 4.3. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on hot ng d n .........37 4.3.1. Gim thiu tc ng do nc thi ....................................................................37 4.3.2. Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim mi trng khng kh ................................40 4.3.3. Gim thiu tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn...........................................42 4.3.4. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n cc h sinh thi ...................42 4.3.5. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng kinh t - x hi nhn vn .....................................................................................................................43 4.4. Bin php gim thiu, phng nga v ng ph cc s c mi trng ...................43 4.4.1. Phng chng r r nguyn nhin liu ...............................................................43 4.4.2. Phng nga v ng ph s c chy n ............................................................45 (1). Chy n do yu t in........................................................................................45 (2). Phng n PCCC ................................................................................................45 (3). Phng chng st ..................................................................................................46 4.4.3. Bin php phng nga khi h thng x l nc thi ngng hot ng...........46 CHNG 5. CHNG TRNH QUN L V QUAN TRC, GIM ST MI TRNG ...........................................................................................................................47 5.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng ...........................................................................47 5.2. Chng trnh quan trc, gim st mi trng .........................................................47 5.2.1. i tng, ch tiu quan trc, gim st mi trng .........................................48 5.2.2. D tr kinh ph cho gim st, quan trc mi trng ........................................49 CHNG 6. THAM VN KIN CNG NG ........................................................50 6.1. nh ngha v cng ng ........................................................................................50 6.2. Hng dn v tham vn cng ng v cng b thng tin ......................................50 CHNG 7. GII THIU CU TRC V NI DUNG CA BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNG CA D N SN XUT GIY V BT GIY ..........53 M U .......................................................................................................................54 Chng 1: M T TM TT D N ........................................................................55 Chng 2: IU KIN T NHIN, MI TRNG V KINH T X HI ........56 Chng 3: NH GI CC TC NG MI TRNG ........................................57 Chng 4: BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NGA V NG PH S C MI TRNG ........................................................................................58 2
Chng 5: CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI TRNG ..............58 Chng 6: THAM VN KIN CNG NG.........................................................59 KT LUN, KIN NGH V CAM KT ...................................................................60 PH LC.......................................................................................................................60 PH LC I. PHIU IU TRA KINH T - X HI.................................................61 PH LC II. CC PHNG PHP NH GI TC NG MI TRNG S DNG CHO LOI HNH D N ...............................................................................62
LI NI U Nm 2001 Cc Mi trng, B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng xy dng hng dn lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) D n Nh my giy v Bt giy ph hp vi Lut Bo v Mi trng (BVMT) c Quc hi Nc CHXHCN Vit Nam thng qua ngy 27/12/1993 v Ch tch Nc k lnh cng b ngy 10/01/1994 v Ngh nh 175/CP ngy 18/10/1994 ca Chnh ph v Hng dn thi hnh Lut Bo v Mi trng. T khi ra i, bn hng dn ny c cc c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng, cc c quan t vn mi trng v cc doanh nghip sn xut giy v bt giy trn phm vi c nc p dng trong qu trnh lp v thm nh bo co TM cho cc D n sn xut giy v bt giy. Tuy nhin, bn hng dn lp bo co TM D n Nh my giy v Bt giy tr ln li thi k t khi Quc hi Nc Cng ha X hi ch ngha Vit Nam thng qua Lut Bo v Mi trng ngy 29/11/2005 thay th cho Lut BVMT nm 1993. Tip theo Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09/08/2006 v/v Quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng; B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh Thng t s 08/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 08/09/2006 v Hng dn nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng. Ngy 28/02/2008, Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh 21/2008/N-CP v/v sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP v quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu Lut Bo v mi trng v B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 12 nm 2008 hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng thay th Thng t s 08/2006/TT-BTNMT. Trc tnh hnh vic b sung, cp nht, xy dng li hng dn k thut lp bo co TM D n sn xut giy v Bt giy ph hp vi cc quy nh hin hnh, c kh nng ho nhp quc t l cn thit v cp bch. Nhm p ng tnh hnh nu trn, c php ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng,V Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng t chc nghin cu, bin son cc hng dn lp bo co TM chuyn ngnh. Cc hng dn ny mang tnh hng dn k thut khng ch cho cc ch u t, cc c quan t vn lp bo co TM ca cc D n m cn gip cho cc c quan qun l nh nc trong cng tc thm nh bo co TM. c s ti tr ca Hp phn Kim sot nhim ti cc khu vc ng dn ngho (PCDA), Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng hon chnh bn Hng dn k thut lp bo co TM D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy. Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng xin gii thiu hng dn k thut lp bo co TM D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy. Trong qu trnh p dng vo thc t, nu c kh khn, vng mt xin kp thi phn nh v Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng theo a ch: Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng 83 Nguyn Ch Thanh, H Ni in thoi: 844-37734246 Fax: 844-37734916
CHNG 1. GII THIU TM TT D N SN XUT GIY V BT GIY Yu cu : Ni dung m t s lc v D n phi c trnh by mt cch r rng, d hiu v cn c minh ha bng nhng s liu, biu bng, s t l thch hp. 1.1. Khi qut v vic trin khai loi hnh d n Vit Nam: Ngnh cng nghip giy v bt giy ca Vit Nam l mt ngnh quan trng trong lnh vc sn xut hng tiu dng. Mc d khng phi l ngnh ng gp ln cho thu nhp quc dn nhng li cung cp sn phm thit yu phc v pht trin gio dc, vn ho x hi v nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc. Mt khc cng nghip giy v bt giy c coi l mt trong nhng ngnh mi nhn gp phn xo i gim ngho, chuyn dch c cu kinh t, pht trin kinh t x hi vng su vng xa. Bn cnh nhng nhn t tch cc m ngnh cng nghip sn xut giy v bt giy mang li th vn nhim mi trng do sn xut t ngnh mang li cng rt ng bo ng. Do c th s dng nhiu nc, hm lng cc cht nhim trong nc cao nn vic x l nhim cng nh gim thiu cc tc ng ti mi trng v h sinh thi ang l vn nan gii v tm hng gii quyt ng n t pha cc doanh nghip. Hin nay ngnh cng nghip sn xut giy v bt giy ang pht trin mnh m nc ta, nhiu d n sn xut giy v bt giy c quy m ln ang v s hnh thnh, v vy, vic xy dng hng dn nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) cho cc d n sn xut giy v bt giy l vic lm cn thit. Theo quy nh ti iu 18, Mc II, Lut Bo v Mi trng 2005, Ngh nh 21/2008/N-CP v/v sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP v quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu Lut Bo v mi trng th cc D n sn xut giy v bt giy t nguyn liu cng sut t 1.000 tn/nm tr ln v cc d n sn xut giy t giy ti ch cng sut t 5.000 tn/nm tr ln phi lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) trnh np C quan qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng thm nh. Bn hng dn k thut ny c bin son nhm tr gip cc ch u t, cc c quan t vn lp bo co TM v tr gip cc c quan qun l nh nc trong cng tc thm nh, ph duyt bo co TM d n sn xut giy v bt giy. 1.2. M t s lc v loi hnh d n: 1.2.1. Cc thng tin chung v d n Cn c vo Bo co u t xy dng cng trnh, d n u t xy dng cng trnh, bo co kinh t-k thut ca D n, vic m t s lc D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy c th c th hin theo cc ni dung chnh di y: (1). Tn d n : Nu chnh xc nh tn trong bo co u t xy dng cng trnh, d n u t xy dng cng trnh, bo co kinh t-k thut hoc ti liu tng ng ca d n. 5
(2). Ch d n : Nu y tn ca c quan ch d n, a ch lin h vi c quan ch d n; h tn v chc danh ca ngi ng u c quan ch d n. (3). V tr a l ca d n M t r rng v tr a l (gm c ta , ranh gii...) ca a im thc hin d n trong mi tng quan vi cc i tng t nhin (h thng ng giao thng; h thng sng sui, ao h v cc vc nc khc; h thng i ni ...), cc i tng v kinh t - x hi (khu dn c, khu th, cc i tng sn xut - kinh doanh - dch v, cc cng trnh vn ho - tn gio, cc di tch lch s ...) v cc i tng khc xung quanh khu vc d n, km theo s v tr a l th hin cc i tng ny, c ch gii r rng. 1.2.2. Cc hot ng ca d n trong giai on xy dng (1). Phng n s dng t M t r phng n s dng t ca d n, bao gm cc hng mc cng trnh xy dng xng sn xut, bi cha nguyn liu, kho cha nhin liu, vn phng; cc hng mc h tng k thut (ng giao thng, bn cng, cp in, cp nc, thot nc, thng tin lin lc, h thng x l nc thi, bi trung chuyn cht thi rn); t cy xanh, mt nc Trnh by r din tch tng hng mc cng trnh, t l % trn tng mt bng d n. Lp s phn b mt bng d n, ch r trn s tng hng mc cng trnh. (2). Cc hot ng gii phng mt bng, n b, gii to, ti nh c M t r hin trng khu t d n bao gm cc s liu o c, kim k hoa mu, vt kin trc; s h dn v nhn khu b tc ng do gii to; s m m phi di di c tnh kinh ph n b; ch r phng n ti nh c (s h ti nh c, v tr ti nh c). (3). Cc hot ng san lp mt bng M t r khi lng t b mt b bc tch trc khi san lp; phng n thi b t bc tch. M t cao san lp mt bng; c tnh khi lng t ct cn thit cho cng tc san lp; ngun t ct san lp, phng tin vn chuyn t ct san lp (ng b hay ng thu). (4). Cc hot ng xy dng c bn M t cc hot ng xy dng c bn bao gm xy dng xng sn xut, bi cha nguyn liu, kho cha nhin liu, vn phng; cc hng mc h tng k thut (ng giao thng, bn cng, cp in, chiu sng, cp nc, thot nc, thng tin lin lc, h thng x l nc thi, bi trung chuyn cht thi rn); c tnh tng khi lng cc loi nguyn vt liu s dng cho xy dng c bn (, ct, xi mng, gch, st thp ); xc nh ngun cung cp v phng tin vn chuyn ti khu vc d n. Lp s h thng ng giao thng, cp nc, thot nc ma, thu gom v x l nc thi. (5). Trng cy xanh M t h thng cy xanh, din tch, v tr b tr cy xanh. Lu tng din tch cy xanh khng thp hn 15% tng din tch khu t d n. Lp s b tr h thng cy xanh trn khu t n.
1.2.3. Cc hot ng ca d n trong giai on vn hnh 1.2.3.1. Sn phm, cng sut M t cc loi sn phm chnh ca D n sn xut giy v bt giy; cng sut tng loi sn phm; cht lng sn phm, quy cch sn phm v th trng tiu th. 1.2.3.2. Cng ngh sn xut Thng thng quy trnh cng ngh sn xut giy v bt giy c trnh by ring bit cng ngh sn xut bt giy v cng ngh sn xut giy thnh phm. (1). Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bt giy t nguyn liu Cc phng php chnh sn xut bt giy gm: phng php ha hc (sulfat, sulfit), bn ha hc, nhit c . - Phng php ha hc: S ch nguyn liu phm. G nguyn liu nu bt b cha sng, ra ty bt giy thnh
- Phng php bn ha hc: ngm tm trong iu kin ha cht/nu bt giy thnh phm - Phng php nhit c : hiu sut bt loi ny thng cao (85-90%) nhng s dng nhiu nng lng. Bt giy c bn khng cao, d b vng G nguyn liu ct mnh nghin bt sng chn bt giy thnh phm Nguyn l c bn ca cc phng php sn xut bt giy bao gm ho hc, bn ha hc, ho nhit c (bng 1). Trn thc t thng kt hp cc phng php nu trn sn xut cc loi bt giy theo yu cu tiu th. Bng 1. Cc phng php sn xut bt giy ph bin. Phng php 1. Ha hc - Sulfat - Soda - Sulfit - Bisulfit 2. Bn ha - Sulfit trung tnh - Sulfat - Soda - Sulfit 3. Ha nhit c - Sulfat - Soda - Sulfit X l ha hc (ha cht nu) NaOH + Na2SO3 Na2CO3 + NaOH Sulfit axit Mg - sulfit Na2SO3 + Na2CO3 + Na2HCO3 NaOH + Na2S Na2SO3 + NaOH Mg - Sulfit NaOH + Na2S Mg Sulfit Sulfit axit Hiu sut (%) (khng ty) 40-55 40-55 40-60 45-60 65-90 75-85 65-85 60-90 55-60 55-70 55-70
Hin nay, trn th gii khong 75% cng ngh sn xut bt giy l cng ngh sulfat v sulfit do cc phng php ny c mt s u im. Bt giy sn xut bng hai cng ngh ny c bn, trng cao v cng c th s dng cho nhiu loi nguyn liu th nh: tre, na v c kh nng thu hi ha cht nu bng phng php c c t xt ha dch en ti sinh s dng li dung dch kim cho cng on nu. (2). Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bt giy t giy loi Sau khi giy loi (AOCC) c nh ti, lc nng cao, sng, lc nng trung bnh, t thit b phn tch si ln 1, dng bt c chia thnh x si ngn v x si di. X si ngn tip tc c x l dng lm lp gia t giy. X si di tip tc c phn tch thit b phn tch ln hai li phn thnh hai loi x si. Loi di hn c gia cng tip v ri li phn thnh hai nhm x si sau khi phn tch nng. Nhm si tt nht c chuyn sang dy chuyn chun b si t bt nguyn lm lp mt t giy. Nhm si km hn c x l ri cng vi loi si ngn hn sau ln phn tch th hai cng on nghin lm lp lng t giy. X si ngn c tch ra thit b phn tch th hai c gia cng lm lp lng t giy. Quy trnh cng ngh (Theo dy chuyn sn xut bt AOCC ca Cng ty Kadant Black Clawson (KBC) ca M): u tin AOCC c c bng chuyn kiu tm xch chuyn ti vo my nghin thy lc nh ti thnh cc si bt phn tn (nn cn gi l thit b phn tn si). Nghin thy lc c dng hnh tr ng, ti tm y c cnh khuy c tc dng nh ti AOCC thnh dng bt giy. Thit b nghin thy lc y l loi thy lc nng thp thch hp vi AOCC. Nng bt cho hot ng ti u l 4 - 4,5%. Lng np liu c bit cao nh dng xoy nc ti u c to ra bi thit k hon ho ca cnh khuy v thnh b. My c thit k c bit kiu D hoc Sigma, nng cao ng k hiu qu nghin vn ng thi gim tiu hao nng lng v tiu hao nc. Thit b HDC l thit b lc hnh cn c ng knh phn hnh tr tng i ln. Thit b c thit k lc nhng mnh tp cht th (nh nhng mu kim loi, thy tinh, nha c kch thc ln) m chng mi b my nghin thy lc lm v ra v vn cn ln trong dng bt ti sinh. Nng bt trong thit b ny khong 3 4,5% (so vi nng bt trong thit b lc cn khu lc sn ct l <1%) v vy n c gi l thit b lc nng cao. Sau khi qua thit b lc th nng cao, bt ti sinh qua thit b sng loi b khi dng bt nhng m bt cha b nh tan ht sau qu trnh nghin thy lc. y dng sng p lc 4 giai on nn thu hi gn trit lng bt tt cn ln trong dng bt thi. Nng bt l 2 - 4,5%. Sau dng bt i ti thit b lc nng trung bnh loi b nhng tp cht kch thc nh. Nng bt thit b khong t 2 4%. Qua thit b ny, mt ln na cc tp cht b loi b khi dng bt (nha, keo, ct) Tip theo dng bt c a vo thit b phn tch ring x si di v x si ngn. Trong sn xut giy lm hm hp cc tng t OCC, tn dng hiu qu x si cn tch ring bt si di (dng lm lp mt, v n lm tng bn c l v tnh m quan ca 8
giy) v bt si ngn (dng lm lp gia) t dng bt ti sinh. Thit b ny c cu to ging nh sng p lc dng l, nhng l sng y thng nh khong 1,4 mm, nng bt khong 3,5 - 4%. u tin dng bt c a vo thit b phn tch si ln th nht. Dng bt ra c chia lm hai nhnh: nhnh th nht, dng bt cha x si ngn tip tc qua thit b lc nng thp 3 giai on loi b nhng tp cht nh (mnh vn nha, sp nn, bng keo, cht kt dnh, ). Nng dng bt vo <1% (0,4% l ti u). n y c th ni bt khng cn tp cht lm nh hng ti cht lng giy sn xut ra. Tip theo dng bt c tch nc thit b c c dng a chn khng hiu sut cao. y nng ca dng bt ra c nng ln n 25 30%. Ngoi tc dng c c bt, thit b c c cn c tc dng ra bt v dng bt c lm sch khi dung dch bn c trong dng bt ban u. Chn khng c ng tt nc to ra. Dng bt c bm vo hp nhp liu qua vng cp liu. Dng bt chy trn qua vng chy trn (ngc theo chiu a quay. Mc dng bt c iu chnh thng qua tc quay ca a). Sau khi qua tt c cc khu sng, lc th v tinh th trong dng bt vn cn st li mt s nhng ht mc in c kch thc mt thng c th khng nhn thy. Mc ch ca qu trnh phn tn l lm gim kch thc ca nhng ht tp cht ny xung ti mc m mt thng khng cn c th thy c na (<40m) v phn tn u chng trong bt hoc ra tri chng i, kt qu l khng li vt tch ca nhng ht tp cht trn sn phm giy lm t bt ti sinh. Sau khi c c c, bt c lm nng ln n nhit d khong 85 150 0C bng cch xng hi p lc cao lm mm cc ht tp cht qu trnh lm gim kch thc ca chng d dng hn. lm gim kch thc ca cc ht tp cht ny xung ti mc m mt thng khng th nhn thy c bng cch dng a nghin c kt cu rng c bit. Cc ht tp cht s gim kch thc khi c nho trn v ch st mnh gia cc rng ca rotor v stator trong thit b. Sau bt c a vo b cha v c dng lm lp gia t giy. nhnh th hai, dng bt x si di c phn tch ra s tip tc c phn tch ln th hai, phn tch x si di lm hai loi (loi x si di th nht - x si tt v loi x si di th hai - x si km hn) c x l ring bit tng hiu sut bt v gim nng lng. Loi x si di th nht quy trnh x l tip theo tng t nh i vi dng bt x si ngn, im khc bit l c thm cng on lc nghch dng tch loi tp cht nh trc khi c c bt lc trit tp cht. Ra khi thit b phn tn nng, phn tt nht ca dng bt ny c a vo ho trn vi dng bt c chun b t bt nguyn thy (UHK) dng lm bt cho sn xut lp mt t giy, phn km hn c ho nhp vo dng bt t dng loi x si di th hai x l tip v dng lm bt cho lp lng t giy. Dng bt x si di th hai cng c x l qua cc bc nh i vi dng bt x si ngn, nhng cng on lc nng thp s dng thit b lc 4 giai on (thay v ba giai on) v c thm cng on sng tinh ba giai on kiu sng gn sng tin tin vi l sng c kch thc 0,2mm loi b nhng x si ngn st li trc khi c c bt.
