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Chng 4.

M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s



90
Chng 4
M HA KNH KIM SOT LI
TRONG TRUYN DN V TUYN S

4.1. GII THIU CHUNG

4.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng

Cc phng php m ha knh kim sot li
Cc m khi tuyn tnh
Cc m xon
Cc m turbo v gii m MAP

4.1.2. Hng dn

Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng
Tham kho thm [1],[2], [7],[8].

4.1.3. Mc ch chng

Hiu nguyn tc m ha knh kim sot li
Hiu c hot ng ca cc b m ha knh kim sot li in hnh nht trong
cc h thng thng tin v tuyn hin i
Thit k c cc b m ha knh kim sot li n gin

4.2. M U

Thng thng m ho knh l qu trnh x l tn hiu s c thc hin sau ngun
tin s v trc iu ch. Mt trong cc nhim v ca m ho knh l kim sot li.
M ho knh kim sot li l qu trnh x l tn hiu s m bo truyn dn thng
tin s tin cy knh thc t. Trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt cc k thut m ho
kim sot li bng cch b sung cho h thng cc k hiu d n thng tin pht
c th thc hin c hai nhim v pha thu: pht hin li v sa li.
Nhim v ca nh thit k h thng truyn dn s l cung cp mt h thng kinh t
truyn thng tin t ni pht n ni nhn tc v mc tin cy m ngi s
dng chp thun. Hai thng s quan trng m nh thit k c trong tay khi ny l:
thng s tn hiu c pht v rng bng tn ca knh truyn dn. Hai thng s ny
cng vi mt ph cng sut ca tp m thu xc nh t s gia nng lng mt bit
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

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tn hiu v mt cng sut tp m, E
b
/N
0
. T s ny xc nh n tr t s bit li
BER (Bit Error Rate) i vi mt s iu ch cho trc. Cc thit k thc t thng
t ra mt gii hn gi tr m ta c th phn b cho E
b
/N
0
. Trong thc t tu theo hon
cnh ta thng phi s dng mt s iu ch m vi s ny khng th m bo
cht lng s liu. i vi t s E
b
/N
0
c nh cch duy nht t c cht lng
s liu quy nh l s dng m ho knh.
Mt ng c thc tin khc dn n vic s dng m ho knh l gim t s
E
b
/N
0
yu cu i vi t s bit li (BER) c nh. Nh vic gim ny ta c th gim
cng sut pht hay gim gi thnh phn cng chng hn s dng anten kch c nh
hn.
Kim sot li m bo s ton vn ca s liu c th c thc hin bng hiu
chnh li trc FEC (Forward Error Correction). Hnh 4.1a cho thy m hnh ca mt
h thng thng tin s s dng phng php ny. B m ho knh nhn cc bit ca bn
tin v b sung thm cc bit d theo mt quy tc c quy nh trc, v th to ra
lung bit c m ho c tc cao hn. B gii m s dng cc bit d quyt nh
bit no ca bn tin l bit thc t c pht. Mc ch ca vic kt hp gia m ho v
iu ch (hnh 4.1.b) l gim thiu nh hng ca tp m. Ngha l gim thiu s
li gia u vo ca b m ho (ly t ngun tin) v u ra ca b gii m knh (cung
cp cho ngi s dng).
Ngoi FEC cn c mt phng php khc c gi l yu cu pht li t ng
(ARQ: Automatic Retransmission Request) cng c s dng gii quyt vn
kim sot li. ARQ s dng cc bit k hiu d pht hin li. Da trn kt qu pht
hin li my thu yu cu pht li bn tin b mc li, v th cn phi c mt knh hi
tip.
Hnh 4.1. M hnh n gin ca h thng truyn dn s. a) M ha v iu ch
knh ring bit; b) M ha knh v iu ch kt hp.

Vic b sung cc bit d vo bn tin dc m ho cn dn n vic cn thit tng
rng bng thng.
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Ngai ra vic s dng m ho cn lm tng tnh phc tp ca h thng, nht l vic
thc hin gii m knh my thu. Nh vy cc suy xt khi la chn vic s dng m
ho knh cn bao hm c cc cn nhc v rng bng tn v tnh phc tp.
T cc vn nu ra trn ta c th pht biu mc tiu ca m ho knh kim
sot li nh sau:
1. Pht hin li:
Xc inh on no ca lung s thu cha li. Thng bo cho ni gi hay ni
nhn v li.
Gim thiu xc sut khng pht hin li.
2. Sa li:
t c s gim xc sut li (hay t s bit li, BER) cho t s E
b
/N
0
nh
trc.
i vi xc sut li cho trc gim gi tr E
b
/N
0
. Lng gim c gi li
ca m ho i vi xc sut li .
Cc yu cu pht hin v sa li c xc nh trc ht bi kiu thng tin c
pht. S khi chc nng ca mt my pht s dng m ho knh c cho hnh
4.2.
T hnh ny ta thy:
Tc bit u ra ca b m ho R lun lun ln hn tc bit,R
b.
.
T l m c th c nh ngha nh sau:
T l m = R
b
/R

.


Hnh 4.2. S khi ca my pht s dng m ha knh

4.3. CC NGUYN TC M HA KNH KIM SOT LI

Ta xt mt s nguyn tc c s thc hin m ho knh kim sot li. C th pht
biu vn c bn khi thc hin m ho knh ny nh sau: ta mun chuyn i m bn
tin c th c vo m t m . Cc t m ny phi tha mn cc mc tiu v pht hin v
sa li. Chng hn ta xt mt bn tin bao gm 3 bit. Vi 3 bit ny c th c: 2
3
= 8 bn
tin c th c. Ta mun thay th tng bn tin ni trn bng mt t m. Nh ni
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trn t c iu ny ta s dng cc bit d. Khi ny cc t m s di hn bn tin
tng ng m t n c to ra.
Ta c th phn tch cc kh nng pht hin li v sa li cu cc m d khc nhau
bng cch trc ht nh ngha khong cch Hamming gia hai t m. Khong cch
Hamming gia hai t m bt k c cng di c nh ngha l s v tr m
chng khc nhau. Ta c th m t khong cch Hamming ny bng mt khng gian
nhiu chiu (hnh 4.3).

Hnh 4.3. Trnh by t m ba bit khng gian ba chiu

Gi s ta c mt bn tin nguyn t bao gm mt s "0" hay mt s "1". Khi bn tin
l 0 ta pht i "000", cn khi n l "1" ta pht i "111". T hnh lp th hnh 4.3 ta
thy khong cch gia hai t m ng ni trn l bng 3 v chuyn t mt t m
ny sang t m khc phi chuyn dch theo ba cnh.
By gi ta li gi thit rng bn tin bao gm ba bit v s dng tt c cc t hp bit
cu ba bit ny truyn bn tin. T hnh v 4.3 ta thy tt cc cc nh ca hnh lp
th u c s dng biu th cc bn tin. Mi li xy ra mt trong ba bit u dn
n chuyn vo mt nh bn cnh v s dn n li. Trong trng hp ny nu
khong cch ca t pht v thu l mt th chc chn s mc mt li v t thu c l
mt trong s cc bn tin c th c. Ta ci thin tnh trng trn bng cch tng khong
cch. Chng hn cc t m :
0000, 0011, 0101, 1001, 1010, 1100, 1111
u c khong cch ti thiu l 2. i vi bn t m ny ta cn mt hnh khng gian
c 16 nh biu din. Hay tng qut ta cn mt khng gian n chiu.
Gi s xy ra mt li mt v tr ca t m bn bit ni trn: ta thu c 1000
chng hn. My thu c th nhn nh rng t m ny c th l mt trong hai t m gn
t thu nht : 0000 hay 1010.
Trng hp ny ch c th pht hin c li ch khng sa c li. By gi ta
xt cc t m gm: 01111, 01000 v 10011. Khong cch cc tiu gia chng by gi
l 3. Nu thu c mt t m 01001 th mt my thu thng minh c th nhn nh t
m c pht phi l 01000 v y l t m gn vi t thu c nht (c khong cch
nh nht =1). By g gi thit t thu c l 01011, my thu ch c th nhn nh
rng t pht c th l mt trong hai t: 01000 v 10011, v khong cch cu t thu vi
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hai t ny u bng 2. Vy trong trng hp ny my thu ch c th pht hin c
li ch khng sa c li. Khi ny ta ni rng m trn cho php pht hin li kp v
sa li n.
T cc th d trn ta c th nu ra cng thc chung lin quan n khong cch
Hamming ti thiu gia cc t m v s bit li m m cho php pht hin v sa nh
sau:
* Kh nng pht hin li:
d
m
= t+1 (4.1)

* Kh nng sa li:
d
m
2t +1 (4.2)

trong d
m
l khong cch Hamming cc tiu gia cc t m c th c trong tp m
cn t l s li m cho php pht hin (trng hp th nht) v sa (trng hp hai).
Cc m knh thng c phn thnh hai loi : m khi tuyn tnh v m xon, di
y ta s xt c th hai loi m ny.

4.4. CC M KHI TUYN TNH

Trong loi m ny lung thng tin c chia thnh cc khi c di bng nhau
c gi l cc khi bn tin. Cc bit nhn c u ra ca b m ho c gi l t
m. Cc bit d c b sung vo cc khi theo mt thut ton nht nh ph thuc vo
loi m c s dng, cc bit ny thng c gi l cc bit kim tra. Cc m khi
c xc nh bng ba thng s: di khi bn tin k, di t m n v khong cch
Hamming cc tiu d
m
. T s r = k/n c gi l t l m. Cc bit kim tra c di n-
k. B m ho c k hiu (n,k).
S khi tng qut ca mt b m ho khi tuyn tnh c cho hnh 4.4.

.
Hnh 4.4 S tng qut ca b m ha khi

Hot ng ca b m ho c th c biu din ton hc dng ma trn hay a
thc. Cc ma trn hay cc a thc ny c gi l cc ma trn to m hay cc a thc
to m.

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4.4.1. Ma trn to m

Trong phn ny ta s nh ngha hai ma trn quan trng cho b m ha khi tuyn
tnh: ma trn to m cho php xc nh t m u ra v ma trn kim tra chn l cho
php kim tra t m nhn c ti pha thu.
Ta xt cch biu din ma trn to m cho b m ho khi tuyn tnh. Ga s mt
khi bn tin k bit : m
0
, m
1
, ........, m
k-1
c a vo b m ho, u ra ca b m ho
cho ta t m dng chui bit sau:

b
0
,b
1
,....., b
n-k-1
,

m
0
,m
1
, ......,m
k-1

trong m
j
l cc bit ca khi bn tin, cn b
i
l cc bit kim tra, cc bit ny c gi
l cc bit chn l, cc bit c ch s cao l cc bit c ngha ln hn v c truyn
trc. Nh vy u vo b m ho c th c 2
k
khi bn tin v tng ng u ra c
2
k
t m c s dng trong s 2
n
t m c th c.
Ta c th biu din k bit bn tin vo dng vect v 1 k sau y:

m = [m
0
, m
1
, ..........,m
k-1
] (4.3)

Tng t c th biu din n-k bit chn l vo dng vect 1(n- k) sau:

b = [b
0
, b
1
, ........., b
n-k-1
] (4.4)


Ta k hiu c l vet u ra ca b m ho nh sau:

c = [c
0
, c
1
, ..........., c
n-1
] (4.5)

trong

'

+
1 ...., , 1 , ,
1 .., , 1 , 0 ,
n k n k n i m
k n i b
c
n k i
i
i
(4.6)

n-k bit chn l u ra ca b to m c xc nh nh sau:

b = mP (4.7)

trong P l ma trn k(n-k) xc nh theo cng thc sau:

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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1




1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 0
1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 0
0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 0
..... ..........
. . .
. . .
. . .
..... ..........
..... ..........
k k n k k
k n
k n
p p p
p p p
p p p
P (4.8)

vi i = 0,1,...,n-k-1 l ch s ca ct v j = 0,1, ..., k-1 l ch s ca hng, p
ij
=0 hoc 1
ty thuc vo vic b
i
c

ph thuc vo bit bn tin m
i
hay khng.

