Tiu lun

Mn: CNG NGH CH BIN THC PHM II ti: Giai on phi trn trong ch bin thc phm GV: Phm Ngc Hiu NHm 5: Thnh vin: 1. H Th M Trinh 2. V Th Cm Li 3. Trn Hng Hnh 4. Bi Duy Trnh 5. Trn Tun Thanh

Tm hiu v giai on phi trn

1.C s khoa hc ca qu trnh phi trn Trn l qu trnh lm cho hai hay nhiu cu t phn b ng nht trong khi nguyn liu.Trong cng ngh thc phm, qu trnh trn thng c phn ra thnh 3 trng hp: Trn cht rn( dng vt liu ri) Trn cht lng( cht lng c nht thp, cht lng c nht cao, cc cht gi do Trn cht rn vo mt cht lng a. C s l thuyt ca qu trnh trn cht rn

 phi trn vt liu ri, cn phi c nng lng cung cp cho qu trnh phi trn v phi c nng lng th cc ht vt liu ri mi chuyn ng c.Trong qu trnh trn cc nguyn lieu dng vt liu ri vi nhau, c ba c ch chuyn ng ca cc vt liu hin din cng mt lc. l c ch i lu, khuch tn v trt.Ty vo thit b, s c mt c ch no chim u th. Trong qu trnh phi trn cht rn, ng nht hon ton kh t c( thnh phn ca cc cu t ti mi thi im trong khi vt liu thng khng nh nhau).Xt trng hp trn hai thnh phn c dng vt liu ri, ti thi im qu trnh phi trn, hai thnh phn ny tn ti ring bit vi nhau.Trong qu trnh trn, hai thnh phn ny dn phn b ln vo nhau v t l ca tng thnh phn ti tng im trong khi vt liu. lch chun ca nng cc cu t trong khi vt liu thng c s dng nh gi mc ng nht ca khi nguyn liu trong qu trnh phi trn.

Vi: : lch chun nng ca cu t cn nh gi ti cc v tr khc nhau trong khi nguyn liu n: s mu phn tch c: nng cu t cn nh gi cn nh gi ti v tr ly mu bt k : nng trung bnh ca cu t cn nh gi trong ton khi nguyn liu lch chun cng nh th ng nht ca khi nguyn liu s cng cao. Mt vn quan trng trong qu trnh nh gi hiu qu ca qu trnh phi trn l phng php ly mu nh gi cc thng s ca qu trnh.C nhiu phng php khc nhau quy nh v vic ly mu: khi lng mu, v tr ly mu, s lng muPhng php chung ca nguyn tc ny l m bo vic ly mu phi p ng yu cu v tnh i din.Ni dung chi tit ca cc phng php c th tham kho trong cc b tiu chun tng ng.

Trong qu trnh phi trn vt liu ri, hin tng phn tch l mt vn cn c quan tm.Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ni trn l do s khc bit v mt s cc tnh cht vt l nh t trng, kch thc, hnh dng, tnh n hi v do bn cht qu trnh chuyn ng ca dng nhp liu ban u.S khc nhau v tnh cht vt l ca cc nguyn liu thng d gy ra hin tng phn tch v s khc nhau ny dn n s khc nhau trong qu trnh chuyn ng ca cc loi vt liu.Theo cc s liu thc nghim, nu lch kch thc ln hn 75m s dn n hin tng phn tch d dng, cn nu lch kch thc nh hn 10m thng th khng cn quan tm n hin tng phn6 tch trong qu trnh phi trn.Nu qu trnh phi trn hi nguyn liu kh dng vt liu ri m chng c th tng tc vi nhau bng cc lien kt nh tng tc tnh in, lc Val der Wallth hin tng phn tch s c hn ch. Trn c s hin tng phn tch ny, thit b trn cng c chia thnh hai loi thit b: Thit b c kh nng gy hin tng phn tch tt:Trong thit b ny, qu trnh chuyn ng ca ht theo c ch khuch tn chim u th.Cc thit b ny thng khng c cnh khuy.

