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Cht do, hay cn gi l nha, l cc hp cht cao phn t, c dng lm vt liu sn xut nhiu loi vt dng trong i sng

g hng ngy cho n nhng sn phm cng nghip, gn vi i sng hin i ca con ngi. Chng l nhng vt liu c kh nng b bin dng khi chu tc dng ca nhit, p sut v vn gi c s bin dng khi thi tc dng.

Phn loi theo hiu ng ca polyme vi nhit


1. Nha nhit do : L loi nha khi nung nng n nhit chy mm Tm th n
chy mm ra v khi h nhit th n ng rn li. Thng tng hp bng phng php trng hp. Cc mch i phn t ca nha nhit do lin kt bng cc lin kt yu (lin kt hydro, vanderwall). Tnh cht c hc khng cao khi so snh vi nha nhit rn. Nha nhit do c kh nng ti sinh c nhiu ln, v d nh : polyetylen (PE), polypropylen (PP), polystyren (PS), poly metyl metacrylat (PMMA), poly butadien (PB), poly etylen tere phtalat (PET), ... 2. Nha nhit rn: l hp cht cao phn t c kh nng chuyn sang trng thi khng gian 3 chiu di tc dng ca nhit hoc phn ng ha hc v sau khng nng chy hay ha tan tr li c na, khng c kh nng ti sinh. Mt s loi nha nhit rn: ure focmadehyt [UF], nha epoxy, phenol focmadehyt [PF], nha melamin, poly este khng no... 3. Vt liu n hi (elastome): l loi nha c tnh n hi nh cao su.

Phn loi theo ng dng


1. Nha thng dng : l loi nha c s dng s lng ln, gi r, dng nhiu
trong nhng vt dng thng ngy, nh : PP, PE, PS, PVC, PET, ABS,... 2. Nha k thut : L loi nha c tnh cht c l tri hn so vi cc loi nha thng dng, thng dng trong cc mt hng cng nghip, nh : PC, PA, ...... 3. Nha chuyn dng : L cc loi nha tng hp ch s dng ring bit cho tng trng hp.

Polyvinyl clorua
Polyvinylclorua (vit tt v thng gi l PVC) l mt loi nha nhit do c to thnh t phn ng trng hp vinylclorua. Polyvinyl clorua T trng 1380 kg/m3 Modun n hi (E) 2900-3300 MPa bn ko(t) 50-80 MPa gin di gii hn 20-40% dai va p 2-5 kJ/m Nhit thy tinh ha 87 C Nhit nng chy 80 C Nhit ha mm Vicat B1 85 C H s truyn nhit () 0.16 W/(mK) Nhit lng ta ra khi chy 17.95 MJ/kg H

s gin n nhit () 8 10-5/K Nhit dung ring (c) 0.9 kJ/(kgK) thm nc (ASTM) 0.04-0.4 Gi 0.5-1.25 /kg Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) c lch s pht trin hn 100 nm qua. Nm 1835 ln u tin Henri Regnault tng hp c vinylclorua, nguyn liu chnh to nn PVC. Polyvinyl clorua c quan st thy ln u tin 1872 bi Baumann khi phi ng nghim cha vinylclorua di nh sng mt tri, sn phm to ra c dng bt mu trng v bn cht ha hc ca n cha c xc nh. Cc nghin cu v s to thnh PVC y hn c cng b vo nm 1912 do Iwan Ostromislensky (Nga) v Fritz Klatte (c) nghin cu c lp. Tuy nhin polyme mi ny vn khng c ng dng v khng c ch quan tm nhiu, bi tnh km n nh, cng v rt kh gia cng. Cui th k 19, cc sn phm nh axetylen v clo ang trong tnh trng khng hong tha, vic c th sn xut c PVC t cc nguyn liu ny l mt gii php rt hu hiu. Nm 1926, khi tin s Waldo Semon v tnh pht hin ra cht ho do cho PVC, y mi l mt bc t ph u tin khc phc nhc im khi gia cng cho PVC, sau l cc nghin cu v cht n nh cho PVC. n nm 1933, nhiu dng PVC c tng hp M v c nhng phi n nm 1937, PVC mi c sn xut trn quy m cng nghip hon chnh ti c v sau l M [].
PVC c dng bt mu trng hoc mu vng nht. PVC tn ti hai dng l huyn ph (PVC.S - PVC Suspension) v nh tng (PVC.E - PVC Emulsion). PVC.S c kch thc ht ln t 20 - 150 micron. PVC.E nh tng c mn cao. PVC khng c, n ch c bi ph gia, monome VC cn d, v khi gia cng ch to sn phm do s tch thot HCl ... PVC chu va p km. tng cng tnh va p cho PVC thng dng ch yu cc cht sau: MBS, ABS, CPE, EVA vi t l t 5 - 15%. PVC l loi vt liu cch in tt, cc vt liu cch in t PVC thng s dng thm cc cht ha do to cho PVC ny c tnh mm do cao hn, dai v d gia cng hn. T trng ca PVC vo khong t 1,25 n 1,46 g/cm3 (nha chm trong nc), cao hn so vi mt s loi nha khc nh PE, PP, EVA (nha ni trong nc)... Mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca PVC l a phn tn v khi lng phn t v i lng ny tng theo s tng mc bin i. Khi lng phn t trung bnh c tnh ton theo s ph thuc ca nht c trng v khi lng phn t []:
= 2,4.105.M0,77 (dung mi xyclohecxanon, 25 oC) = 0,03.M0,67 (dung mi dicloetan, 25 oC)