Ma trn to m c xc dnh nh sau:

G = [ ]
k
I PM (4.9)

trong I
k
l ma trn n v kk:


1 0 .......... 0
0 1 .......... 0
. . .
. . .
. . .
0 0 .......... 1
1
1
1
1
1
]
k
I (4.10)


Khi ny ma trn t m c xc nh nh sau:

c = mG (4.11)
Ma trn kim tra chn l H l ma trn (n-k)n c xc nh nh sau:

[ ]
T
k n
P I H M

(4.12)

Syndrome

Syndrom cho php xc nh t m nhn c c b mc li hay khng v thm ch
c mu li khi tha mn iu kin trong phng trnh (4.2)
Ta xt qu trnh gii m. Ta k hiu y l mt vect thu c c kch thc l 1 n
nhn c t vic pht i vect x trn mt knh c tp m. Ta biu din vect y l
tng ca vect thu x v vect li e gy ra do tp m:

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y = c + e (4.13)

Vect e c gi l vect li hay mu li. Phn t e
i
ca vect ny bng khng nu
phn t tng ng ca y bng phn t tng ng ca c. Ngc li phn t e
i
bng 1
nu phn t tng ng ca y khc vi phn t tng ng ca c, khi ny xy ra mt li
v tr i. Nh vy vi i = 1, 2, ...... , n ta c:

e
i
= 1 khi mt li xy ra v tr i
e
i
= 0 khi khng c li (4.14)

My thu c nhim v gii m vect c t vect y thu c. gii m ngi ta
thng tnh ton mt vect 1 (n-k) c gi l Syndrome. c im ca Syndrome
l n ch ph thuc vo mu li.
Syndrome c xc nh nh sau:

s = y H
T
(4.15)

Syndrome c cc thuc tnh quan trng sau y.

Thuc tnh 1: Syndrome ch ph thuc vo mu li ch khng ph thuc vo t m
c pht.

Thuc tnh 2: Tt c cc mu li khc nhau nhiu nht mt t m u c cng
Syndrome.
i vi k bit bn tin ta c 2
k
vect t m khc nhau c biu th bng : c
i
, i= 0,1,
2, 3, .... , 2
k
-1. Tng ng i vi mt mu li e bt k ta c th nh nghi 2
k
vect e
i

khc nhau nh sau:
e
i
= e + c
i
i=0,1, 2, . . ., 2
k
-1 (4.16)
ch khc nhau nhiu nht mt t m.
Tp cc vect {e
i
, i = 0,1,2,3, ... , 2
k
-1} theo nh ngha trn c gi l Coset ca
m. Ni mt cch khc mt Coset c ng 2
k
phn t khc nhau nhiu nht mt t
m. S cc t hp t m c th c ca mt m khi tuyn tnh (n,k) l 2
n
trong ch
c mt b 2
k
t m l c s dng, vy tng s b 2
k

t m c th c l 2
n-k
v tng
ng s c 2
n-k
Coset c th c (trong ch c mt Coset l tng ng vi b t m
c s dng).

* i vi vect y thu c, tnh Syndrome s = yH
T

* Trong tp Coset c c trng bi Syndrome trn chn ta mu li c xc sut
ln nht. Gi n v e
0
.
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* Tnh vect m cho u ra:

0
e y+ ' c
Lu rng s hc mun 2 th tr cng ging nh cng.

Trng lng Hamming cc tiu

Theo nh ngha th trng lng Hamming ca mt t m l tng s cc v tr bit
khc khng trong t m ny. Ta cng c th coi trng lng ny l khong cch
Hamming gia mt t m khc khng vi t m ton khng. Do thuc tnh ca m
khi tuyn tnh l tng (hoc hiu) hai t m bt k lun lun bng mt t m th ba
cu m, nn c th ni rng trng lng Hamming cc tiu ca cc t m khc khng
ca m khi tuyn tnh chnh bng khong cch Hamming cc tiu.
kt thc phn ny ta xt th d v m Hamming.

Th d 4.1

Ta xt mt h m c gi l m Hamming c cc thng s sau y:
di t m n= 2
m
-1
S cc bit bn tin k = 2
m
- m -1
S cc bit chn l n - k = m
trong m3
lm th d ta xt m Hamming (7,4) c n=7 v k=4 tng ng vi m=3. Ma trn
to m ca m ny phi c cu trc ph hp vi phng trnh (3.13) v c dng nh
sau:


43 4 2 1 3 2 1
M
M
M
M
k
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
1 1 0
0 1 1
I P
G
1
1
1
1
]
1

(4.17)


Ma trn kim tra chn l tng ng c dng sau:


3 2 1 3 2 1
M
M
T
k n
0111
1110
1011
001
010
100
P I
H
1
1
1
]
1

(4.18)
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99

Cc t m c tnh theo phng trnh (4.14) v c cho bng 4.1.

Bng 4.1 Cc t ca m Hamming (7,4)

Bn tin T m Trng
lng
Bn tin T m Trng
lng
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
0000000
1010001
1110010
0100011
0110100
1100101
1000110
0010111
0
3
4
3
3
4
3
4
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
1101000
0111001
0011010
1001011
1011100
0001101
0101110
1111111
3
4
3
4
4
3
4
7

T bng 4.1 ta thy trng lng nh nht ca cc t m khc khng l 3, vy
khong cch Hamming cc tiu d
min
= 3. Tt nhin cc m Hamming c thuc tnh l
khong cch Hamming cc tiu lun lun bng 3 khng ph thuc vo m. Do d
min
= 3
nn t cc phng trnh (4.1) v (4.2) ta thy cc m ny ch c th sa c mt li
v pht hin c hai li.

Quan h ny cho m Hamming (7,4) c cho bng 4.2.

Bng 4.2. Bng gii m cho m Hamming (7,4)

Syndrome Mu li
000
100
010
001
110
011
111
101
0000000
1000000
0100000
0010000
0001000
0000100
0000010
0000001


4.4.2. a thc to m

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Trong phn ny ta xt vic s dng a thc to m xy dng cc b to m vng.
M vng l mt tp con ca m tuyn tnh. Cc m ny c xy dng trn c s cc
thanh ghi dch c hi tip. Mt m c gi l m vng khi n th hin hai thuc tnh
c bn sau:
1. Thuc tnh tuyn tnh: tng ca hai t m cng l mt t m.
2. Thuc tnh vng: Mi s dch vng mt t m s cng l mt t m.
Ta c th biu din t m l mt vect n-1 thnh phn nh sau:

c = (c
0
, c
1
, . . . . , c
n-1
) (4.19)

Hay dng a thc bc (n-1) sau y:

c = c
0
+ c
1
x+ c
2
x
2
+ . . . . + c
n-1
x
n-1
( 4.20)

trong cc h s c
i
= 0/1, v mi lu tha ca x tng ng vi dch vng mt bit
theo thi gian. V th khi ta nhn a thc (4.20) vi x c ngha l dch vng mt bit
sang phi, v vy x
n
phi bng 1 v bit ngoi cng bn phi chuyn thnh bit ngoi
cng bn tri. Qu trnh nhn v dch vng nh vy thng c biu din nh sau:

xc(x) mod (x
n
- 1) = c
n-1
+ c
0
x + . . . . + c
n-2
x
n-1
(4.21)

trong mod c ngha l chia ch ly phn d.
Tng t nu nhn biu thc (4.21) vi x
2
, ta cdch vng hai bit sang ph nh sau:

x
2
c(x) mod (x
n
- 1) = c
n-2
+ c
n-1
x + . . . . . + c
n-3
x
n-1
(4.22)

Mt m vng (n,k) c c t bi tp y cc a thc bc (n-1) hay thp hn v
nhn mt a thc bc thp nht (n-k) lm tha s. Tha s c bit ny c k hiu
l g(x) v c gi l a thc to m ca m ny. a thc to m g(x) tng ng
vi ma trn to m G m ta xt phn trc.

a thc to m ca m vng c cc thuc tnh sau.

Thuc tnh 1: a thc to m ca mt m vng (n,k) l n nht ngha rng n l
a thc t m bc (n-k) cc tiu duy nht.

Thuc tnh 2: Mi bi s ca a thc to m g(x) l mt a thc t m mi, xc nh
nh sau:
c(x) = a(x)g(x)mod(x
n
-1)
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101
trong a(x) l mt a thc ca x.
Hay: Mt a thc bc n-1 hay thp hn l mt a thc t m ch v ch khi n l bi
s ca g(x).

g(x) l a thc to m c biu din nh sau:

g(x) = g
0
+ g
1
x + g
2
x
2
+ . . . . . + g
n-k
x
n-k
(4.23)
trong g
i
={0,1}

Cn m(x) l a thc ca khi bn tin k bit c biu din nh sau:

m(x) = m
0
+ m
1
x + m
2
x
2
+ . . . . . . . + m
k-1
x
k-1
(4.24)

Gi s ta c cho mt a thc to m g(x) v phi m ho mt khi bn tin (m
0
,
m
1
, . . . . ,
m
k-1
) vo mt m vng h thng vo dng sau:

,
_


4 4 3 4 4 2 1 4 4 3 4 4 2 1
1 k 1 0 1 k n 1 0
m , . . . . . , m , m , b ., . . . . , b , b (4.25)
n-k bit chn l k bit bn tin
Ta c th vit a thc t m nh sau:

c= b
0
+b
1
x++b
n-k-1
x
n-k-1
+ m
0
x
n-k
++ m
n-1
x
n-1

= b(x)+ x
n-k
m(x) (4.26)
trong :
b(x)= b
0
+b
1
x++b
n-k-1
x
n-k-1

x
n-k
m(x)= m
0
x
n-k
++ m
n-1
x
n-1
l a thc t m c dch vng n-k

Ta chia a thc x
n-k
m(x) cho a thc to m g(x) v nhn c thng a(x) v phn
d b(x) nh sau:


x
n k
( x )
( x )
( x )
( x )
( x )

+
m
g
a
b
g
(4.27)
hay :
x
n-k
m(x) = a(x)g(x) + b(x) (4.28)
trong :
a(x) = a
0
+ a
1
x + . . . . . + a
k-1
x
k-1
(4.29)
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

102
v:
b(x) = b
0
+ b
1
x + . . . . . + b
n-k-1
x
n-k-1
(4.30)

Trong s hc mun 2 b(x) = - b(x), nn ta c th vit li phng trnh (4.26) nh
sau:

c(x)= b(x) + x
n-k
m(x) = a(x)g(x) (4.31)

Bc ca phn d b(x) lun lun nh hn bc ca s chia: n-k. Cc h s ca phn d
b(x) chnh l cc bit chn l.
T phn tch trn ta c th tng kt cc bc trong qu trnh thc hin m ho cho
mt m vng (n,k) nh sau:
1. Nhn a thc bn tin m(x) vi x
n-k
.
2. Chia x
n-k
m(x) cho g(x) c phn d b(x).
3. Cng b(x) vi x
n-k
m(x) nhn c a thc t m c(x).

