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Questions 1- 4 A scientist is using an ampicillin-sensitive strain of bacteria that cannot use lactose because it has a nonfunctional gene in the /acoperon. She has two plasmids. One contains a fun<::1ional opy ofthe]ffected"gene'of c the /acoperon, and the other contains the gene for ampicillirlreSTstance~ 'Using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase, she forms a rec6iTibinant plaSmid containing both genes. She then adds a high concentration of the plasmid to a tube of the bacteria in a medium for bacterial growth that contains glucose asthe only ~nergy source. This tube (+) and a control tube (-) with similar bacteriahJT no-pi"asmid are both incubi:Jte'cfTmder the appropriate conditions for growth and plasmid uptake. The scientist then spreads a sample of each bacterial culture (+ and -) on each of the three types of plates indicated below.
Glucose Medium with Glucose Medium with

strain Bacterial

with

added( ~~asmid

Bacterial strain
WIth

no plasmid

000 000
Glucose Medium

Ampicillin

Ampicillin

and Lactose

#1

#2

#3

#4

#5

#6

(-)

1.

If no new mutations occur, it would be most reasonable to expect bacterial growth on which of the following plates? (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 3 and 4 only (C) 5 and 6 only (D) 4, 5, and 6 only (E) 1, 2, 3, and 4 only The scientist used restriction enzymes for what purpose in the experiment? make cuts in the plasmid DNA make the plasmid enter the cells enable the fragments of DNA to form covalent bonds enable the plasmid to recognize the bacterial cells

2.

(YU To make the plasmid small enough to transform cells

~ (B) To ('C.J. To (D) To (E) To 3.

If the scientist had forgotten to use DNA ligase during the preparation of the recombinant plasmid, bacterial growth would most likely have occurred on which of the following? (A) 1 and 2 only (8) 1 and 4 only (C) 4 and 5 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 only (E) 4, 5, and 6 only

Lactose Medium

Lactose Medium with Ampicillin

Bacterial strain with added plasmid

(+)

Bacterial strain with no plasmid

(- )

GO 08

4.

If the scientist used the cultures to perform another experiment as shown above, using medium that contained lactose as the only energy source, growth would most likely occur on which of the following plates? (A) 10 only (8) 7 and 8 only (C) 7 and 9 only (D) 8 and 10 only (E) 9 and 10 only

5.

Which of the following is a characteristic of all viruses? a. a nucleic acid genome b. a protein capsid c. a viral envelope d. A and 8 only e. A, 8, and C For a. b. c. d. e. a repressible operon to be transcribed, which of the following must be true? A corepressor must be present. RNA polymerase and the active repressor must be present. RNA polymerase must bind to the promoter, and the repressor must be inactive. RNA polymerase cannot be present, and the repressor must be inactive. RNA polymerase must not occupy the promoter, and the repressor must be inactive.

6.

7.

Which of the folloWing statements concerning the eukaryotic chromosome is false? ~. It is composed of DNA and protein. b. The nucleosome is the most basic structural subunit. \" c. The number of genes on each chromosome is different in different cell types. ct, It consists of a single linear molecule of double-stranded DNA. e. Active transcription occurs on euchromatin.

8.Which of the following mechanisms is (are) used to coordinately control the expression of multiple . related genes in eukaryotic cells? organization of the genes into clusters, with local chromatin structures influencing the expression of all the genes at once '.J b. each of the genes sharing a common control element, allowing a single activator to turn on their transcription at once, regardless of their location in the genome c. organizing the genes into large operons, allowing them to be transcribed as a single unit d. A and 8 only e. A, 8, and C

la.

9.

Plasmids are important in biotechnology because they are a. a vehicle for the insertion of foreign genes into bacteria. b. recognition sites on recombinant DNA strands. c. surfaces for protein synthesis in eukaryotic recombinants. d. surfaces for respiratory processes in bacteria. e. proviruses incorporated into the host DNA. What is the most logical sequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid and inserting the plasmid into a bacterium? '; 1. Transform bacteria with recombinant DNA molecule. Cut the plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes. Extract plasmid DNA from bacterial cells. Hydrogen-bond the plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA fragments. Use ligase to seal plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA. I, II, IV, III, V III, II, IV, V, I III, IV, V, I, II IV, V, I, II, III 11. Which of the following best describes why the polymerase chain reaction is a standard technique used in molecular biology research? fA) It uses inexpensive materials and produces perfect results. (8) It can purify specific sections of a DNA molecule. i(C) It can produce large amounts of specific DNA sequences. ('Q) It can duplicate the entire human genome. C'E) It can produce large amounts of mRNA.

10.

':l, II.

\ III. ') IV. v\, V. '~ c. d.

'Q~ II, III, V, IV, I

'e..

Questions 12 - 15 A student uses restriction enzymes 'to cut a DNA molecule into fragments. The digested DNA is loaded into the wells of an agarose gel and the gel is subjected to an electric current. Upon completion of the run, the gel is stained.
12. The rate of migration of the DNA fragments through the agarose gel is determined by the (A) ratio of adenine to cytosine in the fragment (8) presence of hydrogen bonds between base pairs (C) length of time the electrophoresis unit is allowed to operate (D) number of nucleotides in the fragment (E) volume of the starting sample

13.

Which of the following is true of the dye used to stain the fragments? It increases the contrast between the agar and the DNA fragments. (8) It must be accounted for when calculating the molecular weight of the fragments. (C) Its charged areas interfere with the migration of the DNA. (D) It is bonded only to the sticky ends of the fragments and can directly determine the sequence of the DNA fragments. (E) It gives a three-dimensional view of the structure of the DNA fragments. (A) The type and density of the gel are important because (A) they influence the rate of migration of the fragments (B) they may cause some DNA molecules to replicate (C) some DNA nucleotides may be lost due to chemical reactions with the gel (D) some DNA molecules may sink to the bottom and not migrate (E) some DNA molecules may cross-link The procedures described can be used to do all of the following EXCEPT (AJ isolate and purify certain DNA fragments (B) synthesize novel DNA molecules CQ study the activity of restriction enzymes (8.) calculate the size of DNA fragments (1S,l identify the source of DNA material

14.

