PHN 3: K THUT SN XUT GO

I. S quy trnh cng ngh

Thc Lm sch Gia cng nc nhit Xay thc 1 Hn hp go xay Phn loi hn hp xay Xay 2 Thc Hn hp thc-go lt Tch thc Go lt Xt go Go trng Xoa bng v lm ngui Phn loi Go thnh phm Lm giu cht lng sn phm Cm xt

Tm xay Cm xay Tru Ht non + tm ln

S quy trnh ch bin go II. Tin hnh cc qu trnh cng ngh a. Nguyn liu - Thc (la) a vo cng on chun b nguyn liu cn tha mn cc tiu chun quy nh. Mun vy, trc khi nhp kho khi ht cn c lm sch s b cc tp cht v cn trng. Kt hp gia lm sch v phn loi nguyn liu theo ging, loi, m v cc ch tiu cht lng khc. Khng cho php trn ln cc ht khc ging, loi. Trong nhng trng hp cn thit nh hai khi ht cng loi nhng khc nhau v t l tp cht kh phn chia ht tp cht c hi, c th trn ln nhau, nu m chnh lch khng qu 1%, lm tng tnh phn chia ca khi ht. Cn bo qun v ch bin ring khi ht qua sy v khi ht cng m nhng khng qua sy. Khi sy thc cn ch mc gim m. Trong mt ln ht i qua my sy khng nn gim m vt qu 3% v nhit t nng ht cc i khng qu 35400C. b. Lm sch Mc ch: tch tp cht ra khi khi ht trc ch bin m bo cht lng sn phm cho ngi tiu dng ng thi khng gy h hng v hao mn thit b trong qu trnh lm vic. Thc hin: Cng on lm sch bao gm cc khu chnh: cn thc u a vo ch bin, tch tp cht rc, p ru, tch tp cht ht, tch tp cht khong, phn loi theo c ht, cn thc lm sch v a sang cng on xay, kim tra v phn loi ph liu. - Thc t kho nh bng ti chuyn vo va cha thc u, sau qua cn t ng i vo my lm sch tp cht. - Qua sng qut ln mt, tp cht ln c tch trn sng 5-7mm, cn lt sng 3-6 mm l ht nh a i kim tra sng lc lng. y trn sng 3-3,2 mm l thc nh, a tr li sng bng, di 1,5 mm l tp cht nh nh bi ct... (--> tch ht tp cht ln, hn 80% tp cht nh v nh, ch yu l ph liu khng c gi tr s dng; khi ht sau c th qua nam chm tch tp cht kim loi t tnh). - Qua ln sng th hai, thc c phn loi ra 2 phn: trn sng 3,8-4 mm l thc to a qua qut ln 3; lt sng 3,8-4 mm nhng trn sng 3,5 mm l thc nh a qua p ru (nu thc c ru) v sau sng bng 3,0 mm tch nt ht nh. Thc nh sau nhng gia cng ph nh vy cng c a v qut ln 3. Sau qut ln 3, ht (trn sng 3,2 mm v di sng 5,5-6 mm) i xung my gn tch tp cht khong, sau qua qut, cn t ng v sang cng on xay. Phn lt sng 3,2 mm ca sng bng a qua thit b phn chia kh t ng thu hi nhng ht go lt nguyn. (hnh 84/165) c. Gia cng nc nhit 3

