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PHAM NGC SON

Phng php gii bi tp


trc nghim

Dng cho hc sinh n luyn thi i hc nm 2008







H ni - 2008
Phn mt : Ho hc v c
Chuyn 1
Phng php p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng

I- NI DUNG |NH LUT BO TON KHI LNG
Tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khi lng sn phm.
V d : trong phn ng A + B C + D
Ta c : m
A
+ m
B
= m B
n
C
+ m
D
- H qu 1 : Gi m
T
l tng khi lng cc cht trc phn ng, m
S
l tng khi
lng cc cht sau phn ng. D cho phn ng xy ra va hay c cht d, hiu
sut phn ng nh hn 100% th vn c m
S
= m
T
.
- H qu 2 : Khi cation kim loi kt hp vi anion phi kim to ra cc hp cht
(nh oxit, hiroxit, mui) th ta lun c :
Khi lng hp cht = khi lng kim loi + khi lng anion.
- H qu 3 : Khi cation kim loi thay i anion to ra hp cht mi, s chnh lch
khi lng gia hai hp cht bng s chnh lch v khi lng gia cc cation.
- H qu 4 : Tng khi lng ca mt nguyn t trc phn ng bng tng khi
lng ca nguyn t sau phn ng.
- H qu 5 : Trong phn ng kh oxit kim loi bng CO, H
2
, Al
+ Cht kh ly oxi ca oxit to ra CO
2
, H
2
O, Al
2
O
3
. Bit s mol CO, H
2
, Al
tham gia phn ng hoc s mol CO
2
, H
2
O, Al
2
O
3
to ra, ta tnh c lng oxi
trong oxit (hay hn hp oxit) v suy ra lng kim loi (hay hn hp kim loi).
+ Khi kh oxit kim, CO hoc H
2
ly oxi ra khi oxit. Khi ta c :

2 2 O ( trong oxit ) CO CO H O
n n n = = =
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng tnh khi lng hn hp oxit ban
u hoc khi lng kim loi thu c sau phn ng.
C. 40 % D. 16,67 %
Bi 50. Cho 2,06 gam hn hp gm Fe, Cu tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
long,
d thu c 0,896 lt NO (ktc). Khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra l
A. 9,50 gam B. 7,44 gam
C. 7,02 gam D. 4,54 gam

p n phn bi tp t luyn
1 B, C, A / 2 B, B / 3 C / 4 A / 5 D / 6 B, C / 7 A, B / 8 D / 9 B / 10 A / 11 A / 12 C
/ 13 B / 14 A / 15 C / 16 B / 17 D / 18 A / 19 C / 20 C / 21 C / 23 B / 24 C / 25 B /
26 A / 27 A / 28 B / 29 C / 30 A / 31 D / 32 A / 33 C / 34 B / 35 C / 36 B / 37 C /
38 C / 39 A / 40 B / 41 A / 42 A / 43 A / 44 D / 45 D / 46 A / 47 D / 48 B / 49 C /
50 A
A. 10 gam B. 20 gam
C. 30 gam D. 40 gam
Bi 44. Kh 16 gam Fe
2
O
3
thu c hn hp A gm Fe, Fe
2
O
3,
FeO, Fe
3
O
4
. Cho A
tc dng ht vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng.

Khi lng mui sunfat to ra trong
dung dch l
A. 48 gam B. 50 gam
C. 20 gam D. 40 gam
Bi 45. Cho 40 gam hn hp Al, Cu cha 27% Al tc dng vi dung dch NaOH
d th th tch H
2
(ktc) sinh ra l
A. 3,36 lt B. 6,72 lt
C. 8,96 lt D. 13,44 lt
Bi 46. Cho 300 ml dung dch HCl 1M tc dng vi 0,1 mol Al(OH)
3
thu c
dung dch X. Dung dch X c
A. pH < 7 B. pH = 7
C. pH > 7 D. pH = 14
Bi 47. Cho 200 ml dung dch hn hp CuSO
4
1M v Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
1M tc dng vi
dung dch NaOH d, lc ly kt ta em nung n khi lng khng i c cht
rn c khi lng l
A. 8 gam B. 18 gam
C. 19,8 gam D. 36,4 gam
Bi 48. Nu hm lng Fe l 70% th l oxit no trong s cc oxit sau :
A. FeO B. Fe
2
O
3

C. Fe
3
O
4
D. Khng c oxit no ph hp
Bi 49. Trn 40 gam Fe
2
O
3
vi 10,8 gam Al ri nung nhit cao, hn hp sau
phn ng ha tan vo dung dch NaOH d thu c 5,376 lt kh (ktc). Hiu sut
ca phn ng nhit nhm l
A. 12,5 % B. 60 %
II- BI TP MINH HOA
Bi 1. Cho 24,4 gam hn hp Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
CO
3
tc dng va vi dung dch
BaCl
2
. Sau phn ng thu c 39,4 gam kt ta. Lc tch kt ta, c cn dung dch
thu c m gam mui clorua. m c gi tr l
A. 2,66 B. 22,6
C. 26,6 D. 6,26
Hng dn gii.
2 3
BaCl BaCO
n = n = 0, 2 (mol)
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng :
hh BaCl
m m +
2
= m
kt ta
+ m
=> m = 24,4 + 0,2.208 - 39,4 = 26,6 gam
p n C.
Bi 2. Ha tan 10,14 gam hp kim Cu, Mg, Al bng mt lng va dung dch
HCl thu c 7,84 lt kh A (ktc) v 1,54 gam cht rn B v dung dch C. C cn
dung dch C thu c m gam mui, m c gi tr l :
A. 33,45 B. 33,25
C. 32,99 D. 35,58
Hng dn gii. Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng :

+
= +
= + = + =
(Al Mg) Cl
m m m
(10,14 1, 54) 0, 7.35, 5 6, 6 24, 85 33, 45 (gam)

p n A
Bi 3. Ha tan hon ton 10 gam hn hp Mg v Fe trong dung dch HCl d thy
to ra 2,24 lt kh H
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c gam mui
khan. Khi lng mui khan thu c l
A. 1,71 gam B. 17,1 gam
C. 3,42 gam D. 34,2 gam
Hng dn gii.
Theo phng trnh in li
H Cl H
,
n n n . , (mo
,
+ = = = =
2
2 24
2 2 0 2
22 4
l)
=

=> 10 + 0,2.35,5 = 17,1 (gam)
mui kimloi Cl
m m m = +
p n B.
Bi 4. Trn 5,4 gam Al vi 6,0 gam Fe
2
O
3
ri nung nng thc hin phn ng
nhit nhm. Sau phn ng ta thu c m gam hn hp cht rn. Gi tr ca m l
A. 2,24 gam B. 9,40 gam
C. 10,20 gam D. 11,40 gam
Hng dn gii. Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng :
m
hh sau
= m
hh trc
= 5,4 + 6,0 = 11,4 (gam)
p n C.
Bi 5. Cho 0,52 gam hn hp 2 kim loi Mg v Fe tan hon ton trong dung dch
H
2
SO
4
long, d thy c 0,336 lt kh thot ra (ktc). Khi lng hn hp mui
sunfat khan thu c l
A. 2 gam B. 2,4 gam
C. 3,92 gam D. 1,96 gam
Hng dn gii. Ta c mui thu c gm MgSO
4
v Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
. Theo nh lut
bo ton khi lng :
= + = = =
= + =
2 2-
2 4 4
mui Kimloi H SO SO
mui
0, 336
m m m . Trong n n 0, 015 (mol)
22, 4
m 0, 52 0, 015.96 1, 96 gam