15.

Questions 16 - 18 refer to an experiment that was performed to separate DNA fragments from four samples radioactively labeled with 32p. The fragments were separated by gel electrophoresis. The visualized bands are illustrated in the figure below.
I CJ 2 3 4

c::::J c::::J

c::::J

0ri gin

Gel Electrophoresis of DNA Fragments

16. The electrophoretic separation of the pieces of DNA in each of the four samples was achieved because of differential migration of the DNA fragments in an electric field. This differential migration was caused by the (A) relative amounts of radioactivity in the DNA (B) number of cleavage points per fragment (C) size of each fragment (D) overall positive charge of each fragment (E) solubility of each fragment

17. The DNA was labeled with 32p in order to (A} stimulate DNA replication (E~ inhibit the uptake of unlabeled ATP (C) show which fragments included the 5' end and which fragments included the 3' end (D) visualize the fragments (E} speed up the rate of separation by electrophoresis 18. Which of the following is an additional use of the gel electrophoresis technique? (A) To express a gene ('BJ To separate Proteins in a mixture (Q To ligate DNA fragments (D) To transform E. coli (E) To amplify genes 19. Viral genomes can consist of any of the following except a. double-stranded DNA. b. double-stranded RNA. c. single-stranded DNA. d. single-stranded RNA. e. helical capsomeres. Which of the following is characteristic of the lytic cycle? Many bacterial cells containing viral DNA are produced. @. Viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome. ~" The viral genome replicates without destroying the host. d. A large number of phages are released at a time. e. The virus-host relationship usually lasts for generations.

20.

'a,

21.

What a. It b. It 'C. It d.. It e. It

is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses? hydrolyzes the host cell's DNA. uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis. converts host cell RNA into viral DNA. translates viral RNA into proteins. uses viral RNA as a template for making complementary

RNA strands.

Questions 22 - Use the following answers for the following questions. The answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. B. C. D. E. transduction transposition translation transformation conjugation

22.

External DNA is assimilated by a cell.

a.
b.

A
B

c.
d.

C
D

e. E

23.

a. b. d.

DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus. A

c.

C
D

e.
24.

E
A B

A plasmid is exchanged between bacteria through a pilus.

a.
b.
c.

C
D

d.

e.
25.

E
A

A sequence of DNA is moved to alternative locations within the genome.

a.
c.

b. B
C
D d.

e.
26.

A mutation that inactivates the regulatory gene of a repressible operon in an E. coli cell would result in ra. continuous transcription of the structural gene controlled by that regulator. '0. complete inhibition of transcription of the structural gene controlled by that regulator. IE< irreversible binding of the repressor to the operator. d. inactivation of RNA polymerase. e. both Band C 27. the a. b. c. d. e. Under the electron microscope, unfolded chromatin resembles "beads on a string." What do "beads" represent? Nucleosomes Ribosomes Beadosomes molecules of DNA polymerase molecules of RNA polymerase

28.

Which of the following mechanisms is (are) used to coordinately control the expression of multiple, related genes in eukaryotic cells? J a. organization of the genes into clusters, with local chromatin structures influencing the expression of all the genes at once j b. each of the genes sharing a common control element, allowing a single activator to turn on their transcription at once, regardless of their location in the genome c. organizing the genes into large operons, allowing them to be transcribed as a single unit d. A and B only e. A, B, and C If you were to observe the activity of methylated DNA, you would expect it to a. be replicating. b. be unwinding in preparation for protein synthesis. c. have turned off or slowed down the process of transcription. d. be very active in translation. e. induce protein synthesis by not allowing repressors to bind to it.

29.

30,

In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, gene expression is primarily regulated at the level of a. b. c. d. e. transcription. translation. mRNA stability. mRNA splicing. protein stability.

Essay: Pick.2!iE. of the following questions.

\jJ o-r 'L-

v-1 ~

.e.s;~'-\.

M0... te.- 50
~

rCL

c ~o~ C. .

-to \ ~~\

'{()-V'

I, IJescrihe how ~ plasmid can be ,!!enetically ,., modified to include ''1 piece ot' ,'ore'lon D'" tll'.1.1 It t'lstlcplenot\pe I' "I I 't, .,,', ." ' ~ ",,\ l~l,.lllcll,t1 cdls transfo,rmed \\Iththt' modIfied plasillid. Describe a procedure l to determine \,hich baL'teri:t! . Lclb h;I\'c been succcssiully transfarilled.

-4 A bacteri;lI plasmid is 100 I-;b in length, The plasmid DNA was digested to completion with !\\o restriction enzynKs in three sep<Jrate treatments: EcoRI. Hacill. and EcoRI + Haell! (double digest). The fragmen!'; \\ere then separated \,ith electrophoresis, as shown,

FcoRI +

Haelll

Mokcular Weight Standan..ls

Kilooase Pairs

(a) Using the circle provided. construct a labeled diagram Explain how you developed your map. (b) Descrihe
(c)

of the restriction

lllap of the plasmid.

how: into a bacterium

recombinant DNA technology could be used to insert a gene of interest recombinanl bacteria could be identified expression of the gene of interest could be ensured might provide a bendit

Discuss how a specific genetically Illodified organism time pose a threatlo a population or ecosystem.

for humans

and at

IllL'

same