Sau khi phn tn nng, dng bt x si di th nht cn li (phn tt c a vo ho trn vi dng bt c chun b t bt nguyn thy) v dng bt x si di th hai c ho nhp lm mt v c a vo my nghin hai a quay. Nng bt trong my nghin khong 3,5 5%. Sau khi lc sch tp cht trc khi s dng xeo giy, bt c nghin pht trin ti mc tt nht tnh cht to thnh t giy ca bt. Nghin a thch hp cho vic chi ho x si. Qu trnh ch xt trong my nghin lm b mt x si b x ra, din tch b mt x si tng, tng kh nng to lin kt do lm tng bn c l ca giy. Sau khi c nghin k, bt c dng lm lp lng t giy. (3). Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut giy t bt giy a). Chun b bt xeo t UKP (Theo dy chuyn ny do Cng ty Andritz sn xut ti c v Trung Quc) Dy chuyn chun b bt xeo t nguyn liu UKP n gin hn dy chuyn chun b bt t nguyn liu OCC v bt UKP c lc, nghin k trong qu trnh sn xut, tc l kh sch. Tuy nhin cng cn phi tip tc x l li m bo an ton cho sn xut v ph hp vi yu cu. UKP c bng chuyn kiu tm xch cn ong ri chuyn ti n my nghin bt thy lc nh ti nng 4%. Sau dng bt c a vo thit b lc th nng cao lc nhng mnh tp cht th (cc loi rc nha, thy tinh, kim loi, sn ct ln vo trong qu trnh vn chuyn, bo qun). Sau bt c a vo b cha. y tip nhn thm bt si di c phn tch t dy chuyn sn xut OCC tiu chun lm bt lp mt t giy. Dng bt tip tc c a vo my nghin a i chi ho x si ri vo b cha bt cho my xeo. Bt t hai loi nguyn liu AOCC v UKP sau khi x l c cha trong cc b dung dch bt lp mt, lp gia v lp y. b). Xeo giy (My xeo giy PM15 do Cng ty Metso Paper ca Phn Lan sn xut) S cng ngh Dy chuyn xeo giy lm bao b c trnh by trong hnh 1.
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B cha u my Sng Hm bt Hnh thnh H thng chn p Sy qua p gia keo Sy Cn lng Cun Cun li In nhn & Gi Kho Nc
Hnh 1: Dy chuyn xeo giy lm bao b. Bt xeo c cc dy chuyn trong cng on chun b bt c cha trong cc b bt xeo lp mt, bt xeo lp lng v bt xeo lp gia cho t giy. T b cha ring bit cng on chun b bt, tng loi bt xeo c a vo b cha u my l b cha ln c khuy lin tc dng cha bt sau khi phi trn. Ti b cha u my ny, cc cht ph gia c b sung v phi trn vi bt giy tng cng thm nhng tnh cht cn thit cho t giy. Cng dng ca b cha u my l duy tr mt lng bt nht nh c chun b sn cho my xeo hot ng lin tc trong cc trng hp cc cng on nghin v l do no phi ngng li mt thi gian ngn. Nu khng c b ny th khi c s c khu nghin m phi dng my xeo th s tiu hao mt lng sn phm ln trong qu trnh dng my v khi ng my tr li cho n khi cha t s n nh cht lng giy. Thng th nng trong b cha u my khong 3 4%. Hm iu tit (Stuff Box) l hm cha bt, kch thc nh, nm trung gian gia b cha u my v bm qut. Cng dng ca hm l duy tr dng chy n nh ca dng bt t b cha u my sang bm qut. Dng bt trong hm iu tit lc ra c nng 3 - 4% s c ho long bng nc trng (nc thu hi t b phn li ca my xeo) ti nng 0,6% trc khi vo bm qut sang thit b tinh lc v sng chn trc khi ln my xeo.
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Bm qut (Fan Pump) l mt bm cng sut ln dng bm dng bt ho long nng thp thch hp khi vo thit b tinh lc v sng chn trc khi ln my xeo. H thng tinh lc bt gm rt nhiu n v lc ly tm hnh cn, ng knh nh. Mc ch l tinh lc tp cht nh ln trong dng bt. H thng y gm 3 nc. Nc u gm nhiu n v lc nht ri n nc th hai, t nht l nc th ba. Dng bt thi ca nc lc trn s l dng vo ca nc lc sau. Mc ch ca lc nhiu nc l thu hi trit lng bt tt c ln trong dng bt thi. Sau khi qua h thng tinh lc th dng bt s c a vo khoang cha c chn khng kh bt trong dng bt. Khoang cha c chn khng cha bt sau tinh lc. Mc ch duy tr p sut chn khng trong khoang ph v nhng bt kh trong dng bt. Nguyn tc l trn b mt dung dch bt c p sut chn khng, iu ny lm cho cc bt kh c trong lng dung dch bt s ni ln trn v b v ra, nhng cht kh ho tan trong bt cng thot ln trn, kt qu l hn ch c s to bt dng bt. Nu dng bt c kh th vt bt kh s li trn b mt t giy khi xeo giy, cn tr s thot nc trn li xeo v bt kh cn lm tng s kt t ca x si bt lm cho chng phn tn khng u khi hnh thnh t giy. H thng sng tinh trc khi xeo: Sau khi qua khoang c chn khng, dng bt s c a vo h thng sng tinh nhm mc ch boi b ln cui nhng tp cht c kch thc ln hn so vi nhng x si v ht ca nhng cht ph gia hp cch gip cho qu trnh hnh thnh t giy c u hn. Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b sng dng trong h thng sng tinh tng t nh sng p lc dng trong khu x l bt sau nu l sng khe. Nng bt khi vo sng l 2 5%. Sau khi c tinh lc v sng tinh th dng bt c ho long ti nng khong 0,5% ri bm vo thng u ca my xeo xeo giy. Cng on to thnh t giy trn li my xeo c thc hin phn u my xeo, khi bt c phn b u trong thng u v c phun ln li xeo hnh thnh lp b mt, lp gia v lp y t giy. Trong cng on ny dng bt long c phun ln mt li, mt phn nc t dng bt c thot i qua li v t giy c hnh thnh. Cng on thot nc c thc hin trn b phn li, l qu trnh thot nc t nhin do tc dng ca trng lc v thot nc cng bc do tc dng ca cc hm ht chn khng c lp t trn b phn li, nhm lm kh dn tm giy t mi c hnh thnh. Cng on p c thc hin ti b phn p l cng on dng lc p c hc vt nc trong tm giy cng nhiu cng tt, gip cho cng on sy sau tn hi sy. Cng on sy c thc hin trong b phn sy ca my xeo l cng on lm bay hi gn nh ton b lng nc cn li trong t giy nh t giy p st vo b mt l sy bn trong c hi nng. Kt qu l nh nhit cao ca hi nng m nc trong giy s bay hi v t giy c lm kh. b phn li, nc trng c thu hi. Nc trng l nc thot ra t tm bt t thu hi c phn di ca b phn li trn my xeo. Nc trng c cha x si mn v nhng cht ph gia c trong thnh phn bt giy. Nng ca nhng cht ny gim dn t phn u n phn cui ca b phn li. Nng bt mn trong nc trng thot 12
ra phn u b phn li khong 0,01 0,02% (so vi nng ca bt khi phun ln li l 0,5 1%). Nc trng thu hi c s dng li trong h thng my xeo tit kim nc v tn dng nhng thnh phn c trong nc trng xeo giy. - Nc trng c nng si cao l nc thu hi c phn u b phn li, nc ny s c a v b cha ring nm di li. Nc ny c s dng pha long dng bt trc khi vo thng u; - Nc trng c nng bt thp hn thu hi c t cc hm ht chn khng p lc cao phn sau ca b phn li. Nc ny c a v b ring v dng lm nc ho long trong cc khu nghin hoc ra bt, ra li, ra chn. Phn nc d tha t b ny s c a qua thit b thu hi bt. Giy t (rch) l ton b phn giy sn xut hng trn ton b my xeo t khu t n khu kh. Lng giy ny c thu hi v x l h thng x l giy t. My nghin thy lc c dng x l giy hng t (giy hng t khu li ti khu p). Thit b ch xt bt nng cao (Deflaker) c dng x l giy hng kh (giy hng t khu sy ti khu cun). Sau khi qua b phn li, tm bt c kh khong 18 22%, n c tip tc a sang b phn p ca my xeo. Sau khi qua b phn p, kh ca t giy t 40 50%, tit kim c lng hi ng k sy kh t giy. T b phn p tm bt c a vo b phn sy s b, ri ti p gia keo b mt. My xeo dng y c b phn gia keo b mt ngay trn my xeo. B phn ny nm gia b phn sy ca my xeo. N gm 2 l t p st vo nhau, bn di mi l c mng cha cht gia keo cho b mt tm giy. Tip theo tm giy c a vo b phn sy ca my xeo. B phn sy c nhim v tip tc lm bay hi phn nc cn li trong tm giy bng l sy. Nhim v ca l sy l truyn nhit t hi nc nng cha trong thn l n lp giy c p st v b mt l, lm bay hi nc trong tm giy. Nc trong tm giy gm nc trn b mt x si, l phn chnh cn gi l nc t do, d bay hi trong qu trnh sy v lng nc nm trong cc khe nh bn trong hoc gia cc x si k st nhau, gi l nc lin kt kh bay hi. Do qu trnh sy c nhiu giai on vi tc sy v nhit sy khc nhau nn cc l trong b phn sy c phn b thnh tng nhm gi l nhng t sy. Mi t sy c cng mt nhit sy trn cc l, cng chung nhau mt chn sy. Phn b nh vy thun tin cho vic phn b hi vo cc l sy v iu khin d dng nhit theo cc t sy. T sy u tin c nhit thp v t ny tng ng vi qu trnh tng dn nhit ca tm giy m (mt lng nc t do bay hi, tc bay hi chm), t sy gia thng c nhit sy cao nht tng ng vi giai on tc sy khng i (lng nc t do bay hi ht), t sy th ba c nhit sy gim hn so vi t th hai trnh lm dn giy do y l giai on tng ng vi qu trnh gim tc bay hi (do lng nc lin kt bay hi chm), phn cui cng ca b phn sy l l lm lnh v lc ny giy t n kh khng i (trong tm giy ch cn li lng nc lin kt su trong cc x si, khng bay hi c na v kh ca giy khng tng thm c na). Trong l lm lnh ta a nc lnh tun hon lin tc. Nhim v ca l ny l lm
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gim nhit ca tm giy, lm cho n tr nn mm mi trc khi i sang b phn cn lng tm giy d cn lng hn. Mi t sy c b phn cung cp hi ring bao gm c hi mi (p lc cao) v hi thu hi (p lc thp). Lng hi thu hi i ra t mi t sy s c tch khi nc ngng ri qua my nn kh n p sut cao, sau mi c kt hp vi hi mi ri a vo l sy. Cch phn b hi ny tn dng c lng hi thu hi, d dng iu khin p sut hi trong tng t sy theo yu cu ca khc tuyn sy do cc t sy c c lp vi nhau v phn b hi. Sau tm giy i tip vo b phn cn lng lm cho b mt tm giy c nhn hn, bng hn v cht hn ( xp gim i). B phn cun l b phn cui cng ca my xeo. N bao gm mt li kim loi ng knh nh t nm song song v t ln mt l kim loi rng ng knh ln quay lin tc (gi l l cun). Tm giy c lun qua khe p gia li v l cun ri cun vo li. Khi li t ln l ln v quay theo l ln th tm giy s c t ng cun lin tc cho n khi ng knh cun giy t kch thc. Cun giy c cu ra ngoi v li mi c thay vo. Cun giy tip tc c cun li ngoi my xeo, cn trng lng, bao gi, in nhn ri chuyn vo kho thnh phm. 1.2.3.3. My mc thit b i vi ngnh cng nghip sn xut giy v bt giy thng thng my mc thit b c u t cho cc cng on t khai thc nguyn liu, ngun vt liu th n sn phm ph thuc vo tnh cht cng vic (khai thc, vn chuyn) v cng ngh sn xut. Cc phng tin vn chuyn c th l xe t ti, tu, cc loi thuyn b. Nhng phng tin vn chuyn ny cng c s dng chuyn giy thnh phm n ni tiu th. Cc hng mc cng trnh ch yu s dng sn xut giy v bt giy c trnh by bng 2 v 3 di y: Bng 2 Cc hng mc cng trnh ch yu s dng sn xut giy v bt giy 1. Sn xut ha cht 2. C in 3. ng lc 4. Sn xut bt giy 5. Xeo giy 6. H thng cu cng, chuyn ti hi, in nc v ha cht 7. Xng sa cha t v cc phn xng vn ti, bc d 8. Sn bi nguyn liu 9. Kho tng 10. Bn cng 11. ng st 12. ng b 13. iu hnh sn xut (c th l phng iu khin t ng) 14. Nh hnh chnh
Bng 3. Cc thit b ch yu s dng sn xut giy v bt giy: 14
Thit b X l nc L hi FCB Tua bin ngng Tua bin i p My xeo giy Ni nu bt L hi thu hi kim Phn xng ha cht
Cng sut (n v) m3/h Tn hi/h MW/h MW/h Tn Tn/nm Tn hi/h Tn/nm
Nh ch to (tn my, nc sn xut, tnh trng thit b)
Nu thit b my mc v cng sut s s dng cho D n.
i vi tng trng hp c th, cn lit k y cc loi my mc, thit b cn c ca d n km theo ch dn v nc sn xut, nm sn xut, hin trng (cn bao nhiu phn trm hay mi). 1.2.3.4. Nhu cu nguyn liu, ho cht, nhin liu, in, nc phc v sn xut giy v bt giy Nhu cu tiu th nguyn liu, ho cht, nhin liu, in, nc ph thuc vo cng ngh sn xut, sn lng (Xem bng 4). Bng 4. Nhu cu nguyn liu, ho cht, nhin liu, in, nc Danh mc Chng loi nh mc Tng lng tiu th cho sn xut ca D n
Nguyn liu, - G, na, b ma, giy loi ho cht - G mnh (NaOH, CaCO3, - Ha cht nu, ty bt Cl3, NaClO) - Al2(SO4)3, nha thng, t st, bt Tnh trn 01 Ph gia - t st, bt , thch cao n v sn - Cc cht phm mu, tinh bt. phm - in (Nhit in t than, in li, thy in, my pht in) Nhin liu, - Nc (Nc mt, nc ngm) in, nc - Hi nc - Xng du, du m
Tng lng cn thit cho D n.
i vi tng trng hp c th, cn lit k y thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc loi nguyn, nhin, vt liu (u vo) ca d n km theo ch dn v tn thng hiu, tn ho hc v cng thc ho hc (nu c). 1.2.3.5. Bin ch lao ng v t chc thc hin Trong phn ny trnh by v s lng cn b, cng nhn vin lm vic trong nh my giy v bt giy; s ngy lm vic trong 01 nm; s gi trong 1 ca, s ca lm vic 15
trong 1 ngy; t chc qun l v thc hin d n. Ngoi ra, cn trnh by v ngun lao ng v cng tc o to lao ng. 1.3. u t d n Cn trnh by v tng mc u t v ngun vn u t ca d n, nu r vn u t cho xy dng c bn, mua sm my mc thit b, trong c vn u t cho cc cng trnh bo v mi trng. 1.4. Tin thc hin d n Trnh by v lch trnh thc hin cc hng mc cng trnh ca D n t giai on chun b n giai on hon thnh a cng trnh vo hot ng.
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CHNG 2. THU THP S LIU, KHO ST V NH GI IU KIN T NHIN V KINH T - X HI TI KHU VC D N SN XUT GIY V BT GIY Yu cu : Mi trng nn l mi trng khu vc trc khi thc hin d n v s chu tc ng ca qu trnh thc hin d n. nh gi mi trng nn l qu trnh xc nh hin trng mi trng ca khu vc m d n d nh s thc hin. Chng ny phi nh gi c cht lng mi trng ti khu vc d n thng qua nhng s liu quan trc, o c cc ch tiu mi trng c trng cho hot ng ca d n. Cc s liu v hin trng mi trng ti khu vc d n l nhng cn c khoa hc nh gi tc ng mi trng v nh gi hiu qu ca cc gii php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc. Cc s liu v hin trng mi trng ti khu vc d n cn t nhng yu cu cht lng sau y: - C tin cy, r rng v phi r ngun gc xut x. S liu ny c th ly t nhiu ngun ti liu khc nhau nh: cc trm quan trc mi trng quc gia v tnh, cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc, kho st trong nhiu nm c cng b chnh thc hoc s liu t tin hnh kho st, o c trong qu trnh lp bo co TM. - Cc s liu, ti liu phi c thu thp, kho st, o c ti khu vc d n v vng ln cn chu tc ng trc tip ca d n. - Cc s liu phi c x l s b, h thng ho, r rng gip cho ngi nh gi d dng phn tch tng hp, phn chia thnh cc nhm s liu, nhn nh c im ca vng nghin cu. - Phng php kho st, o c, ly mu, phn tch phi tun th cc Tiu chun, quy chun hin hnh. Trong trng hp thiu cc Tiu chun, quy chun th s dng tiu chun ca nc ngoi sau khi c php ca c quan qun l mi trng nh nc v a phng. - Cc my mc thit b o lng ngoi thc a v trong phng th nghim phi c chun ho 2.1. iu kin t nhin : Vic thu thp s liu, kho st v quan trc cc ch th mi trng t nhin phi y lm c s nh gi hin trng mi trng trc khi thc hin d n, cng nh d bo din bin mi trng khi thc hin d n. Tuy nhin, cng tc thu thp, o c, iu tra cc s liu v mi trng, ti nguyn thin nhin phi tin hnh khu vc d n v vng ln cn chu tc ng ca D n. Hin trng mi trng t nhin ti khu vc D n sn xut giy v bt giy v vng ln cn s c xc nh thng qua cc ch th c nu trong bng 5 di y. 17
Bng 5. Cc ch th mi trng v ti nguyn cn kho st khi lp TM D n sn xut giy v bt giy. TT Mi trng v Thng s ti nguyn (1) (2) (3) 1. iu kin t nhin 1.1 V tr a l a danh, to v v tr a l ca khu vc thc hin d n. V tr d n trong mi quan h vi khu vc ln cn. 1.2 c im a M t nhng c im a hnh hnh, a mo ca khu vc d n mt cch chi tit (ni, i, ng bng...) 1.3 c im kh - Nhit tng, kh - Lng ma, m hu, thu vn - Ch gi - Cc hin tng thi tit bt thng - Lu lng, tc dng chy, mc nc ca ngun tip nhn nc thi 2. Ti nguyn thin nhin 2.1 Ti nguyn t - Tng din tch t t nhin v cht lng t - Hin trng s dng t (nng nghip, lm nghip, chuyn dng, t , t s dng khc, t cha s dng) 2.2 Ti nguyn - c im thu vn ti khu vc nc mt d n (sng, h, knh mng) - Hin trng s dng ti nguyn nc mt trong khu vc 2.3 Ti nguyn - c im a cht thu vn khu nc ngm (v vc (tng cha nc, tr lng, nc khong) cht lng nc ngm). - Hin trng khai thc v s dng. 2.4 Ti nguyn Cc s liu v thm thc vt v sinh vt h ng vt trong khu vc thc hin d n. Cn c bit ch n nhng chng loi c th ca khu vc hoc c trong Sch 3. Hin trng cht lng mi trng vt l 3.1 Cht lng t - Tng Phenol - Cc kim loi nng - Du m Phng php kho st v quan trc (4) Ti liu d n hoc atlat quc gia Ti liu d n hoc a l, a cht khu vc Ti liu ca cc trm kh tng thu vn khu vc v s liu quan trc ti hin trng
Theo s liu thng k ca a phng v ti liu iu tra, kho st