Thit b gy ra hin tng kh phn tch:Trong thit b ny, qu trnh chuyn ng ca ht theo c ch i lu chim u th.Thit b loi ny thng c cnh khuy, hoc cc thit b trn dng trc vis. b. C s l thuyt ca qu trnh trn cht lng Xt qu trnh phi trn trong mi trng cht lng c nht thp v trung bnh, trong qu trnh phi trn hai cht lng vi nhau hoc mt cht rn vo trong cht lng, mt cu t s chuyn ng vi ba thnh phn vn tc:

Chuyn ng theo phng thng ng (phng dc theo trc cnh khuy) Chuyn ng trn trn mt phng nm ngang (theo phng tip tuyn vi cc ng trn c tm l trc cnh khuy)

Chuyn ng theo hng ly tm so vi trc ca cnh khuy. Hiu qu ca qu trnh phi trn cng cao nu tc theo phng thng ng v phng ly tm cng cao.Thng thng, tc ca cc phn t cht lng ti v tr gn cnh khuy l ln nht, do , dy l vng din ra qu trnh phi trn nhanh nht.Nu cnh khuy c ni ti tm thng

khuy, cc phn t cht lng c xu hng chuyn ng trn quanh trc cnh khuy.Nu vn tc cnh khuy thp, cht lng s iu kin chy tng, khi , cc lp cht lng s c hnh thnh v chuyn ng trn quanh trc, hiu qu trn ca qu trnh s thp.Nu vn tc ca cnh khuy tng ln, vn tc chuyn ng trn cng tng, c th xut hin hin tng xoy trn b mt cht lng.Chuyn ng trn cng nhanh th xoy cng su.Hin tng xoy s lm cho kh trn b mt b ht vo cht lng theo ng xoy v lm gim hiu qu ca qu trnh phi trn.Ngoi ra chuyn ng trn c th lm cho cc huyn ph trong cht lng(nu c) s b tch ra do lc ly tm.C th hn ch chuyn ng trn ny bng cch gn cnh khuy lch tm hoc gn thm cc thanh chn trn thnh bn trong ca thng khuy.S thanh chn l 2 hoc 4 vi chiu rng 1/181/12 ng knh ca thng khuy. Trong trng hp phi trn cc cht lng c nht cao, cc loi nguyn liu c dng paste hay trng thi gi do(pseudoplastic) tc dng khuy trn c thc hin bi ba qu trnh sau:

S nho trn(kneading) nguyn liu S bao ph cc phn vt liu cha c phi trn vi phn vt liu c phi trn v ngc li

 S trt(shearing) ca nguyn liu(gi nguyn liu v thit b) lm ko dn nguyn liu. Qu trnh phi trn s t hiu qu cng cao khi cc qu trnh trn din ra cng mnh.Tuy nhin, v y l cc loi nguyn liu c tnh chy km, nn thc hin iu bt buc phi c chuyn ng tng i gia ton khi nguyn liu vi cnh khuy. i vi cc cht gi do nh cc loi nc st, trong qu trnh khuy s hnh thnh mt lp nguyn liu mng xung quanh cnh khuy.Khi ton b khi nguyn liu s khng chuyn ng.Tc khuy cng nhanh, lp vt liu hnh thnh cng nhanh. Cn i vi qu trnh phi trn cc cht lng dng dilatants vi bt( nh trong sn xut chocolate), nu lng bt khng ph hp, c th gy ra hin tng tng mnh nht, gy ra hin tng qu ti i vi ng c hoc gy trc cnh khuy. Ring i vi cht do(viscoelastic), m bo s phi trn c thc hin tt th cn c hai qu trnh din ra:qu trnh bao ph ln nhau gia cc phn vt liu phi trn vi cha phi trn v qu trnh trt ca nguyn liu.

Tc ca qu trnh trn cng c xc nh bi cc thng s nh khi nh gi qu trnh phi trn hai cht rn vo nhau. 2.Mc ch cng ngh v phm vi thc hin Qu trnh phi trn thng c cc mc ch cng ngh nh sau: Chun b:qu trnh phi trn c p dng trn cc thnh phn nguyn liu vi nhau chun b a vo quy trnh sn xut.Trong tt c cc quy trnh cng ngh sn xut m nguyn liu bao gm nhiu thnh phn khc nhau th lun c qu trnh phi trn trc khi thc hin qu trnh ch bin. Hon thin: ngoi ra qu trnh phi trn cn nhm mc ch hon thin sn phm.Mt s sn phm sau khi ch bin xong c b sung mt s thnh phn nhm nng cao cht lng ca sn phm nh trong sn xut cc loi sn phm sa, cc vitamin c b sung vo sn phm nng cao gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm.