Cng on ny ch dng trong cng ngh sn xut go . Cng on ny thng t trong phn xng lm sch nguyn liu. Gia cng nc nhit l mt trong nhng phng php hin i, nh s tc ng nhn to ca nc (hi nc), nhit v thi gian, nhm ci thin tnh cht cng ngh ca thc v gi tr thc phm ca go. Ch gia cng nc nhit c thit lp ph thuc vo tnh cht nguyn liu (cu to, thnh phn ha hc, m ban u v ging, loi thc...) v yu cu ca thnh phm. Nhng thng s ca qu trnh c iu chnh sao cho cc ch tiu kinh t v k thut t cao nht. u im - Ci thin tnh cht cng ngh ca ht: thc qua gia cng nc nhit d bc v hn thoc thng, go c thi gian bo qun lu hn go thng. - Tng gi tr thc phm ca go: so vi go thng hm lng nicotic trong go tng 2 ln, thiamin tng khong 3 ln v riboflavin tng khong 1,5 ln. Protein, cht bo v tinh bt ca go d tiu ha hn. - Ci thin tnh cht nu nng ca go: gim thi gian nu, khi nu ht go vn gi nguyn hnh dng ban u, cm n v ti hn cm go thng. Nhc im: lm go c mu vng hoc sm, hot ng sng ca go b nh ch lm ht mt kh nng t khng, cm nu t go km dnh, dy chuyn sn xut phc tp, thit b nhiu nn gi thnh sn phm cao. Mc ch: ci thin mt cch ton din nhng tnh cht k thut ca ht, v do thu c sn phm cui cng vi cht lng cao nht, nng sut ca qu trnh sn xut cng c nng cao, hiu qu kinh t tng ln r rt. Thc hin: Cng on gia cng nc nhit bao gm: lm m v m, hp v sau hp ( nng), sy v lm ngui. - Lm m v m: trong qu trnh lm m v , nh nc, nhit v thi gian trong ht thc c s phn b li thnh phn cc cht dinh dng. Cc cht ha tan trong nc nh mt s vitamin, mui khong... cc lp v ngoi v phi cng vi nc khuch tn vo trong ni nh lm tng hm lng ca chng trong go . + Lm m thc: c th thc hin theo 3 phng php: ngm trong 0 nc m (40-60 C) hoc lnh (200C), ra hoc phun nc nng, hi nng (hi nc bo ha). m cui cng ca ht cn t t nht l 20-22%. + m: c s phn b m u trong ton khi ht v ht, thc sau lm m cn c khong 8-12 gi (1-4 gi: t l rn nt tng nhanh, 7-8 gi: t l rn nt gim dn, t 22-24 gi tr i: t l rn nt hu nh khng tng) Thi gian lm m v ph thuc vo m ban u, trng trong v ging loi thc. Qu trnh ny chu nh hng ca 3 yu t: nc, nhit, thi gian.. Nhit ca nc hoc hi lm m cng cao, thi gian m cng gim v ngc li. 4

Nu dng nc m hoc hi lm m tc ngm nc s nhanh hn, v vy c th gim thi gian lm m v m. - Hp v nng: + Hp thc ( thc): c th thc hin theo 3 phng php: Hp p sut thng: i hi thi gian tc dng lu (20 pht).

Hp p sut cao: thi gian tc dng nhanh hn, p sut cng cao thi gian hp cng gim, nhng bin i cu trc c hc v cc qu trnh sinh ha xy ra cng su sc; nhng ng thi go thnh phm cng b sm mu v vi vitamin cng c nhiu nh hng bt li. Thng hp thc trong khong 9-12 pht, vi p sut 1-2 atm. Thi gian hp ph thuc vo trng trong ca ht: ht trng trong cn thi gian hp ngn hn ht trng c. m ca ht sau hp t 24%, do s h ha ca tinh bt s hon thin hn, c tc dng hn gn cc vt nt c. Hp trong chn khng: u vit hn so vi 2 phng php trn: ht chu nhng bin i su sc, nhanh chng t cc tnh cht cng ngh cn thit, go thnh phm khng b sm mu v c dnh tt hn...Nhng nhc im l: thit b phc tp, tinh bt kh chuyn ha, t l tm gim khng r rt... Khi hp, hi nc nhit cao, tip xc vi ht c nhit thp s ngng t trn b mt ht lm m ton b v ht v ngm vo khong khng gian gia v v nhn, ng thi ht cng c t nng do nhit thi ra trong qu trnh ngng t hi nc. Nc ngng c nht thp hn nc thng v nh gradien nhit v gradien m n d dng ngm vo trong ht. + nng: c tc dng lm cho nc, nhit i su v phn b u trong ni nh. t c mc ch ny, thi gian t nht phi ln hn 30 pht. Trong thc t thng nng khong 3-4 gi, thi gian cng lu t l tm cng gim, nhng go cng sm mu, dnh ca cm cng gim v phi tng th tch va . Trong qu trnh hp v nng, ht thc tip tc ht nc v trng n, cc thnh phn dinh dng vn tip tc i su vo trong, VSV v trng b b tiu dit hon ton v cc hot ng sinh l ca bn thn ht b nh ch. Tinh bt chuyn ha su sc t dng sang dng . Nh vy nc v men d thm nhp v phn hy thnh dextrin lm tng tiu ha v dnh ca cm. Do nhit cao tinh bt b h ha ca tc dng hn gn cc vt nt, do t l rn nt gim. ng thi trong ht cng xy ra cc phn ng ha hc (ch yu l phn ng melanoidin) lm sm mu go. - Sy v lm ngui: y l khu cng ngh cui cng ca gia cng nc nhit nhm a thc t tr v m thch hp cho qu trnh xay v ch bin tip theo ( m khng qu 15,5%) ph thuc vo ch sy. + Sy: c th thc hin theo ch sy 1 bc, sy 2 bc sy 3 bc...