Trong thc t, khi lng phn t ca PVC thng c c trng bi hng s Phicken K = 1000.k, trong k c xc nh t phng trnh: log = c {75 k2)/(1+1,5kc) +k}

Trong : l nht tng i 25 oC ; c nng PVC (thng l 0,5 hoc 1g trong 100 ml dung mi xyclohecxanon hoc dicloetan). Hng s K t ph thuc vo nhit nhng ph thuc mnh vo bn cht ca dung mi. Mi quan h gia K v nht ca dung dch PVC 5% trong xyclohecxanol 20 oC c th hin trn hnh.

Phn loi PVC


[sa] PVC cng
PVC cng l PVC c thnh phn ch yu l bt PVC, cht n nh nhit, cht bi trn, cht ph gia...(khng c cht ha do). Hn hp ca chng c trn trong my trn, sau c lm nhuyn trong my n, my cn, nhit 160 - 180oC. PVC cng c dng lm ng dn nc, xng du v kh nhit khng qu 60o, cc thit b thng gi, dng bc cc kim loi lm vic trong mi trng n mn. Tnh cht Khi lng ring Gii hn bn ko t Gii hn bn un Gii hn bn nn Mun n hi dn di khi t H s gin n di dn nhit in p nh thng Hng s in mi (60Hz, 30 oC) in tr sut Gi tr, n v o 1,25 - 1,46 g/cm3 500 - 700 kg/cm2 800 - 1200 kg/cm2 800 - 1600 kg/cm2 4000 - 10.000 kg/cm2 10 - 25% 0,00006 - 0,00007 3,8 - 4.10-4 cal/cm.s.0C 15-35 kV/cm 3,54 10^15 Ohm.cm

[sa] ng dng
[sa] To mng
Mng uPVCc to ra nh qu trnh cn. Mng nha uPVC mm hn ng nha uPVC l nh thm vo cc cht ph gia lm t gy mt phn cc lin kt trong mch Cacbon ca PVC. Cht ph gia chnh dng lm mm nha PVC l du DOP hoc S52. Mng uPVC sau khi c cn ra s c ct dn thnh cc sn phm: o ma, bc tp kp h s vn phng ...

[sa] ng

[sa] Dy in [sa] PVC cng (uPVC)


Nha uPVC khc vi cc loi nha thng thng, uPVC l mt Polyvinyl Chlorua cha c nha ho gm cc thnh phn: + Polymers Arylic -> to s bn chc, chiu va p mnh. + Nhm cht n nh -> gip nha chu c tc ng ca nhit v tia cc tm. + Cht sp -> dng trong qu trnh to hnh, cho thanh Profile c b mt nhn bng. Thanh Profile gm bt nha PVC cng cc cht ph gia c a vo my trn to hn hp PVC. Sau , hn hp c a vo h thng my n. Ti y my s gia nhit v nh hnh to khun dng cc thanh Profile. Trc , theo cc thng s ca thanh Profile c nhp vo h thng my tnh. H thng s t ng tnh ton khi lng nguyn liu cng lng bt mu cn thit trong nguyn liu to thanh profile theo yu cu chun. Thanh Profile c cu trc dng hp, c chia thnh nhiu khoang trng c chc nng cch m, cch nhit, c lp li thp gia cng tng kh nng chiu lc cho kt cu ca. Khoan trng p ng tnh kinh t, gim thiu trng lng n mc a v m bo s bn vng trn mc an tan. Nha uPVC (unplastisize PVC) l loi nha chu nhit cao, c kh nng chng chy ti 1000 C. Thi gian chu ng c nhit nng chy ch trong vng 30 pht. Thanh nha uPVC ch nng chy ra ch khng bt chy. Ngoi ra, uPVC l loi thanh nha c cc tnh nng khc nh: Khng b xy ha, khng b co ngt, khng b bin dng theo thi gian. Loi thanh nha uPVC cao cp s c ph 1 lp ha cht chng try xt v to ra bng trn b mt thanh nha uPVC ny. Cc ng dng ca thanh nha chu nhit uPVC l dng lm ra cc dng sn phm ca nha li thp cao cp. Dng sn phm uPVC gm c ca s, ca i, vch ngn PVC, hng ro nha bao quanh bit th hoc nh ph.