3.Cc bin i ca nguyn liu Khi phi trn cc loi nguyn liu dng vt kiu ri, qu trnh phi trn thng khng to ra nhng bin i ng k. Trong qu trnh phi trn hai cht lng c nht thp vi nhau, thng c s thay i nht, th tch, t trng v c tnh cht quang hc ca sn phm sau qu trnh phi trn.S thay i ny ph thc vo s tng tc ca cc cu t trong thnh phn nguyn liu ban u.Ngoi ra s phi trn ny i khi cng dn n s thay i nhit do hin tng hydrate ha.Cc bin i trn cng din ra khi tin hnh trn mt cht rn ha tan vo dung mi( nh trong sn xut syrup saccharose). Khi phi trn bt vo trong cht lng, thng din ra qu trnh chuyn hn hp t trng thi rn lng phn bit sang dng paste ng nht.Ngoi ra, nhng qu trnh phi trn nhu th cng thng gp phn to cu trc cho sn phm, c bit trong trng hp m thnh phn to cu trc ca sn phm chu tc ng ca lc c hc.V d nh trong qu trnh phi trn v nho bt trong qu trnh sn xut cc loi bnh hoc m si t nguyn liu bt m, qu trnh nho trn s nh hng n cu trc ca bt nho do tc ng n qu trnh to mng gluten.Do qu trnh

phi trn v nho ny cng nh hng n cu trc cng nh tnh cht cm quan ca sn phm cui.

4.Cc yu t nh hng C rt nhiu yu t nh hng n qu trnh phi trn.Di y l mt s yu t quan trng: a. Tnh cht ca nguyn liu Qu trnh phi trn hai cht lng vi nhau:t trng, nht v tnh cht lu bin ca nguyn liu c nh hng mang tnh cht quyt nh n qu trnh phi trn.Ty theo cc tnh cht ny, vic thit k v la chn cc thit b khuy trn cng nh lu chn cc thng s thch hp cho qu trnh s khc nhau. Qu trnh trn mt cht rn vo tron cht lng:khi thc hin qu trnh phi trn ny, cn ch n kh nng ha tan ca cht rn trong cht lng v cc tnh cht ca dung dch to thnh, c bit l nht v t trng ca dung dch to thnh.V d khi ha tan cc cu t c kh nng to gel vo nc( nh gelatin,alginate), s din ra s thay i nht ca dung dch v qu trnh

to gel c th xy ra.Do cn la chon cnh khuy, tc khuy ph hp v la chn ng c c cng sut ln thc hin qu trnh phi trn. Qu trnh trn hai cht vi nhau:Khi trn ai cht rn vi nhau, cn ch n s khc nhau ca chng v kch thc v t trng.S khc bit cng ln th qu trnh phi trn cng kh thc hin v khi hn hp ng nht, nu khng dng ng thi im th c th hn hp s b tch rieng ra.

b. Thng s cng ngh Thng s cng ngh quan trng nht trong qu rnh phi trn hai cht lng hoc mt cht rn vo trong cht lng l cng khuy.i vi tng loi nguyn liu c th, phi xc nh cng khuy ph hp. Nhit :Trong qu trnh phi trn, nu nhit cng cao th cc cu t d dng phn b vo nhau( tr trng hp phi trn cc nguyn liu vt liu ri nhau).t bit, nhit tng s lm tng kh nng ha tan cht rn vo trong lng, qu trnh phi trn d dng hn.tuy nhin cn ch

 n nh hng ca nhit n tnh cht ca nguyn liu, v d nh s h ha ca tinh bt trong qu trnh nho bt, s bay hi ca cc cu t d bay hi, kh nng to gel, s bin tnh ca protein ca cc nguyn liu c cha proteinTrong qu trnh phi trn, cn cn i hiu qu ca qu trnh khuy khi s dng nhit.
c.