p n D
Bi 6. Cho 2,81 gam hn hp A gm 3 oxit Fe
2
O
3
, MgO, ZnO tan va trong
300 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,1M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng, khi lng hn
hp cc mui sunfat khan to ra l
A. 3,81 gam B. 4,81 gam
C. 5,21 gam D. 4,8 gam
Bi 37. Kh hon ton 11,6 gam oxit st bng CO nhit cao. Sn phm kh
dn vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, to ra 20 gam kt ta. Cng thc ca oxit st l
A. FeO B. Fe
2
O
3
C. Fe
3
O
4
D. Khng xc nh c
Bi 38. X l mt oxit st. Bit 1,6 gam X tc dng va vi 30 ml dung dch
HCl 2M. X l oxit no sau y ?
A. FeO B. Fe
2
O
3
C. Fe
3
O
4
D. Khng xc nh c
Bi 39. Kh hon ton 6,64 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
cn dng
2,24 lt CO (ktc). Khi lng Fe thu c l
A. 5,04 gam B. 5,40 gam
C. 5,05 gam D. 5,06 gam
Bi 40. Kh hon ton 6,4 gam hn hp CuO v Fe
2
O
3
bng kh H
2
thy to ra 1,8
gam nc. Khi lng hn hp kim loi thu c l
A. 4,5 gam B. 4,8 gam
C. 4,9 gam D. 5,2 gam
Bi 41. Kh hon ton 5,64 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
bng kh
CO. Kh i ra sau phn ng c dn vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d thy to ra 8 gam
kt ta. Khi lng Fe thu c l
A. 4,63 gam B. 4,36 gam
C. 4,46 gam D. 4,64 gam
Bi 42. Cho kh CO d kh hon ton hn hp gm Fe
3
O
4
v CuO thu c 2,32
gam hn hp kim loi. Kh thot ra cho i vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, thy to ra 5
gam kt ta. Khi lng hn hp 2 oxit ban u l
A. 3,12 gam B. 3,21 gam
C. 3,22 gam D. 3,23 gam
Bi 43. Kh 16 gam Fe
2
O
3
bng kh CO d, sn phm kh thu c cho i vo
bnh dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d thu c a gam kt ta. Gi tr ca a l
A. Mg B. Fe
C. Ca D. Al
Bi 31. Cho 19,2 gam Cu tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
, kh NO thu c
em hp th vo nc cng vi dng oxi chuyn ht thnh HNO
3
. Th tch kh
oxi (ktc) tham gia vo qu trnh trn l
A. 2,24 lt B. 3,36 lt
C. 4,48 lt D. 6,72 lt
Bi 32. Dng qung manhetit cha 80% Fe
3
O
4
luyn thnh 800 tn gang c
hm lng Fe l 95%. Qu trnh sn xut gang b hao ht 1%. Khi lng qung
dng l
A. 1325 tn B. 1312 tn
C. 1380 tn D. 848 tn
Bi 33. t chy hon ton 16,8 gam Fe trong kh O
2
cn va 4,48 lt O
2
(ktc)
to thnh mt oxit st. Cng thc phn t ca oxit l
A. FeO B. Fe
2
O
3

C. Fe
3
O
4
D. Khng xc nh c
Bi 34. Kh hon ton hn hp Fe
2
O
3
v CuO c phn trm khi lng tng ng
l 66,67% v 33,33% bng kh CO, t l mol kh CO
2
tng ng to ra t 2 oxit l
A. 9 : 4 B. 3 : 1
C. 2 : 3 D. 3 : 2
Bi 35. X l mt oxit st. Bit 4,64 gam X tc dng va vi 60 ml dung dch
HCl 2M. X l
A. FeO B. Fe
2
O
3

C. Fe
3
O
4
D. Khng xc nh c
Bi 36. Mt oxit st trong oxi chim 30% khi lng. Cng thc oxit l
A. FeO B. Fe
2
O
3
C. Fe
3
O
4
D. Khng xc nh c
Hng dn gii. p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng :

2 4 2
2 4 2
2 2 4
oxit H SO mui H O
mui oxit H SO H O
H O H SO
mui
m +m = m + m
m =m +m - m
Trong : n = n = 0, 3.0,1= 0, 03 (mol)
m = 2, 81+ 0.03.98 - 0, 03.18 = 5, 21(gam)
p n C.

Bi 7. Thi mt lung kh CO d qua ng s ng m gam hn hp gm CuO,
Fe
2
O
3
, FeO, Al
2
O
3
nung nng thu c 2,5 gam cht rn. Ton b kh thot ra sc
vo nc vi trong d thy c 15 gam kt ta trng. Khi lng ca hn hp oxit
kim loi ban u l
A. 7,4 gam B. 4,9 gam
C. 9,8 gam D. 23 gam
Hng dn gii. Cc phng trnh ho hc :
M
x
O
y
+ yCO
o
t
xM + yCO
2
Ca(OH)
2
+ CO
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
Ta c :

oxit kimloi oxi
O CO CO CaCO
oxit
m m m
Trong n n n n , (mol)
m , , . , (gam)
= +
= = = = =
= + =
2 3
15
0 15
100
2 5 0 15 16 4 9

p n B
Bi 8. Chia 1,24 gam hn hp hai kim loi c ha tr khng i thnh hai phn
bng nhau :
- Phn 1: b oxi ha hon ton thu c 0,78 gam hn hp oxit.
- Phn 2: tan hon ton trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long thu c V lt H
2

(ktc). C cn dung dch thu c m gam mui khan.
1. Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt B. 0,112 lt
C. 5,6 lt D. 0,224 lt
2. Gi tr ca m l
A. 1,58 gam B. 15,8 gam
C. 2,54 gam D. 25,4 gam
Hng dn gii.
1. Ta nhn thy, khi kim loi tc dng vi oxi v H
2
SO
4
, s mol O
2-
bng SO
4
2-
,
hay :
O H
SO
n n n = = 2
2
4
.
Trong = = =
O oxit kimloi
1, 24
m m m 0, 78 0,16 (gam
2
)
= = = = =
2
H O
0,16
n n 0, 01 (mol). V 0, 01.22, 4 0, 224 (lt)
16

p n D
2. = + = + = 2
4
mui Kimloi
SO
1, 24
m m m 0, 01.96 1, 58 (lt)
2

Bi 9. Ha tan hon ton 20 gam hn hp Mg v Fe vo dung dch axit HCl d
thy c 11,2 lt kh thot ra (ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X th khi
lng mui khan thu c l
A. 35,5 gam. B. 45,5 gam.
C. 55,5 gam. D. 65,5 gam
Hng dn gii.
2 H
11,2
n =
22,4
= 0,5 = = =
2
HCl H
n 2n 2.0, 5 1 mol
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng, m
KL
+ m
HCl
= m
Mui
+ m
Hiro
= +
2
mui kimloi HCl H
m m m m
m
mui
= 20 + 1.36,5 - 2.0,5 = 55,5 (gam).
p n A.
Bi 25. Cho 2,52 gam mt kim loi tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long to ra
6,84 gam mui sunfat. Kim loi l
A. Mg B. Fe
C. Cr D. Mn
Bi 26. Ha tan 10 g hn hp bt Fe v Fe
2
O
3
bng dung dch HCl thu c 1,12
lt kh (ktc) v dung dch A. Cho dung dch A tc dng vi NaOH d, thu c
kt ta. Nung kt ta trong khng kh n khi lng khng i c cht rn c
khi lng l
A. 11,2 gam B. 12,4 gam
C. 15,2 gam D. 10,9 gam
Bi 27. Thi mt lung CO d qua ng s ng hn hp Fe
3
O
4
v CuO nung nng
n phn ng hon ton, ta thu c 2,32 gam hn hp kim loi. Kh thot ra cho
vo bnh ng nc vi trong d thy c 5 gam kt ta trng. Khi lng hn hp
2 oxit kim loi ban u l
A. 3,12 gam B. 3,22 gam
C. 4 gam D. 4,2 gam
Bi 28. Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,1 mol Fe
2
O
3
v 0,2 mol FeO vo dung
dch HCl d thu c dung dch A. Cho NaOH d vo dung dch A thu c kt
ta B. Lc ly kt ta B ri em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i
c m gam cht rn, m c gi tr l
A. 16 g B. 32 g
C. 48 g D. 52 g
Bi 29. Trn 5,4 gam Al vi 7,2 gam Fe
2
O
3
ri nung nng thc hin phn ng
nhit nhm. Sau phn ng thu c m gam hn hp cht rn. Gi tr ca m l
A. 8,02 g B. 9,02 g
C. 12,6 g D. 11,2 g
Bi 30. Cho 2,52 g mt kim loi tc dng vi dung dch HCl d to ra 9,975 g
mui . Kim loi l
Bi 20. Thc hin phn ng nhit nhm vi 25 gam hn hp A gm Al v Fe
2
O
3