Thu thp thng tin, t liu iu tra c bn ca khu vc v kho st, iu tra b sung Thu thp thng tin, t liu iu tra c bn ca khu vc v kho st, iu tra b sung Thu thp thng tin, t liu iu tra c bn ca khu vc v kho st, iu tra b sung - Phng php trc quang - Quang ph hp th nguyn t 18
3.2
Cht lng - Nhit nc mt, nc - pH ngm - Hm lng cn l lng - c - mu - Tng khong ho - Oxy ho tan (DO) - Nhu cu oxy sinh ho (BOD5) - Nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD) - Cl - Tng lng st (Fe) - Hm lng du, m - Tng s Coliform
3.3.
Cht lng khng kh
- CO
- SO2
- NOx - H2S - Bi l lng tng s (TSP) - Tng hydrocacbon (THC) 3.4 Ting n - L50 - L eq - Lmax - Gia tc - Vn tc - Tn s
- Sc k kh - Nhit k - My o pH in cc thu tinh - Lc, sy 1050C - My o c - My o mu - My o khong - Winhle hoc in cc oxy - Oxy tiu th sau 5 ngy nhit 200C - Oxy ho bng K2Cr2O7 - So mu quang ph kh bin - Quang ph hp th nguyn t - Sc k kh, theo TCVN 5070-1995 - Lc qua mng v nui cy 430C - Phng php sc k kh theo TCVN 59721995 hay phng php th Folin-Ciocalteur - Phng php Tetracloromercurat (TCM/pararosanilin) theo TCVN 5971-1995 - Phng php GrissSaltman theo ISO 6768/1995 - Phng php o khi lng, theo TCVN 50671995 - Phng php sc k kh - My o mc n tng ng tch phn. - My o rung
3.5
rung
19
S liu mi trng t nhin sau khi c thu thp cn phi c x l v th hin r rng, chi tit trong bo co TM. Di y l mt s hng dn k thut v vic xc nh cht lng ca tng thnh phn mi trng. (1). Ti nguyn t Ti nguyn t ti khu vc d n c nh gi da vo cc s liu iu tra v hin trng s dng t cho cc mc ch pht trin kinh t x hi. Cc s liu cn c th hin mt cch nh lng nh bng 6 di y. Bng 6. Hin trng s dng t khu vc d n TT 01 02 03 04 Mc ch s dng t nng nghip t lm nghip t t khc Tng din tch t t nhin Din tch cc loi t (ha) 2008 2009 2010 2011 Ghi ch
Hm lng kim loi nng, du m v tng phenol trong t ti khu vc d n s c phn tch nhm nh gi hin trng nhim t v l c s nh gi tc ng ca d n ln cht lng t khi d n i vo hot ng. (2). Cht lng nc i vi D n Nh my giy v bt giy, vic nh gi cht lng mi trng nc mt v nc ngm s cn c vo kt qu o c v phn tch mu nc ti cc im ly mu. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc c trnh by theo mu ti cc bng 7, 8. Bng 7. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc mt. Thi gian ly mu: ............................................... TT 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Ch tiu Nhit pH c Hm lng cn l lng (SS) xy ho tan (DO) BOD5 COD tng N Tng P Kim loi nng Tng phenol AOX n v C NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l 20
0
im o/ly mu W1 W2
Phng php ly mu/thit b o
13 14
Du m Coliform
mg/l MPN/ 100 ml
Ghi ch : V tr ly mu: im W1, W2 Bng 8. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc ngm Thi gian ly mu: ............................................... TT 01 03 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 Ch tiu pH c Tng cht rn ho tan (TDS) oxy ho KMnO4 kim ton phn cng ClPO43NH4+ NO2SO42 Fe Tng Phenol Coliforms n v
-
im o/ly mu GW1 GW2
Phng php ly mu/thit b o
NTU mg/l mg/l mglg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/ 100 ml
Ghi ch : V tr ly mu: im GW1, GW2 (3). Cht lng khng kh Hot ng ca d n c rt nhiu tim nng gy nhim mi trng khng kh c bit l bi, kh thi v mi hi. Do vy cc s liu kho st, o c cn phi c la chn sao cho phn nh c mt cch chnh xc v trung thc nht v cht lng khng kh ti khu vc d n v vng ln cn chu nhng tc ng trc tip ca d n. S liu quan trc kh tng nhiu nm c th c th hin theo mu trong bng 9 v cht lng khng kh c th hin theo mu trong bng 10 di y. Bng 9: S liu kh tng trung bnh thng nhiu nm ti khu vc d n Thi gian quan trc:.......................................... Tn trm : . Thng Hng gi Tc gi (m/s) 21 Thng 1 Thng 2 Thng 12 Trung bnh nm
Nhit (oC) m (%) p sut (mbar) Bng 10: Cht lng khng kh ti khu vc d n Thi gian o c, ly mu: ............................................... a im o c/ly mu KK1 KK2 KK3 TCVN ( so snh) Bi Nng cc kh c hi (mg/m3) SO2 NO2 CO H2S THC
Ghi ch : im o: KK1, KK2, KK3 (4). Ting n, rung nh gi mc n ti khu vc d n phi tin hnh la chn a im ph hp c th xc nh nhng ngun gy ra ting n hin c trong khu vc ng thi nh gi c kh nng lan truyn m thanh. Kt qu o c ting n c th c th hin theo mu bng 11. Bng 11 : Kt qu o ting n Thi gian o : ....................... a im o TO1 TO2 TO3 TCVN Ghi ch : V tr o ting n : TO1, TO2, TO3 ... rung s c o theo 3 thng s (Gia tc, vn tc v tn sut) ti cc im o ting n, sau so vi Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam (Xem bng 12). Bng 12: Kt qu o rung Thi gian o : ....................... a im o DR1 Gia tc (m/s2) Vn tc (m/s) Tn sut (Hz) Ghi ch Laeq (dBA) Lamax (dBA) L50 (dBA) Ghi ch
22
DR2 DR3 TCVN Ghi ch : V tr o ting n : DR1, DR2, DR3 ... Da vo cc s liu iu tra, o c cc ch th mi trng t nhin nu trn, c th nh gi hin trng mi trng t nhin ti khu vc D n sn xut giy v bt giy trn c s so snh vi cc tiu chun, quy chun mi trng Vit Nam v a phng. C th nh sau: - Mi trng vt l: cht lng t, nc mt, nc ngm, cht lng khng kh, iu kin kh tng, ting n, rung. - Ti nguyn sinh vt: ng vt, thc vt, h sinh thi, bao gm c sinh vt di nc v sinh vt trn cn, cn c bit quan tm i vi ng vt hoang d v thc vt qu him. - Ti nguyn t: hin trng s dng t, vn gii to mt bng phc v cho d n; 2.2. c im kinh t - x hi : iu kin kinh t - x hi ti khu vc D n v ln cn s chu tc ng trc tip bi d n, v vy vic kho st v nh gi hin trng pht trin kinh t - x hi ca khu vc l cn thit.Vic kho st, thu thp s liu v KTXH phi y , phi tin hnh khu vc d n v vng ln cn chu tc ng ca D n. Hin trng KT-XH ti khu vc D n sn xut giy v bt giy v vng ln cn s c trnh by thng qua cc ch th c nu trong bng 13 di y. Bng 13. Cc thng tin v KTXH cn thu thp khi lp TM D n sn xut giy v bt giy : TT Ch tiu Thng s KTXH (1) (2) (3) 1. c im kinh t - x hi 1.1 Dn c Ch n tnh hnh dn c sinh lao ng sng ti khu vc thc hin d n v chu tc ng ca d n 1.2 Kinh t Vic pht trin d n trong mi lin quan n Quy hoch pht trin kinh t ca a phng, tnh v vng. - Y t v sc kho cng ng - Bnh lin quan n ngun nc Phng php kho st v quan trc (4) Theo s liu thng k ca a phng v ti liu iu tra, phng vn khi kho st Theo s liu quy hoch ca a phng Theo s liu thng k ca a phng v ti 23
1.3
Tnh hnh x hi
v bnh h hp - Mng li v tnh hnh gio dc, nng cao nhn thc cng ng - Vic lm v tht nghip 1.4 Lch s, vn - Cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s, ho du lch c gi tr trong khu vc thc hin d n hoc nhng khu vc ln cn chu tc ng ca d n. - Thun phong m tc v phong tc tp qun ca dn a phng c th c nh hng n vic thc hin d n 2. H tng c s v dch v 2.1 Giao thng - c im ca cc tuyn ng giao thng (thu, b) c lin quan n hot ng vn chuyn ca d n - Tai nn, s c giao thng 2.2 Dch v, Hin trng v kh nng cung cp thng mi dch v, thng mi
liu iu tra, phng vn khi kho st
Theo s liu thng k ca a phng v ti liu iu tra, phng vn khi kho st
Ti liu ca c quan chc nng v qun l hnh chnh a phng Ti liu ca c quan chc nng v qun l hnh chnh a phng
Ni dung iu tra hin trng kinh t - x hi ti khu vc D n c th tham kho mu ti Ph lc I. Da vo cc s liu thu thp, iu tra v KTXH nu trn, c th nh gi hin trng KTXH ti khu vc D n Nh my giy v bt giy. C th nh sau: - Cng trnh vn ho, lch s: nh l cng trnh tn gio, m m, khu kho c, cng trnh vn ho - lch s, cnh quan, du lch; - Kinh t - x hi: dn s, ngh nghip, mc sng, iu kin v sinh, sc kho cng ng, n b, ti nh c v.v...
24
CHNG 3. NH GI TC NG CA D N SN XUT GIY V BT GIY TI MI TRNG T NHIN V KINH T - X HI
Yu cu : Phn ni dung ny cn phi ch ra mt cch nh lng, ton din nhng tc ng tim tng bao gm nhng tc ng trc tip v gin tip, ngn hn v lu di, nhng tc ng tim n v tch lu, nhng tc ng c th v khng th khc phc c tim nng ln gy suy thoi, nhim mi trng khu vc. nh gi tc ng mi trng cho D n ny cn c tin hnh theo 03 giai on : - Giai on chun b mt bng. - Giai on xy dng nh my. - Giai on hot ng ca nh my. Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng, cng cn phi xem xt cc gii php bo v mi trng do Ch u d n la chn nhm iu chnh, hon thin hoc b sung cc gii php mi t c tiu chun/quy chun v bo v mi trng. Trng hp c bit cn thit th xut thay i mt phn hoc ton b phng n thit k kh thi ca D n. 3.1. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh chun b mt bng Cc tc ng chnh trong giai on chun b mt bng l : - Bi, cht thi t qu trnh pht quang, cht b thm thc vt ti khu t d n; - Bi, kh thi t cc xe ti vn chuyn thc vt b cht, vn chuyn t ct phc v san lp; - Kh thi t cc x lan vn chuyn ct phc v san lp mt bng; - Bi, kh thi t cc xe i san lp mt bng; - Nc ma chy trn qua ton b khu vc d n cun theo cht thi xung ngun nc. 3.2. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng 3.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng trong giai on xy dng Cc hot ng v ngun cht thi trong giai on xy dng c trnh by trong bng 14. Bng 14: Cc hot ng v ngun cht thi trong giai on xy dng. Stt Cc hot ng 01 Gii phng, san lp mt bng Ngun gy tc ng - Bi, cht thi t qu trnh pht quang, cht b thm thc vt ti khu t d n; 25
Stt
02
03
04
Ngun gy tc ng - Bi, kh thi t cc xe ti vn chuyn thc vt b cht, vn chuyn t ct phc v san lp; - Kh thi t cc x lan vn chuyn ct phc v san lp mt bng; - Bi, kh thi t cc xe i san lp mt bng; - Nc ma chy trn qua ton b khu vc d n cun theo cht thi xung ngun nc. Xy dng c s h tng - Kh thi t cc x lan, tu thuyn, vn chuyn vt liu cc hng mc cng trnh xy dng, ct, t, , st thp, ng cng, ct in, ca d n ng dy, trm bin in, thit b my mc, - Bi, kh thi t cc my mc phc v thi cng xy dng: ba my, cn cu, - Bi, kh thi t cc qu trnh thi cng c gia nhit nh ct, hn, t nng chy nha Bitum. - Nc ma chy trn qua ton b khu vc d n cun theo cht thi xung ngun nc; - Cht thi rn pht sinh t qu trnh xy dng. Hot ng tp kt, lu - Kh thi ca cc xe ti vn chuyn nhin, nguyn, vt tr nguyn, nhin, vt liu nh: xng du, vt liu xy dng, sn liu. - Cht thi rn nguy hi bao gm cc thng cha xng du, sn sau khi s dng, gi lau dnh du m, sn Sinh hot ca cng nhn Cht thi sinh hot ca cng nhn trn cng trng. ti cng trng 3.2.2. nh gi tc ng trong qu trnh xy dng (1). Tc ng n mi trng nc trong giai on xy dng:
Cc hot ng
Ngun gy nhim nc trong giai on xy dng ch yu l nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn v nc ma chy trn trn b mt cng trng xy dng. - Do tp trung nhiu cng nhn xy dng nn lng nc thi sinh hot thng ln (bnh qun 60-80 l/ngi/ngy m), song cng thay i theo thi gian v ma trong nm. Nc thi sinh hot cha nhiu cht cn b, cht rn l lng, cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng v vi sinh. - Nc ma chy trn c lu lng ph thuc vo ch ma ca khu vc v thng c c, hm lng cht rn l lng cao. Ngoi ra, nc ma chy trn cn cha nhiu tp cht khc (du m, ho cht ri vi ...). (2). Tc ng n mi trng khng kh trong giai on xy dng - Trong giai on xy dng cng trnh, cht nhim khng kh ch yu l bi sinh ra t qu trnh i t, bc d vt liu xy dng v khi hn c ch bi, CO, SOx, NOx, hydrocarbon ; kh thi ca cc phng tin giao thng vn ti. Tc ng ca kh thi ln cht lng khng kh giai on ny ph thuc vo quy m d n, thi tit ti khu vc d n v ch mang tnh tm thi. Tuy nhin, cng cn phi nh gi chi tit xut cc bin php gim thiu thch hp. 26
- Ting n pht sinh giai on ny ch yu l t cc my mc san i v cc phng tin giao thng vn ti vi mc n ln ti 80-90 dBA. (3). Tc ng n mi trng t trong giai on xy dng Trong qu trnh xy dng Nh my sn xut giy v bt giy, t b tc ng chnh do cng vic o p v b xi mn. Vic o p nh hng trc tip n sn xut nng nghip v lm nghip, cnh quan mi trng, ph hu thm thc vt. Xi mn s lm tng c, tng tc bi lng ngun nc, gy tc nghn cng rnh thot nc dn n c th gy ng ngp cc b, suy gim cht lng nc mt, nh hng n h sinh thi di nc. V vy, cn phi nh gi chnh xc mc tc ng ca vic o t, p t v xi mn i vi sc kho con ngi v ti nguyn sinh hc, t xut cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng xu ny. (4). Tc ng ca cht thi rn trong giai on xy dng Cht thi rn pht sinh trong giai on xy dng ch yu l cc loi nguyn vt liu xy dng ph thi nh gch ngi, xi mng, cp pha, st thp vn... Lng cht thi ny ty thuc vo quy m ca tng cng trnh v trnh qun l d n. Ngoi ra, cn mt khi lng khng ln rc sinh hot ca cng nhn. 3.3. nh gi tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh vn hnh 3.3.1. Cc ngun cht thi trong giai on hot ng Trong qu trnh sn xut giy v bt giy, phn ln cht thi c to ra cng on sn xut bt giy. Ngun nguyn vt liu ban u v ha cht s dng s nh hng n thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi. V vy, cn nu r cc ngun pht thi theo tng loi cng ngh sn xut giy v bt giy. Ngoi ra, trong giai on hot ng nh my sn xut giy v bt giy s pht sinh cc loi cht thi khc, bao gm cht thi t qu trnh bo qun g, nguyn vt liu, bao b g ... Thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi, kh thi v cht thi rn pht sinh t hot ng sn xut giy v bt giy c trnh by di y. (1). Nc thi Ngun gc nc thi pht sinh t Nh my giy v bt giy trong giai on hot ng c th hin trong bng 15 di y. Bng 15: Ngun gc nc thi pht sinh t Nh my giy v bt giy Cng on sn xut Chun b nguyn liu th Ngun nc thi chnh - B v t - Bc v t - Nc vn chuyn g - Lm sch rm, c t 27
Nghin bt
Ty Chun b nguyn liu u vo v my xeo
Cc khu h tr Thu hi ha cht
- Nc ra nguyn liu - Ngng t dng thi - Ngng t t cc bnh nha thng - R r v ri vi cc dch en - Nc lm lnh m t cc my tinh ch v.v... - Tuyn bt khng ty - Cc vt thi cha si, sn hay ct c nng cao. - Nc lc t qu trnh lm c bt - Nc ty cha chlorolignin - R r v ri vi ha cht v cht ph gia - Nc ra sn - Ri vi bt giy - Cc cht thi cha si, sn hoc ct - Nc thi cha si - Dng trn nc trng - X ni hi - Nc thi ti to t my lm mm si - Nc ngng t - Dch long t cc cn my tuyn - Nc lm mt v hi nc ngng t - Nc ngng t c cht bn
Trong sn xut giy lng nc s dng u vo thng xp x lng nc c thi ra. Nc thi ngnh cng nghip sn xut giy cha mt lng ln cc cht rn l lng (SS), x si v cc hp cht hu c ha tan. Kt qu phn tch nc thi sn xut bt giy c nu ra ti bng 16, 17 di y: Bng 16: Kt qu phn tch nc thi sn xut bt giy Thng s Tng cht rn Cht rn l lng Tro (cht rn l lng) Tng cht rn ha tan ASO (cht rn ha tan) BOD5 COD n v o ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm mg/l Kt qu phn tch 1.160 600 60 560 240 250 1.200 1.600
Bng 17: Kt qa phn tch nc thi sn xut bt bng phng php Sulfat Thng s pH Tng kim (ppm) Phenolphtalein kim (ppm) Tng cht rn Cht rn khng n nh (%) Cao nht 9,5 300 50 2.000 75 Thp nht 7,6 100 0 800 60 Trung bnh 8,2 175 0 1.200 65 28
Tng cht rn l lng (ppm) Cht rn (%) BOD5 (ppm) mu (ppm) (SO4)2 thi ra trong dch nu Nc (gallon/T bt giy) (2). Kh thi
300 90 350 350 <100 30.000 (ty)
75 80 100 100 20.000 (ty)
150 85 175 175 -
Cc ngun pht sinh kh thi trong qu trnh sn xut bao gm : - Ngun kh thi pht sinh t nh my giy v bt giy bao gm b ha tan cht nng chy, thit b ra bt, thit b tiu ha, xeo giy. - Ngun kh thi pht sinh t cc cng trnh ph tr bao gm ng khi l t lignhin thu hi xt, ng khi l ng lc v ng khi l t than .... Cc cht nhim ch th c trong kh thi nh my sn xut giy v bt giy bao gm : - Bi c hc cc loi. - Kh sunfua dioxit (SO2). - Cc nit oxit (NOx). - Cc kh c mi kh chu H2S (hydrosunfua), CH3SH (metyl mercaptan, CH3, -SCH3 (dimetyl sunfua). - Cc hp cht cha nguyn t Clo. - Cc cht hu c d bay hi (VOCs). - Cc sol kh dng ht nh sunfat natri (Na2SO4) v cacbonnat natri (Na2CO3). (3). Cht thi rn i vi cc nh my sn xut giy v bt giy, cc ngun pht sinh cht thi rn ch yu l: - Chun b nguyn liu: v cy, mu, mt tre na, mn g, tre na... - L ng lc: x than, than, cht cha t ht... - L hi : Than ri vi, x than... - Sng, ty, ra sn: x si... - No vt b lng: x si, bn thi... - Ct xeo giy: mnh giy vn... - Sinh hot: rc thc phm, nylon, ti giy... - Sa cha xy dng: rc xy dng (vi, va, gch vn, st vn...) Nh vy, cht thi rn ch yu l rc thi bao gm v cy, mn tre na, x than, x si, bn thi, trong bn thi chim 45% tng lng rc thi; tro, x chim khong