a thc to m g(x) v a thc kim tra chn l h(x) l cc tha s ca a thc 1 + x
n

nh sau:

h(x) g(x) = 1 + x
n
(4.32)

trong h(x) l mt a thc chn l dnh ngha nh sau:

h(x)g(x)mod(x
n
-1) = 0 (4.33)

hay t phng trnh (4.31), ta c:
h(x)c(x)mod(x
n
-1) = 0 (4.34)

Thuc tnh ny cung cp cho ta c s chn a thc to m hay a thc kim tra
chn l. Chng hn ta c th pht biu rng nu a thc g(x) l mt a thc bc n-k v
ng thi l mt tha s ca 1 + x
n
th n l mt a thc to m ca mt m vng
(n,k). Tng t ta c th pht biu rng nu h(x) l mt a thc bc k v ng thi l
tha s ca 1 + x
n
th n l mt a thc kim tra chn l ca m vng (tun hon)
(n,k).
Mi tha s ca 1 + x
n
c bc (n-k) (s cc bit chn l) u c th c s dng
nh mt a thc to m. Khi gi tr n ln, a thc 1 + x
n
c th c nhiu tha s bc n-
k. Mt s trong s ny to ra cc m vng tt cn mt s khc li to ra cc m vng
ti hn. Vn tm ra cch chn m vng tt l mt vn rt kh m cc nh bc
hc mt nhiu cng nghin cu.
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

103
Th d 4.2 Cc m Hamming

minh ho cc vn lin quan n vic trnh by a thc cho cc m vng ta
kho st qu trnh to ra mt m vng (7,4) cho m Hamming. Vi di t m n = 7,
ta thc hin khai trin a thc 1 + x
7
vo ba a thc tha s ti gin nh sau:

x
7
+ 1 = (1 + x)(1 + x
2
+ x
3
) (1 + x + x
3
)

a thc ti gin l a thc khng th phn chia thnh tha s bng cch s dng
cc a thc c cc h s l m c s hai. Mt a thc ti gin bc m c gi l a
thc nguyn thu nu tn ti quan h n = 2
m
- 1, trong n l bc ca a thc 1+x
n

chia ht cho a thc nguyn thu. Vy th d ang xt ta ch c hai a thc nguyn
thuy l (1 + x
2
+ x
3
) v (1 + x + x
3
). Gi s ta chn:

g(x) = 1 + x + x
3

lm a thc to m vi bc bng s cc bit chn l, th a thc kim tra chn l s l
a thc sau:

h(x) = (1 + x) (1 + x
2
+ x
3
)
= 1 + x + x
2
+ x
4

c bc bng s cc bit ca khi bn tin.
By gi ta s xt cc th tc to m cho mt khi bn tin 1001 bng cch s dng a
thc to m ni trn. Trc ht ta vit a thc khi bn tin nh sau:

m(x) = 1 + x
3

Nhn a thc bn tin vi x
n-k
= x
3
, ta c:

x
3
(1 + x
3
) = x
3
+ x
6

Sau ta chia tch trn cho a thc to m nhn c phn d b(x).
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

104
+ +
+
+

+ +

+ +
+
3
6 3
3
6 4 3
4
4 2
2
x x 1
x x
x x
x x x
x
x x x
x x

Ta c th vit li kt qu chia trn nh sau:


x x
1 x x
x x
x x
1 x x
3 6
3
3
2
3
+
+ +
+ +
+
+ +


Vy ta c a thc ca thng v phn d l:

a(x) = x + x
3

b(x) = x + x
2

Nh vy theo cng thc (4.31) ta c a thc t m cn tm :

c(x) = b(x) + x
n-k
m(x)
= x + x
2
+ x
3
+ x
6

Kt qu ta c t m l: 0111001. Bn bit bn phi 1001 l cc bit ca khi bn tin.
Ba bit bn tri l cc bit kim tra chn l. Ta thy t m ny ging nh mt t m c
trong bng 3.1 cho m Hamming (7,4).
Ta c th tng qut ho kt qu ni trn bng cch pht biu rng mi m vng c
to ra bi mt a thc nguyn thu l mt m Hamming c khong cch cc tiu bng
3.

S b m ho vng

Trong phn trc chng ta thy rng th tc m ho vng (n,k) bao gm ba bc
sau:
1. Nhn x
n-k
vi a thc bn tin m(x)
2. Chia tch trn cho a thc to m g(x).
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

105
3, Cng phn d b(x) vi tch x
n-k
m(x) c a thc t m cn tm.
Ba bc ni trn c thc hin b lp m c cho hnh 4.5 bao gm mt thanh
ghi dch (n-k) tng c mch hi tip tuyn tnh.
1
g
2
g
1 n k
g

Hnh 4.5. B to m vng

Thanh ghi ny bao gm cc Flip-Flop hay cc phn t tr. Cc Flip-Flop ny c th
nhn mt trong hai trng thi: 0 hay 1. Mt ng h ngoi (khng c hnh v) thc
hin iu khin tt c cc Flip-Flop. Ngoi cc Flip-Flop, b lp m li c mt tp hp
cc mch cng mun-2 thc hin cng mun-2 gia u ra ca Flip-Flop vi
mch hi tip. Cui cng l cc b nhn nhn chng vi nhau. Chng hn nu g
i
=
1 th b nhn c ngha l "ni trc tip", cn nu g
i
= 0 th b nhn c ngha l "khng
ni". Mi ln c sn tng ca xung ng h, ni dung ca thanh ghi dch li dch i
mt v tr theo chiu mi tn.
Hot ng ca s hnh 4.5 nh sau:
1.u tin cc flip-flop c t vo khng v kho chuyn mch CM1 pha
trn ca s v tr ng mch, v kho chuyn mch pha di v tr
di. k bit bn tin dch vo knh v b to m to ra (n-k) bit chn l trong
thanh ghi dch (nhc la rng cc bit chn l ny c cng gi tr nh cc h s
ca phn d b(x) ).
2. Sau kho chuyn mch trn ngt v kho chuyn mch di chuyn vo
v tr trn. Ni dung ca thanh ghi dch c dch vo knh.

Th d 4.3. B lp m vng Hamming (7.4)

Hnh 4.6 cho ta s ca b lp m to ra m vng Hamming (7,4) t b to m
sau:
g(x) = 1 + x + x
3
.
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

106

Hnh 4.6. B to m vng (7,4) vi g(t) = 1+x+x
2


m t hot ng ca b lp m ny ta xt chui bn tin u vo l (1001). Thay
i ni dung ca thanh ghi dch sau mi ln dch vo mt bit thng tin c cho
bng 4.3. Sau bn ln dch ni dung ca thanh ghi dch v cc bit chn l tng ng l
(011). Vy nu gn cc bit ny vo cc bit bn tin ta c t m (0111001). Kt qu
ny ging ht th d 4.1.

Bng 4.3. Ni dung thanh ghi dch th d 4.3 khi bn tin vo (1001)

Dch Bit vo Ni dung thanh ghi

1
2
3
4

1
0
0
1
000 (trng thi u)
110
011
111
011

Syndrome

Gi thit t m c = (c
0
, c
1
, . . . . , c
n-1
) c truyn trn mt knh c tp m. dn
n thu c t m y = (y
0
, y
1
, . . . . ., y
n-1
). Bc u tin gii m cho mt m khi
tuyn tnh l phi tnh Syndrome cho t m thu. Nu Syndrome bng khng th t thu
khng b li, ngc li nu Syndrome khc khng th t ny b mc li v cn sa n.
i vi m vng dng h thng th c th tnh ton Syndrome d dng. Gi thit
t thu c trnh by dng a thc sau y:

y = y
0
+ y
1
x + . . . . . + y
n-1
x
n-1
(4.35)

tnh Syndrome ta chia a thc y(x) cho a thc to m g(x). Gi s a(x) l thng
cn s(x) l phn d ca kt qu chia, ta c th biu din y(x) nh sau:
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

107

y(x) = a(x) g(x) + s(x) (4.36)

Phn d s(x) l mt a thc bc n-k-1 hay thp hn. a thc ny c gi l a thc
Syndrome. Nu a thc Syndrome s(x) khc khng, th c nghi l pht hin thy s
c mt ca li truyn dn t m thu c.
B tnh ton Syndrome c s ging nh b to m ch khc ch cc bit ca t
m thu c c a vo (n-k) tng ca thanh ghi dch c hi tip t pha bn tri
(xem hnh 4.7). Sau khi cc bit cu t m thu dch ht vo thanh ghi dch, ni dung
ca thanh ghi ny s xc nh syndrome s. Bit c s ta c th xc nh c mu li
v a ra c quyt nh sa nh xt phn trc.
1
g
2
g
1 n k
g


Hnh 4.7. B tnh syndrrome

Th d 4.4 B tnh syndrome cho m Hamming vng (7,4)

i vi m Hamming vng c to bi b to m g(x) = 1+x+x
3
, s tnh
syndrome c cho hnh 4.8.

Hnh 4.8. B tnh syndrom cho m vng (7.4) vi a thc g(x)=1+x+x
2

Ga s t m pht l (0111001) v t m thu l (0110001); ngha l bit gia b sai.
Ni dung thanh ghi dch ca b tnh syndrome trong trng hp ny c cho bng
4.4.


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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

108
Bng 4.4. Ni dung b tnh syndrome hnh 4.8
khi t m thu (0110001)

Dch Bit vo Ni dung thanh ghi

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1
0
0
0
1
1
0
000 (trng thi u)
100
010
001
110
111
001
110

Sau by ln dch syndrome c xc nh bng 110. V syndrome khc khng t m
nhn c b mc li. T bng 4.4 ta c mu li tng ng l 0001000, ngha l bit
gia ca t m b li.

4.4.3. ki m ha

li m ha c nh ngha l vic s dng m ha knh sa li cho php gim
t s E
b
/N
0
i bao nhiu ln m vn gi nguyn xc sut li bit. li m ha G c
biu din dB nh sau:
G(dB)=
b b
0 0
u c
E E
[dB] - [dB]
N N
_ _

, ,

trong ch s "u" v "c" k hiu cho khng m ha v m ha tng ng.

4.5. M XON

4.5.1 M u

Mt m khi tuyn tnh c xt cc phn trc c c trng bi hai s
nguyn, n v k, v mt ma trn hay a thc to m. S nguyn k l s bit hay k hiu
ca khi bn tin du vo ca b lp m, cn s nguyn n l tng s bit hay k hiu
cu t m u ra ca b lp m. r = k/n c gi l t l m, l s o nh gi
lng d c b sung. M xon c trnh by bi ba s nguyn: n, k v K, trong
r = k/n cng c gi l t l m nh trng hp hp m khi. S nguyn K c gi
l di hn ch ; n th hin s ln dch cc i ca mt nhm k bit bn tin m trong
nhm k bit ny vn cn gy nh hng u ra b to m. Mt c tnh quan trng
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

109
ca cc m xon khc bit so vi cc m khi l b to m ca chng c b nh, nn
qu trnh to ra n phn t u ra ca cc b lp m ny khng ch ph thuc vo k
bit u vo m cn ph thuc v (K-1) tp hp k bit u vo trc .