thu c hn hp B. Cho B tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d c 14,8 gam hn
hp C, khng thy kh thot ra. Phn trm khi lng Fe
2
O
3
trong hn hp A l
A. 86,4 % B. 84,6 %
C. 78,4 % D. 74,8%
Bi 21. Ha tan hon ton 3 gam hn hp gm Al v Cu vo dung dch HNO
3

long, nng thu c dung dch A. Cho A tc dng vi dung dch NH
3
d, kt ta
thu c mang nung n khi lng khng i, cn c 2,04 gam. Khi lng
ca Al v Cu trong hn hp ln lt l
A. 2,7 gam v 0,3 gam B. 0,3 gam v 2,7 gam
C. 0,54 gam v 2,46 gam D. 1,08 gam v 1,92 gam
Bi 22. Cho 13,92 gam mt hn hp 2 kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip
trong bng tun hon ha tan trong H
2
O thu c 5,9136 lt H
2
27,3
0
C v 1 atm.
Hai kim loi l
A. Li v Na B. K v Rb
C. Na v K D. Rb v Cs
Bi 23. Cho t t dung dch NaOH 1M vo dung dch cha 26,05 gam hn hp
FeCl
2
v AlCl
3
cho n khi thu c kt ta c khi lng khng i th ngng li.
em kt ta ny nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i th c 8 gam
cht rn. Th tch dung dch NaOH dng l
A. 0,5 lt B. 0,6 lt
C. 0,2 lt D. 0,3 lt
Bi 24. 11,45 g hn hp X gm Fe v M (c ha tr khng i) c chia lm 2
phn bng nhau. Phn (1) cho tan ht trong dung dch HCl thu c 2,128 lt H
2
(ktc). Phn 2 cho tc dng hon ton vi HNO
3
thu c 1,792 lt NO (ktc).
Kim loi M trong hn hp X l
A. Al B. Mg
C. Zn D. Mn
Bi 10. Sc ht mt lng kh clo vo dung dch hn hp NaBr v NaI, un nng
thu c 2,34 g NaCl. S mol hn hp NaBr v NaI phn ng l:
A. 0,1 mol B. 0,15 mol
C. 0,02 mol D. 0,04 mol
Hng dn gii. p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng :
n
NaBr
+ n
NaI
= n
NaCl
=
2, 34
58, 5
= 0,04 mol.
p n D
Bi 11. Ho tan ht 38,60 gam hn hp gm Fe v kim loi M trong dung dch
HCl d thy thot ra 14,56 lt H
2
(ktc). Khi lng hn hp mui clorua khan thu
c l
A. 48,75 gam B. 84,75 gam
C. 74,85 gam D. 78,45 gam
Hng dn gii. Ta c
Mui Kimloi Cl
m m m = +
Trong
2 HCl H Cl
2.14,56
n n 2n 1,3(mo
22, 4
= = = = l) . m = 38,6 + 1,3.35,5 = 84,75 (g).
p n B
Bi 12. Cho tan hon ton 8,0 gam hn hp X gm FeS v FeS
2
trong 290 ml
dung dch HNO
3
, thu c kh NO v dung dch Y. tc dng ht vi cc cht
trong dung dch Y, cn 250 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
1M. Kt ta to thnh em
nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i c 32,03 gam cht rn Z.
a. Khi lng mi cht trong X l
A. 3,6 gam FeS v 4,4 gam FeS
2
B. 4,4 gam FeS v 3,6 gam FeS
2
C. 2,2 gam FeS v 5,8 gam FeS
2
D. 4,6 gam FeS v 3,4 gam FeS
2
b. Th tch kh NO (ktc) thu c l
A. 1,12 lt B. 2,24 lt
C. 3,36 lt D. 6,72 lt
c. Nng mol ca dung dch HNO
3
dng l
A. 1 M B. 1,5 M
C. 2 M D. 0,5 M
Hng dn gii.
a. p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng i vi nguyn t Fe v S
Ta c : x mol FeS v y mol FeS
2
0,5(x+y) mol Fe
2
O
3
v (x+2y) mol BaSO
4


88x 120y 8
313x 546y 32, 03
88x + 120y = 8
160.0,5(x+y) + 233(x+2y) = 32,03

+ =


+ =


Gii h c x = 0,05 v y = 0,03
Khi lng ca FeS = 88.x = 88.0,05 = 4,4 gam
Khi lng ca FeS
2
: 8 - 4,4 = 3,6 gam.
p n B.
b. p dng nh lut bo ton electron
FeS - 9e Fe
+3
+ S
+6

0,05 0,45 (mol)
FeS
2
- 15e Fe
+3
+ 2S
+6
0,03 0,45 (mol)
NO
3
-
+ 3e NO
3x ... x (mol)
3x = 0,45 + 0,45 , x = 0,3 (mol). V
NO
= 0,3.22,4 = 6,72 (lit)
p n D
c. + = + = 3
Fe
n x y 0, 08 mol. lm kt ta ht lng Fe
3+
cn 0,24 mol OH
-
hay
0,12 mol Ba(OH)
2

Bi 14. Ha tan hon ton m gam bt Al vo dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 8,96 lt
(ktc) hn hp X gm NO v N
2
O c t l mol l 1 : 3. m c gi tr l
A. 24,3 gam B. 42,3 gam
C. 25,3 gam D. 25,7 gam
Bi 15. Ha tan hon ton 4,5 gam bt Al vo dung dch HNO
3
d thu c hn
hp kh X gm NO v N
2
O v dung dch Y. Khi lng mui nitrat to ra trong
dung dch Y l
A. 36,5 gam B. 35,6 gam
C. 35,5 gam D. khng xc nh c
Bi 16. Cho 5,1 gam hn hp Al v Mg tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c
2,8 lt kh (ktc). C cn dung dch thu c mui khan c khi lng l
A. 14,125 gam B. 13,975 g am
C. 13,575 gam D. 14,525 gam
Bi 17. Cho tan 10 gam hn hp gm Al v Al
2
O
3
trong dung dch NaOH d, thu
c 6,72 lt H
2
(ktc). Phn trm khi lng ca Al trong hn hp l
A. 48% B. 50%
C. 52% D. 54%
Bi 18. Cho 8,3 gam hn hp Al, Fe tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl. Sau phn
ng khi lng dung dch HCl tng thm 7,8 gam. Khi lng mui to ra trong
dung dch l
A. 26,05 gam B. 2,605 gam
C. 13,025 gam D. 1,3025 gam
Bi 19. Cho hn hp gm x mol Al v 0,2 mol Al
2
O
3
tc dng vi dung dch
NaOH d thu c dung dch A. Dn CO
2
d vo A thu c kt ta B. Lc ly
kt ta B nung ti khi lng khng i thu c 40,8 gam cht rn C. Gi tr ca
x l
A. 0,2 mol B. 0,3 mol
C. 0,4 mol D. 0,04 mol
Bi 8. Oxi ha hon ton 14,3 gam hn hp bt cc kim loi Mg, Al, Zn bng
oxi thu c 22,3 gam hn hp oxit. Cho lng oxit ny tc dng ht vi dung
dch HCl th khi lng mui to ra l
A. 36,6 gam B. 32,05 gam
C. 49,8 gam D. 48,9 gam
Bi 9. Cho 12,2 gam hn hp 2 mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim tc dng ht
vi dung dch HCl, thu c 2,24 lt kh (ktc). Khi lng mui to ra sau phn
ng l
A. 2,66 gam B. 13,3 gam
C. 1,33 gam D. 26,6 gam
Bi 10. Oxi ha hon ton m gam hn hp Zn, Pb, Ni thu c m
1
gam hn hp
oxit ZnO, PbO, NiO. Ha tan hon ton m
1
gam hn hp oxit trn trong dung dch
HCl long thu c dung dch A. C cn dung dch A thu c hn hp mui
khan c khi lng l (m
1
+ 55) gam. Gi tr ca m l
A. m
1
- 16 B. m
1
- 32
C. m
1
- 24 D. m
1
- 48
Bi 11. Cho 1,38 gam kim loi X ha tr I tc dng ht vi nc cho 2,24 lt H
2