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25%; v cy, mnh g chim 15% v giy vn ph loi chim 10%, cc loi khc chim 5%. X than thi ra t l hi v l thu hi, trong hn hp x than v than cm c khong 70% x v 30% than cha t ht. Lng x than ny c th c ti s dng lm cht t hoc lm gch khng nung. X s c trong nc thi c a vo b x l v sau c tch ra. Chng c ti s dng lm phn bn, ba carton, m cng, hp... 3.3.2. Tc ng n mi trng vt l (1). Tc ng n mi trng nc trong giai on vn hnh Nc thi pht sinh trong giai on ny ca D n ch yu l nc thi cng nghip, nc thi sinh hot v nc ma chy trn. Nc thi cng nghip ca Nh my giy v bt giy nh trnh by trong phn trn c hm lng cht rn l lng, cht hu c, ha cht v c bit l mu kh cao. Nc thi Nh my giy v bt giy s khng ch c tim nng gy nhim nc mt nhng ao, h, sng, nc ngm trong khu vc m cn c th lm gia tng lu lng dng chy ca ngun tip nhn gy nn hin tng xi l, tch t... Do vy trn c s ly mu phn tch hoc c tnh theo phng php nh gi nhanh ca T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) cn thit phi xc nh r cc vn sau y : - Lu lng nc thi sinh hot, sn xut (cc loi) sinh ra trong ngy, thng, nm. - Thnh phn, ti lng v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi. - V tr tip nhn nc thi, kh nng pha long ca cc ngun nc mt ti khu vc d n. - nh gi kh nng lan truyn v mc gy nhim nc (nhit cao, cht nhim) thng qua phng php tnh ton m hnh cht lng nc. Nc thi sinh hot ca Nh my sn xut giy v bt giy c cha cc cht cn b, cht rn l lng, cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng v vi sinh. Lu lng nc thi sinh hot c th c tnh trn c s nhu cu s dng nc (khong 120 l/ngi/ngy m), t l nc thi sinh hot bng 80% lu lng nc cp. Ti lng v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot c c tnh trn c s h s nhim ca T chc Y t Th gii hoc trn c s kt qu o thc t ti cc nh my giy v bt giy c cng ngh tng t. Nc ma chy trn c lu lng ph thuc vo ch ma ca khu vc. Nc ma chy trn qua khu vc nh my, cc bi cha nguyn liu cun theo rc, s xi, t ct, du m, ho cht, lignin ri vi ... xung ngun nc. (2). Tc ng n mi trng khng kh trong giai on vn hnh Cc ngun pht thi bi, kh c v mi ca hot ng sn xut giy v bt giy nh cp phn trn gm: Cc b v thit b cha ha cht, cc cng on ha tan, ra bt, nu bt, cc ng khi l hi, l t lignin, cc hot ng bc d nguyn liu g, tre, na, ph liu ...
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Kh thi ca nh my sn xut giy v bt giy c cha cc cht nhim c nng cao. Vic pht tn kh thi v ting n s gp phn lm gia tng mc nhim khng kh ti khu vc d n, c bit l nh hng n sc khe con ngi v cc h sinh thi. Do vy trong phn nh gi tc ng ca kh thi n mi trng khng kh khu vc cn lm r cc ni dung sau: - Cc ngun kh thi, lu lng kh thi ca tng ngun, - Thnh phn, ti lng v nng cc cht nhim trong kh thi, c bit ch nh gi cc thng s: bi, cc cht gy mi (H2S, metyl mecaptan (CH3SH), CH3SCH3, AOX...), SO2, CO, CO2, NO2, THC - Ngun pht sinh ting n ca nh my, cng gy n ca tng ngun, - Tnh ton mc lan truyn cc cht nhim khng kh, nh hng ca cc cht nhim khng kh theo thi gian v khng gian trn c s s dng cc m hnh lan truyn kh (Sutton, Guass, Screen 3, IGM, ISCT ...). (3). Tc ng n mi trng t trong giai on vn hnh Bi, kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn pht sinh t nh my sn xut giy v bt giy trong giai on hot ng c th gy nhim t v nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng. V vy, cn phi nh gi chnh xc mc tc ng ca bi, kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn ti cht lng t trong giai on hot ng ca D n, t xut cc gii php phng nga v kim sot cc tc ng xu ny. (4). Tc ng ca cht thi rn trong giai on vn hnh Thnh phn, tnh cht ca cht thi rn pht sinh t nh my sn xut giy v bt giy c cp phn trn. nh gi c mc tc ng ca cht thi rn cng nghip, cht thi rn sinh hot v cht thi nguy hi cn phi xc nh c khi lng, thnh phn v tnh cht cu tng loi thi rn, CTNH pht sinh trong tng cng on sn xut ca nh my. (5). nhim nhit nhim nhit trong qu trnh hot ng ca cc nh my sn xut giy v bt giy cn phi c nh gi nhm xut cc bin php gim thiu. Nhit pht sinh ch yu t cc ngun sau y: - S truyn nhit t cc l hi, ni nu bt, l hi thu hi kim v ca cc my mc thit b s dng hi v ca h thng ng ng dn hi, kh nng. - S r r h thng ng ng dn hi, cc van, mi ni trn h thng ng ng. Tng cc nhit lng ny ta ra khng gian nh xng rt ln lm nhit trong xng tng cao hn so vi nhit bn ngoi, gy nh hng ti qu trnh h hp ca c th con ngi, tc ng xu ti sc khe v nng sut lao ng ca cng nhn. Ngoi ra, nhit cao cn c tim nng gy ra cc s c chy n. 3.3.3. Tc ng n cc h sinh thi Trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my sn xut giy v bt giy, vic pht thi cc cht nhim nc, khng kh, cc cht thi rn vt qu mc cho php vo mi trng
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tip nhn gy nn nhng tc ng c hi ti cc h sinh thi. Ty theo dng cht thi v mi trng tip nhn m cc h sinh thi c th b tc ng khc nhau, c th nh sau: - H sinh thi di nc: Nc thi ca Nh my sn xut giy v bt giy c cha s xi, cc cht hu c, ha cht, rn l lng khi thi vo ngun nc s lm cho cht lng b xu i (DO gim, pH tng, nng nhiu ho cht c hi gia tng, c bit l lignin, phenol...), gy nh hng ti s sng ca hu ht cc loi thy sinh v thm ch gy cn kit mt s loi c gi tr kinh t (tm, c). - H sinh thi trn cn: Bi, kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn pht sinh t Nh my sn xut giy v bt giy s c nhng nh hng nht nh n cc h sinh thi trn cn. Hu ht cc cht nhim cha trong kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn v cc cht thi nguy hi u c tc ng xu n i sng ca ng, thc vt ; lm cho cy trng chm pht trin, c bit l cc sng khi quang ha gy tc hi n cc loi rau, u, la, ng, cc loi cy n tri v cc loi cy cnh. Cc cht nhim khng kh nh SO2, NO2, Cl2 v bi than, ngay c nng thp cng lm chm qu trnh sinh trng ca cy trng, nng cao lm vng l, hoa qu b lp, b nt, v mc cao hn cy s b cht. Vi nhng tc ng bt li nh trn cn thit phi c nhng tnh ton, d bo v mc tc ng t xut cc bin php gi thiu tc ng. 3.3.4. Tc ng n kinh t-x hi (1). Tc ng ti kinh t x hi D n sn xut giy v bt giy c mt ngha kinh t x hi rt to ln cho khu vc ni ring v cho t nc ni chung. D n s gp phn to ra cng n vic lm v nng cao i sng ca nhn dn trong vng. Hot ng ca D n s thu ht mt s lng ln lao ng v gii quyt cng n vic lm khng ch cho ngi dn a phng, m cn cho t nc. Hot ng ca D n s thc y tin trnh th ha, cng nghip ho nhanh hn. iu ny cng gp phn nng cao dn tr v thc vn minh th cho nhn dn ti khu vc d n. Nhng tc ng ny c th c nh gi nh lng thng qua cc tnh ton chi ph li ch theo cc ni dung sau: - Tng hp chi ph cho 1 nm - Tng hp doanh thu cho 1 nm - Tng hp cc chi tiu :Doanh thu, thu, thu thu nhp doanh nghip, li nhun thun. - Tnh ton hiu qu kinh t : Chi tiu hon vn tnh theo 2 mc: T khi dy chuyn i vo hot ng v t khi nhn vay tin ; t sut li nhun thun ; im hon vn. - Hiu qu kinh t x hi : To cng n vic lm ; nng cao trnh tay ngh, kh nng qun l, iu hnh, nhn thc thc t v th trng trong v ngoi nc ; to sn phm cho x hi...
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(2). Tc ng n c s h tng (a). Tc ng ti giao thng vn ti D n sn xut giy v bt giy s gp phn gia tng mt giao thng trong khu vc, gia tng nguy c tai nn giao thng, gy n tc giao thng ti khu vc d n, nh hng n nhu cu i li ca nhn dn. Hot ng giao thng vn ti ca D n cn gp phn lm suy gim cht lng ng x, cu cng ti khu vc d n v vng ln cn. Tuy nhin, chnh s ra i ca D n cng s thc y qa trnh u t xy dng c s h tng, trong c m rng, nng cp, xy mi cc cng trnh giao thng (cu, ng, cng ...). (b). Tc ng ti h thng cp thot nc Nhu cu s dng nc ca Nh my sn xut giy v bt giy thng kh ln, v vy cc d n sn xut giy v bt giy thng t gn cc ngun nc mt c lu lng ln. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, ch u t c th phi khoan ging hoc o ging khai thc nc ngm phc v cho sn xut v sinh hot ca nh my. Vic khai thc nc ngm c nguy c gy nn s cn kit ngun nc ngm vo ma kh, dn c trong khu vc s khng nc dng v t ko theo hng lot cc tc ng tiu cc khc. Hot ng ca D n c th lm gia tng mc chu ti ca h thng thot nc tp trung, dn n gy ngp lt hoc lm thay i ch thu vn, lm gia tng nhim cc ngun tip nhn nc thi. V vy, cn phi nh gi kh nng tiu thot nc, kh nng xy ra tnh trng ngp lt ... ti khu vc d n. (3). Tc ng ti cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s v kho c Cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s v kho c trong khu vc thc hin d n c th b tc ng. V vy cn phi nh gi c th cc tc ng ca d n theo cc khi cnh nh : a im, loi cng trnh, nin i v gi tr tinh thn cng nh vt cht ca cng trnh. Cc tc ng chnh ca d n i vi cc cng trnh vn ho lch s v kho c cn phi cp l : mt t, gy nt n, ln st, gy n mn, lo ho cng trnh. Trn c s cc tc ng c th, s xut cc bin php bo v cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s v kho c ti khu vc d n. (4). Tc ng ti sc khe cng ng Tt c cc ngun gy nhim trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my sn xut giy v bt giy u c th gy tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip n sc khe ca con ngi trong vng chu nh hng ca D n. Ty thuc vo nng v thi gian tc ng ca cc cht nhim m mc tc ng ti sc khe cng ng s khc nhau. Do vy cn nh gi mt cch c th mc nh hng ca cht thi (kh thi, nc thi v cht thi rn, CTNH) n sc kho con ngi, t xut cc bin php hn ch cc tc ng c hi. 3.4. nh gi ri ro s c mi trng S c mi trng ti nh my sn xut giy v bt giy c th xy ra ti hu ht cc cng on sn xut gm: khu chun b nguyn liu (lm sch, cht, nghin), phn xng ha cht (sn xut NaOH, HCl), phn xng ng lc (l t), nu giy, sng ty bt 33
giy. Ngoi ra, s c mi trng cn c th gy ra do s tc nghn, hng hc, s qu ti ca h thng x l nc thi; s s ca h thng x l kh thi Nhng cng on hoc thit b c th xy ra s c trong qu trnh sn xut l: (1). ng lc : - Ni hi t than : B hm nc v h thng cc ng sinh hi, b qu nhit, bm tun hon x v qut khi, bm cp nc, h thng lng c hc v h gia nhit cao p v thit b iu khin bng thi x. - Ni hi thu hi : Cc bng ti, h lng tnh in, ng cp gi, h thanh ging, sn thao tc khu vc mui, Turbine v cc my nn kh (2). Sn xut bt giy : Gm ch yu cc khu : Ti ko nguyn liu, sn bi, cc bng ti, my cht co v sng mnh, nu, ra, ty bt giy. (3). Sn xut giy : H cc my nghin tinh, h thu hi bt, toa p quanh my xeo, bn nng h my cun. (4). Sn xut ha cht : Cc tm lng cc thng in gi, my li tm v my nn kh, l t lu hunh . nh gi ri ro s c cn tp trung vo cc ni dung nh xc nh nhng cng on sn xut c nhiu tim nng sinh ra s c, d bo mc tc ng khi xy ra s c, phn tch thit hi i vi h sinh thi, thit hi v ti sn, thit hi v sc khe ... t xut cc bin php qun l ri ro.
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CHNG 4. CC BIN PHP GIM THIU CC TC NG TIU CC CA D N SN XUT GIY V BT GIY N MI TRNG T NHIN V KINH T - X HI
Yu cu : Cn c vo cc tc ng mi trng nu trong chng 3, xut mt cch c th cc bin php qun l v k thut mang tnh kh thi cao nhm phng trnh, gim thiu cc tc ng mi trng do vic thc hin d n gy nn. Cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng c hi c xut phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau: - Gim thiu ti a cc tc ng ca D n nhm m bo cc tiu chun v quy chun mi trng trong giai on xy dng v hot ng. - Bin php gim thiu phi c tnh kh thi cao, ph hp vi iu kin thc t v ph hp vi kh nng ti chnh ca ch u t. - Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng phi c trin khai lin tc trong sut qu trnh chun b mt bng, xy dng nh my v qu trnh hot ng ca nh my. - xut vi cc c quan chc nng cc gii php ph hp nhm gim thiu cc tc ng mi trng khng th khc phc hoc gim nh trong phm vi mt d n. Nh phn tch chng 3, cc tc ng ca D n n mi trng vt l xut pht t vic thi cc cht nhim vt qu tiu chun cho php vo mi trng v cc s c pht sinh trong qu trnh hot ng ca d n. Do vy, gim thiu cc tc ng ca D n n mi trngvt l cn phi khng ch nhim do cc cht thi v hn ch n mc thp nht kh nng xy ra s c. Vic khng ch v gim thiu nhim do cht thi ca D n nh my giy v bt giy c th c tin hnh bng cch kt hp 3 nhm bin php sau: Bin php phng nga nhim v s c mi trng; bin php k thut khng ch nhim v x l cht thi ; bin php qun l v quan trc mi trng. 4.1. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on chun b d n Cc bin php phng nga rt quan trng nhm gim thiu khi lng cht thi pht sinh ngay ti ngun, dn n hn ch c nhng nh hng bt li i vi mi trng do cc cht nhim gy ra. C th nh sau : (1). Quy hoch hp l tng mt bng ca D n : Trn c s xem xt cc yu t mi trng c lin quan nh: - La chn hng nh hp l s dng mt cch tt nht cc iu kin thng gi t nhin gp phn ci thin mi trng lao ng bn trong nh my. - Xc nh kch thc cc vng cch ly v sinh cng nghip gia cc hng mc cng trnh trong nh my cng nh gia nh my v cc khu dn c m bo s thng thong gia cc cng trnh, hn ch lan truyn nhim, m bo phng chy cha chy v gim thiu nhng nh hng trc tip do cht thi i vi con ngi v cc cng trnh xung quanh. 35
- B tr hp l cc cng on sn xut, cc khu ph tr, khu kho bi, khu hnh chnh v c di cy xanh ngn cch c t l din tch cy xanh trn tng din tch t s dng ca d n hp l (ti thiu 15%). Cc h thng thi kh, ng khi ca nh my cn b tr cc khu vc thun li cho vic gim st v x l. - Khu vc b tr trm in, khu x l nc thi tp trung, x l rc thi cn c t pha cui hng gi ch o. (2). p dng cng ngh tin tin, cng ngh sch, t cht thi Vic la chn cng ngh tin tin, hin i, tiu th t nguyn vt liu, nc, nng lng ; thi ra t cht thi s gp phn nng cao hiu qa sn xut, tit kim nguyn liu, nng lng, gim tc ng bt li ti mi trng. Gii php ny cn phi c quan tm ngay t khu la chn cng ngh, thit b v vt liu phc v cho sn xut giy v bt giy. (3). Nghim tc thc hin ch vn hnh thit b cng ngh : nh lng chnh xc nguyn vt liu, nhin liu qu trnh din ra mc n nh cao, gim bt lng cht thi, n nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi to iu kin thun li cho vic qun l v x l cht thi. 4.2. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on xy dng d n 4.2.1. Cc bin php t chc thi cng xy dng - p dng cc bin php thi cng thch hp, c gii ho cc thao tc v qu trnh thi cng xy dng cng trnh; - Lp cc t chc thi cng xy dng theo tng hng mc cng trnh c bn qun l v chu trch nhim ton din trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng; - p dng bin php thi cng cun chiu theo tng giai on xy dng c th, nhanh gn theo trnh t trc - sau hp l gia vic thi cng cc hng mc cng trnh c bn bo m rt gn thi gian thi cng, bo m an ton giao thng v hn ch cc tc ng c hi do bi, kh thi, gia cc khu vc thi cng trn cng trng. - Ch u t d n s yu cu n v thi cng xy dng p dng cc gii php c th cho vic bo v mi trng trong qu trnh thi cng hng mc cng trnh m nhim; - B tr hp l ng vn chuyn v i li, trnh ng vn chuyn i ngang qua khu vc dn c, cm vn chuyn v thi cng cc cng vic c mc n cao vo ban m, hoc gim tc khi i qua khu vc dn c; - Lp ro chn cch ly cc khu vc nguy him nh khu cha vt liu d chy n (kho cha nhin liu xng du, ...); - Thit k chiu sng cho nhng ni cn lm vic ban m, hoc nhng ni o su lp t ng ng, ng dy; - Cc cht thi rn xy dng, cc vt liu ph b c thu gom thng xuyn v vn chuyn ra khi cng trng, tp trung vo cc khu x l chung ca a phng; - Tin hnh kim tra, bo dng thng xuyn cc phng tin vn ti, cc my mc thit b k thut thi cng, bo m tuyt i an ton trong thi cng; 36
- Lp t ng ng thot nc ma, hoc thng xuyn khi thng dng chy theo a hnh t nhin nhm khng ch tnh trng ng, ngp ng, snh ly, che chn nguyn vt liu trnh b nc ma cun tri trong qu trnh thi cng cc hng mc cng trnh c bn ca d n. 4.2.2. Cc bin php kim sot nhim trong hot ng ca cng nhn - Thu gom v chn lp hp v sinh rc thi sinh hot ti khu vc quy nh; - Xy dng b t hoi tm thi hoc thu nh v sinh di ng ; lp t thng rc, quy nh bi rc, ... trnh phng u, vt rc sinh hot ba bi gy nhim mi trng; - u tin tuyn chn cng nhn xy dng gn khu vc d n gim lng cng nhn trong ln tri, gim lng cht thi pht sinh v nhim, hn ch cc tc ng x hi tiu cc ti khu vc d n; - T chc ba n tp trung cho cng nhn ti cng trng, m bo cc yu cu v v sinh, an ton thc phm. 4.2.3. Cc bin php an ton lao ng - Quy nh cc ni quy lm vic ti cng trng, bao gm Ni quy ra, vo lm vic ti cng trng; Ni quy v trang phc bo h lao ng; Ni quy s dng thit b nng cu; Ni quy v an ton in; Ni quy an ton giao thng; Ni quy an ton chy n, ... - T chc tuyn truyn, ph bin cc ni quy cho cng nhn bng nhiu hnh thc khc nhau nh in ni quy vo bng treo ti cng trng, ln tri; t chc hc ni quy; t chc tuyn truyn; thanh tra v nhc nh ti hin trng, ... - T chc theo di tai nn lao ng, xc nh kp thi nguyn nhn tai nn v p dng cc bin php khc phc kp thi nhm trnh xy ra tai nn tng t; - Lp t bin cm ngi qua li khu lm vic ca thit b nng cu; - Lp h thng bin bo ch dn ng, bin bo an ton giao thng ti khu vc cng trng; - Lp t bin bo cm la ti cc khu vc d gy ra chy n (kho xng du, kho sn, dung mi, kho vt t d chy n, trm bin p, ...). - Trang b cc phng tin cha chy ti cc kho (bnh bt, bnh CO2, ct, h nc, cc khu mc git, ...). - T chc tuyn truyn, kim tra, thanh tra cng tc phng chng chy n ti cc kho, ln tri ca cc n v thi cng. 4.3. Cc bin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong giai on hot ng d n 4.3.1. Gim thiu tc ng do nc thi Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng do nc thi bao gm : - Phn lung dng thi bao gm: cc loi nc quy c sch, nc nhim c hc, nc nhim do ho cht v nc nhim do du m, cht rn l lng... Bin php ny va mang tnh k thut, va mang tnh qun l rt hu hiu v kinh t gim bt nh