4.5.2. To m xon

S tng qut ca mt b lp m xon c cho hnh 4.9.
1 2
..
k
...
1 2
..
k
...
1 2
..
k
...
M b nh (thanh ghi dch)
v i k phn t mi b nh
Chui vo k bi t
(mi l n dch k bi t)
n b cng modul -2
Chui t m ra


Hn 4.9. S tng qut ca b to m xon t l m k/n

M xon c to ra bng cch cho mt chui bit thng tin i qua cc tng nh
(thng l cc thanh ghi dch tuyn tnh tuyn tnh trng thi hn ch). Tng qut cc
b nh trong b m ho xon bao gm M tng (k bit mi tng) v n b to hm i
s tuyn tnh dng cng modul-2 nh hnh 4.9. Cc bit s liu u vo ca b m
ho c dch vo b nh mi ln k bit. S cc bit u ra ca b lp m cho mi ln
dch k bit u vo l n bit, trong k<n. Tng t nh i vi m khi tuyn tnh, t
s r = k/n c gi l t l m. Theo nh ngha v di hn ch th K=M+1 nu u
vo ca b nh th nht c ni n cc b cng mdul2, tri li nu u vo ny
khng c ni n cc b cng modul 2 th di hn ch K=M.
Trong ti liu ny ta ch xt cc b lp m xon hay c s dng vi k = 1. Trong
trng hp ny M b nh s ch c mt phn t nh v tr thnh thanh ghi dch M
tng. i vi cc b lp m ny mi ln c mt bit m

dch vo thanh ghi th tt c cc
bit trc dch mt tng sang bn phi, v trong trng hp tng qut n u ra ca
cc b cng c ly mu ln lt v c pht i. V c n bit u ra i vi mt bit
u vo nn t l m l: r = 1/n. Ngoi ra ta ch xt trng hp K=M (u vo b nh
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

110
th nht c ni n cc b cng modul2). S tng qut ca b m ha xon ny
c cho hnh 4.10.
1
g
2
g
n
g
j
g
l l l l l ,1 ,2 ,j ,n
c =c ,c ,..,c ,...,c
,1 l
c
,2 l
c
, j l
c
,n l
c
m
l
Hnh 4.10. S tng qut b m ha xon vi k=1, u vo ni vi b cng
(K=M)

Hot ng ca b to m xon c th c phn tch da trn cc cng c nh:
1. Chui to m
2. a thc to m
3. Biu cy
4. Biu trang thi
5. Biu li

Do khun kh hn ch, ta s ch xt: 1) a thc to m, 2) biu trng thi v 3)
biu li.

4.5.3. Chui to m v a thc to m

4.5.3.1. Chui to m

Trc ht ta s xt hot ng ca b to m xon vi k=1, r=1/n . Gi s chui bit
thng tin u vo c chia thnh cc an c di L, ta c th biu din khi bit
ny dng sau:

0 2 1
( , ,....., ,...., )
L
m m m m

m'
l
(4.37)
trong bit m
0
l bit vo u tin.
Ta s s dng cc k hiu sau:
= 0,1,....,L-1 l s th t ca chui bit vo
j= 1,2,..., n l s th t ca nhnh cng
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

111
p=0,1,2,..., M l s th t ca phn t nh (p=0 tng ng vi u vo ca phn
t nh th nht)
Cc khi ny c phn cch vi nhau bng cc on ui K-1 cc s 0 cc
on ny khng nh hng ln nhau (trong trng ny ta c K-1=M), khi ny chui
vo b lp m c dng sau:
0 2 1 1 1
( , ,....., ,...., , , ,....., )
L L L M L
m m m m m m m
+ +
m
l
(4.38)
trong cc bit M bit t m
L+1

n m
M+L-1

l cc bit ui v u bng khng.
tnh ton p ng u ra ca b cng modul-2 th j ln u vo ta c th
s dung chui to m sau:

g
j
=(g
0,j
, g
1,j
, ..... , g
p,j
, ....., g
M,j
) (4.39)

trong g
p,i
=0 hay 1 ty thuc vo u ra ca phn t nh p c ni n b cng j
hay khng, g
0,i
= 1 v u vo ca phn t nh th nht lun c ni n cc b cng.

Ta k hiu chui bit ra ca cc nhnh cng mun-2 th j khi bit vo l m
l
nh sau:

, ,0 ,2 1,
( , ,..., )
j L M j
c c c
+
c
l l l
(4.40)

trong j=1, 2, . . , n,
, j
c
l
l bit ra l ca nhnh j, l = 0,1, ....., L+M-1 v M l s phn
t nh ca b to m .Vy trong mi trng hp ta c s bit u ra nhnh cng
bng: L+K-1 bit.


Cc phn t ca chui ny c xc inh theo cng thc tch chp sau:

, 1
p p
p
M
p

l l
l
l
M
, j , j
0
c g m 0,1, 2, .., L
j 1, 2, ...., n
(4.41)
4.5.3.2. a thc to m

Ta xt b to m k=1v chui bit thng tin u vo c chia thnh cc on di L
vi ui l K-1 s 0. Ta c th vit chui ny vo dng a thc bn tin nh sau:

m(x) = m
0
+m
1
x+ . + m
l
x
l
+ . . + m
L-1
x
L-1
(4.42)

p ng ca nhnh cng j ln chui bit vo trong trng hp ny c th biu din
dng a thc to m nh sau:

g
j
(x) = g
0,j
+ g
1,j
x + g
2,j
x
2
+ . . . + g
p,j
x
p
+ . . . + g
M,j
x
M
(4.43)
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

112

trong g
p,i
=0/1 tng ng vi phn t nh p khng ni hoc c ni vo b cng.
Khi ny c th xc nh a thc ca chui bit ra nhnh j nh sau:

c
j
(x) = m(x)g
j
(x)

= c
0,j
+ c
1,j
x+ c
2,j
x
2
+ . . +
, j
c x
l
l
+ . . . +c
L+M-1,j
x
L+M-1
(4.44)

trong h s c
i,j
=0/1 tng ng vi bit i u ra j.
minh ha cch s dng chui to m v a thc to m ta xt th d di y.

Th d 4.6.

Gi s b to m c cho trn hnh 4.11.
1
c
2
c

Hnh 4.11. S b to m cho th d 4.6.

Tm chui bit u ra ca b to m khi chui bit bn tin c dng:

m' = (m
0
, m
1
, m
2
, m
3
, m
4
) = (10011)

trong m
0
l bit u tin vo b to m.
th d ny ta c L = 5, M=2, K=M+1=3, s bit ui bng K-1=2 v s bit vo b
to m L+M = 7, t l m r = 1/2, s bit u ra bng 2x7=14.
Trong trng hp ny chui bit vo b to m c dng sau:

m = (m
0
, m
1
, m
2
, m
3
, m
4
,m
5
,m
6
) = (1001100)

Trc ht ta s dng chui m. T phng trnh (4.38) ta c th vit:

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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

113
g
1
= ( g
0,1
, g
1,1
, g
2,1
) = (1,0,1)
g
2
= ( g
0,2
, g
1,2
, g
2,2
) = (1,1,1)

Trin khai phng trnh (4.40) cho ta chui bit u ra.
c

M
, j p, j - p
0
g m j 1, 2; p = 0, 1, 2; = 0, 1, .., 6
l l
l
l
i vi nhnh trn j=1 ta c:
c
0,1
= g
0,1
m
0
= 1 1 = 1
c
1,1
= g
0,1
m
1
+ g
1,1
m
0
= 10 + 0 1 = 0
c
2,1
= g
0,1
m
2
+ g
1,1
m
1
+ g
2,1
m
0
= 10 + 00 + 11= 1
c
3,1
= g
0,1
m
3
+ g
1,1
m
2
+ g
2,1
m
1
= 11 + 00 + 10 = 1
c
4,1
= g
0,1
m
4
+ g
1,1
m
3
+ g
2,1
m
2
= 11 + 01 + 10 = 1
c
5,1
= g
0,1
m
5
+ g
1,1
m
4
+g
2,1
m
3
= 10 + 01 +11 = 1
c
6,1
= g
0,1
m
6
+ g
1,1
m
5
+ g
2,1
m
4
= 10 +00+11 = 1

Vy chui bit u ra ca nhnh trn l :

c
1
= (1011111)

Tng t i vi nhnh di j=2 ta c:
c
0,2
= g
0,2
m
0
= 1 1 = 1

c
1,2
= g
0,2
m
1
+ g
1,2
m
0
= 10 + 1 1 = 1

c
2,2
= g
0,2
m
2
+ g
1,2
m
1
+ g
2,2
m
0
= 10 + 10 + 11= 1

c
3,2
= g
0,2
m
3
+ g
1,2
m
2
+ g
2,2
m
1
= 11 + 10 + 10 = 1

c
4,2
= g
0,2
m
4
+ g
0,2
m
3
+ g
2,2
m
2
= 11 + 11 + 10 = 0

c
5,2
= g
0,2
m
5
+ g
1,2
m
4
+g
2,2
m
3
= 10 + 11+ 11 = 0

c
6,2
= g
0,2
m
6
+ g
1,2
m
5
+ g
2,3
m
4
= 10 +10+11 = 1

Vy chui bit u ra ca nhnh di s l:

c
2
= (1111001)

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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

114
Chui bit u ra ca b lp m l ghp chung ca hai chui c
1
, c
2
nh sau:

c = (11 01 11 11 10 10 11)
c 14 bit.

Bng cch s dng a thc to m cc phng trnh (4.42), (4.43) v (4.44), ta
c th vit:
m(x) = 1 + x
3
+ x
4

g
1
(x) = 1 + x
2

g
2
(x) = 1+x + x
2

c
1
(x) = (1 + x
3
+ x
4
) ( 1 + x
2
) = 1+ x
2
+ x
3
+ x
5
+x
4
+ x
6

=1+ x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
+

x
5
+ x
6

hay: c
1
= (c
0,1
, c
1,1
, c
2,1
, c
3,1
, c
4,1
, c
5,1
, c
6,1
) = ( 1 0 1 1 1 1 1)

c
2
(x) = ( 1 + x
3
+ x
4
)( 1 + x + x
2
) = 1 + x
3
+ x
4
+ x + x
4
+x
5
+x
2
+x
5
+x
6

=1+x+x
2
+x
3
+x
5


hay: c
2
= (c
0,2
, c
1,2
, c
2,2
, c
3,2
, c
4,2
, c
5,2
, c
6,2
) = ( 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 )
Cui cng ta c chui u ra l ghp xen ca hai chui trn nh sau:
c = ( 11 01 11 11 1010 11 )
Nh vy chui bn tin vo 5 bit cng thm hai bit dui bng "0" khi u hai
tng sau ca thanh ghi dch vo trng thi "0" chng khng nh hng ln chui bit
tip theo ta s c 7 bit. Do vy t l m trong trng hp ny l r= 1/2 .
Trong thc t chui hay a thc to m g
j
xc nh tr ca bit vo i khi a ln
nhnh cng j, nn ta c th d dng xc inh chui u ra ca b to m bng cch lp
bng nh sau (bng 4.9).

Bng 4.9. Th d v tnh ton m xon cho b lp m 4.11.