(ktc). X l kim loi no trong s cc kim loi cho di y ?
A. Li B. Na
C. K D. Cs
Bi 12. Cho 13,5 gam kim loi ha tr III tc dng vi Cl
2
d thu c 66,75 gam
mui. Kim loi l
A. Fe (st) B. Cr (crom)
C. Al (nhm) D. As (asen)
Bi 13. t Al trong bnh kh Cl
2
, sau phn ng thy khi lng cht rn trong
bnh tng 71 gam. Khi lng Al tham gia phn ng l
A. 27 gam B. 18 gam
C. 40,5 gam D. 54 gam
Kt ta (x + 2y) = 0,11 mol SO
4
2-
cn 0,11 mol Ba
2+
hay 0,11 mol Ba(OH)
2
S mol Ba(OH)
2
dng = 0,12 + 0,11 = 0,23 < 0,25
Cn : 0,25 - 0,23 = 0,02 mol Ba(OH)
2
trung ho vi 0,04 mol HNO
3
d
3 3 3
3
HNO (p NO HNO (d NO
M(HNO )
n n n n
0, 08.3 0, 3 0, 04 0, 58 (mol)
0, 58
C 2M
0, 29
) ) = + +
= + + =
= =

p n C
Bi 13. Thi 8,96 lt CO (ktc) qua 16 gam Fe
x
O
y
nung nng. Dn ton b lng
kh sau phn ng qua dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, thy to ra 30 gam kt ta. Khi
lng st thu c l
A. 9,2 gam B. 6,4 gam
C. 9,6 gam D. 11,2 gam
Hng dn gii.
yCO + Fe
x
O
y
xFe + yCO
2
(1)
y 1 x y

CO
8,96
n = = 0,4(mol
22,4
)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (2)

3 2
CaCO CO
30
n = = 0,3 (mol) n = 0,3 (mol)
100

CO d v Fe
2
CO CO
n > n
x
O
y
ht
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng c :
+ = +
x y 2
Fe O CO Fe CO
m m m m
16 + 28.0,3 = m
Fe
+ 0,3.44 m
Fe
= 11,2 (gam).
p n D
Bi 14. Thc hin phn ng nhit nhm vi 9,66 gam hn hp X gm Fe
x
O
y
v
nhm, thu c hn hp rn Y. Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c
dung dch D, 0,672 lt kh (ktc) v cht khng tan Z. Sc CO
2
n d vo dung
dch D lc kt ta v nung n khi lng khng i c 5,1 gam cht rn.
a. Khi lng ca Fe
x
O
y
v Al trong X ln lt l
A. 6,96 v 2,7 gam B. 5,04 v 4,62 gam
C. 2,52 v 7,14 gam D. 4,26 v 5,4 gam
b. Cng thc ca oxit st l
A. FeO B. Fe
2
O
3

C. Fe
3
O
4
D. Khng xc nh c
Hng dn gii.
a. 2yAl + 3Fe
x
O
y
yAl
2
O
3
+ 3xFe (1)
Al + NaOH + H
2
O NaAlO
2
+ 3/2H
2
(2)
0,02 ................................... 0,02 .......... 0,03
NaAlO
2
+ CO
2
+ 2H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ NaHCO
3
(3)
2Al(OH)
3

o
t
Al
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O (4)
Nhn xt : Tt c lng Al ban u u chuyn ht v Al
2
O
3
(4). Do
= = = = =
2 3 Al (banu) Al O Al
5,1
n 2. n 2. 0,1 (mol) m 0,1.27 2, 7 (gam)
102

= =
x y Fe O
m 9, 66 2, 7 6, 96 (gam)
p n A
b.
= = = = =
2 3 Al (banu) Al O Al
5,1
n 2. n 2. 0,1 (mol) m 0,1.27 2, 7 (gam)
102

Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng nguyn t oxi, ta c :
= = =
x y 2 3 O(trongFe O ) O(trongAl O )
n n 1, 5.0, 08 0,12 (mol)
Bi 4. Khi dn kh CO qua bt Fe
2
O
3
nung nng, thu c 11,2 gam lt hn hp
X (ktc) gm CO
2
v CO c t khi i vi hidro l 17,2. Thnh phn phn trm v
th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp X l
A. 40% v 60% B. 60% v 40%
C. 50% v 50% D. 70% v 30%
Bi 5. Chia hn hp A gm Zn, ZnO, Al
2
O
3
thnh hai phn bng nhau. Phn mt
tc dng vi Ba(OH)
2
d, thu c 4,48 lit H
2
. Phn hai tan hon ton trong dung
dch HNO
3
, thu c 0,896 lit kh X. Th tch cc kh u c o ktc. Cng
thc phn t ca X l
A. NO
2
B. NO
C. N
2
O D. N
2
Bi 6. Cho 17 gam hn hp X gm 2 kim loi kim ng k tip nhau trong
nhm IA tc dng ht vi nc thu c 6,72 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch Y.
a. Hn hp X gm cc loi kim loi
A. Li v Na B. Na v K
C. K v Rb D. Rb v Cs
b. Th tch dung dch HCl 2M cn thit trung ha dung dch Y l
A. 200ml B. 250ml
C. 300ml D. 350ml
Bi 7. Cho 19,05 gam hn hp ACl v BCl (A, B l kim loi kim 2 chu k lin
tip) tc dng va vi 300 g dung dch AgNO
3
thu c 43,05 gam kt ta.
a. Nng phn trm ca dung dch AgNO
3
l
A. 17% B. 19%
C. 21% D. 25%
b. Hai kim loi kim l
A. Li v Na B. Na v K
C. K v Cs D. Cs v Rb
bi tp t luyn
Bi 1. Cho tan hon ton 3 gam hn hp X gm 2 kim loi kim (thuc hai chu
k k tip) trong nc thu c V lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch D. trung ho dung
dch D cn 200 ml dung dch HCl 1M v thu c dung dch D.
a. Gi tr ca V l
A. 1, 12 B. 2,24
C. 3,36 D. 4,48
b. Khi lng mui khan khi c cn dung dch D l
A. 5,05 B. 6,73
C. 10,1 D. 7,5
c. Hai kim loi l
A. Li v Na B. Na v K
C. K v Cs D. Cs v Rb
Bi 2. Cho tan ht 17,6 gam hn hp X gm hai mui cacbonat ca kim loi
phn nhm IIA, trong dung dch HCl thu c 4,48 lt kh (ktc) v dung dch D.
a. Lng mui khan khi c cn dung dch D l
A. 8,9 gam B. 19,8 gam
C. 28,7 gam D. 39,6 gam
b. Bit hai kim loi thuc hai chu k k tip nhau. Hai kim loi l
A. Be v Mg B. Mg v Ca
C. Ca v Sr D. Sr v Ba
Bi 3. tc dng ht vi 4,64 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, v Fe
2
O
3
, cn
160 ml dung dch HCl 1M, dung dch sau phn ng cho tc dng vi dung dch
NaOH ly d, lc kt ta v em nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i,
thu c a gam cht rn. Gi tr ca a l
A. 1,2 gam B. 2,4 gam
C. 4,8 gam D. 6,0 gam