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mc tiu hao nc cho sn xut, tit kim vt t, ho cht, nng lng, ng thi gim i mt lng ng k nc thi cn x l. - Tun hon ti s dng nc lm mt. - Khi thng h thng thot nc thi, b tr h ga v t thng thu gom cht thi rn. gim thiu ti a cc tc ng mi trng bt li do nc thi ca nh my sn xut giy v bt giy cn p dng mt cch ng b cc bin php qun l ni vi (bn trong d n) v cc bin php cng ngh ph hp i vi vic x l nc thi trc khi thi ra mi trng xung quanh, cn m t cc bin php gim thiu nhim c p dng i vi d n. Mt s bin php x l nc thi ph bin nht nhm gim thiu tc ng mi trng i vi nh my sn xut giy v bt giy nh sau : (1). Bin php thu hi: Qu trnh thu hi nc trong nh my lin quan n vic tit kim nc trong tt c cc h thng khp kn hon ton hay mt phn. Vic tit kim ny khng ch l bin php gim thiu cht thi m cn l l bin php thu hi si v ha cht. V d thu hi ha cht ca phng php sunfat l ti sinh kim t dch en. (2). Tch dng nc thi Mt trong nhng bin php hn ch nhim do nc thi l tch nc thi i vi cc dng thi khc nhau (Tch nc giu x si thu hi x si qua b lng, tch nc thi c cha dch en t v ti s dng xt, tch nc thi lm ngui ti s dng ). Mt s bin php gim thiu nhim nc thi c th p dng ti nh my sn xut giy v bt giy c tm tt trong bng 18. Bng 18 :Mt s bin php gim thiu nhim nc thi Bin php Ni dung 1. Bn trong d n Bin php thu hi nc, ha cht nu Nc khp kn, cn bng nc c c, t, xt bt giy. ha kim, lng Tch dng nc thi 3 loi (x si, dch v nc sch h s pha long 2,5) Ra hiu qu Nng bt H thng sng bt giy Loi sng, nng bt X l nc ngng b nhim Phng nga cc ha cht chy trn ra H thng tng bao, rnh bn ngoi Ty bt giy Bng zn, H2O2 B lng Thu hi s, si 2. Bn ngoi d n X l ha hc X l mu v cc cht l lng X l sinh hc H sc kh, bn hot ha, thit b lc ta nh, ym kh. 38
(3). Bin php ra c hiu qu Giai on ra l giai on rt quan trng lm gim mc nhim mi trng. Hiu sut ra tng bng cch tng h s pha long mc thch hp. Vic ra c hiu qu lin quan cht ch vi mi quan h gia h s pha long v tn tht ra (tnh theo Na2SO4). (4). H thng sng bt H thng sng trong cng nghip bt v giy cng nh hng ln ti mc nhim nc. H thng sng khp kn s lm tng lng nc thi v lm tng cc hp cht hu c cha Clo c trong nc thi. Nu p dng h thng sng m th bin php x l s n gin hn nhiu so vi h thng sng kn. Ngoi ra s dng h thng sng m s t c hiu qu ra bt cao hn. (5). Ty trng bt giy : Hn ch dng thi chy trn t cng on ra bt giy ty trng nhm hn ch BOD, TSS, COD, TS, Kim. (6). Cc bin php phng nga nc thi chy trn ra khun vin d n do s c k thut Vic xy dng cc h thng tng bao quanh v cng rnh thu gom tp trung cc dch c b chy trn v ti s dng l bin php thch hp v mt kinh t, k thut v mi trng. Mt s phng php thng c s dng tch cc loi cht nhim trong nc thi sn xut giy v bt giy bao gm : phng php c hc (lng, lc, tuyn ni), phng php ha l (keo t, hp th, trung ha, xi ha kh, c c v t) v phng php sinh hc (hiu kh, ym kh, lc mng ng). (7). Phng php lng Nc thi t cc b phn cha nhiu x si c a vo b phn x l nc thi. Cc thit b chnh ca dy chuyn x l gm c : song chn rc; mng Chila o lu lng u vo, b phn chun ho cht kt lng v trung ha. B lng thng c chc nng lm lng cc cht huyn ph khng cn s dng ha cht. Tuy nhin vic lm lng cc cht huyn ph cng cn thc hin mt cch trit . Vi mc ch thu hi li s xi, bt giy thng c s dng thit b lng hnh phu. Trong qu trnh lng cn tnh ton thi gian lu thch hp v nu thi gian lu di s d gy ra hin tng phn hy ym kh khi bn lng khng c ly ra thng xuyn. gim thi gian lu, tng hiu sut lng c th thi kh nn (p sut 4-6 bar) vo b lng. (8). X l nc ngung b nhim Nc ngng cha cc cht nhim nh H2S, CH3SCH3. Methanol v nhng cht hu c khc c gii phng ra t qu trnh nu. Nhng cht gy nhim ny cng l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra cc mi c trng v kh chu ca nh my sn xut bt v giy. Ngoi ra, nhng hp cht ha tan trong nc ngng l cc cht c c tnh cao. Ngun chnh to nc ngng l b phn chng bc v nu bt. Mc d lng nc ngng ch chim di 15% tng lng nc thi ca nh my song chng li chim 30% BOD bt ty (theo l thuyt). 39
(9). Nhng bin php x l nc thi trc khi thi ra mi trng Xut pht t c tnh ca nc thi sn xut giy v bt giy sau khi p dng cc bin php x l m vn cha p ng c tiu chun x thi v cc thng s nh : mu, nhu cu oxy ha hc, hm lng SS, cn thc hin mt s bin php tng cng x l nc thi. Cc phng php x l thng c p dng i vi nc thi ngnh giy t tiu chun x thi l : - Phng php ho l (ng keo t ho hc): s dng x l cht rn l lng, mt phn cht hu c ho tan, hp cht photpho, mt s cht n v kh mi. Phng php ng keo t ho hc c th x l trc hoc sau x l sinh hc. Cc cht keo t thng thng l st, phn, phn nhm v vi. Cc cht polymer dng tr keo v tng tc ca qu trnh lng. i vi mi loi phn cn iu chnh pH ca nc thi n gi tr thch hp, v d nh phn nhm ph 5-7, phn st pH 5-11, vi pH >11. - Phng php sinh hc : s dng x l cc cht hu c dng tan. Nc thi sn xut giy v bt giy c nng cht hu c cao, c bit l cc hp cht lignin. Cc hp cht ca lignin khng c kh nng phn hu hiu kh v phn hu ym kh cng rt chm, do vy t hiu qu x l cao nht, trc khi a nc thi vo b x l sinh hc, dch en cn c s l cc b loi b bt lignin. Do nc thi sn xut giy v bt giy c hm lng cht hu c BDO, COD cao, nn thng kt hp x l ym kh v hiu kh. H thng x l nc thi sn xut giy v bt giy bao gm cc cng on chnh sau y: h iu ho, b keo t, b ym kh , b hiu kh bn hot tnh, b lng, b phn ng Fenton, b lc Nc thi sau khi x l t Tiu chun mi trng cho php. 4.3.2. Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim mi trng khng kh Nh trnh by trong chng 4, nhim khng kh Nh my sn xut giy v bt giy ch yu l do khi t l hi t du (hoc t than), l t lignin v cc dng kh c trng pht ra t dy chuyn cng ngh. Do vy gim thiu tc ng mi trng khng kh c th p dng cc bin php sau y: - Dng nhin liu (than hoc du) c hm lng lu hunh thp. - p dng cng ngh tin tin. - Xy dng ng khi c chiu cao ph hp trong mi tng quan vi lu lng, nng kh thi, a hnh v iu kin kh hu khu vc. - Trong cc phn xng ca nh my cn phi c thit k m bo iu kin v sinh cng nghip, m bo thng thong v m bo ch vi kh hu bn trong cng trnh nht l ti nhng v tr thao tc ca ngi cng nhn bng cch thit lp h thng thng gi t nhin, h thng thng gi ht, thng gi chung v thng gi cc b. - Ti cc ngun sinh ra kh thi c hi v bi: lp t cc thit b x l kh, bi c cng sut ph hp m bo kh thi sau khi x l t tiu chun mi trng cho php.
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Nhng phng php thng c p dng i vi vic x l kh c c bit l SO2 l phng php hp th dng m hoc dng a, phng php hp th, phng php xy ha kh Ngoi ra, cn p dng cc bin php k thut v qun l cn thit gim thiu nhim bi do hot ng ca cc phng tin giao thng vn ti. Mt s bin php khng ch nhim khng kh c th p dng cho cc nh my sn xut giy v bt giy l : (1). X l bi: Ty thuc vo tc dng kh v t trng ca bi c th la chn cc thit b x l khc nhau tuy nhin cn gi cho tc ca dng kh mc thp nht trnh va p mnh (p lc). C th s dng cc thit b sau: Bung lng trng lc; Cc ng thu bi; Cc thit b phn ring bng Xylon v cc thit b lc ti. Cc ht cht rn trong hn hp kh thi ra t ng khi ch yu gm: natri sunfat v natri cacbonat c tch ring trong thit b lc tnh in ri tun hon tr li dch en m c pha trc ni nu. (2). X l cc hp cht cha lu hunh: Gim kh metyl mecaptan, v dimetyl mecaptan trong qu trnh nu bng cch s dng cc thit b thu hi v sau em t. Kh SO2: Hin nay trn th gi s dng hai loi thit b kh SO2 trong khi kiu kh v kiu t. Trong kiu t dng vi v vi l ph bin nht, gi thnh thp, sn phm to ra l CaSO4 v nc, hoc dng NH3 hp th SO3 trong kh thi. Oxy ha dch en c tc dng gim c hm lng lu hunh v ng thi kh c mi kh chu. Kh hydro sunfua (H2S) thot ra t cc ni nu thu hi c th khng ch c mc thp (5mg/l) bng cch duy tr mt lng khng d trong ni nu. (3). X l cc hp cht cha nit: Phn ln cc kh gy nhim trng c thot ra t cc l hi trong qu trnh nu. Khi NOx c to thnh trong qu trnh t nhin liu. gim lng NOx c th s dng cc loi nhin liu c hm lng nit thp hoc phun hi nc lm gim lng kh NOx thi ra ngoi. Ngoi ra cc nh my ny cng c th la chn phng n s dng du FO, ng thi s dng thm thit b x l bi t hiu qu x l cao nht. Bng 19. Cc phng n x l tm thi. Phng n S dng du FO c hm lng lu hunh thp u im - Cu trc l hi v ng khi n gin, r tin. - Gim c ti lng nhim SO2. Nhc im - Ngun du FO trong nc hin ti cha c cung cp n nh. - Do hm lng Paraphin 41
Hp th kh bng nc
Hp th kh thi bng kim pha long
trong du FO Vit Nam cao, nn phi lp t h thng hm nng trc khi bm vo l hi. - Khng gii quyt c vn bi. - Ch ng v nguyn liu - Phi u t cho cc thit - Gim c ti lng nhim b xut khu. - Khng tn ha cht - Phi chng n mn thit - C th x l bi v cc cht b. nhim khc - Phi trung ha nc thi. - Ch ng v nguyn liu - Phi u t tin cho cc - Gim c ti lng nhim thit b x l. - C th x l bi v cc cht gy - Phai chi ph tin mua ha nhim. cht. - C th thu v ti s dng ha cht trong h thng x l
4.3.3. Gim thiu tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn Cht thi rn sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca D n nh trnh by chng 4 bao gm ch yu l v cy, mn tre na, x than, x si v bn thi. Cc loi cht thi ny phi c thu gom, x l t tiu chun mi trng cho php. Mt s bin php x l v ti s dng cht thi rn ti nh my sn xut giy v bt giy l: - X l mnh tre g vn, v cy: Loi cht thi ny c th tn dng li lm cht t, tn dng lm vn rm. - X l x than: Tn dng vt liu xy dng, lm gch, san lp ng. - X l s si: X si c th thu hi v tn dng sn xut ba carton hoc lm m, lm hp; phi kh c th c dng lm phn hu c; s dng vo cc mc ch khc. 4.3.4. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n cc h sinh thi D n sn xut giy v bt giy s gy tc ng rt ln n cc h sinh thi ti khu vc v cc hot ng nh xy dng h thng giao thng, cng trnh ngm, h tng c s v cht thi sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng. Do vy cn c nhng bin php gim thiu thch hp nh: - Trong qu trnh la chn a im cn quan tm n cc h sinh thi c th b tc ng bi d n trn c s so snh nh gi li hi gia cc v tr c a ra nhm chn c v tr ti u cho D n, t tc ng nht ti cc h sinh thi. - Khng ch nhng tc ng c hi ti cc h sinh thi bng cc gii php hn ch nhim nh trnh by trn. - Trin khai cc bin php bo v, qun l v phc hi cc h sinh thi b tc ng.
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4.3.5. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng kinh t - x hi - nhn vn Nh trn trnh by, cc tc ng n mi trng kinh t x hi v nhn vn l rt ln. Do vy cn phi c cc bin php thch hp gim thiu cc tc ng kinh t x hi. Cc bin php c th l : - Mi loi tc ng xu ti kinh t, x hi xc nh trong giai on xy dng v hot ng ca D n u phi c km theo bin php gim thiu tng ng, c l gii r rng v hiu qu gim thiu tc ng kinh t x hi. - Phi xut phng n n b, gii to, ti nh c; h tr di di, gii to nh ca, m m, cc cng trnh lch s, vn ho, tn gio; h tr o to chuyn i ngh nghip, h tr vic lm cho nhng i tng b tc ng. Cc gii php phi c th, kh thi, tun th cc quy nh hin hnh, km theo d tr kinh ph, tin thc hin v c quan thc hin, c quan gim st thc hin. - Phi xut cc bin php nhm qun l cng nhn, gii quyt mu thun gia cng nhn v ngi a phng ni thc hin d n; phng nga ly lan bnh dch (V d : HIV/AIDS); h tr cho cc hot ng ca a phng trong qu trnh xy dng v hot ng ca d n. 4.4. Bin php gim thiu, phng nga v ng ph cc s c mi trng Cc bin php phng chng, khng ch s c mi trng i vi cc nh my sn xut giy v bt giy nh sau: 4.4.1. Phng chng r r nguyn nhin liu phng chng v cp cu s c r r nguyn nhin liu dng lng hay kh pht sinh t nh my, Ch d n s phi hp cng cc c quan chc nng kim tra nghim ngt cc h thng k thut trong kho cha, phng tin vn ti v lp phng n ng cu s c, c th nh sau: (1). H thng kho cha H thng kho cha nguyn nhin liu ca Nh my p ng y cc tiu chun v k thut, an ton (bao gm cc h thng lm mt, van thot hi, h thng chng st, h thng cu ho, ...). (2).Vn ti v qu trnh nhp xut nguyn nhin liu Cc bin php phng chng r r trong qu trnh vn ti v xut nhp nhin liu ti nh sau: Thc hin nghim ngt qui nh k thut, an ton trong qu trnh nhp xut nguyn, nhin liu; Cc phng tin vn chuyn xng du, nguyn liu lng, ... (nh xe bn, ...) c t cch php nhn, cng nh p ng tiu chun an ton, k thut khi vn chuyn trn ng giao thng. (3).Phng chng r r ho cht 1). Bin php kim sot khi thit k bn cha ho cht 43
Nhm ngn nga s c trn ho cht, cc yu cu khi thc hin thit k, thm nh thit k cc bn cha ho cht l : Thit k bn cha ho cht cn c vo c im ho l ca lu cht cha trong bn, c s la chn vt liu ch to ph hp loi tr hin tng n mn; Thit k mng m bo k thut, loi tr hin tng ln st dn n ph hu bn; Thit k cu trc bn ph hp nhm m bo tnh bn c hc, tui th ca thit b; Vt liu ch to c h s chng nhn; Cc bn cha ho cht sau khi c gia cng lp t hon chnh, c kim tra p ng tiu chun v p lc, th kn, th bn thn bn, c lp t y cc thit b ph tr ph hp nh: van, ng o mc, ng thng hi, ... trc khi a vo s dng; Bn cha ho cht c tnh c hi cho mi sinh nh xt, axt, bn du FO, ... c thit k bao. B bao hoc vng cha ph m bo cha t nht 20% lng ho cht cha trong bn; Tu theo p sut lm vic v quy nh ca nh nc v cc loi bn cha chu p lc v khng chu p lc s tin hnh kim nh hoc kim tra trc khi a vo s dng; C bin bn nghim thu cng trnh trc khi a bn vo s dng v thc hin lu h s thit k, nghim thu theo ng hng dn v kim sot thit k gia cng lp t thit b; Cc h thng ph tr nh bm, ... c t ngoi khun vin tng bao ca bn cha. 2). Phng n x l s c r r, trn ho cht Cc phng n khc phc d phng cho cc trng trng hp trn ho cht c d bo c kh nng xy ra nh sau. a). i vi Xt lng Tm cch thng gi khu vc r r/trn xt; Ngn cm ngi khng c nhim v v khng c phng tin bo h i vo khu vc nhim; i vin x l mang trang phc BHLD y bao gm: Knh bo v mt hoc ton b mt, ng, gng tay cao su, tp d chng ho cht; i vin x l vo hin trng tm cch ngn chn r r. Nu khng c kh nng ngn chn c th bo co cho Trng ca xin h tr bm xt sang bn khc, c th yu cu iu ng xe bn chuyn xt trong bn b r r i ni khc; Khng s dng nc di v thi xt vo h thng cng thot; Ngn khng xt trn ra khi b bao, cch ly khu vc trn ho cht vi cc khu vc khc bng cch t bn cha tm, bm thu hi xt bn trong bao; Phn xt d c th c hp thu bng vt liu Alkasorb hoc pha long bng nc, trung ho trong dung dch axt long nh HCl hoc H2SO4 to ra cc sn phm khng c hi cho mi trng;
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Hp thu phn cht lng sau khi trung ho cn li bng hp cht nh: t st, t khong hay bt k hp cht tr no khc, sau bao gi phn cht rn ny v em b vo khu vc cht cht thi ho cht nguy hi. b). i vi axt Thng gi khu vc b trn/r r axt do hi axt s thot ra rt mnh; Ngn cm ngi khng c nhim v v khng c phng tin bo h i vo khu vc nhim; Trang phc BHLD bao gm: Mt n phng c c hp lc, knh bo v mt, qun o, ng, gng tay, tp d chng ho cht; i vin x l vo hin trng tm cch ngn chn r r. Nu khng c kh nng ngn chn c th bo co cho Trng ca xin h tr bm xt sang bn khc, c th yu cu iu ng xe bn chuyn axt trong bn b r r i ni khc; Cch ly khu vc trn ho cht vi cc khu vc khc bng cch t bn cha tm, bm thu hi xt bn trong bao; Khoanh vng khu vc b trn/r r, khng di nc vo v tho axt xung h thng cng; Lng nh axt cn li c hp thu bng vt liu axt absorb hoc trung ho bng nhng ho cht mang tnh kim nh soda ash, nc vi, ... sau hp thu bng vt liu c kh nng ht m nh t khong, ct kh, t, bao gi phn cht rn ny v em tp trung vo khu vc cha cht thi ho cht nguy hi; Khng s dng cht d chy nh mt ca hp thu; Vic hu cht thm cha axt b trung ho tun theo quy nh ca nh nc. 4.4.2. Phng nga v ng ph s c chy n (1). Chy n do yu t in H thng s dng thit b in thit k chun ho ph hp vi cng sut, iu kin lm vic, iu kin kh hu Vit Nam v mi trng lm vic (trong nh, ngoi tri,); Nh xng lp t dy chuyn c thit k theo tiu chun chng chy loi 2 v loi 3, tng v ct btng, mi tn; Trong nh xng c trang b thit b cha chy gm cc thit b cha chy CO2, hng cp nc cha chy v bm nc t hng s dng nhin liu lng; Phng n cha chy chi tit trong cc tnh hung c th da trn cc yu t chy n nu trn c xy dng vi s tham vn v ph duyt ca Phng cnh st PCCC; Lc lng cha chy ni b c xy dng, hun luyn nh k v thao dt thng xuyn bao gm c thao dt phng n cha chy phi hp vi Phng cnh st PCCC. (2). Phng n PCCC - Thc hin nghim chnh cc tiu chun quy phm, qui nh v PCCC trong qu trnh xy dng t khu chun b thit k, thi cng n nghim thu a vo s dng; 45