Chui bn tin m 1 0 0 1 1
1/ B sung hai bit ui: m' 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
2/ tr mt bit: m'.x 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
3/ tr hai bit: m'.x
2
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
c
1
= m'+m'x
2
1 0 1 1 1 1 1
c
2
= m'+m'x+m'x
2
1 1 1 1 0 0 1
c 11 01 11 11 10 10 11

bng 4.9 sau khi thc hin b sung hai bit ui vo chui bit u vo ca b
lp m, ta thc hin tr mt bit (dch ton b chui sang phi mt bit), tr hai bit (dch
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

115
chui sang phi hai bit). Sau thc hin cng 1/ vi 3/ (tng ng vi g
1,1
=1, g
2,1
=
0 v g
3,1
= 1) c c
1
v 1/ vi 2/ v vi 3/ (tng ng vi g
1,2
= 1, g
2,2
= 1, g
3,2
=1)
c c
2
. Cui cng kha chuyn mch ln lt an xen hai chui bit ny c
chui ra c.
Cc chui to m hay a thc to m thng c m t dng c s tm
(octal). Th d b lp m c chui to m hay a thc to m vi cc h s dng nh
phn sau y:
g
1
= ( g
1,1
, g
2,1
, g
3,1
, g
4,1
, g
5,1
, g
6,1
, g
7,1
, g
8,1
, g
9,1
)
= (1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,1)
g
2
= ( g
1,2
, g
2,2
, g
3,2
, g
4,2
, g
5,2
, g
6,2
, g
7,2
, g
8,2
, g
9,2
)
= (1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1)
c th c m t dng c s tm nh sau:
g
1
= (561)
8

g
2
=(753)
8

S ca b to m ni trn c cho hnh 4.12.


Hnh 4.12. B to m xon r=1/2, M=3, K=M+1=9

4.5.4. Biu trng thi

Biu trng thi bao gm cc nt trng thi c ni vi nhau bng cc nhnh th
hin s chuyn i trng thi khi bit vo bng khng hoc 1. Cc nhnh trng thi
c nh nhn bng cc bit u ra cu b to m. Trng thi ca mt b to m
xon c nh ngha l t hp M bit c lu trong cc phn t nh cu m lp m.
Bit c trng thi cng vi bit u vo tip theo ta c th d dng xc nh c cc
bit u ra tip theo ca b lp m. Biu trng thi cho s b to m trn hnh
4.11 c cho trn hnh 4.13. Hai phn t nh trong b to m ny cho ta bn trng
thi sau: S
0
= (00), S
1
= (10), S
2
=(01) v S
3
=(11). Khi cc bit mi c a vo, hai bit
ni trn s kt hp vi cc bit vo to ra hai bit ra v trng thi c chuyn i.
Chuyn i trng thi dc th hin bng mt nhnh ni gia trng thi c v mi.
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116
Nhnh t nt trn hnh v biu th bit vo bng 1 cn nhnh lin nt biu th bit vo
bng khng.

S0=00
S1=10
S2=01
S3=11
00
11
11
00
01
10
10
01

Hnh 4.13. Biu trng thi ca b to m trn hnh 4.11

4.5.5. Biu li

Cng nh biu trng thi, biu li bao gm cc nt trng thi c ni vi
nhau bng cc nhnh th hin s chuyn i trng thi khi bit vo bng khng hoc 1.
Cc nhnh trng thi cng c nh nhn bng cc bit u ra cu b to m. Tuy
nhin biu li cho php ta theo di c qu trnh hot ng ca b to m theo
thi gian. Biu li cho b to m trn hnh 4.11 c v trn hnh 4.14.


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117
Hnh 4.14. Biu li cho b to m trn hnh 4.11.

Biu li trn hnh 4.14 cho thy t mt nt mng bao gi cng c hai nhnh ra
v n mt nt mng bao gi cng c hai nhnh hi t vo.
Hnh 4.14 cng cho thy ng dn qua li (ng m nt) khi cho cc bit u
vo cng vi hai bit ui nh th d 4.6 l: m=(1001100). ng dn bt u t
trng thi S
0
=00 (y l trng thi tng ng vi hai bit ui ca chui bit trc chui
ang xt) v cng kt thc ti trng thi S
0
=00 (tng ng vi hai bit ui ca chui
ang xt). Da trn hai bit u ra ca mi nhnh trn ng dn ny ta c th tm c
cc k hiu m u ra: c=(11 01 11 11 10 10 11).

4.5.6. Gii m theo kh nng ging nht

Gi s m l vector th hin chui bn tin, c

l vector th hin chui t m u
ra b m ho a vo knh AWGN v v

l vector th hin chui t m ra ca knh
ny, do tc ng cu tp m v c th khc vi c. B gii m c nhim v a ra c
tnh vector bn tin thu m sao cho n gn ging chui bn tin m c pht nht. Nu
tt c cc chui vo u c xc sut nh nhau th b gii m t c xc sut li thp
nht s l b gii m thc hin so snh cc xc sut c iu kin c gi l cc hm
kh ging (Likelihood Function), P(v/
(m)
c
%
), trong v l vect thu cn
(m)
c
%
l mt
trong s cc vect c th c pht (mt trong s cc ng dn c th xy ra trn
biu li). Nhim v ca b gii m l phi chn ra trong s cc vect
(m)
c
%
c th
c (hay s ng dn trn li tng ng vi chng) mt vect (hay ng dn) gn
nht vi vect v. lm iu ny ngi ta s dng quy tc quyt nh theo kh nng
ging nht t phng trnh (3.26). Trong trng hp ny ta c th biu din quy tc
ny nh sau:

Quyt m nu

ln ( | ) P
m
v c = max lnP(v|
(m)
c
%
) i vi mi
(m)
c
%
(4.45)

V knh khng nh nn hm kh nng ging P(v|
(m)
c
%
) c xc nh nh sau
ln P(v|
(m)
c
%
) =
( )
ln ( | )
m
i i
P v c
1
1
]

%
I
i =1

=
( )
1 1
ln ( | )
n
m
ji ji
i j
P v c

1
1
]

I
%
(4.46)
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

118
trong : v
i
l nhnh i ca chui thu v,
(m )
i
c
%
l nhnh i ca mt chui t m
(m)
c
%
c
xt (i l s th t ca nhnh trong ng dn ca chui biu li), v
ji
l k hiu
t m th j ca nhnh i ca chui thu,
(m )
ji
c
%
l k hiu m th j ca nhnh i ca t m
(m)
c
%
c xt, n l s k hiu m trn mi nhnh, I l di ca chui. minh ha
cho cc k hiu trong phng trnh (4.45) ta xt hnh 4.15.

11 21
v v
12 22
v v
13 23
v v
14 24
v v
15 25
v v

Hnh 4.15. Th d gii thch cc k hiu trong phng trnh (4.45)

Hnh 4.15 cho thy li vi nm nhnh i=1,2,3,4,5. Mi nhnh c hai k hiu m
(n=2) v j=1,2. Chng hn i vi nhnh i=2, j=1 ta c k hiu c
1,2
= 0 ,j=2 ta c
c
2,2
=1, ngoi ra hai k hiu thu trn nhnh ny s l
12 22
v v .
Ta gi xc sut v phi ca phng trnh (4.45) l s o kh ging ca ng dn
v k hiu n l PM(v,c) (PM: Path metric). C th chng minh rng trong knh
AWGN iu ch BPSK nht qun s o ny c xc nh theo phng trnh sau:

PM(v,c) = (1 2 )
ji
i
c

I n
j i
j 1
v (4.47)
trong v
ji
= (1 2 )
ji b ji ji
v E c n + , E
b
l nng lng bit, n
ji
l tp m AWGN c trung
bnh khng v phng sai
2
=N
0
/2.

Nhim v ca b gii m trong trng hp ny l phi tm ra trn li mt ng dn
c s o theo cng thc (4.47) ln nht. B gii m kiu ny c gi l b gii m
quyt nh mm (Soft decision).
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119
Gii m theo (4.46) i hi khi lng tnh ton ln v v th b nh ln. Viterbi
a ra mt gii thut cho php gim ng k khi lng tnh ton. Nghin cu biu
li (xem hnh 4.15) ng thy rng cc ng dn xut pht t trng thi S
0
i qua
li s hi nhp ti mt nt mng. V th nu so snh s o ca hai ng ny theo
(4.46) ta c th loi mt ng c s o nh hn v duy tr xt tip ng dn c s
o ln hn. Chng hn nu P(v,c)1>P(v,c)2, th trn hnh 4.16 ta loi b ng dn
lin tc v ch xt tip ng dn t nt. ng dn c duy tr c gi l ng
dn sng st.
i vi quyt nh cng, s o ng dn c th tnh theo cng thc sau:

PM(v,c) =

I
i
i =1
d (4.48)
trong d
i
l khong cch Hamming gia cc k hiu thu v cc k hiu ca t m
c
(m)
c xt ti nhnh i hay cn c gi l s o nhnh..
Thay v chn PM(v,c) ln nht theo phng trnh (4.48) ta c th chn PM(v,c) nh
nht khi thay du "-" trong phng trnh ny thnh du "+" nh sau:
PM(v,c) =
min
_

,

I
i
i =1
d (4.49)
Phng trnh (4.48) ch ra rng ta phi chn ng dn c tng khong cch Hamming
ca cc nhnh so vi chui thu l nh nht.
Di y ta s trnh by gii m quyt nh cng theo Viterbi cho s m ha
c xt trong trn hnh 4.11 v th d hnh 4.15, trong chui k hiu thu c
chuyn thnh 0 v 1 nh trn hnh 4.16. Lu rng trn hnh ny cc nhnh c nh
nhn bng khong cch Hamming gia cc k hiu thu v cc k hiu m c xt.

S0=00
2
S1=10
S2=01
S3=11
Chui bit c pht : 1 1 0
1 1
t1 t2 t3 t4
t5
t6
T m c pht : 11 01 11 11 10
Chui k hiu thu 11 01 01 10 10
0
1
1
0
2
1
1
1
1
0
2
2
0
1
1
1
1
2
0
0
2
1
1
1
1
2
0
0
2
S o
nhnh

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120
Hnh 4.16. Biu li ca b gi m cho th d trn hnh 4.15.

Hnh 4.17 m t chn ng dn sng st ti thi im t4 cho cho li trn hnh
4.16 khi gii m xon. Trn hnh 4.17, trong hai ng dn hi nhp vo cng mt
trng thi ti thi im t4, b gii m chn ng sng st cho ng c s o tch ly
theo khongcch Hamming nh hn v lu kt qu ny vo b nh s dng cho
vic chn ng dn sng st ti thi im t5 tip theo.


Hnh 4.17. Chn ng dn sng st ti thi im t4 cho gii m Viterbi

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121
4.6. M TURBO

4.6.1. M u

Cc m turbo ln u tin c trnh by ti hi ngh thng tin quc t vo nm
1993. Trc mi ngi u tin tng rng t c hiu nng gn vi gii hn
Shannon, cn thc hin b gii m c phc tp v tn hoc gn nh v tn.
M turbo c xy dng trn c s m PCCC (Parallel Concatened Convolutional
Code: m xon mc ni song song). M ny bao gm nhiu b m ho thnh phn.
t c hiu nng tt, cc m thnh phn phi l cc m hi quy nhng khng nht
thit phi l cc m h thng. Tuy nhin n gin cc m thnh phn thng c
s dng l cc m h thng v v th cc m RSC (Recursive Systematic
Convolutional: M xon hi quy h thng) thng c s dng.
i vi b m ha RSC t l m 1/n vi b nh M, khong cch t do hiu dng
gii hn trn c xc nh nh sau:


( )
1
ee
2 ( 1) 2 2
M
fr
d n

+ + (4.50)
Ngoi ra du bng trong cng thc trn t c khi m trn to m c dng sau:


1 1
( ) ( )
( ) 1, ,....,
( ) ( )
n
g x g x
g x
Q x Q x

1
]
(4.51)
Trong Q(x) l mt a thc nguyn thy trn GF(2) bc M, g
1
(x), g
n-1
(x) l cc a
thc khc Q(x) c dng (1+.+g
i
x
p
++x
M
), p=1,,M; g
i
(0,1); x l ton t tr v
thng k hiu D c s dng thay cho n.