Ch sy 2 hoc 3 bc theo s sy--sy-...-lm ngui, vi s gim m khong 3% trong mt ln ht i qua my sy. Giai on sau sy c tc dng cho nc chuyn dch t cc lp trong ra b mt ht khng km s bay hi. Ti ln sy tip theo, lp m b mt s bay hi d dng v nhanh chng hn. Nh vy to iu kin ngn chn s qu nhit t nng ht trong qu trnh sy v lm gim thi gian sy. Nhit gii hn ca tc nhn sy ch sy 1 bc l 700C; ch sy 2 bc: bc th nht l 600C, bc th 2 l 700C, gim m trong 1 ln ht qua my sy l 2-3%. Nhit t nng khng qu 30-350C. + Lm ngui sau sy: nhm a khi ht c nhit cao v nhit mi trng, to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh ch bin tip theo; ng thi cng cho php gim thm mt phn m (khong 0,5%). Khi ht cn c lm ngui u v t t trnh rn nt v s ngng t m v ht, lm n tr nn dai, kh xay. Thc sau lm ngui cn c a vo xay ngay nhm li dng s chnh lch m gia v v nhn nng cao hiu sut xay. (hnh 87/172) d. Xay thc Mc ch: nhm bc lp v tru ca thc thu go lt. Do cu trc v ht la bao gm nhiu mnh v ghp li nn dng mt lc tc ng trn b mt v s c tc dng lm bong v ra khi ht. Thc hin: Trong iu kin bnh thng v tru khng d dng b tch khi nhn. V vy mun tch n i hi phi tc dng mt lc c hc ln. tng hiu sut bc v ng thi gim t l gy v ca ht do lc tc ng, cng on tch v c thc hin qua hai ln: - Ln u: lc nhp liu v tch v bng my xay hai tht ci hay my xay da . - Ln sau dng my xay i trc cao su tch v ca thc cha c bc v gi l la ngn. e. Phn loi hn hp sau khi xay Mc ch: Hn hp bn thnh phm thu c sau my xay gi l hn hp xay, bao gm: go lt, tm xay, thc, cm xay v tru. Nhng phn ny c s lng v cht lng khc nhau, cn c phn loi v s dng theo chc nng ring ca tng loi do s c mt ca chng trong go lt a i xt lm nh hng n hiu qu ca qu trnh xt, phn loi v bo qun thnh phm, lm tng t l bt trong cm gy kh khn cho vic p du. - Go lt: l nhng ht c bc v tru, l thnh phn dinh dng nht. Sau nhng khu ch bin tip theo nh xt, xoa, phn loi s cho go trng. 6