Polyetylen
Polyetylen (ting Anh: polyethylene hay polyethene; vit tt: PE), l mt nha nhit do (thermoplastic) c s dng rt ph bin trn th gii (hng nm tiu th trn 60 triu tn).

Polyetylen l mt hp cht hu c (poly) gm nhiu nhm etylen CH2-CH2 lin kt vi nhau bng cc lin kt hydro no Polyetylen c iu ch bng phn ng trng hp cc monome etylen (C2H4).

Polyetylen mu trng, hi trong, khng dn in v khng dn nhit, khng cho nc v kh thm qua. Ty thuc vo loi PE m chng c nhit ha thy tinh Tg -100 C v nhit nng chy Tm 120 C.

Polypropylen
Polypropylen l mt loi polymer l sn phm ca phn ng trng hp Propylen.

c tnh

Tnh bn c hc cao (bn x v bn ko t), kh cng vng, khng mm do nh PE, khng b ko gin di do c ch to thnh si. c bit kh nng b x rch d dng khi c mt vt ct hoc mt vt thng nh. Trong sut, bng b mt cao cho kh nng in n cao, nt in r. PP khng mu khng mi,khng v, khng c. PP chy sng vi ngn la mu xanh nht, c dng chy do, c mi chy gn ging mi cao su. Chu c nhit cao hn 100oC. Tuy nhin nhit hn dn m (thn) bao b PP (140oC), cao so vi PE - c th gy chy h hng mng ghp cu trc bn ngoi, nn thng t dng PP lm lp trong cng. C tnh cht chng thm O2, hi nc, du m v cc kh khc.

[sa] Cng dng


Dng lm bao b mt lp cha ng bo qun thc phm , khng yu cu chng oxy ha mt cch nghim nht. To thnh si, dt thnh bao b ng lng thc, ng cc c s lng ln. PP cng c sn xut dng mng ph ngoi i vi mng nhiu lp tng tnh chng thm kh, hi nc, to kh nng in n cao, v d x rch m bao b (do c to sn mt vt t) v to bng cao cho bao b.

[sa] K hiu

K hiu PP

Trn sn phm s dng nguyn liu chnh t PP s c k hiu bng s 5 c t trong mt hnh tam gic cn

Polystyren
Polystiren (vit tt v thng gi l PS) l mt loi nha nhit do, c to thnh t phn ng trng hp stiren. Cng thc cu to ca Polystiren l: (CH[C6H5]-CH2)n

Phn ng tng hp Polystiren

Lch s khm ph v s dng PS

Polystiren c bit n nm 1845 khi t nng styren trong ng thu tinh nhit 200C, tng hp c nh nhit phn cc hydro cacbon th loi nha ny mi c tp trung nghin cu. Sn phm mono styren dng thng mi c a ra nm 1925. Nhng PS ch c tng hp nm 1937[cn dn ngun].

[sa] Tnh cht vt l


PS l loi nha cng trong sut, khng c mi v, chy cho ngn la khng n nh. PS khng mu v d to mu, hnh thc p, d gia cng bng phng php p v p phun ( nhit gia cng vo khong 180 - 200oC).

[sa] ha tan
PS ha tan trong cacbua hydro thm, cacbua hydro clo ha, este, ceton. PS khng ha tan trong cacbua hydro mch thng, ru thp (ru c ru thp), ete, phenol, axit acetic v nc. PS bn vng trong cc dung dch kim, axit sulfuric, photphoric v boric vi bt k nng no. Bn vi axit clohydric 10 - 36%, axit acetic 1- 29%, axit formic 1-90% v cc axit hu c khc. Ngoi ra PS cn bn vi xng, du tho mc v cc dung dch mui. Axit nitric m c v cc cht oxy ha khc s ph hy PS.