PCCC c xy dng trn c s ba tng sau:
Chuyn i cc m xon khng h thng vo cc m xon h thng
S dng gii m vo mm ra mm. Thay v s dng cc quyt nh cng, b
gii m s s dng cc xc sut v s liu thu to ra u ra mm. u ra ny
cng cha thng tin v mc chc chn ca cc bit u ra
Cc b m ha v gii m hot ng hot ng trn cc phin bn c hon v
ca cng mt thng tin. iu ny t c bng cch s dng b an xen.

Gii thut gii m lp da trn hai khi nim sau cng ni trn s tinh lc u ra sau
mi bc lp ging nh u my turbo trong my bay. Chnh v th m ny c gi
l m turbo.

Di y ta s xt nguyn l xy dng PCCC cho m turbo
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122

4.6.2. Cc m xon h thng

M xon c coi l m xon h thng (SC: Systematic Convolutional) khi cc bit
thng tin c a trc tip ra u ra. Trng hp ngc li m xon c coi l phi
h thng. Trong h cc m SC, cc m hi quy c c bit quan tm v chng c
hiu nng tt hn cc m phi h thng khi t s tn hiu trn tp m thp.

Li l c tm quan trng trong vic th hin gii thut MAP. Li m t hai tnh
cht ca mt b m ha khi chuyn t mt trng thi ny sang trng thi khc. Ta xt
mt m xon hi quy h thng (RSC) c bn trng thi trn hnh 4.18.


d
k
c
k
0
k
S
1
k
S

Hnh 4.18. M xon hi quy h thng t l

y l mt m xon c t l m do c mt u v v hai u ra. di b nh
ca n bng 2 (c hai phn t nh) v di hn ch l 3. Ta thy rng Q=111
2
=7
8
v
g
1
=101
2
=5
8
. Vy y l b m ha c nh ngha bi a thc 5/7.
Ma trn to m trong trng hp ny c xc nh theo phng trnh sau:


_


,
1
( )
( ) 1,
( )
g x
g x
Q x


_
+



+ +
,
2
2
1
1,
1
x
x x
(4.52)

Ti u ra ca b m ha ta nhn c chui m:

C
1,N
=(c
1
, c
2
,c
k
.., c
N
) (4.53)

Trong C
k
= (d
k
, c
k
), d
k
l bit u vo b m ha ti thi im k v c
k
l bit
c m ha ti thi im k, k=1,2,..,N.
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123
Ta s m t cu trc li cu b m ha ny trn hnh 4.19. Trn hnh ny, ta c tt
c cc chuyn i trng thi c th c ca b m ha. Mi nhnh ca li cung cp
cho ta ba thng tin. l: cc trng thi cu nhnh (trng thi hin ti v trng thi
tip theo), u ra c m ha ca b m ha (c
k
) v bit s liu khng m ha ca
chuyn i (d
k
).
k k
(d c )
k
d 0
k
d 1
0 1
k k
s s

Hnh 4.19. Li ca RSC

Nu ta chn ng t nt m ca li trn hnh v, ta c th thy rng b m ha
i t trng thi 00 n 10 khi bit ti u vo b m ha l 1. Ngoi ra s liu c m
ha ti u ra ca b m ha s l 1 (c
k
=1) v cp bit u ra ca b m ha s l 11
(d
k
=1, c
k
=1).
Khi bit c chui bit thu c t knh tp m, mt cch gii m chui pht l
tm mt ng dn c xc sut ln nht trong s tt c cc ng dn c th c ca
li. iu ny c th thc hin c bng gii thut Viterbi. Ta s khng s dng gii
thut Viterbi v cc u ra ca n ch c cc quyt nh cng. Thay vo ta s dng
gii thut MAP cho php cc u ra mm. Gii thut ny da trn vic tm kim bit c
xc sut ln nht, khi bit chui bit b tp m.

4.6.3. S b to m turbo

Hnh 4.20 cho thy s b to m turbo dc xy dnng trn hai b to m RSC
trn hnh 4.18.

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124
(1)
k
c
(2)
k
c

Hnh 4.20. B to m turbo da trn b to m RSC hnh 4.18.

Nguyn l hot ng ca b to m turbo nh sau. Khi u cc trng thi thanh
ghi dch trong cc m m ha RSC thnh phn c t vo 0. Sau N bit ca chui
s liu mt mt c a ra trc tip, mt khc c dch vo cc b m ha thnh
phn theo v tr trn ca chuyn mch trn hnh v. u ra ca b to m ta c N t
hp hai bit hoc ba bit ty thuc vo s bit c m ha c gi i cng vi mi bit
khng m ha, nh vy t l m c th l r=1/2 hoc 1/3 (xem hnh 4.21).

_

,
1
(1)
1
d
c
_

,
2
(2)
2
d
c
_

,
3
(1)
3
d
c
_

,
4
(2)
4
d
c
_


,
(2)
1 2 1
(1) (2) (1)
2 2 1
c d d
c c c
_


,
(2)
3 4 3
(1) (2) (1)
4 4 3
c d d
c c c

Hnh 4.21. u ra b to m cho cc t l m khc nhau

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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

125
Sau khi a ra N bit thng tin cng vi cc bit c m ha tng ng. Kha
chuyn mch c chuyn xung v tr di a cc b m ha vo trng thi "0"
v to ra cc k hiu ui kt cui chui k hiu m u ra cho N bit s liu u vo.
Hiu nng ca cc m turbo s dng b an xen ph thuc vo kiu v su ca
b an xen c s dng. L do v cu trc b an xen nh hng ln tnh cht
khong cch ca m turbo. Qua trnh an xen c thc hin bng cch ta vit chui
s liu u vo theo th t thng thng v c s liu ra theo mt quy tc no
c khong cc ln nht gia cc k hiu cnh nhau u vo. Di y ta xt gii
thut an xen tng qut.
Gi s d
k
, k{1,2,.,N} l ton b s liu m ta cn an xen. Khi vit s liu ny
vo b nh theo trnh t thng thng (lgn lt theo tng dng chng hn) c th coi
y l mt mng gm hai bin s. Tt c s liu c lu, v th nu ta an xen N s
liu, ta s c N s liu trong mng c an xen.
an xen ta cn xy dng mt mng khc, ta gi l mng ch s. Trong mi ca
mng ny s c mt trong s cc s t 1 n N. Cc s ny tng ng vi cc a ch
c ngu nhin ha.
Gi s int[] l mng ch s, data[] l mng s liu v intdata[] l mng s liu sau
an xen. S dng chng trnh kiu Pascal ta c:

For I:=1toN
Indata[int[I]:=dat[I]
Hnh 4.22 cho thy th d vi N=10.
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

126
d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 d10
9 4 10 1 7 5 2 6 8 3
M

i

s


l
i

u

t

n
g

n
g

m

a

c
h
i

m

i

n
g

u

n
h
i

n
d4 d7 d10 d2 d6 d8 d5 d9 d1 d3
Mng ch s cha cc s ngu nhin gia 1 v N
S liu c an xen
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Hnh 4.22. Gii thut an xen

4.6.4. Gii thut gii m MAP

Khi s dng cc m turbo, qu trnh gii m l qu trnh lp. Cc gii thut ny c
hai khi gii m vo mm ra mm (SISO) hot ng gn b vi nhau. C hai loi gii
thut gii m turbo chnh hin ang c s dng cho cc b gii m turbo SISO: gii
thut Viterby ra mm (VA/SOVA) v gii thut cc i hu nh (MAP), gii thut
ny cng c bit n nh l gii thut BCJT theo tn ca cc tc gi Bahl, Cocke,
Jelinek v Ravive. C hai gii thut u da trn li. Gii thut MAP l gii thut tt
nht trong s hai gii thut ni trn, v th trong ti liu ny ta ch xt MAP.

4.6.4. 1. Nguyn l MAP

Ti u vo ca b gii m ta nhn c chui N bit m ha, iu ch BPSK b tp
m nh sau:
R
1,N
= (R
1
, R
2
,.., R
N
)
trong R
k
=(x
k
, y
k
), k=1,2,...,N

Gi s n
k
v m
k
l hai bin ngu nhin Gauss trung bnh khng c phng sai
2
v
d
k
l bit u vo b m ha v c
k
bit c m ha m ha ti thi im k. Ta c:
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

127

x
k
= a
k
+n
k
(4.54)
y
k
=b
k
+m
k
(4.55)
trong :
a
k
= (1-2d
k
) l k hiu ca bit khng m ha (thng tin h thng)
b
k
= (1-2c
k
) l k hiu ca bit c m ha (s liu kim tra chn l)
k=1,2,..., N

Mc ch cu gii m MAP l tm ra d
k
c xc sut cao nht khi cho trc R
1,N
.
iu ny t c bng cch tnh log hm kh nng ging (LLR: Log likelihood ratio)

k
cho tng d
k
, hm ny c nh ngha nh sau:


_

,
1,
1.
( 1

( ) l n
( 0
k N
k
k N
P d
L d
P d
R
R
(4.56)
Gi tr ny c gi l u ra mm. Thc hin quyt nh cng cho u ra ny, ta
c th xc nh bit thng tin c kh nng ging bit pht nht:

.

<

u ( ) 0 0

u ( ) 0 1
k k
k k
N L d d
N L d d
(4.57)

Nu S
k
l trng thi ca b gii m ti thi im k, ta c:


( ) ( )

1, 1,
0 0,
k N k k N
m
P d P d S m R R (4.58)
Tng t


( ) ( )

1, 1,
1 1,
k N k k N
m
P d P d S m R R (4.59)

Ta t
( )

, 1,
( ) ,
k i k k N
m P d i S m R vi i=0 hoc 1 v cng tt c cc trng thi c
th c ca b gii m, ta c:


1
1
1

1
1
1
]

,0
,1
( )

( ) l n
( )
k
m
k
k
m
m
L d
m

(4.60)

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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

128
trong
( )

, 1,
( ) ,
k i k k N
m P d i S m R l xc sut m ti thi im k, trng thi cu
b gii m l S
k
, bit pht bng i khi cho trc chui k hiu thu R
1,N
. Gi s:
R
1,N
=[R
k-1
,R
k
,R
k+1
], ta c th vit li
,
( )
k i
m vo dng sau:

{ { {
_



,
, k-1 k k+1
B C D
( ) , R R R
1 44 2 4 43
k i k k
A
m P d i S m (4.61)
S dng quy tc Bayes sau y:


P(A, B, C, D) P(B| A, C, D)P(A, C, D)
P(A| B, C, D)
P(B, C, D) P(B, C, D)

=
P(B| A, C, D)P(D| A, C)P(A, C)
P(B, C, D)

ta c th vit li (4.61) nh sau:
( ) ( ) + +

, 1 k 1 1
( ) d , , , , ,
N N
k i k k k k k k k k
m P R i S m R R P R d i S m R
( )
k 1,
d , , / ( )
k k N
P i S m R P R (4.62)
trong
+1
N
k
R k hiu cho chui k hiu t k n N.
Do R
k-1
ch lin quan n trng thi m m n gy ra v khng th thuc vo ph
thuc vo d
k
cng nh R
k+1
(l cc s kin xy ra sau ), nn ta c th vit li thnh
phn th nht trong t s ca phng trnh (4.61) v k hiu n nh sau:

( ) ( )
+

1 k 1 1
d , , , ( )
k k k k k k k
P R i S m R R P R S m m (4.63)

( )
k
m c gi l s o trng thi thun (Forward State Metric). N biu din xc
sut chui k hiu thu trc thi im k v ch ph thuc vo trng thi m hin thi
ti thi im k.
S dng cc phng trnh
Ta c th biu din thnh phn th hai t s ca ca phng trnh (4.61) v k hiu
nh sau:
( ) ( ) + + + +

1 1 1 1
, , ( , ) ( ( , ))
N N
k k k k k k k
P R d i S m R P R S f i m f i m (4.64)

+1
( ( , ))
k
f i m c gi l s o trng thi ngc (Backward State Metric), trong
biu th y l s o cho trng thi sau m nhn c khi u vo l "i" cn ( )
k
m l
s o trng thi ngc ti thi im k, cng thc cho s o ny s c xt di y.
N biu din xc sut chui k hiu sau thi im k v ch ph thuc vo trng thi m
cng nh bit trc (ti thi im k).
Ta c th biu din thnh phn th ba trong t s ca phng trnh (4.61) nh sau:
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

129
( )
k ,
d , , ( )
k k k i
P i S m R m (4.65)


,
( )
k i
m c gi l s o nhnh (Branch Metric). N biu din xc sut pht lin
hip d
k
, thu k hiu R
k
ti trng thi m.
S dng cc phng trnh (4.62)-(4.65) ta c cc phng trnh sau.