- Thc: l nhng ht cha c bc v tru, cn a tr v xay li thu c go lt. - Tm xay: l nhng mnh go lt b v nt trong qu trnh xay, c phn loi theo c ht, ri ty theo yu cu m c th dng ch bin ra cc sn phm thc phm khc (bt, tinh bt...) hoc lm thc n hn hp cho gia sc. - Cm xay: dng lm thc n cho gia sc. - Tru: v ht, dng lm nhin liu, vt liu xy dng, phn bn, mi trng nui nm men gia sc hoc cc mc ch k thut khc. Cc phng phn loi: Qu trnh phn loi c th s dng cc phng php sau: - Phn loi da vo s khc nhau v kch thc hnh hc ca cc cu t trong hn hp: dng tch tm xay, cm xay, ht non...Cc thit b c dng l sng v thit b chn ht cc loi. - Phn loi da vo s khc nhau v tnh cht kh ng ca cc cu t: dng ch yu tch tru. Song cng c th dng t hp cc phng php trn va tch tm, cm va tch tru. Thit b thng dng l qut ht tun hon,qut hm, hm gi... - Phn loi da vo s khc nhau v ma st v t trng ca cc cu t: dng ch yu tch thc ra khi hn hp thc-go lt. Cc thit b thng dng l sng t chy, my phn loi Pakis, my phn loi kiu Bespalov... Thc hin: - Phn loi cc sn phm ph trong hn hp xay Ht non, tm cm xay c tch ra d dng bng sng: sng ng, sng lc lng, ry tng. Cm xay lt qua sng t l 1 mm hoc an si thp s hiu N0056 v N0063. Hn hp ht non v tm xay gm nhng ht lt qua l sng 1,4-2,5 mm (ph thuc vo yu cu c th) v khng lt qua cc l ca mt sng cm. Cm xay thu hi a qua kim tra, ht st v sau vo va cha. Ht non, tm xay c kim tra li, qut tch bi, ht st, phn loi theo c ht v a i bo qun. Tru c tch ra nh cc thit b phn chia kh ng. Tc dng kh iu chnh trong khong 6-8 m/s. Tru c tp trung, kim tra bng sng thu hi tm mn v cm sau a v nh cha tru. Ph thuc vo cc dng my xay m cch b tr thit b trong dy chuyn cng ngh phn loi sn phm ph c th khc nhau. (hnh 93,94/ 187) - Phn loi hn hp thc, go lt Sau khi tch cc sn phm ph, trong hn hp xay cn li go lt v thc, cn phn loi thu go lt a i xt v thc a v xay li. Qu trnh phn loi cn t mt s yu cu sau: 7

+ +

Trong go lt khng ln qu 1% thc v 0,03% tru. Trong thc hi lu khng ln qu 10% go lt.

So vi vic phn loi cc sn phm ph, vic phn loi thc v go lt phc tp hn do: 2 cu t ny c hnh dng v kch thc hnh hc khc nhau khng ng k (khng th dng sng phn loi), thc v go lt c tc cn bng ng xp x bng nhau (khng th dng cc thit b phn chia kh ng). Ngi ta c th s dng cc tnh cht vt l khc nhau nh: dung trng, trng lng ring, gc ni v gc ngoi ma st... lm du hiu phn chia. Cc du hiu khc nhau ny c s dng mt cch tng hp nhm to ra kh nng phn chia tt nht cho cc cu t trong hn hp. (bng 26/189) Hin nay vic tch thc-go lt c tin hnh sng Pakis, sng Bespalov hoc sng t chy. Sng Pakis hoc sng Bespalov: b phn lm vic ch yu ca sng Pakis l cc rnh y nhn, to bi mt phng nghing v cc tm chn zizac cn ca sng Bespalov l mt nghing trn c dp cc l nh hnh. Thc c trng lng ring nh hn, n tnh v h s ma st ln hn s ni ln lp trn chuyn ng ln theo chiu nghing v i vo rnh thu liu. Ngc li, go lt c trng lng ring ln hn, n tnh v h s ma st nh hn s chm xung lp di v chuyn ng xung theo chiu nghing. Vi mc ch lm tng hiu sut phn loi cc sng Pakis (hoc sng Bespalov) c b tr thnh b, gm 2 chic lm vic ni tip. (hnh 97/191) Sng t chy: b phn lm vic ch yu ca sng t chy l mt sng bng nghing. Hn hp thc, go lt t phu tip liu chy thnh dng trn ton b chiu rng mt sng, vi chiu dy 15-25 mm, xung lp vi ph trn mt sng. Cc cu t chuyn ng hn lon vi vn tc nhanh dn u. Nh s khc nhau v cc tnh cht vt l, dng hn hp t phn lp. Lp di ch yu gm nhng ht c t trng ln, kch thc nh dung trng ln, h s ma st nh - go lt. Cn lp trn gm nhng ht c t trng nh, kch thc, dung trng, h s ma st ln - thc. n cui lp vi - kt thc vng t phn loi - dng ht tip xc vi mt sng (bt u vng sng), cc ht lp di lt sng to ra hn hp di sng, trong khi c lp trn vn tip tc trt trn mt sng xung di to thnh hn hp trn sng. Sng t chy c t hp thnh tng b, cc b ghp ni tip thnh h sng. C 2 cch t hp: t hp n gin v t hp phc tp. T hp n gin: mt b sng t hp gm 2 sng (sng trn v sng di). Cc b ghp li to thnh h sng tun hon n gin, trong c mt b lm nhim v kim tra. Nguyn tc t hp: phn lt sng i vo sng tip theo, phn khng lt sng quay tr li sng trc (hnh 100/194)