- Xy dng i PCCC m nhim cho ton nh my; - u t cc thit b PCCC ti cc khu vc nh xng. B tr ng ng dn nc chng chy theo mng li vng ti tt c cc khu vc chnh, t cc hng cu ho ti cc im gn cc khu chc nng thun tin cho vic cha chy; - Cc tr cha chy b tr theo ng trc cch mp ng chnh t 1 - 2m; - m bo ng cu kp thi s c chy n, trong cc to nh s thit lp h thng bo chy t ng ng thi phi c h thng cha chy trc tip bng cc vi rng phun nc theo quy phm hin hnh. (3). Phng chng st - Lp h thng chng st cho cc v tr cao ca nh my; - Lp t h thng thu st, thu tnh in tch t v ci tin h thng theo cc cng ngh mi nhm t an ton cao; - in tr tip t xung kch < 10 khi in tr sut ca t < 50.000 /cm2. in tr tip t xung kch >10 khi in tr sut ca t > 50.000 /cm2; - S dng loi thit b chng st tch cc, cc tr chng st c b tr bo v khp d n vi cao bo v tnh ton l 10 - 14 m; 4.4.3. Bin php phng nga khi h thng x l nc thi ngng hot ng phng nga s c trm XLNT ngoi vi tm ngng hot ng, cn trang b y cc my mc thit b d phng nh my bm, my khuy, my chm ho cht, ... Xy dng h sinh thi m bo sc cha cho nh my hot ng bnh thng trong 3 ngy nu xy ra s c h thng x l nc thi ngng hot ng. Nu thi gian khc phc s c vt qu 3 ngy th nh my ngng hot ng, sau khi s c c khc phc xong th nh my tr li hot ng bnh thng; Thng xuyn kim tra tnh trng hot ng ca cc my mc, sa cha kp thi nhng hng hc, duy tu bo dng nh k; Hun luyn nng cao k nng cho cng nhn vn hnh trm.
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CHNG 5. CHNG TRNH QUN L V QUAN TRC, GIM ST MI TRNG
Yu cu : Phn ni dung ny phi xut c cc bin php qun l v gim st , quan trc mi trng nhm m bo thc hin c hiu qu cc bin php bo v mi trng c nu trong chng 4 ng thi kp thi pht hin nhng kim khuyt trong qu trnh thc hin cng nh nhng biu hin suy thoi, nhim mi trng do D n gy ra iu chnh, ngn chn. Do vy nhng xut phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau : - Nhng xut di gc qun l mi trng phi ht sc c th v ph hp vi trnh t chc, qun l c s. - Nhng xut v gim st mi trng ch nn tp trung vo nhng thnh phn mi trng, nhng ch tiu mi trng chu tc ng ca D n. iu cn lu l D n phi chu hon ton kinh ph cho nhng hot ng ni trn, nn trong phn ny cng cn nu ln nhng d ton kinh ph cn thit nhm m bo cho cc hot ng ny.
5.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng Chng trnh qun l mi trng (EMP) l k hoch p dng cc bin php gim thiu tc ng c hi v yu cu gim st d n. Mc tiu ca EMP l trin khai cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xut v gim st hiu qu ca bin php gim thiu, xc nh cc tc ng thc t ca d n. ra mt chng trnh nhm qun l cc vn mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng cc cng trnh ca d n v trong qu trnh d n i vo vn hnh trong thc t. Chng trnh qun l mi trng c xy dng trn c s tng hp t cc chng 1, 3, 4 di dng 1 ma trn bao gm: hot ng ca d n trong qu trnh xy dng v hot ng, cc tc ng mi trng, cc bin php gim thiu tc ng c hi, kinh ph thc hin, thi gian thc hin, c quan thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng v c quan gim st thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng. 5.2. Chng trnh quan trc, gim st mi trng Theo di din bin cht lng mi trng v kim sot nhim ca D n s do Ch u t d n thc hin vi s kt hp vi cc c quan chuyn mn c chc nng. Vic gim st mi trng cn phi c tin hnh mt cch lin tc trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca D n. Chng trnh gim st, quan trc mi trng cn xc nh r: - i tng, ch tiu quan trc mi trng. - Thi gian v tn sut quan trc.
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- Nhu cu, thit b quan trc. - Nhn lc phc v cho quan trc. - D tr kinh ph cho quan trc mi trng. Cc im quan trc, gim st mi trng phi c th hin trn bn GIS, s liu quan trc mi trng phi c cp nht, lu gi. 5.2.1. i tng, ch tiu quan trc, gim st mi trng Chng trnh gim st mi trng cn tp trung vo cc i tng chnh sau : khng kh, ting n, nc mt, nc ngm, t v sc khe cng ng. (1). Gim st mi trng khng kh - Khng kh bn trong hng ro nh my: ti cc phn xng sn xut, c bit l khu vc l hi, nu bt giy, ty. - Khng kh xung quanh nh my: + Cc im o cch ng khi nh my nhng khong cch ph hp, theo hng gi ch o v ma ng v ma h. + Cc im o ti nhng im dn c nhng khong cch ph hp theo hng gi ch o v ma ng v ma h. + Thng s cn gim st: Ting n, bi l lng, kh SO2, NO2, Cl2, H2S, CH3-S-CH3 - Khng kh ti khu vc h thng x l nc thi cn gim st: mi, kh CH4, H2S. - Tn sut gim st : Kh thi : 04 t/nm; khng kh : 02 t/nm - Tiu chun so snh: Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam (TCVN 5937 - 2005, TCVN 5938 - 2005, TCVN 5949 - 1998). (2). Gim st mi trng nc - Cng trnh x l nc thi (u vo v u ra ca h thng x l nc thi). - Ngun nc mt tip nhn nc thi ca nh my: Mt vi im trn v di ni tip nhn nc thi.Thng s cn gim st: pH, c, cht rn l lng, BOD5, COD, Phenol, mu, tng kim, ... - Tn sut gim st : Nc thi : 04 t/nm; nc mt : 02 t/nm - Tiu chun so snh: Quy chun k thut Vit Nam v mi trng (QCVN 08/ 2008/BTNMT). (3). Gim st cht lng nc ngm - Thng s chn lc: pH, mu, cng, TDS, Clorua, Florua, Nitrat, Nitrit, Sunfat, Mangan, tng St, Ch, Thu ngn, Km, E.Coli, Tng Coliform; - S im gim st: xung quanh khu vc d n; - Tn s kho st: 06 thng /ln. - Thit b thu mu v phng php phn tch: Phng php tiu chun;
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- Tiu chun so snh: Quy chun k thut Vit Nam v mi trng (QCVN 09/ 2008/BTNMT) v Tiu chun nc sch km theo Quyt nh s 09/2005/Q-BYT ngy 11/3/2005 ca B trng B Y t). (4). Gim st mi trng t - La chn v tr gim st mi trng t ti vng t b nhim do bi than, kh c hoc vng t b ngp bi nc thi. - Yu t gim st: hm lng mn, kim loi nng v du m. - Tn sut gim st : 02 t/nm - Tiu chun so snh : Quy chun k thut Vit Nam v mi trng (QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT, QCVN 15:2008/BTNMT). (5). Gim st khc: Ch phi gim st cc yu t: xi mn, trt, st, l, ln t; xi l b sng, b sui, b h, b bin; bi lng lng sng, lng sui, lng h, y bin; thay i mc nc mt, nc ngm; xm nhp mn; xm nhp phn; v cc ngun gy tc ng khc (nu c) trong trng hp ti khu vc thc hin d n khng c cc trm, im gim st chung ca c quan nh nc, vi tn sut ph hp nhm theo di c s bin i theo khng gian v thi gian ca cc yu t ny. Cc im gim st phi c th hin c th trn s vi ch gii r rng. 5.2.2. D tr kinh ph cho gim st, quan trc mi trng Vic d tr kinh ph cho hot ng quan trc mi trng ca c s l cn thit v khng th thiu, do vy trong phn ni dung ny phi xut rt c th, r rng nhng khong kinh ph d tr cho hot ng quan trc tng thnh phn mi trng nu trn.
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CHNG 6. THAM VN KIN CNG NG Yu cu : Phn ny phi tng hp c nhng kin tn thnh, khng tn thnh ca y ban nhn dn, y ban Mt trn T quc cp x, ca i biu tham gia i thoi. Mc tiu ca tham vn cng ng v cng b thng tin l huy ng cng ng tham gia tch cc vo qu trnh TM nhm xc nh cc tc ng ca d n trong giai on gim st tun th d n. 6.1. nh ngha v cng ng Cng ng c xc nh nh ton b tp hp nhng ngi c kh nng b tc ng bi d n, bao gm ngi ni tr, ngi bun bn, ngi s dng t v ngi lm vic trong lnh vc cng nghip. Theo Lut BVMT 2005, i din ca cng ng l UBND v UBMTTQ cp x. Cch tip cn nhm thc hin tham vn cng ng l khuyn khch s tham vn cng ng t giai on u tin ca qu trnh TM- Giai on nghin cu tin kh thi tip xc vi cng cc i din ca cng ng trong sut qu trnh TM. Bng cch ny cng ng tr thnh b phn b sung vo i ng thc hin TM. 6.2. Hng dn v tham vn cng ng v cng b thng tin Theo Mc 8, iu 20 ca Lut BVMT 2005 kin ca U ban nhn dn x, phng, th trn (sau y gi chung l U ban nhn dn cp x), i din cng ng dn c ni thc hin d n; cc kin khng tn thnh vic t d n ti a phng hoc khng tn thnh i vi cc gii php bo v mi trng phi c nu trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng. Ngh nh 21/2008.N-CP4 b sung "iu 6a. Ly kin y ban nhn dn x, phng, th trn v i din cng ng dn c trong qu trnh lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng nh sau (1). y ban Mt trn T quc x, phng, th trn (sau y gi l y ban Mt trn T quc cp x) i din cho cng ng dn c tham gia kin trong qu trnh lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n u t trn a bn. (2). Ch d n gi vn bn thng bo v cc hng mc u t chnh, cc vn mi trng, cc gii php bo v mi trng ca d n v ngh y ban nhn dn, y Mt trn T quc cp x ni thc hin d n tham gia kin. (3). Trong thi hn mi lm ngy (15) lm vic, k t ngy nhn c vn bn ngh tham gia kin, y ban nhn dn v y ban Mt trn T quc cp x c trch nhim tr li ch d n bng vn bn kin ca mnh v cng b cng khai nhn dn bit. Qu thi hn nu trn, nu khng nhn c vn bn tr li th c xem l y ban nhn dn cp x v i din cng ng dn c ng vi ch d n.
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(4). Cc d n sau y khng phi ly kin ca y ban nhn dn cp x v i din cng ng dn c ni thc hin d n trong qu trnh lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng: a). D n u t nm trong khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, khu cng ngh cao trong trng hp d n xy dng kt cu h tng ca khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, khu cng ngh cao c c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng. Trng hp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n xy dng kt cu h tng khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, khu cng ngh cao c ph duyt sau ngy 01 thng 7 nm 2006 th phi c c quan nh nc v bo v mi trng c thm quyn theo quy nh ca php lut kim tra, xc nhn l thc hin y cc ni dung bo v mi trng nu trong Quyt nh ph duyt v bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng. b). D n trn vng bin khng xc nh c trch nhim qun l hnh chnh ca y ban nhn dn cp x ly kin trong qu trnh lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng; c). Cc d n u t thuc lnh vc an ninh, quc phng lin quan n b mt quc gia". Theo Thng t 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ca B TN-MT, qu trnh thc hin tham vn kin cng ng c trin khai nh sau : (1). Ch d n gi vn bn thng bo v cc hng mc u t chnh, cc vn mi trng, cc gii php bo v mi trng ca d n v ngh y ban nhn dn, y ban Mt trn T quc cp x ni thc hin d n tham gia kin. Ni dung c th ca thng bo bao gm: nhng ni dung chnh ca d n, nhng tc ng tiu cc ca d n n mi trng t nhin v kinh t - x hi (trong cn ch r chng loi km theo nng , thi lng cc loi cht thi), nhng bin php gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc s p dng v nhng cam kt khc ca ch d n v bo v mi trng (trong cn ch r cng ngh, thit b v cng trnh x l cht thi, mc x l theo cc thng s c trng ca cht thi so vi tiu chun, quy chun quy nh v cc bin php khc v bo v mi trng) km theo nhng s (bn , bn v) th hin r v tr ca d n trong mi lin h vi cc i tng t nhin v kinh t - x hi xung quanh, s (bn v) tng mt bng ca d n vi cc hng mc cng trnh chnh ca d n v cc cng trnh x l v qun l cht thi ca d n, cc cng trnh bo v mi trng i vi cc yu t khc ngoi cht thi (th hin r cc im u ni h tng c s, k c cc cng trnh x l v qun l cht thi ca d n vi h thng h tng c s v cc i tng t nhin bn ngoi hng ro khu vc d n). (2). Trong thi hn c quy nh ti khon 4 iu 1 Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP, y ban nhn dn v y ban Mt trn T quc cp x c trch nhim: - Cng b cng khai nhn dn bit v tr li ch d n bng vn bn c lp theo mu quy nh ti Ph lc 5 ban hnh km theo Thng t 05/2008/TT-BTNMT. - Thng bo bng vn bn yu cu ch d n phi hp thc hin i thoi i vi trng hp cn thit. Kt qu i thoi gia ch d n, y ban nhn dn, y ban Mt trn T quc cp x v cc bn c lin quan c ghi thnh bin bn, trong c danh sch i biu tham gia v phn nh y nhng kin tho lun, kin tip thu 51
hoc khng tip thu ca ch d n; bin bn c ch k (ghi h tn, chc danh) ca i din ch d n v i din cc bn lin quan tham d i thoi. (3). Nhng kin tn thnh, khng tn thnh ca y ban nhn dn, y ban Mt trn T quc cp x, ca i biu tham gia i thoi phi c tng hp v th hin trung thc trong ni dung bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng. (4). Cc vn bn tham vn cng ng ca ch d n, vn bn gp kin ca y ban nhn dn, y ban Mt trn T quc cp x, bin bn cuc i thoi v cc vn bn tham vn cng ng khc (nu c) phi c sao v nh km trong phn ph lc ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng. (5). Cc trng hp khng phi ly kin ca y ban nhn dn cp x v i din cng ng dn c ni thc hin d n trong qu trnh lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c quy nh ti khon 4 iu 1 Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP.
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CHNG 7. GII THIU CU TRC V NI DUNG CA BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNG CA D N SN XUT GIY V BT GIY Yu cu : Cu trc bo co TM phi da trn hng dn ti Ph lc 4, Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 12 nm 2008 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng Cu trc v ni dung bo co TM d n sn xut giy v bt giy c m t chi tit da theo Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 12 nm 2008 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng, c th nh sau:
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M U 1. Xut x ca d n: - Tm tt v xut x, hon cnh ra i ca d n u t, trong nu r l loi d n mi, d n b sung, d n m rng, d n nng cp hay d n loi khc. - C quan, t chc c thm quyn ph duyt d n u t (bo co u t/bo co kinh t - k thut/d n u t hoc ti liu tng ng ca d n). - Mi quan h ca d n vi cc quy hoch pht trin do c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn thm nh v ph duyt (nu r hin trng ca cc quy hoch pht trin c lin quan n d n: c ph duyt th nu y tn gi ca quyt nh ph duyt hoc ang trong giai on xy dng trnh cp c thm quyn thm nh v ph duyt). - Nu r d n c nm trong khu kinh t, khu cng ngh cao, khu cng nghip, khu ch xut hay khng? Nu c th nu y tn gi v nh km bn sao cc vn bn sau vo Ph lc ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng: + Quyt nh ph duyt (nu c) bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n u t xy dng kt cu h tng ca khu kinh t, khu cng ngh cao, khu cng nghip, khu ch xut do c quan c thm quyn cp; + Vn bn xc nhn (nu c) thc hin/hon thnh cc ni dung ca bo co v yu cu ca quyt nh ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng do c quan c thm quyn cp (i vi trng hp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n xy dng kt cu h tng khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, khu cng ngh cao c ph duyt sau ngy 01 thng 7 nm 2006). 2. Cn c php lut v k thut ca vic thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM): - Lit k cc vn bn php lut v vn bn k thut lm cn c cho vic thc hin TM v lp bo co TM ca d n, trong nu y , chnh xc m s, tn, ngy ban hnh, c quan ban hnh ca tng vn bn. - Lit k cc tiu chun, quy chun p dng bao gm cc Tiu chun Vit Nam, Quy chun Vit Nam; tiu chun, quy chun ngnh; cc tiu chun, quy chun quc t hoc cc tiu chun, quy chun khc c nu trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n. - Lit k cc ngun ti liu, d liu s dng trong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng (tn gi, xut x thi gian, tc gi, ni pht hnh ca ti liu, d liu), bao gm: + Ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho; + Ngun ti liu, d liu do ch d n t to lp. 3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh TM: Lit k y cc phng php s dng trong qu trnh thc hin TM v lp bo co TM, bao gm cc phng php TM, cc phng php iu tra, kho st, nghin cu, th nghim v cc phng php khc.
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4. T chc thc hin TM: - Nu tm tt v vic t chc thc hin TM v lp bo co TM ca ch d n, trong ch r vic c thu hay khng thu dch v t vn lp bo co TM. Trng hp c thu dch v t vn, nu r tn c quan cung cp dch v; h v tn ngi ng u c quan cung cp dch v; a ch lin h ca c quan cung cp dch v; - Danh sch nhng ngi trc tip tham gia lp bo co TM ca d n (bao gm cc thnh vin ca ch d n v cc thnh vin ca c quan t vn, nu r hc v, chuyn ngnh o to ca tng thnh vin). Chng 1: M T TM TT D N 1.1. Tn d n: Nu chnh xc nh tn trong bo co u t/bo co kinh t - k thut/d n u t hoc ti liu tng ng ca d n. 1.2. Ch d n: Nu y : tn ca c quan ch d n, a ch v phng tin lin h vi c quan ch d n; h tn v chc danh ca ngi ng u c quan ch d n. 1.3. V tr a l ca d n: M t r rng v tr a l (gm c ta theo quy chun hin hnh, ranh gii ) ca a im thc hin d n trong mi tng quan vi cc i tng t nhin (h thng ng giao thng; h thng sng sui, ao h v cc vc nc khc; h thng i ni ...), cc i tng kinh t - x hi (khu dn c, khu th, cc i tng sn xut kinh doanh - dch v, cc cng trnh vn ho - tn gio, cc di tch lch s ...) v cc i tng khc xung quanh khu vc d n, km theo s v tr a l th hin cc i tng ny, c ch gii r rng. 1.4. Ni dung ch yu ca d n: M t ni dung ch yu ca d n theo cc giai on (chun b, xy dng v vn hnh) ca d n, gm: - Lit k y , m t chi tit v khi lng v quy m (khng gian v thi gian) ca tt c cc hng mc cng trnh cn trin khai trong qu trnh thc hin d n, km theo mt s , bn v mt bng tng th b tr tt c cc hng mc cng trnh hoc cc s , bn v ring l cho tng hng mc cng trnh. Cc cng trnh c phn thnh 2 loi sau: + Cc cng trnh chnh: cng trnh phc v mc ch sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v ca d n; + Cc cng trnh ph tr: cng trnh h tr, phc v cho hot ng ca cng trnh chnh, nh: giao thng vn ti, bu chnh vin thng, cung cp in, cung cp nc, thot nc ma, thot nc thi, di dn ti nh c, cy xanh phng h mi trng, trm x l nc thi, ni x l hoc trm tp kt cht thi rn (nu c) v cc cng trnh khc. - M t chi tit, c th v cng ngh thi cng, cng ngh sn xut, cng ngh vn hnh tng hng mc cng trnh ca d n, km theo s minh ha. Trn cc s 55