+

, 1,
,
1,
( ) ( ) ( ( , ))
( )
( )
k k i k i
k i
N
m m f i m
m
P

R
(4.66)

+
+
1
1
1

1
1
1
]

,0 1,0
,1 1,1
( ) ( ) ( (0, ))

( ) l n
( ) ( ) ( (1, ))
k k k
m
k
k k k
m
m m f m
L d
m m f m


(4.67)

4.6.4.2. Tnh ton s o nhnh
,
( )
k i
m

Ta c th vit li phng trnh (4.65) nh sau:

( ) ( ) ( )
, k k k
( ) d , , d , d ,
k i k k k k k
m P i S m R P R i S m P i S m

( ) ( ) ( )
k k k
d , d d
k k k
P R i S m P S m i P i (4.68)

Do nh hng ca tp m ln s liu v bit chn l c vp vi nhau, nn trng thi
ti thi im k khng ph thuc vo s liu u vo. V vy:

( )

k
1
d
2
k
M
P S m i (4.69)
K hiu P(d
k
=i)=
k,i
. Ta c th vit li phng trnh (4.68) nh sau:


1
_
1

1 ,
]
2
, ,
,
1
( ) exp -
2
2 2
k i k k i
k i k
M
x a
m dx



1
_
1

1 ,
]
2
,
( ) 1 1
exp -
2 2
k k i
k
y b m
dy

(4.70)
Lu ch b
k,i
l ph thuc vo trng thi m. n gin ha phng trnh (4.70) bng
cch loi b cc tha s chung cho mu v t trong phng trnh (4.70), ta c:

( )
1
+
1
]
, , , ,
2
1
( ) exp ( )
k i k i k k i k k i
m x a y b m

(4.71)
Hnh 4.23 th hin
,
( )
k i
m trn biu li.
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

130


2,0
(00)
3,1
(10)
2,1
(01)
3,1
(01)
2,0
(01)
2,0
(10)
3,1
(11)
( )
2 2
x y ( )
3 3
x y

Hnh 4.23. Th hin
,
( )
k i
m trn li

Nu ta xt th d cho hai nhnh trn hnh 4.23, s dng phng trnh (4.71) vi coi
rng
k,i
=1/2 ta c:


+
' ;

2,0 2 2
2
1 1
(01) exp ( 1 1)
2
x y





+
' ;

3,1 3 3
2
1 1
(01) exp ( 1 1)
2
x y



4.6.4. 3.Tnh ton s o trng thi thun ( )
k
m

Biu thc ( )
k
m c gi l s o trng thi thun v n biu din s o trng thi
cho chuyn i t trng thi m sang trng thi tip theo, ti thi im k. T phng
trnh (4.63) ta c th biu din ( )
k
m l tng tt c xc sut chuyn i trng thi c
th xy ra nh sau:

( )

1
1 1 1
' 0
( ) , ' ,
k k k k k
m j
m P d j S m R S m (4.72)
Biu din R
k-1
thng qua [ R
k-2
, R
k-1
]
v
s dng quy tc Bayes ta c th vit li phng
trnh (4.72) nh sau:
( )

1
2 1 1 1
' 0
( ) , , ' ,
k k k k k k
m j
m P R S m d j S m R

( )


1 1 1
, ' ,
k k k k
P d j S m R S m
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

131
( ) ( )

1
2 1 1 1 1
0
( ) ( ) , ( ),
k k k j k k j k
j
m P R S b m P d j S b m R (4.73)
trong b
j
(m) biu th cho trng thi trc k chuyn n trng thi m khi bit u vo
l j.
S dng cc phng trnh (4.63) v (4.64) ta c th vit li phng trnh (4.73) nh
sau:

1
1 j , j
0
( ) (b ( )) (b ( ))
k k k j
j
m m m (4.74)

Ta s s dng li trn hnh 4.24 gii thch cng thc (4.74).


1 +
] 1 1,0 1 1,0
(00) (00) (00) (10) (10)
k k k k k

+
1 +
] 1 ,1 ,1
(10) ( 00) (00) (01) (01)
k k k k k


Hnh 4.24. Trnh by ( )
k
m trn li

Tt c cc ( )
k
m c th c tnh theo (4.72) trong iu kin chng c khi u
ng, Ta khi u chng nh sau:


1 1
(00) 1 ( 0) 0 v m (4.75)
lm th du ta xt iu kin khi u (4.64) cho cc th d trn hnh 4.24 khi k=2:

2 2 2,0 2 2,0 2,0
(00) (00) (00) (01) (01) (00) 1 +
]


4.6.4. 4. Tnh ton s o trng thi ngc
k
(m)

Biu thc
k
(m) rt ging vi biu thc
k
(m). Thay v tnh tt c thun theo thi
gian, ta tnh ton chng ngc theo thi gian. Chnh v th chng c gi l cc s o
trng thi ngc.
T phng trnh (4.64) ta c:
( )
+ + +

1 1 1
( ( , )) ( , )
k k k
f i m P R S f i m , vy:
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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

132

( )
( )
k k k
m P R S m =
( ) +

1
,
N
k k k
P R R S m (4.76)
Ta c th biu din
k
(m) nh l tng tt c cc xc sut chuyn i trng thi c th
c n thi im k+1 nh sau:

( ) + +

1
1 1
' 0
( ) , ' , ,
N
k k k k k k
m j
m P d j S m R R S m (4.77)
p dng quy tc Bayes, ta c:

( ) + +

1
1 1
' 0
( ) , , '
N
k k k k k
m j
m P R S m d j S m

( )
+

1
, ' ,
k k k k
P d j S m R S m (4.78)
S
k
=m, d
k
=j hon ton xc nh trng thi dn n S
k+1
=m'=f(j,m),(trng thi tip m)
khi cho trc u vo j v m nn trong thnh phn th hai ca phng trnh (4.77) ta
c th thay S
k+1
=m' bng S
k
=m v vit li phng trnh (4.77) nh sau:


( )
( )
+ +

1
1 1
0
( ) ( , ) , ,
N
k k k k k k
j
m P R S f i m P d j S m R

+

1
, 1
0
( ) ( ( , ))
k j k
j
m f j m (4.79)

Ta s s dng li trn hnh 4.25 gii thch
k,i
(m)

+ +
+
1,0 ,0 1,1 ,1
(01) (00) (01) (10) (01)
k k k k k


Hnh 4.25. Trnh by
k,i
(m) trn li
Tt c cc gi tr c tnh theo (4.78) trong iu kin l chng c khi u
ngc ng. Hi quy ngc c khi u bng cch buc trng thi cui cng tr v
0 v t:

+

, N+ M,i
(00) 1 ( 0) 0
N M i
v m (4.80)
trong N l s bit vo b m ha, M l s b nh ca b m ha.
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133
Di y ta xt th d tnh ton
k,i
(01) ti k=N+M-1 vi s dng iu kin khi
u ngc theo (4.79):
j=1

1,1 ,1 1,0 1,0
(01) (00) (01) (01)
+ +

N M N M N M N M


j=0

1,0 ,0 ,0
(01) (10) (01) 0
+ + +

N M N M N M


Sau tt c cc nh ngha trn ta c th i n xt gii thut c th.

4.6.5. Gii m turbo

B gii m turbo trn c s b gii m SISO (Soft in soft out) c cho trn hnh
4.26.
k
x
k
y
( )
k
d
( )
a k
d

Hnh 4.26. B gii m SISO

Cc b gii m SISO tnh ton u ra mm (Soft Output) LLR ( )
k
L d ba thng tin
u vo:
Thng tin tin nh ( )
a k
L d l xc sut tin nh bit d
k

K hiu thu khng m ha
k
x
v k hiu thu c m ha)
k
y

tnh ton thng tin mm u ra b gii m SISO s dng gii thut MAP
Ta c th tnh LLR ti u ra ca SISO cho bit thng tin d
k
trong iu kin cho
trc ton b chui k hiu thu theo phng trnh (4.56) nh sau:


_

,
1,
1,
( 1

( ) l n
( 0
k N
k
k N
P d
L d
P d
R
R

+ +

( ) ( )
c k a k e k
L x L d L d (4.81)

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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

134
( )
e j
L d l thng tin ngoi lai c rt ra t tt c
' k
y ,
' k
x ,
'
( )
a k
L d ; k' khc k v
L
c
=4E
s
/N
0
, thng tin ny khng ph thuc vo cc u vo hin thi cu b gii m.
Ta c th coi ( )
e j
L d l thnh phn hiu chnh do b gii m to ra hiu chnh mi
sai li trong knh.
tng cng hiu qu gii m, ngi ta s dng hai b gii m SISO ni trn mc
ni tip nhau, trong hiu s gia thng tin mm u ra (

( )
k
L d ) vi thng tin mm
u vo ca b gii m th nht (

( )
a k
L d )s c s dng lm u vo cho b gii m
tip theo. Theo phng trnh (4.81) ta c u vo cu b gii m th hai nh sau:
+

( ) ( ) ( )
k a k c k e k
L d L d L x L d ` (4.82)

4.6.6. Gii m Turbo lp

tng hiu sut gii m, qu trnh gii m turbo c thc hin theo mt qu trnh
lp nh trn hnh 4.27. Trong qu trnh ny nhiu b gii m MAP theo nguyn l
SISO ni trn c s dng.
B gii m turbo lp trn hnh 4.27 c xy dng trn c s cc cp b gi m
thnh phn mc ni tip nhau. Ti thi im k, c ba kiu u vo: thng tin h thng
1 2
( , ,....., ,..., )
N N M
x x x x x
+
, thng tin d
1 2
( , ,....., ,..., )
N N M
y y y y y
+
v thng tin tin
nh (thng tin ngoi lai) v bit thng tin
{ } 1 1 2 2

( ), ( ),....., ( ),..., ( )
+ +

e N N N M N M
L L d L d L d L d .

i vi b gii m MAP1 na u ca lp khng c thng tin tin nh nn:
L
a
(
j

d )=0 (v th n khng gy nh hng g ln cc ln gii m tip theo), v th ta c:



+
(1)
1

( ) ( )
j c j e j
L d L x L d (4.83)
Trong j=k-D, D l tr ca b gii m

Trn hnh 4.27 ta thy rng
(1)

( )
a j
L d b loi tr khi
1

( )
j
L d c , +
(1)

( )
c j e j
L x L d .
Sau b gii m MAP1 l b an xen. B ny c nhim v phn tn li cm bng
cch dn cch cc k hiu lin k trong chui pht. Sau an xen, s liu +
(1)

( )
c i e j
L x L d
c a vo b gii m MAP2.
i vi b gii m MAP2 ,thng tin tin nh ca n l thng tin ngoi lai nhn
c t b gii m MAP1, nn nu t:
(1) ( 2)

( ) ( )
e i a i
L d L d , ta c:

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Chng 4. M ho knh kim sot li trong truyn dn v tuyn s

135
+ +
( 2) ( 2)
2

( ) ( ) ( )
h c h a h e h
L d L x L d L d (4.84)

Trong h=i-D, D l tr gii m v
(2)

( )
e h
L d l thng tin ngoi lai do b gii m MAP2
cung cp. V d
h
c an xen, n phi c gii an xen c kt qu ng. V
+
(1)

( )
c i e i
L x L d mc t li hn x
i
, nn b m ha th hai s hiu chnh li tt hn khi s
dng
(2)
k
y .
By gi ta c th s dng thng tin mi nhn c t b gii m MAP2 v cp n
cho u vo ca b gii m MAP1. vy ta s dng thng tin tin nh t
2 2

( ) L d .
Trn hnh 4.27 ta tr n vi +
( 2)

( )
c h a h
L x L d c
(2)

( )
e h
L d . Sau ta gii an xen n
c
(2) (1)

( ) ( )

e k a k
L d L d , trong l tng tr ca b gii m MAP1, b an xen,
b gii m MAP2 v b gii an xen. Khi ny
(1)

( )
a k
L d s tr thnh thng tin tin
nh cho b gii m 1 v qu trnh gii m li bt u. By gi
( 2)

( )
e k
L d tr thnh gi tr
tin nh L
a
(
k

d ) cho ln lp tip theo v v.v...