= =
Fe
6, 96 0,12.16
n 0
56
, 09 mol
. CTPT l Fe
Fe O
n : n , : , : = = 0 09 0 12 3 4
3
O
4
p n C
Bi 15. Kh hon ton 32 gam hn hp CuO v Fe
2
O
3
bng kh H
2
thy to ra 9
gam H
2
O. Khi lng hn hp kim loi thu c l
A. 12 gam B. 16 gam
C. 24 gam D. 26 gam
Hng dn gii. V H
2
ly oxi ca oxit kim loi H
2
O
Ta c n
O (trong oxit)
= =
9
18 2
H O
n = 0,5 (mol)
m
O
= 0,5.16 = 8 gam m
Kim loi
= 32 - 8 = 24 (g)
p n C
Bi 16. Thi mt lung kh CO d i qua ng ng hn hp 2 oxit Fe
3
O
4
v CuO
nung nng n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 2,32 gam hn hp kim
loi. Kh thot ra c a vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d thy c 5 gam
kt ta trng. Khi lng hn hp 2 oxit kim loi ban u l
A. 3,12 gam B. 3,21 gam
C. 4 gam D. 4,2 gam
Hng dn gii. Cc phn ng
Fe
3
O
4
+ 4CO
0
t
3Fe + 4CO
2
CuO + CO
0
t
Cu + CO
2
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
CO ly oxi trong oxit CO
2
. n
O (trong oxit)
= n
CO
=
2 3 CO CaCO
n n 0,05(mol) = =
m
oxit
= m
Kl
+ m
oxi

trong oxit
= 2,32 + 0,05.16 = 3,12 (g).
p n A
Chuyn 2
Phng php tng gim khi lng

I - NI DUNG
Da vo s tng gim khi lng khi chuyn t cht ny sang cht khc
xc nh khi lng hn hp hay mt cht.
- Da vo phng trnh ho hc tm s thay i v khi lng ca 1 mol
cht trong phn ng (A B) hoc x mol A y mol B. (vi x, y t l cn bng
phn ng).
- Tnh s mol cc cht tham gia phn ng v ngc li.
Phng php ny thng c p dng gii bi ton v c v hu c, trnh
c vic lp nhiu phng trnh, t s khng phi gii nhng h phng trnh
phc tp.
II - BI TP MINH HOA
Bi 1. Ha tan 14 gam hn hp 2 mui MCO
3
v N
2
(CO
3
)
3
bng dung dch HCl
d, thu c dung dch A v 0,672 lt kh (ktc). C cn dung dch A th thu c
m gam mui khan. m c gi tr l
A. 16,33 gam B. 14,33 gam
C. 9,265 gam D. 12,65 gam
Hng dn gii.
Vn dng phng php tng gim khi lng.
Theo phng trnh ta c:
C 1 mol mui lng mui tng 71- 60 =11 gam
3
CO 2mol Cl 1mol CO

+
2
Theo s mol CO
2
thot ra l 0,03 th khi lng mui tng 11.0,03 = 0,33 (g)
Vy m
mui clorua
= 14 + 0,33 = 14,33 (g).
p n B

H
M(HCl)
n 0, 2 0,15 0, 35
0, 35
C 0
1
+ = + =
= = , 35 M

p n A
















Na
Al
4a 1
a 1, 5b 1, 75
a 0, 25, b 1. n 2a 0, 5.
1.27
%m .100% 29, 87%
1.27 0, 25.23
=
+ =
= = = =
= =
+

p n D
Bi 4. Cho 1 lt dung dch HCl vo dung dch cha 0,2 mol NaAlO
2
, lc, nung kt
ta n khi lng khng i c 7,65 gam cht rn. Nng mol ca dung dch
HCl l
A. 0,15 v 0,35 B. 0,15 v 0,2
C. 0,2 v 0,35 D. 0,2 v 0,3
Hng dn gii.
- Trng hp 1. Lng H
+
thiu, ch to kt ta theo phn ng
AlO
2
-
+ H
+
+ H
2
O Al(OH)
3
(1)
2Al(OH)
3

o
t
Al
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O (2)

3 3 2 3 HCl AlCl Al(OH) Al O
7, 65
n n n 2.n 2. 0,15 mol
102
= = = = =
C
M(HCl)
= 0,15 M
- Trng hp 2. Lng H
+
xy ra cc phn ng phn ng :
AlO
2
-
+ H
+
+ H
2
O Al(OH)
3
(1)
0,2 ........... 0,2 .......................... 0,2
Al(OH)
3
+ 3H
+
Al
3+
+ 3H
2
O (2)
0,2 0,15 .............. 0,15
2Al(OH)
3

o
t
Al
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O (3)
0,15 ......................... 0,075
Bi 2. Nhng 1 thanh nhm nng 45 gam vo 400 ml dung dch CuSO
4
0,5M.
Sau mt thi gian ly thanh nhm ra cn nng 46,38 gam. Khi lng Cu thot ra
l
A. 0,64 gam B. 1,28 gam
C. 1,92 gam D. 2,56 gam
Hng dn gii.
C 2 mol Al 3 mol Cu khi lng tng 3.(64 - 54) = 138 gam
Theo n mol Cu khi lng tng 46,38 - 45 = 1,38 gam
n
Cu
= 0,03 mol. m
Cu
= 0,03.64 = 1,92 gam
p n C
Bi 3. Ha tan 5,94 gam hn hp 2 mui clorua ca 2 kim loi A, B (u c ho
tr II) vo nc c dung dch X. lm kt ta ht ion Cl
-
c trong dung dch X
ngi ta cho dung dch X tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
thu c 17,22 gam kt
ta. Lc b kt ta, thu c dung dch Y. C cn Y c m gam hn hp mui
khan. m c gi tr l
A. 6,36 gam B. 63,6 gam
C. 9,12 gam D. 91,2 gam
Hng dn gii. p dng phng php tng gim khi lng
C 1 mol MCl
2
1 mol M(NO
3
)
2
v 2 mol AgCl th m tng 2.35,5 - 71 = 53 gam
0,12 mol AgCl khi lng tng 3,18 gam
m
mui nitrat
= m
Kl
+ m = 5,94 + 3,18 = 9,12 (g)
p n C
Bi 4. Mt bnh cu dung tch 448 ml c np y oxi ri cn. Phng in
ozon ho, sau np thm cho y oxi ri cn. Khi lng trong hai trng hp
chnh lch nhau 0,03 gam. Bit cc th tch np u ktc. Thnh phn % v th
tch ca ozon trong hn hp sau phn ng l
A. 9,375 % B. 10,375 %
C. 8,375 % D.11,375 %
Hng dn gii.
Th tch bnh khng i, do khi lng chnh l do s ozon ha.
C 1mol oxi c thay bng 1mol ozon khi lng tng 16g
Vy khi lng tng 0,03 gam th s ml ozon (ktc) l
0, 03
16
.22400 = 42 (ml).
%O
3
=
42
100%
448
= 9,375 %.
p n A
Bi 5. Ho tan hon ton 4 gam hn hp MCO
3
v M'CO
3
vo dung dch HCl
thy thot ra V lt kh (ktc). Dung dch thu c em c cn thu c 5,1 gam
mui khan. Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,12 lt B. 1,68 lt
C. 2,24 lt D. 3,36 lt
Hng dn gii.
3 2 2
MCO + 2HCl MCl + H O + CO
2