T hp phc tp: mt b sng t hp gm 3 sng, b tr thnh 2 lp. Lp trn c mt sng lm nhim v phn loi chnh, lp di gm 2 sng lm nhim v kim tra cc sn phm nhn c lp trn. Cc b phn ghp li to thnh h sng tun hon phc tp. Nguyn tc t hp: nhng cu t 2 ln khng lt sng th tr v b sng trc, nhng cu t 2 ln lt sng th i sang b sng tip theo, nhng cu t 1 ln lt sng v mt ln khng lt sng th tr li lp sng trn trong cng 1 b sng. (hnh 101/194) f. Xt go Mc ch: tch lp v qu, v ht, mt phn lp alrng v phi ca go lt nhm tng kh nng tiu ha v tnh cht s dng go, lm ht go trng p, ng thi trnh cho go khi b hi, ng sau bo qun. Kt qu ca qu trnh xt go thu c hn hp gm go trng, tm xt, cm v bi. T l gia cc thnh phn trn ph thuc vo ch lm vic ca my xt v tnh cht ca go lt. Thc hin: (hnh 106/202) - Xt go bng my xt trc ng: b phn lm vic ch yu ca my xt trc ng l trc xt hnh cn, trn mt ph nhm v mt li sng bao ngoi. Go lt ri vo y trn ca tc xt nhn lc ly tm v ri vo vng xt - khong khng gian gia mt v mt sng. Ti y go lt c bc v nh s ma st vo mt , mt sng v gia cc ht vi nhau. Ch lm vic ca my xt cn khng ch sao cho c th t mc bc cm theo yu cu v bo m t l v nt ti thiu. i vi ht go trn, go d xt, qu trnh xt c th kt thc sau 3 h xt. i vi go kh xt nn kt thc qu trnh xt sau 4 hoc 5 h xt lin tip.(hnh 108/205) Xt go bng my xt trc ngang: b phn lm vic ch yu ca my xt trc ngang l trc xt t trong bu xt gm np my v ry thot cm trc xt c bng gang, b mt c gn v gia cc gn c lp mt , pha u b tr 2 cnh vt c tc dng vn chuyn nguyn liu v to p lc trong qu trnh xt. Bu xt v trc c dng hnh cn, y nh v pha ca tip liu. Go lt t ca tip liu vo bu xt, nh cnh vt v s chuyn ng ca trc xt, ht s tham gia mt chuyn ng phc tp, ng thi chu tc dng ca cc lc ma st gia ht vi mt , ht vi ht, ht vi mt sng...lm cho cc lp v b bc khi ni nh to thnh cm. Cm tch ra lt qua ry cm, cn go xt tip tc chuyn ng v ra ngoi theo ca tho liu. (hnh 109/207) g. Xoa bng v lm ngui Mc ch: Ht go sau khi xt, trn b mt cn c nhng vt gn do ma st v cc ht cm nh rt kh tch ra bng sng. V vy, go xt cn c xoa bng tch cm, lm cho b mt ht go nhn, p, c mu sc ng nht v trnh cho go khi b hi, ng sau bo qun. 9