Loi thit b v cnh khuy thc hin qu trnh phi trn

Ty thuc vo tng loi nguyn liu phi trn m chn thit b v cnh khuy ph hp 5.Phng php thc hin v thit b Vic la chn thit b phi trn ph thuc vo chng loi v tnh cht nguyn liu, nng sut yu cu, cng qu trnh khuy trn, ng thi cn phi m bo hiu qu v mt nng lng.Hin nay, c th phn loi cc thit b phi trn nh sau: Thit b phi trn cc nguyn liu vt liu ri nhau Thit b phi trn cc cht lng c nht thp v trung bnh Thit b phi trn cc cht lng c nht cao hoc nguyn liu dng paste

 Thit b phi trn cc cht dng bt vo cht lng qu trnh phi trn t hiu qu cao, i khi. Qu trnh phi trn c thc hin qua nhiu giai on a. Thit b phi trn cc nguyn liu dng vt liu ri vi nhau Thit b trn thng quay: Thit b cu to bao gm thng rng, quay quanh trc thng.thit b loi ny c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau.Nguyn liu thng c cho vo vi th tch khong 50-60% th tch thng, tc quay ca thng thng ph thuc vo tng loi nguyn liu, thng bng vn tc gii hn(tc m ht vt liu bt u di chuyn trn thnh thng cha do lc ly tm).C ch chuyn

ng chnh ca ht vt liu trong thit b dng ny l khuch tn, do , d xut hin hin tng phn tch.bn trong thng c th lp thm cc thanh chn lm tng hiu qu ca qu trnh phi trn.

Thit b phi trn dng trc vis ng

Thit b c cu to bao gm mt thanh hnh tr ng, y cn hoc hnh cn, bn trong c mt trc vis.Trc vis ny c th c lp thng ng ti tc ca thn tr hoc lch mt gc no .Khi trc vis quay s lm cho vt liu ri chuyn ng v phn b u nhau.Vi loi thit b ny, c ch i lu chim u th nn hin tng phn tch c th c hn ch. Thit b phi trn trc vis ngang Thit b cu to gm mt mng hnh bn tr nm ngang, bn trong cha mt hoc hai c cu quay trn.C cu ny c th l tr vis hoc ribbon.Trc vis hoc ribbon dng lin tc hoc t qung.i vi thit b gm hai trc vis hoc hai ribbon, th mt trc/ribbon s

lm cho vt liu i ti v ci cn li s lm cho vt liu chuyn ng ngc li.Nu thit b gin on, vn tc ca vt liu chuyn ng theo hai hng ny s bng nhau.Thit b hot ng lien tc, vn tc i ti ca ht s ln hn vn tc i ngc li.Thit b ny c th hiu chnh c nhit bng cch thit k lp v o.Thit k thn l hnh tr kn th c th to chn khng hoc p lc.C ch chuyn ng chnh l c ch i lu nn hin tng phn tch tuy c din ra nhng mc tng i thp.

Thit b trn tng si

Trong thit b trn tng si, cc nguyn liu c cng kch thc, hnh dng v t trng c th c phi trn vi nhau.C th h tr qu trnh trn bng cnh phun thm kh vo( kh c cung cp to trng thi tng si). ng dng: thit b ny c th ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc cng ngh khc nhau nh ha tan oxy vo mi trng nc trong cc qu trnh ln men hiu kh; trn hai cu t linh ng vi nhau trong cng ngh ha hc. c bit, thit b ny c th khai thc ng dng xc lp ch hiu kh cho vi sinh vt pht trin trong cng ngh mi trng, x l nc thi sinh hot th, x l hiu kh nc h hay ci thin nng oxy ha tan cho mi trng nui trng thy sn...

Thit b trn, sc kh tng si l mt dng thit b cp kh hon ton mi trn th trng Vit Nam cng nh trn th trng cung cp gii php cp kh vo mi trng nc ca th gii. b. Qu trnh phi trn hai cht lng c nht thp

Thit b khuy trn c cnh khuy mi cho

Cu to thit b bao gm mt thng khuy, bn tron c mt cnh khuy dng bn mngc gn vo trc khuy.Tc quay ca cnh khuy tng i thp khong 20-150rpm.Vi thit b loi ny, cc phn t cht lng thng c chuyn ng trn quanh trc v chuyn ng ly tm l chnh, cn chuyn ng theo phng thng ng l rt t.thit b loi ny lun lun cn lp thm cc thanh chn trn thnh thit b.

C th thit k mt s mi cho kiu khc nh dng khung, dng m neo,hoc dng cnh khuy c hai on lm cht lng chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau theo phng thng ng. Cc loi thit b c cnh khuy mi cho thng c s dng trn hai cht lng hoc ha tan mt cht rn vo trong cht lng u c.