4 g 5,1 g x mol m
tng
= 5,1 - 4 = 1,1 (gam)
M+60 M+71 1 mol m
tng
= 11 gam
x =
1,1
11
= 0,1 (mol) V = 0,1 . 22,4 = 2,24 (lt).
p n C
Bi 6. Cho 1,26 gam mt kim loi tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long to ra
3,42 gam mui sunfat. Kim loi l
A. Mg B. Fe
C. Ca D. Al
Hng dn gii. p dng phng php tng - gim khi lng.
C 1 mol kim loi tc dng to thnh mui SO
4
2-
khi lng tng ln 96 gam.
0,03 ......................... 0,03
Al(OH)
3
+ 3H
+
Al
3+
+ 3H
2
O (2)
0,03 0,01 ....... 0,06
Phn ng (1) hon ton, phn ng (2) xy ra 1 phn.
n
HCl
= 0,01 + 0,06 = 007 mol

M(HCl)
0, 09
C 1
0, 05
= = , 8 M
p n D.
Bi 3. Hn hp X gm Na v Al. Cho m gam X vo lng d nc th thot ra V
lt kh. Nu cng cho m gam X vo dung dch NaOH d th c 1,75V lt kh.
Thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng ca Na trong X l (bit cc kh o cng
iu kin)
A. 39,87 % B. 77,31 %
C. 49,87 % D. 29,87 %
Hng dn gii.
Ta thy lng H
2
thot ra khi tc dng vi H
2
O t hn khi tc dng vi dung
dch NaOH, do khi tc dng vi H
2
O, Al cn d
2Na + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2
(1)
2a .............................. 2a ..................... a
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H
2
O 2NaAlO
2
+ 3H
2
(2)
2a ...................................................... 3a
Khi tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d :
2Na + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2
(3)
2a ............................................... a
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H
2
O 2NaAlO
2
+ 3H
2
(4)
b ...................................................................... 1,5b
n gin, chn V = 22,4 iu kin tiu chun. Khi
Phn 1 :
Ba + 2H
2
O Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2
(1)
a ...... .......................... a ............... a
2Al + Ba(OH)
2
+ 2H
2
O Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 3H
2
(2)
a ............................................................ 3a

2 H
Ba
1, 344
n 4a 0, 06 m
22, 4
n a 0, 015 mol
= = =
= =
ol

Phn 2 :
Ba + 2H
2
O Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2
(3)
a ............................................... a
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H
2
O 2NaAlO
2
+ 3H
2
(4)
b ...................................................................... 1,5b

2 H
Al Al
n a 1, 5b 0, 465 mol
b 0, 3 n , m 0, 3.27 8,1 gam
= + =
= = = =
p n A.
b. Dung dch B cha AlO
2
-
0,03 mol. Khi tc dng vi HCl to kt ta Al(OH)
3
.
3 Al(OH)
0, 78
n 0,
78
= = 01 mol . C hai trng hp xy ra
- Trng hp 1. Lng H
+
thiu, ch to kt ta theo phn ng
AlO
2
-
+ H
+
+ H
2
O Al(OH)
3
0,01 ......................... 0,01

M(HCl)
0, 01
C 0
0, 05
= = , 2 M
- Trng hp 2. Lng H
+
xy ra hai phn ng :
AlO
2
-
+ H
+
+ H
2
O Al(OH)
3
(1)
Theo khi lng tng 3,42 - 1,26 = 2,16 g.
Vy s mol kim loi M l 0,0225 mol. Vy
1, 26
M 56.
0, 0225
= = M l Fe
p n B
Bi 7. Ha tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp hai kim loi X v Y bng dung dch
HCl ta thu c 12,71gam mui khan. Th tch kh H
2
thu c (ktc) l
A. 0,224 lt B. 2,24 lt
C. 4,48 lt D. 0,448 lt
Hng dn gii. p dng phng php tng - gim khi lng:
C 1 mol Cl
-
sinh ra sau phn ng khi lng mui tng ln 35,5 gam.
Theo , tng 0,71 gam, do s mol Cl
-
phn ng l 0,02 mol.

2 H Cl
1
n n 0, 01 (mo
2
= = l) . V = 0,224 (l)
p n A.
Bi 8. Cho ho tan hon ton a gam Fe
3
O
4
trong dung dch HCl, thu c dung
dch D, cho D tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc kt ta ngoi khng kh
n khi lng khng i na, thy khi lng kt ta tng ln 3,4 gam. em
nung kt ta n khi lng khng i c b gam cht rn. Gi tr ca a, b ln
lt l
A. 46,4 v 48 gam B. 48,4 v 46 gam
C. 64,4 v 76,2 gam D. 76,2 v 64,4 gam
Hng dn gii.
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8HCl 2FeCl
3
+ FeCl
2
+ 4H
2
O
FeCl
2
+ 2NaOH Fe(OH)
2
+ 2NaOH
FeCl
3
+ 3NaOH Fe(OH)
3
+ 3NaOH
4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4Fe(OH)
3
2Fe(OH)
3

o
t
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
Nhn xt : Ta thy Fe
3
O
4
c th vit dng Fe
2
O
3
.FeO. Khi cho D tc dng vi
NaOH kt ta thu c gm Fe(OH)
2
v Fe(OH)
3
. ngoi khng kh Fe(OH)
2

Fe(OH)
3
.
1 mol Fe(OH)
2
1 mol Fe(OH)
3
thm 1 mol OH khi lng tng ln 17 gam
0,2 mol 0,2 mol . 3,4 (gam)

2 3 2 FeO Fe O Fe(OH)
n n n 0, 2 (mo = = = l)
0,2 mol Fe
3
O
4
0,3 mol Fe
2
O
3
a = 232.0,2 = 46,4 (gam), b = 160.0,3 = 48 (gam)
p n A
Bi 9. Cho 8 gam hn hp A gm Mg v Fe tc dng ht vi 200 ml dung dch
CuSO
4
n khi phn ng kt thc, thu c 12,4 gam cht rn B v dung dch D.
Cho dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc v nung kt ta ngoi
khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 8 gam hn hp gm 2 oxit.
a. Khi lng Mg v Fe trong A ln lt l
A. 4,8 v 3,2 gam B. 3,6 v 4,4 gam
C. 2,4 v 5,6 gam D. 1,2 v 6,8 gam
b. Nng mol ca dung dch CuSO
4
l
A. 0,25 M B. 0,75 M
C. 0,5 M D. 0,125 M
c. Th tch NO thot ra khi ho tan B trong dung dch HNO
3
d l
A. 1,12 lt B. 3,36 lt
C. 4,48 lt D. 6,72 lt
Hng dn gii.
a. Cc phn ng :
Mg + CuSO
4
MgSO
4
+ Cu
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
Dung dch D gm MgSO
4
v FeSO
4
. Cht rn B bao gm Cu v Fe d
Do bi ton c 2 trng hp :
- Trng hp 1 : Ch c phn ng
3NaOH + AlCl
3
Al(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl

3 NaOH AlCl
NaOH
n 3n 3.0,12 0, 36 m
0, 36
V 1, 8 (l)
0, 2
= = =
= =
ol

- Trng hp 2 : C 2 phn ng xy ra

3 3
3 2 2
NaOH ddNaOH
3NaOH + AlCl Al(OH) + 3NaCl
0,45 0,15 0,15
NaOH Al(OH) NaAlO H O
0, 03 0,15 0,12
0, 48
n 0, 45 0, 03 0, 48 mol V 2, 4 (l)
0, 2


