Modern Physics Solutions to Exam 2

1. There are two cases: I) image in g.1 is real (di = 60 cm); II) image in g.1 is virtual (di = 60 cm). Case I We nd the distance to the object from the thin lens equation 1 1 1 + = do di f to be do = 12 cm. (2) Under water, we need the distance to the object just found and the focal length of the lens under water, given by the lens maker equation 1 fin water = (n 1) 1 1 R1 R2 (3) (1)

where n is the lenses relative index of refraction, that is n= nglass nwater (4)

and R1,2 are the radii of curvature for each surface. We do not know the radii; however, we can get the combination 1 1 R1 R2 (5)

from the lens maker equation in air, where we know the focal length. This leads to nglass 11 1 nwater = nglass (6) fin water 1 f nair so that fin water = 40 cm. 1 (7)

According to the thin lens equation, an object placed 12 cm below a lens with focal length 40 cm produces an image at a distance 17.1 cm, or 17.1 cm below the lens; thats the side of the incoming light. For lenses it means the image is virtual. The magnication due to the lens refraction is m= 17.1 = 1.43, 12 (8)

which is greater than zero, therefore the image is upright; m is also greater by absolute value than one, therefore the image is larger than the object. There is additional magnication when observing from outside the water. That is, for an observer under the water the image looks 60 cm + 17.1 cm = 77.1 cm below the water surface. But for an observer outside the water this distance gets reduced by the index of refraction of water. Mainly, the image is 77.1 cm/1.33 = 58 cm (9)

below the surface, and is magnied relative to the object by a factor of m nw = 1.43 1.33 = 1.9. Virtual, upright and larger than the object. Case II The method is identical. We get do = 8.57 cm, same focal length for lens under water fin water = 40 cm, a distance to the image under water of 10.9 cm, which means that it is again virtual and upright and a lens magnication of 10.9 = 1.27. 8.57 (10)

Further, an underwater distance from the surface to the image of 60 cm+ 10.9 cm = 70.9 cm, a position of 70.9 cm/1.33 = 53.3 cm below the surface for an observer in air and a total magnication of 1.27 1.33 = 1.69. Virtual, upright and larger than the object. (11)

2. The condition for the minima in the double slit (Young) experiment is 1 , n = 1, 2, 3 . . . , (12) 2 where d is the distance between the slits, n the angle of observation and the light wavelength. Let the distance to the screen be L and the position of the minima relative to central maximum yn . Using yn (13) sin n n tan n = , L this gives dyn 1 , n = 1, 2, 3 . . . (14) = n L 2 The rst minimum is at n = 1, therefore L = 31.65m. (15) d= 2y1 d sin n = n For 5 cm to be the position of the third minimum, y3 (we have crossed the rst non-central and second maxima), we must satisfy the condition dy3 = L 3 1 5 = 2 2 (16)

with a new distance to the screen L . Now that we know d, we nd L = 1 m, that is, the screen is closer to the slits now. The screen has moved 5 m 1 m = 4 m toward the slits. 3. Rayleighs criterion for a lens of width d = 5 mm (pupil), a wavelength of 550 nm, a distance to the sign L and a letter detail order of w = 10 cm reads w 1.22 = , (17) d L so that wd L= = 750 m. (18) 1.22 We dont see this far due imperfections of human eye. But birds of prey and good optical instruments can tell details this far. On Earth, with radius R = 6 106 m, the distance D to the horizon for 1 a person of height H = 1.7 m with eyes at level h = 1.7 m1.7 m 16 1.6 m is (19) D = (R + h)2 R2 2Rh 4.4 km. 3