minh ha ny phi ch r cc yu t mi trng c kh nng pht sinh, nh: ngun cht thi v cc yu t gy tc ng khc (nu c). - Lit k y cc loi my mc, thit b cn c ca d n km theo ch dn v nc sn xut, nm sn xut v hin trng mi hay c, cn bao nhiu phn trm (nu c). - Lit k y thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc loi nguyn, nhin, vt liu (u vo) v cc chng loi sn phm (u ra) ca d n km theo ch dn v tn thng hiu v cng thc ho hc (nu c). - M t chi tit v tin thc hin cc hng mc cng trnh ca d n t khi bt u cho n khi hon thnh v i vo vn hnh chnh thc. - Tng mc u t v ngun vn u t ca d n, trong , ch r mc u t cho hot ng bo v mi trng ca d n. - T chc qun l v thc hin d n. Chng 2: IU KIN T NHIN, MI TRNG V KINH T X HI 2.1. iu kin t nhin v mi trng: - iu kin v a l, a cht: ch cp v m t nhng i tng, hin tng, qu trnh b tc ng bi d n (i vi d n c lm thay i cc yu t a l, cnh quan; d n khai thc khong sn v d n lin quan n cc cng trnh ngm th phi m t mt cch chi tit); ch dn ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho, s dng. - iu kin v kh tng thu vn/hi vn: + iu kin kh tng: trnh by r cc c trng kh tng c lin quan n d n (nhit khng kh, m, vn tc gi, hng gi, tn sut gi, nng v bc x, lng ma, bo v cc iu kin v kh tng d thng khc); ch r di chui s liu; ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho, s dng; + iu kin thu vn/hi vn: trnh by r cc c trng thu vn/hi vn c lin quan n d n (mc nc, lu lng, tc dng chy v cc iu kin v thy vn/hi vn khc); ch r di chui s liu; ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho, s dng. - Hin trng cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin: ch cp v m t nhng thnh phn mi trng b tc ng trc tip bi d n, nh: mi trng khng kh tip nhn trc tip ngun kh thi ca d n (lu hn n nhng vng b nh hng theo cc hng gi ch o), ngun nc tip nhn trc tip nc thi ca d n, t, trm tch v h sinh vt chu nh hng trc tip bi cht thi v cc yu t khc ca d n. i vi mi trng khng kh, nc, t v trm tch i hi nh sau: + Ch dn r rng cc s liu o c, phn tch ti thi im tin hnh TM v cht lng mi trng (lu : cc im o c, ly mu phi c m s, c ch dn v thi gian, a im, ng thi, phi c th hin bng cc biu, bng r rng v c minh ha bng s b tr cc im trn nn bn khu vc. Cc im o c, ly mu t nht phi l cc im b tc ng trc tip bi d n. Vic o c, phn tch phi tun th quy trnh, quy phm quan trc, phn tch mi trng; kt qu quan trc, phn 56
tch mi trng phi c hon thin v c xc nhn ca cc n v c chc nng theo quy nh ca php lut); + Nhn xt v mc nhim khng kh, nc, t v trm tch so vi tiu chun, quy chun k thut mi trng. Nhn nh v nguyn nhn, ngun gc nhim. Trong trng hp c c s d liu v mi trng, nh gi s b v sc chu ti ca mi trng khu vc d n theo tiu chun, quy chun k thut mi trng. 2.2. iu kin kinh t x hi: - iu kin v kinh t: ch cp n nhng hot ng kinh t (cng nghip, nng nghip, giao thng vn ti, khai khong, du lch, thng mi, dch v v cc ngnh khc) trong khu vc d n v vng k cn b tc ng bi d n; ch dn ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho, s dng. - iu kin v x hi: ch cp n nhng cc cng trnh vn ho, x hi, tn gio, tn ngng, di tch lch s, khu dn c, khu th v cc cng trnh lin quan khc trong vng d n v cc vng k cn b tc ng bi d n; ch dn ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho, s dng. Chng 3: NH GI CC TC NG MI TRNG 3.1. nh gi tc ng: - Vic nh gi tc ng ca d n ti mi trng t nhin v kinh t - x hi c thc hin theo tng giai on (chun b, xy dng v vn hnh) ca d n v phi c c th ho cho tng ngun gy tc ng, n tng i tng b tc ng. Mi tc ng u phi c nh gi mt cch c th, chi tit v mc , v quy m khng gian v thi gian (nh gi mt cch nh tnh, nh lng, chi tit v c th cho d n , khng nh gi mt cch chung chung) v so snh, i chiu vi cc tiu chun, quy chun, quy nh hin hnh. Trong : + Ngun gy tc ng c lin quan n cht thi: tt c cc ngun c kh nng pht sinh cc loi cht thi rn, lng, kh cng nh cc loi cht thi khc trong qu trnh trin khai thc hin d n; + Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi: tt c cc ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi, nh: xi mn, trt, st, l, ln t; xi l b sng, b sui, b h, b bin; bi lng lng sng, lng sui, lng h, y bin; thay i mc nc mt, nc ngm; xm nhp mn; xm nhp phn; bin i vi kh hu; suy thoi cc thnh phn mi trng; bin i a dng sinh hc v cc ngun gy tc ng khc; + i tng b tc ng: tt c cc i tng t nhin, kinh t, vn ho, x hi, tn gio, tn ngng, di tch lch s v cc i tng khc trong vng d n v cc vng k cn b tc ng bi tng ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi, tng ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi trong cc giai on ca d n (chun b, xy dng v vn hnh) v bi cc ri ro, s c mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh ca d n. - D bo nhng ri ro, s c mi trng do d n gy ra: ch cp n nhng ri ro, s c c th xy ra bi d n trong qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh ca d n.
57
3.2. Nhn xt v mc chi tit, tin cy ca cc nh gi: Nhn xt khch quan v mc chi tit, tin cy ca cc nh gi v cc tc ng mi trng, cc ri ro, s c mi trng c kh nng xy ra khi trin khai d n v khi khng trin khai d n. i vi nhng vn cn thiu tin cy cn thit, phi nu r cc l do khch quan v cc l do ch quan (nh thiu thng tin, d liu; s liu, d liu hin c b lc hu; s liu, d liu t to lp cha c chnh xc, tin cy; thiu hoc tin cy ca phng php nh gi c hn; trnh chuyn mn ca i ng cn b v TM c hn; cc nguyn nhn khc). Chng 4: BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NGA V NG PH S C MI TRNG Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu, phng nga v ng ph s c mi trng phi c th hin i vi tng giai on (chun b, xy dng v vn hnh) ca d n, tng i tng b tc ng nh nu trong mc 3.1 v phi l cc bin php c th, c tnh kh thi s c p dng trong sut qu trnh thc hin d n. 4.1. i vi cc tc ng xu: - Mi loi tc ng xu n cc i tng t nhin v kinh t - x hi xc nh u phi c km theo bin php gim thiu tng ng, c l gii r rng v u im, nhc im, mc kh thi, hiu sut/hiu qu x l. Trong trng hp vic trin khai cc bin php gim thiu ca d n lin quan n nhiu c quan, t chc, phi kin ngh c th tn cc c quan, t chc v xut phng n phi hp cng gii quyt. - Phi chng minh c rng, sau khi p dng bin php gim thiu, cc tc ng xu s c gim n mc no, c so snh, i chiu vi cc tiu chun, quy chun, quy nh hin hnh. Trng hp bt kh khng, phi nu r l do v c nhng kin ngh c th cc c quan lin quan c hng gii quyt, quyt nh. 4.2. i vi s c mi trng: xut mt phng n chung v phng nga v ng ph s c, trong nu r: - Ni dung, bin php m ch d n ch ng thc hin trong kh nng ca mnh; nhn xt, nh gi v tnh kh thi v hiu qu; - Ni dung, bin php cn phi c s hp tc, gip ca cc c quan nh nc v cc i tc khc; - Nhng vn bt kh khng v kin ngh hng x l. Chng 5: CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI TRNG 5.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng: ra mt chng trnh nhm qun l cc vn v bo v mi trng trong qu trnh chun b, xy dng cc cng trnh ca d n v trong qu trnh d n i vo vn hnh. Chng trnh qun l mi trng c xy dng trn c s tng hp t cc chng 1, 3, 4 di dng bng, bao gm cc thng tin v: cc hot ng ca d n trong qu trnh chun b, xy dng v vn hnh; cc tc ng mi trng; cc bin php gim thiu tc ng c hi (cc cng trnh x l v qun l cht thi km theo ch dn c th v chng loi v c tnh k thut; cng trnh x l mi trng i vi cc 58
yu t khc ngoi cht thi; cc bin php phng chng s c mi trng; cc bin php phc hi mi trng nu c; chng trnh gio dc, o to v mi trng v cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng c hi khc); kinh ph thc hin; thi gian biu thc hin v hon thnh; c quan thc hin v c quan gim st thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng. 5.2. Chng trnh gim st mi trng: ra chng trnh nhm gim st cc cht thi pht sinh trong sut qu trnh chun b, xy dng v vn hnh ca d n: 5.2.1. Gim st cht thi: i hi phi gim st lu lng/tng lng thi v gim st nhng thng s nhim c trng cho cht thi ca d n theo tiu chun, quy chun hin hnh ca Vit Nam, vi tn sut ti thiu 03 (ba) thng mt ln. Cc im gim st phi c th hin c th trn s vi ch gii r rng v ta theo quy chun hin hnh. i vi cc d n pht sinh ngun nc thi, kh thi ln, tim n nguy c gy nhim mi trng mc cao, phi c phng n thit k v lp t cc thit b o lu lng v quan trc t ng, lin tc cc thng s nhim c trng trong cht thi c quan thm nh v ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng xem xt, quyt nh. 5.2.2. Gim st mi trng xung quanh: ch phi gim st nhng thng s nhim c trng cho d n theo tiu chun, quy chun, quy nh hin hnh ca Vit Nam trong trng hp ti khu vc thc hin d n khng c cc trm, im gim st chung ca c quan nh nc, vi tn sut ti thiu 06 (su) thng mt ln. Cc im gim st phi c th hin c th trn s vi ch gii r rng v ta theo quy chun hin hnh. 5.2.3. Gim st khc: ch phi gim st cc yu t: xi mn, trt, st, l, ln t; xi l b sng, b sui, b h, b bin; bi lng lng sng, lng sui, lng h, y bin; thay i mc nc mt, nc ngm; xm nhp mn; xm nhp phn; v cc tc ng ti cc i tng t nhin v kinh t - x hi khc (nu c) vi tn sut ph hp nhm theo di c s bin i theo khng gian v thi gian ca cc yu t ny. Cc im gim st phi c th hin c th trn s vi ch gii r rng v ta theo quy chun hin hnh. Chng 6: THAM VN KIN CNG NG 6.1. kin ca y ban nhn dn cp x. 6.2. kin ca y ban Mt trn T quc cp x. (Cc im 6.1 v 6.2 ny c th hin theo yu cu nu ti mc 2 Phn III ca Thng t ny). 6.3. kin phn hi v cam kt ca ch d n trc cc kin ca y ban nhn dn cp x v y ban Mt trn T quc cp x: i vi tng ni dung kin, yu cu ca y ban nhn dn cp x v y ban Mt trn T quc cp x, ch d n cn nu r quan im ca mnh ng hay khng ng ; trng hp ng th cn nu r cc cam kt ca ch d n p ng kin, yu cu ny c trnh by ni dung (chng, mc) no ca bo co; trng hp khng ng th cn nu r l do ti sao. 59
KT LUN, KIN NGH V CAM KT 1. Kt lun: Phi c kt lun v nhng vn , nh: nhn dng v nh gi c ht nhng tc ng cha, nhng vn g cn cha d bo c; nh gi tng qut v mc , quy m ca nhng tc ng xc nh; mc kh thi ca cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu v phng chng, ng ph cc s c, ri ro mi trng; nhng tc ng tiu cc no khng th c bin php gim thiu v vt qu kh nng cho php ca ch d n v nu r l do. 2. Kin ngh: Kin ngh vi cc cp, cc ngnh lin quan gip gii quyt nhng vn vt kh nng gii quyt ca d n. 3. Cam kt: Cc cam kt ca ch d n v vic thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng, chng trnh gim st mi trng nh nu trong Chng 5 (bao gm cc tiu chun, quy chun k thut mi trng m d n bt buc phi p dng); thc hin cc cam kt vi cng ng nh nu ti mc 6.3 Chng 6 ca bo co TM; tun th cc quy nh chung v bo v mi trng c lin quan n cc giai on ca d n, gm: - Cc cam kt v cc gii php, bin php bo v mi trng s thc hin v hon thnh trong cc giai on chun b v xy dng n thi im trc khi d n i vo vn hnh chnh thc; - Cc cam kt v cc gii php, bin php bo v mi trng s c thc hin trong giai on t khi d n i vo vn hnh chnh thc cho n khi kt thc d n; - Cam kt v n b v khc phc nhim mi trng trong trng hp cc s c, ri ro mi trng xy ra do trin khai d n; - Cam kt phc hi mi trng theo quy nh ca php lut v bo v mi trng sau khi d n kt thc vn hnh. PH LC nh km trong Ph lc ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng cc loi ti liu sau y: - Bn sao cc vn bn php l lin quan n d n; - Cc s (bn v, bn ) khc lin quan n d n nhng cha c th hin trong cc chng ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng; - Cc phiu kt qu phn tch cc thnh phn mi trng (khng kh, ting n, nc, t, trm tch, ti nguyn sinh hc ) c ch k km theo h tn, chc danh ca Th trng c quan phn tch v ng du; - Bn sao cc vn bn lin quan n tham vn cng ng v cc phiu iu tra x hi hc (nu c); - Cc hnh nh lin quan n khu vc d n (nu c); - Cc ti liu lin quan khc (nu c). 60
PH LC PH LC I. PHIU IU TRA KINH T - X HI 1. Khu vc iu tra: - Tn khu vc iu tra: ................................................................................ - S h dn: ..... (h). Tng s dn: ..........(ngi). Bnh qun:........ ngi/h. - T l tng dn s trung bnh: ................. %. 2. Tnh trng t ai: - Tng din tch t:............... (ha). Trong t nng nghip: ............. (ha). - t cng nghip: ..................(ha). t khc: ....................................... (ha). 3. Tnh hnh kinh t: - S h lm nng nghip: .............. (h). Phi nng nghip: (h) - S ngi lm trong cc x nghip cng nghip ti a phng: (ngi) - Thu nhp: Bnh qun:......... /thng. Cao nht: ................../thng Thp nht: ................/thng - S h giu: ............................ (h). S h ngho: (h) 4. Cc cng trnh cng cng, h tng c s trong khu vc: - C quan, Trng hc, Vin nghin cu: ................(c s) - Nh my, X nghip cng nghip: ..........................(c s) - Bnh vin, Trm Y t: ............................................(c s) - Ch: ..................... (c s). Ngha trang: ................(c s) - nh, cha, nh th: ................................(c s) - Trnh trng giao thng, ng: + ng t:........................ %. + ng cp phi: ................% + ng b tng: ................ %. + ng gch:....................... % - Tnh trng cp in, nc: + S h c cp in: ............. (h). + S h c cp nc: .......... (h) 5. Tnh hnh sc kho: - S ngi mc bnh truyn nhim: ....... (ngi). - Bnh mn tnh: ................(ngi) - Bnh ngh nghip: ................(ngi) 6. Cc yu cu v kin ngh ca a phng v D n: Xc nhn ca chnh quyn a phng Ngy... thng.... nm 61
Ngi iu tra PH LC II. CC PHNG PHP NH GI TC NG MI TRNG S DNG CHO LOI HNH D N Cc phng php nh gi tc ng mi trng s dng trong qu trnh lp bo co TM ni chung v i vi cc D n sn xut giy v bt giy ni ring l : - Phng php thng k : Nhm thu thp v x l cc s liu v iu kin kh tng, thy vn, kinh t x hi ti khu vc xy dng D n. - Phng php lp bng lit k (Checklist): c s dng lp mi quan h gia cc hot ng ca D n v cc tc ng mi trng. - Phng php ma trn (Matrices) : Phng php ny cho php phn tch, nh gi mt cch tng hp tc ng tng h a chiu ng thi gia cc hot ng ca d n n tt c cc yu t ti nguyn v mi trng trong vng d n. - Phng php mng li (Networks) : Mc ch ca phng php ny l phn tch, nh gi cc tc ng song song v ni tip do cc hot ng d n gy ra v c din gii theo nguyn l nguyn nhn - h qu. Phng php ny c s dng nh gi cc tc ng s cp (bc 1) v chui cc tc ng th cp (bc 2, 3, 4 ). - Phng php so snh : Dng nh gi cc tc ng trn c s cc Tiu chun, quy chun mi trng Vit Nam; - Phng php chuyn gia : S dng i ng cc chuyn gia nh gi cc tc ng mi trng. - Phng php nh gi nhanh theo h s nhim do Vit Nam v cc t chc quc t (V d : T chc Y t Th gii (WHO)) thit lp nhm c tnh ti lng cc cht nhim t cc hot ng ca D n. - Phng php ly mu ngoi hin trng v phn tch trong phng th nghim: nhm xc nh cc thng s v hin trng cht lng khng kh, nc, n ti khu t D n v khu vc xung quanh. - Phng php m hnh ha mi trng : M phng cc qu trnh thc t di dng cc phng trnh ton hc cho tng i lng. Dng cc phng php s gii cc phng trnh ny trn my tnh s tm c cc tham s (hoc i lng) cn bit ti cc thi im v cc im khng gian khc nhau. - Phng php phn tch chi ph, li ch : l mt phng php nh gi s mong mun tng i gia cc phng n cnh tranh nhau, khi s la chn c o lng bng gi tr kinh t to ra cho ton x hi. 62
- Phng php tham vn cng ng : Phng php ny s dng trong qu trnh phng vn lnh o v nhn dn a phng ti ni thc hin D n. - Phng php vin thm v GIS :Trn c s gii on cc nh v tinh ti khu vc d n, kt hp s dng cc phn mm GIS (Acview, Mapinfor, ...) c th nh gi c mt cch tng th hin trng ti nguyn thin nhin, hin trng thm thc vt, cy trng, t v s dng t cng vi cc yu t t nhin v cc hot ng kinh t khc. - Nhng phng php khc (Phng php phng vn c nhn; phng php nh gi nng thn c s tham gia ca cng ng (PRA) ...).
63