+ +

= + = = =

p n C
Bi 2. Chia m gam hn hp A gm Ba v Al thnh 2 phn nh nhau :
- Phn 1 : tan trong nc d thu c 1,344 lt kh H
2
(ktc) v dung
dch B
- Phn 2 : tan trong dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d c 10,416 lt kh H
2
(ktc)
a. Khi lng kim loi Al trong hn hp ban u l
A. 8,1 gam B. 2,7 gam
C. 5,4 gam D. 10,8 gam
b. Cho 50 ml dung dch HCl vo B. Sau phn ng thu c 7,8 gam kt ta. Nng
mol ca dung dch HCl l
A. 0,3 v 1,5 M B. 0,2 v 1,5 M
C. 0,3 v 1,8 M D. 0,2 v 1,8 M
Hng dn gii.
a. do phn 1, Al cn d, lng Ba c tnh theo H
2 2 H (1) H (2)
V V <
2
.
- Trng hp 2. Lng H
+
xy ra hai phn ng :
AlO
2
-
+ H
+
+ H
2
O Al(OH)
3
(1)
Al(OH)
3
+ 3H
+
Al
3+
+ 3H
2
O (2)
Trong , phn ng (1) hon ton, phn ng (2) xy ra 1 phn. Lng H
+

c tnh theo c (1) v (2), khi gi tr H
+
l gi tr ln nht.
3. Hn hp kim loi gm kim loi kim (kim th), nhm tc dng vi nc
Khi , kim loi kim hoc kim th tc dng vi nc to dung dch kim,
sau dung dch kim ho tan nhm.
V d : Mt hn hp gm Al, Mg v Ba c chia lm hai phn bng nhau
- Phn 1 : em ho tan trong nc d thu c V
1
lt kh (ktc)
- Phn 2 : ho tan trong dung dch NaOH d thu c V
2
lt kh (ktc)
Khi : phn 1 c cc phn ng
Ba + 2H
2
O Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2
(1)
2Al + Ba(OH)
2
+ 2H
2
O Ba(AlO
2
)
2
+ 3H
2
(2)
Phn 2 c cc phn ng
Ba + 2H
2
O Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2
(3)
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H
2
O 2NaAlO
2
+ 3H
2
(4)
Nu V
1
< V
2
khi , phn 1 nhm cha tan ht, lng Ba c tnh theo H
2
thot
ra. Phn 2, c Ba v Al u tan ht, lng H
2
c tnh theo c (3) v (4)
II Bi tp minh ho
Bi 1. Cho V lt dung dch NaOH 0,2M vo dung dch cha 0,15 mol AlCl
3
thu
c 9,86 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,8 v 2,2 lt B. 1,2 v 2,4 lt
C. 1,8 v 2,4 lt D. 1,4 v 2,2 lt
Hng dn gii.
Kt ta thu c l Al(OH)
3
, ta c
3 3 Al(OH) AlCl
9, 86
n 0,12 mol
78
= = < n
MgSO
4
+ 2NaOH Mg(OH)
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ 2NaOH Fe(OH)
2
+ Na
2
SO
4

Mg(OH)
2

o
t
MgO + H
2
O
4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2

o
t
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 4H
2
O
Gi x, y l s mol Mg v Fe phn ng. S tng khi lng t hn hp A (gm Mg
v Fe) hn hp B (gm Cu v Fe c th d) l
(64x + 64y) - (24x + 56y) = 12,4 - 8 = 4,4
Hay : 5x + y = 0,55 (I)
Khi lng cc oxit MgO v Fe
2
O
3
m = 40x + 80y = 8
Hay : x + 2y = 0,2 (II)
T (I) v (II) tnh c x = 0,1, y = 0,05
m
Mg
= 24.0,1 = 2,4 (g)
m
Fe
= 8 - 2,4 = 5,6 (g)
p n C.
b.
CuSO
M
n x y ,
,
C ,
,
= + =
= =
4
0 15
0 15
0 75
0 2
M

p n B
c. Hn hp B gm Cu v Fe d. n
Cu
= 0,15 mol; n
Fe
= 0,1 - 0,05 = 0,05 mol. Khi
tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
. Theo phng php bo ton eletron
- Cht kh l Fe v Cu
Fe - 3e Fe
+3
0,05 .... 0,15
Cu - 2e Cu
+2
0,15 . . . . 0,3
- Cht oxi ho l HNO
3
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
(NO)
3a . . . . . . a . . ..a
Ta c 3a = 0,15 + 0,3 , a = 0,15 (mol). V
NO
= 0,15.22,4 = 3,36 lt
p n B
Bi 10. Cho 2,81 gam hn hp gm 3 oxit Fe
2
O
3
, MgO, ZnO tan va trong 300
ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,1M th khi lng hn hp cc mui sunfat khan to ra l
A. 3,81 gam B. 4,81 gam
C. 5,21 gam D. 4,86 gam
Hng dn gii. p dng phng php tng - gim khi lng.
C 1 mol H
2
SO
4
phn ng, thay th O (trong oxit) bng SO
4
2-
trong cc
kim loi, khi lng tng 96 - 16 = 80 gam.
Theo s mol H
2
SO
4
phn ng l 0,03 th khi lng tng 0,24 gam.
Vy khi lng mui khan thu c l: 2,81 + 2,4 = 5,21 gam.
p n C











Chuyn 9
Phng php giI bI tp v nhm
I ni dung
Vi cc bi ton ho hc v nhm, hp cht ca nhm cng nh cc bi ton
hn hp. Ngoi vic s dng cc phng php gii nh bo ton electron, bo ton
khi lng, tng gim khi lng ... trnh by cc chuyn trc, cn c
mt s dng bi tp c trng ring ca nhm, l :
1. Mui Al
3+
tc dng vi dung dch kim to kt ta
Khi cho mt lng dung dch cha OH
-
vo dung dch cha Al
3+
thu c
kt ta Al(OH)
3
. Nu 3
3 Al(OH) Al
n n + < s c hai trng hp ph hp xy ra. Bi ton
c hai gi tr ng.
- Trng hp 1. Lng OH
-
thiu, ch to kt ta theo phn ng
Al
3+
+ 3OH
-
Al(OH)
3
Lng OH
-
c tnh theo kt ta Al(OH)
3
, khi gi tr OH
-
l gi tr nh nht.
- Trng hp 2. Lng OH
-
xy ra hai phn ng :
Al
3+
+ 3OH
-
Al(OH)
3
(1)
Al(OH)
3
+ OH
-
AlO
2
-
+ 2H
2
O (2)
Trong , phn ng (1) hon ton, phn ng (2) xy ra 1 phn. Lng OH
-

c tnh theo c (1) v (2), khi gi tr OH
-
l gi tr ln nht.
2. Dung dch H
+
tc dng vi dung dch AlO
2
-
to kt ta
Khi cho t t dung dch cha OH
-
vo dung dch cha Al
3+
thu c kt ta
Al(OH)
3
. Nu s c hai trng hp ph hp xy ra. Bi ton c hai
gi tr ng.
3
3 Al(OH) Al
n n + <
- Trng hp 1. Lng H
+
thiu, ch to kt ta theo phn ng
AlO
2
-
+ H
+
+ H
2
O Al(OH)
3
Lng H
+
c tnh theo kt ta Al(OH)
3
, khi gi tr H
+
l gi tr nh nht.
C. 10,8 D. 8,4
Hng dn gii.
Sau phn ng st cn d nn c cc phn ng
Fe + 6HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O
0,1 ................................ 0,1 ............... 0,3
Fe + 2Fe(NO
3
)
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
2

0,05 ............. 0,1
Lng st c hai phn ng l n
Fe
= 0,01 + 0,005 = 0,015 mol
m = 0,15.56 + 2,4 = 10,8 gam
p n C











Chuyn 3
Phng php s dng cc gi tr trung bnh

I - NI DUNG
- Dng khi lng mol trung bnh M l khi lng ca 1 mol hn hp.