[sa] Tnh cht c hc


Tnh cht c hc ca PS ph thuc vo mc trng hp. PS c trng lng phn t thp rt dn v co bn ko thp. Trng lng phn t tng ln th bn c v nhit tng, dn gim i. Nu vt qu mc trng hp nht nh th tnh cht c hc li gim. Gii hn bn ko s gim nu nhit tng ln. gin di tng i s bt u tng khi t ti nhit 80oC. Vt qu nhit PS s tr ln mm v dnh nh cao su. Do PS ch c dng nhit thp hn 80oC. Mt s tnh cht c hc ca PS T trng bn Khi ko Khi nn Khi un Modun n hi ko dai va p cng Brinel Nhit lm vic lu di 1,05 - 1,06 35-59 56-133 80-112 (2,8 - 3,5).103 12-20 140 - 160 70 - 75 g/cm3 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 KJ/m2 HB o C

Nha nhit rn L loi nha khi gia nhit s rn cng, v d nh : PF, MF,... (tay cm cho, tay cm xoong, tay cm ni, ....)

C hnh dng c nh, n khng th mn khi gia nhit ln th 2 Mc lin kt ngang cao nn cng ha hc. V vy khi phn ng khng th xy ra ngc li, do cu trc ca polymer c nh, nu gia nhit ln 2 n s b ph hy hn l nng chy. C cng v gin

Cn ni v nha nhit do (Thermoplastics)


C nhiu dng: hat, bt C th mn khi gia nhit (vi trm ). N s cng li khi lm ngui n nhit phng, c th to c hnh dng mong mun d dng do lin kt ch yu cho php trt gia cc mch polymer. C th nh dng li ln th 2 nh nhit thnh hnh dng khc => to dng d dng v c tnh kinh t khi gia cng. Chu k gia nhit v lm ngui c th lp li nhiu ln m khng c s phn hy no ng k. Thng c cha trong cc silo hoc vn chuyn bng kh nn Cc polymer mch di s nng chy khi gia nhit C th lp li qu trnh, nhng nu nhit qu cao s lm vt liu gim cht lng C mc tinh th( c vng tinh th v vng v nh hnh) i phn t l mch nhnh hoc mch thng=> lc gia nhit khng c lin kt ngang

Nha nhit do l mt loi nha chy mm thnh cht lng di tc dng ca nhit cao v ng rn li khi lm ngui. Nha nhit do c hn 40 loi, xenlulo c pht hin ln u tin vo gia nhng nm 1800 v n gia nhng nm 1900 th nha nhit do c s dng rng ri[1]. Nha nhit do gm nhiu chui phn t lin kt vi nhau bng cc lin kt Van der Waals yu, lin kt hir, tng tc gia cc nhm phn cc v c s xp chng ca cc vng thm.

Phn loi
[sa] Nha thng dng
Nha nhit do thng dng c phn thnh cc h vi cc tnh cht c trng[2]. [sa] H Olefin

Polyetylen (PE) Polymetylpenten (PMP) Polypropylen (PP) Polybutyl (PB)

Polyizobutylen (PIB)

[sa] H Styren

Polystyren (PS) Acrylonitrin butadien styren (ABS) Styren Acrylonitrin (SAN) Styren Butadien (SB)

[sa] H Vinyl

Polyvinyl clorua (PVC) Polyvinyl axetat (PVA) Etylen Vinyl axetat (EVA) Etylen Vinyl alcol (EVOH)

[sa] Cc loi khc


Polymetyl metacrylat (PMMA) Xenlulo

[sa] Nha k thut


Polyoxymetylen (POM) (Poly acetat) Polycacbonat (PC) Polyamit (PA) ( Nylon) Polybutylen terephtalat (PBT) Polyetylen terephtalat (PET)

PE

PVC

Plexiglas

a) Poli(vinyl axetat) (PVA) tc dng vi dung dch NaOH:

b) Cao su thin nhin tc dng vi HCl:

Cao su hiroclo ha c) Poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC) tc dng vi Cl2: (gi s c 2 mt xch th 1 nguyn t clo)

T clorin b) Nha rezit (nha bakelit): Khi un nng nha rezol thu c nha rezit, trong cc mch polime c khu vi nhau bi cc nhm CH2 (nhm metylen)

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