Huong Dan DTM - SX Giay Va Bot Giay - 2

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Huong Dan DTM - SX Giay Va Bot Giay - 2

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B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG CC THM NH V NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

HNG DN K THUT LP BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

D N SN XUT GIY V BT GIY

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Bng 3. Cc thit b ch yu s dng sn xut giy v bt giy: 14

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Cng sut (n v) m3/h Tn hi/h MW/h MW/h Tn Tn/nm Tn hi/h Tn/nm

Nh ch to (tn my, nc sn xut, tnh trng thit b)

Nu thit b my mc v cng sut s s dng cho D n.

Tng lng cn thit cho D n.

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Theo s liu thng k ca a phng v ti liu iu tra, kho st

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Cht lng khng kh

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Phng php ly mu/thit b o

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

mg/l MPN/ 100 ml

im o/ly mu GW1 GW2

Phng php ly mu/thit b o

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

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Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

CHNG 3. NH GI TC NG CA D N SN XUT GIY V BT GIY TI MI TRNG T NHIN V KINH T - X HI

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

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Cc khu h tr Thu hi ha cht

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

300 90 350 350 <100 30.000 (ty)

75 80 100 100 20.000 (ty)

150 85 175 175 -

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy

Hng dn k thut lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n Sn xut Giy v Bt giy