(1)

( )
a k
L d

+
(1)

( )
c k a k
L x L d

(1)

( )
a j
L d

1
( )
j
d

+
(1)

( )
c j e j
L x L d

+
( 2)

( )
c h a i
L x L d
2

( )
h
L d

( )
e k
d

( )
e h
L d
c k
L x

(1)
c k
L y

( 2)
c k
L y

1

( )
j
d
2

( )
h
L d

h
d

( )
e h
L d
c k
L x
(1)
c k
L y
(2)
c k
L y
1

( )
i
L d
1

( )
h
L d

k
d

+
(1)

( )
c i e i
L x d
2

( )
e h
L d

h
d

k
d
+
(1)

( )
c j e j
L x L d

D l tr ca qu trnh gi m 1 v gii m 2
Tr l tr ca mt ln lp ca qu trnh gii m
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136
(1/ 2)
/

( )
a k i
L d l thng tin tin nh ti u vo b gii m th nht (hoc th 2) ca mt
ln lp

(1) ( 2)

( ) ( )
e j a j
L d L d u ra thng tin ngoi lai do Gii m 1 to ra v bng u vo
thng tin tin nh cho Gii m 2
x
k
l mu thng tin khng m ha thu c
y
k
l mu thng tin m ha thu c
1/ 2 /

( )
j h
L d l LLR ti u ra ca Gii m 1 v 2

( 2)

( )
e k
L d thng tin ngoi lai ti u ra ca gii m 2 ca mt ln lp tr
Hnh 4.27. B gii m turbo lp

Ti thi im ban u, cc gi tr ngoi lai c lp thng k v li nhn c t
mi ln lp l cao. Tuy nhin do cng mt thng tin c s dng, ci thin nhn c
sau mt s ln lp tr nn rt nh. Sau ln lp cui cng, quyt nh mm u ra s l
tng ca hai gi tr ngoi lai cui cng cng vi L
c
x
k
. B gii m s thc hin quyt
nh cng bng cch so snh u ra vi ngng bng khng:

L(
k

d ) 0, th bit c gii m bng 0


L(
k

d ) <0, th bit c gii m bng 1



Lu rng ta khng a

( 2) (1)

( ) ( )
a h e i D
L d L d vo
(1)

( )
a k
L d , v sau khi gii an xen,
(1)

( )
e i D
L d tr thnh
(1)

( )
e k
L d . V sau gii an xen li cm trong
(1)

( )
e k
L d li xut hin.
nn ta phi trnh cp ngc n cho b gii m 1. y cng l l do m ta phi loi tr
(1)

( )
a j
L d ra khi
1

( )
j
L d .

4.6.7. Hiu nng ca m turbo

Hiu nng cu m turbo ph thuc vo kch thc b an xen, thit k b an xen,
cc b m ha thnh phn v s ln lp. Kch thc b an xen cng ln th BER cng
nh. Nhng tng kch thc b an xen dn n tng tr m ha v gii m, nn t
c cht lng tt t m turbo i hi tr ln. Tuy nhin ngay c khi s dng b an
xen kch thc nh ta vn t c cht lng m turbo tt hn m xon c cng
phc tp.
Hnh 4.28 cho thy hiu nng ca m turbo 16 trng thi, t l 1/2, K=5 vi
g
1
=[11111], g
2
=[10001] v b an xen c kch thc 256x256. T hnh 4.28 ta thy
sau 18 ln lp, xc sut li bit thp hn 10
-5
ti E
b
/N
0
= 0,7dB. T hnh 4.28 ta cng
thy rmg khi s ln lp ln, ci thin cht lng t c nh m ha gim.
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137
1
10

2
10

3
10

4
10

5
10

0
1 2
3
4 5 6
b
P
b 0
E / N [dB]
iteration 1
2 3 5
18
Khng m ha

Hnh 4.28. Cc sut li bit ph thuc vo s ln lp v E
b
/N
0


4.7. TNG KT

Chng ny xt cc phng php m ha c s dng ph bin trong thng
tin v tuyn. Cc m c chia lm hai loi m pht hin li v sa li. C hai m ny
u c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin i hi tin cy truyn dn cao,
chng hn h thng thng tin di ng. Trong chng ny trc ht tng quan v m
ha kim sot li c trnh by. Mt s thng s quan trong ca b m ha nh:
khong cch Hammimg cc tiu, kh nng sa li v pht hin li v t l m c
xt trong phn tng quan ny.
Sau m ha khi tuyn tnh c kho st. Cc phng php m t hot ng
ca m ha khi tuyn tnh nh: ma trn to m v a thc to m c kho st k
cho loi m ny. Da trn cc phng php ny ta c th thit k b m ha khi
tuyn tnh cho cc h thng v tuyn c th. .
Tip theo m xon l m c s dng trong hu ht cc h thng thng tin di ng
c trnh by. cc phng php m t v phn tch hot ng cu b to m xon
nh: chui to m, a thc to m, biu trng thi, biu li c kho st k
trong chng ny. Cc thng s ca b m ha xon nh di hn ch, t l m cng
c trnh by trong cc phn lin quan n m xon. Cui cng gii m xon theo
kh nng ging nht da trn gii thut Viterby c trnh by.
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138
Trong cc phn cui cng ca chng ny m turbo c nghin cu. M turbo l
mt m rt mnh, v th n c s dng trong tt c cc h thng thng tin di ng
th h mi. Trong cc phn lin quan n m turbo cc s m xon h thng hi
quy (RSC), b an xen c xt. y l cc phn t c bn b to m turbo.
Phng php gii m MAP c nghin cu cho cc b gii m turbo. y l phng
php gii m cho hiu sut cao. Cui chng s knh thng tin v tuyn s dng
m turbo v hiu nng ca m ny c trnh by.

4.8. CU HI V BI TP

1. Mt bn tin 3 bit c truyn trn h thng BPSK v t s tn hiu trn tp m thu
c bng 7 dB.
a) Tnh xc sut 2 bit mc li
b) Bn tin c m ha sao cho t m tng ln 5 bit. Xc sut 2 bit mc li bng
bao nhiu. Gi thit rng cng sut pht trong hai trng hp a) v b) l nh
nhau.

2. Tm xc sut li ban tin cho h thng truyn dn trong bi 1 cho:
a) Trng hp khng m ha (P
M
)
b) Trng hp m ha (P
Mc
)

3. Bng thng cho h thng c m ha trong bi 1 tng ln bao nhiu ln so vi h
thng khng m ha.
4. Mt h thng iu ch BPSK c tc bit R
b
=4800bps. T s tn hiu trn tp m
thu: E
b
/N
0
=6dB.
a) Tm xc sut li bit (P
b
) v li bn tin (P
M
) cho h thng khng m ha, trong
bn tin di 11 bit
b) Tm xc sut li bit (P
bc
) v li bn tin (P
Mc
) cho h thng m ha, cho m
khi (15,11) sa li n
5. Cho mt b to m khi tuyn tnh c ma trn to m sau:

0 1 1 1 0 0
G 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
1
1

1
1
]

a) Tm cc t m
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139
b) Tm Syndrome trong trng hp t m pht l "111" cn t m thu l "110".
6. Mt b to m vng (7,4) c a thc to m g(x)= 1+x+x
3
v bn tin u vo 101.
Tm t m u ra.
7. Mt b to m vng c a thc to m g(x)=1+x
2
+x
3
.
a) Thit k s b to m
b)Kim tra hot ng cu n vi bn tin m=[1010].

8. Mt b to m xon vi chui to m sau:
g
1
= ( g
1,1
, g
2,1
, g
3,1
) = (1,0,1)
g
2
= ( g
1,2
, g
2,2
, g
3,2
) = (1,1,1)
a) Thit k s
b) Tnh ton chui u ra theo bng khi cho chui u vo m=[101011], trong bit
ngoi cng bn tri l bit vo b to m u tin.

9. (Tip). Tm chui m u ra theo phng php chui to m.

10. (Tip). Tm chui m u ra theo phng php a thc to m.

11. (Tip). Tm chui m u ra theo biu li.

12. (Tip). Khi chui k hiu thu c bng : v=[11 01 00 01 00 10 11 11]. Tm
khong cch Hamming gia k hiu thu v k hiu pht.

13. (Tip). Biu th ng dn sng st sau ln th nht hi nhp cc cp ng dn.

14. (Tip). Biu th ng dn sng st sau ln th hai hi nhp cc cp ng dn.

15. Mt b to m xon vi cc a thc to m sau:
g
1
(x) = 1+x+x
2

g
2
(x)= 1+x
2

a) Thit k s
b) V biu trng thi
c) V biu li

16. (Tip).
a) V biu li
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140
b) Tm chui k hiu ra theo biu li khi chui bit vo l: m=[101011].

17. Cho a thc to m sau:
g(x)=1+x
2

a) Thit k b m ha xon h thng SC
b) V biu li.

18. Cho a thc to m sau:
g(x)
_
+



+ +
,
2
2
1
1,
1
x
x x

a) Thit k b to m xon hi quy RSC
b) V biu li.

19. (Tip). Chui bit s liu vo b m ha RSC l d=[100]
a) Tm chui k hiu u ra ca b m ha da trn biu li.
b) Tm chui k hiu lng cc a ln iu ch.

20. (Tip). Vi gi thit
2
1 v chui k hiu thu c ti u vo b gii m MAP
ti cc thi im k=[0,1,2] nh sau: R=[(-0,5;-0,2), (1,5;1,2),(0,8;-0,4)]. Gi thit
xc sut pht d
k
=0 v d
k
=1 l nh nhau. Tnh s o nhnh cho
a) k=0
b) k=1
c) k=2

21. (Tip). Tinh s o trng thi thun (Forward State Metric).

22. (Tip). Tnh s o trng thi ngc (Backward State Metric).

23. (Tip).
a) in cc s o tm c trong cc bi trc ln biu li
b) Tinh L(
k

d ) v tm c tnh nhn c sau gii m..


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