 Thc hin: - Xoa bng: qu trnh xoa bng c thc hin trong cc my xoa c cu to tng t nh cc my xt nhng trn b mt trc xoa khng ph lp mt m ph bng lp lng th hoc vi v khng b tr dao. Go xt chuyn ng trong khong khng gian gia mt sng v b mt trc xoa theo ng vt xon, nh ma st m b mt ca n c nh bng. Go ra khi my xoa phi t c ch tiu: t l cm trong go khng cn qu 0,1%, t l tm khng c tng qu 0,5% so vi t l tm trc khi vo xoa. - Lm ngui: Ra khi my xoa, nhit ca go thng cao hn nhit ca mi trng t 10-15 C. Sau phn loi v cc khu vn chuyn, nhit ny c th gim xung nhng vn cn cao hn so vi nhit khng kh. V vy, tt nht l sau my xoa sn phm cn c lm ngui.
0

lm ngui go c th dng qut hm, qut gi, qut ht tun hon...nhng thit b c dng ph bin hin nay l ng lm ngui. Go ra khi thit b lm ngui cn t c 2 ch tiu: nhit gim t 70C tr ln, t l go rn nt tng nhng khng qu 3%. h. Phn loi v kim tra sn phm Mc ch: tch tm v cm ra khi hn hp sau my xoa thu go nguyn v thu hi nhng ht go ln trong tm v cm. Thc hin: Qu trnh phn loi sn phm kh phc tp, bi v trong hn hp sau my xoa c th c cc cu t go, thc, go km phm cht, tm cc c, cm v bi. Vic chn quy trnh cng ngh ny hay quy trnh cng ngh khc ph thuc vo yu cu phn loi v ch tiu cht lng sn phm. Phn loi v kim tra sn phm c th c thc hin nh cc my v thit b sau: - My sng: sng bng nghing hoc ry tng c cc l sng tng ng ph hp vi cc c ht ca sn phm. Nhng cu t trn sng 3,4-3,8 mm l go nguyn, trn sng 2 mm l tm ln, trn sng 1,2 mm l tm nh v lt sng 1,2 mm l cm. - Thit b chn ht: dng tch tm ra khi go nguyn, kch thc l nh sn chn trong khong 3,4-4,0 mm. - Sng phn loi Pakis: dng tch thc trong go trng nguyn. - Sng trn, sng lc lng: dng kim tra tm v cm. - Cc thit b phn chia kh ng: dng tch bi v cm. - Nam chm: dng tch tp cht kim loi t... (hnh 113, 114, 115, 116/214-217) i. Lm giu cht lng thc phm ca go 10

 Mc ch: nhm tng gi tr thc phm ca go bng cch lm giu cc vitamin, cht khong, men v axit amin. Thc hin: Lm giu go c th thc hin theo nhiu phng php khc nhau, nhng nhn chung u gm 2 giai on chnh: - Giai on 1: chun b hn hp lm giu (premioc). - Giai on 2: trn hn hp theo t l nht nh vi go thng trong qu trnh xoa hoc nh bng. Go t va cha 1 vo my trn 2. T bnh 3 dung dch vitamin m c cng c a vo my trn 2 di dng sng m. Nh khuy trn mnh trong 4-5 pht dung dch vitamin ph u ln b mt ht. m ca ht tng ln khong 5%. Sau t bnh 4, dung dch bo v di dng phun m c a vo to ra lp mng mng trn b mt ht, c tc dng bo v khi s tn tht vitamin khi vo go. Khi a dung dch bo v vo, my trn c si nng, nhit ht tng ln n 23-300C. Nh vy dung dch bo v khng b vn, ht c sy kh v lun gi m khong 14%. Go vitamin ha c a vo va cha d tr 5. Nh cn nh lng lm vic lin tc 6,2% trng lng go vitamin ha v 98% trng lng go thng c a vo sng ng 7, t xung my ng bao 8. Thng lng vitamin a vo c xc nh ph thuc vo yu cu v t l ca chng trong thnh phn. Sn xut go c lm giu vitamin c thi gian bo qun lu hn v khi vo khng b tn tht vitamin. (hnh 118/219)

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