Thit b trn c cnh khuy turbin

Khi s dng cnh khuy turbin, cnh khuy lun c gn vo tm thng.Thng cnh khuy turbin c tc quay cao hon cnh khuy mi cho.Cnh khuy turbin c nhiu dng khc nhau.Cc cnh khuy turbin thng to ra chuyn ng trn quanh trc cnh khuy v chuyn

ng theo phng ly tm ln.Trong thit b c cnh khuy turbin cng lp thm cc thanh chn bn trong thng hn ch hin tng chy xoy.

Thit b khuy trn c cnh khuy chn vt

Trong thit b khuy ny, tc cnh khuy thng rt ln, c th t vi ngn vng/pht.Cc cnh khuy chn vt thng to nn cc chuyn ng trn quanh trc v chuyn ng theo phng thng ng rt mnh. hn ch hin tng to xoy, cn lp cc thanh chn thnh thng hoc gn cnh khuy lch tm.Khi khuy cht lng c nht thp (nh hn 20 poise), lc y do cnh khuy to ra l tng i ln.Trong trng hp ny, cn c c cu gi cnh khuy cng hoc gn cnh khuy vo thnh thit b.Cc loi cnh khuy chn vt thng c s dng phi

trn cc cht lng c kh nng to nh tng ( phng php ng ha c hc). C th to ra cc rng ca trn cnh khuy phi trn cc nguyn lieu rn, c cu trc si vo cht lng.Loi ny cng c s dng nh my xay tht hoc xay cc loi rau qu. Ngoi ra, c th dng cc cnh khuy dng a hoc dng cn trong trng hp cn cng khuy trn nh nhng.

c.Thit b phi trn cc nguyn lieu c nht cao, dng paste hay gi do Qu trnh trn cc cht lng c nht cao hoc dng paste c c ch khc vi khi phi trn cc cht lng c nht thp.Trong thit b phi trn, tng phn t nguyn liu phi tip xc vi b

phn phi trn.Do cc phn t nguyn liu khng th chuyn ng nh trong trong72 hp cht lng c nht thp hay trung bnh, c cu phi trn phi di chuyn v phi tip xc n cc v tr ca thng trn hoc c cu trn phi to lc chuyn ng ln c th lm cc phn t chuyn ng n cc v tr trong thit b phi trn, nng sut lm vic nh hn v tiu hao nng lng nhiu hn so vi thit b trn cht lng c nht thp.Tc ca c cu phi trn cng chm hn. Thit b phi trn c cnh khuy dng mi cho:c th dung thit b trn vi cnh khuy dng khung, m neo.

Thit b trn dng chu:cu to thit b ny gm c mt ci chu t c nh trn bn phng, hnh trn v bn ny s xoay.Bn trong c th c mt hay nhiu c cu phi trn, c lp t sao cho gn vi thnh ca chu v gn st y chu.Cc c cu ny quay theo c cu ngc vi hng quay ca chu.Khi chu quay s lm nguyn liu tip xc vi c cu phi trn v nguyn liu s c trn u.Mt dng khc ca c cu ny l chu s gi c nh v c cu trn s chuyn ng bn trong chu.Cc dng c cu phi trn thng

gp l dng khung, dng mc, dng na hoc dng lng sc nh thit b nh trng.Ty tng loi nguyn liu v yu cu ca qu trnh phi trn m chn c cu phi trn ph hp.

My nho:Thit b cu to c mt mng nm ngang, y c hnh yn.Trong mng c cc cnh khuy kim loi c gn trn hai trc song song vi nhau.Cc cnh ny quay vi chiu quay hng vo nhau.Khi vn hnh cc trc quay, cc cnh cng s quay v y nguyn liu y vt qua nh yn ng thi lm cho nguyn liu trt ln cc cnh, y v thnh mng.c cnh ny thng chuyn ng vi qu o trn v qu o ca cc cnh trn hai trc c th tip tuyn nhau. Tc chuyn ng ca hai trc thng theo t l 1,5:1,0.Cn khi cc cnh hai trc gi ln nhau th c th chuyn ng cng vn tc hoc khc vn tc.Thi gian trn i vi cc thit b ny c th t 2-20 pht. tng hiu qu phi trn, c th thit k cc cnh trn dng Z hoc dng