hh 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
hh 1 2
m n .M n .M n .%V n .%V
M
n n n 100
+ +
= = =
+
vi M
1
< M < M
2

- Gi tr trung bnh dng bin lun tm ra nguyn t khi hoc phn t
khi hay s nguyn t trong phn t hp cht.
II BI TP MINH HOA
Bi 1. Hn hp X gm hai kim loi A, B nm k tip nhau trong cng mt phn
nhm chnh. Ly 6,2 gam X ho tan hon ton vo nc thu c 2,24 lt hiro
(ktc). A, B l
A. Li, Na B. Na, K
C. K, Rb D. Rb, Cs
Hng dn gii.
t cng thc chung ca A v B l R
2R + 2H
2
O 2ROH + H
2
0,2 mol ..................... 0,1 mol
6,2
M= =31 (g/mol) Vy 2 kim loi l Na (23) v K (39)
0,2

p n B.
Bi 2. Ha tan 5,94 gam hn hp hai mui clorua ca hai kim loi A v B (cng
thuc nhm IIA) vo nc c dung dch X. lm kt ta ht ion Cl
-
trong
dung dch X ngi ta cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
thu c 17,22 gam kt
ta. Cng thc ha hc ca hai mui clorua ln lt l
A. BeCl
2
, MgCl
2
B. MgCl
2
, CaCl
2
C. CaCl
2
, SrCl
2
D. S

rCl
2
, BaCl
2
Hng dn gii. t cng thc chung ca hai mui l RCl
2
RCl
2
+ 2AgNO
3
2AgCl + 2RCl
RCl AgCl
1 1 17, 22
n n . 0, 06 (m
2 2 143, 5
= = = ol)
2 RCl
5, 94
M 99 R 99 71 28
0, 06
= = = =
Vy 2 kim loi nhm IIA l Mg (24) v Ca (40).
p n B
Bi 3. Ho tan hon ton 4,68 gam hn hp mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi A v
B k tip trong nhm IIA vo dung dch HCl thu c 1,12 lt CO
2
(ktc). Kim
loi A v B l
A. Be v Mg B. Mg v Ca
C. Ca v Sr D. Sr v Ba
Hng dn gii. Gi M l nguyn t khi trung bnh ca 2 kim loi A v B
MCO
3
+ 2HCl MCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
0,05 ........................................
1,12
= 0,05 (mol)
22,4

MCO
3
= ; 6 , 93
05 , 0
68 , 4
= M = 93,6 - 60 = 33,6
Bin lun: A < 33,6 A l Mg = 24
B > 33,6 B l Ca = 40.
p n B
Bi 4. X v Y l hai nguyn t halogen 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon.
kt ta ht ion X
-
, Y
-
trong dung dch cha 4,4 gam mui natri ca chng cn
150 ml dung dch AgNO
3
0,4M. X v Y l
= + = + =
2 3 FeO Fe O
m m m 2.0,18. (72 160) 83, 52 gam
p n B
Bi 4. Ho tan hon ton 8,64 gam mt oxit st trong dung dch HNO
3
thu c
0,896 lt NO (ktc) duy nht. Oxit st l
A. FeO B. Fe
2
O
3
C. Fe
3
O
4
D. C FeO v Fe
3
O
4
u ng
Hng dn gii.
Trong oxit Fe
x
O
y
, s oxi ho ca Fe l +2y/x. p dng phng php bo
ton electron, ta c
- Fe
x
O
y
l cht kh

2y
3 x
2y
Fe x.(3 ) Fe
x
8, 64 8, 64.(3x 2y)
..........
56x 16y 56x 16y
+
+

+ +

- HNO
3
l cht oxi ho
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
0,12 . 0,04
Ta c
8, 64.(3x 2y)
0,12 72(3x 2y) 56x 16y
56x 16y
x y

= = +
+
=

Vy oxit l FeO.
p n A.
Bi 5. Cho ming st nng m gam vo dung dch HNO
3
, sau phn ng thy c
6,72 lt kh NO
2
(ktc) thot ra v cn li 2,4 gam cht rn khng tan. Gi tr ca
m l
A. 8,0 B. 5,6
= =
Fe
0, 84
n 0, 015 mol
56
, n
Fe
: n
O
= 0,015 : 0,02 = 3 : 4.
Vy cng thc ca oxit l Fe
3
O
4
.
p n B
Bi 2. ha tan hon ton 10,8 gam oxit st cn va 300 ml dung dch HCl
1M. Oxit st l
A. FeO B. Fe
2
O
3
C. Fe
3
O
4
D. C FeO v Fe
3
O
4
u ng
Hng dn gii. Theo nh lut bo ton in tch, Cl
-
thay th O trong oxit nn
= = =
Otrongoxit HCl Cl
1 1
n n n 0,15
2 2
mol


= = =
oxit oxi
Fe
m m 10, 8 0,15.16
n 0
56 56
,15 mol
n
Fe
: n
O
= 1 : 1. Vy CTPT l FeO
p n A
Bi 3. Ho tan ht m gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
c s mol bng nhau
trong dung dch HNO
3
thu c 2,688 lt NO (ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 70,82 gam B. 83,52 gam
C. 62,64 gam D. 41,76 gam
Hng dn gii.
Gi s mol ca mi oxit l x mol. Coi Fe
3
O
4
l hn hp FeO v Fe
2
O
3
. Do
, hn hp gm FeO v Fe
2
O
3
u 2x mol.
Khi tc dng vi HNO
3
ch c FeO tham gia phn ng oxi ho kh to NO.
Fe
+2
- 1e Fe
+3
2x .......... 2x
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
0,36 ..... 0,12
2x = 0,36 x = 0,18 mol
A. Flo, clo B. Clo, brom
C. Brom, iot D. Khng xc nh c.
Hng dn gii.
S mol AgNO
3
= s mol X
-
v Y
-
= 0,4.0,15 = 0,06 (mol)
Khi lng mol trung bnh ca hai mui l M =
4,4
0,06
73,3
M
X,Y
= 73,3 - 23=50,3, hai halogen l Clo (35,5) v Brom (80).
p n B.
Bi 5. Hn hp X gm hai kim loi A, B nm k tip nhau trong nhm IA. Ly
7,2 gam X ho tan hon ton vo nc thu c 4,48 lt hiro ( ktc). A, B l
A. Li, Na B. Na, K
C. K, Rb D. Rb, Cs
Hng dn gii. Dng phng php phn t khi trung bnh
X + H
2
O XOH + 1/2H
2
2 X H
4, 48
n 2n 2. 0, 4 (mol)
22, 4
7,2
M 18. Hai kimloi l Li (9) v Na (23)
0, 4
= = =
= =

p n A






Chuyn 4
Phng php ng cho

I - NI DUNG
c s dng trong cc bi ton trn ln dung dch c cng cht tan, cng loi
nng hoc trn ln cc cht kh khng tc dng vi nhau.
1. Cc cht cng nng C%
m ............ C C C
m C C
C
m C C
m ............ C C C

1 1 2
1 2
2 1
2 2 1


Trong :
m
1
l khi lng dung dch c nng C
1
(%)
m
2
l khi lng dung dch c nng C
2
(%)
C (%) l nng dung dch thu c sau khi trn ln. Vi C
1
< C < C
2
2. Cc cht cng nng mol




Trong :
V
1
l th tch dung dch c nng C
M(1)

V
2
l th tch dung dch c nng C
M(2)

C
M
l nng mol dung dch thu c sau khi trn ln.
Vi C
M(1)
< C
M
< C
M(2)
M( ) M( ) M
M( ) M
M
M M(
M( ) M M( )
)
............ C C C
C C V
C
V C C
V ............ C C C
V

1 1 2
2 1
2 1
2 2 1
Chuyn 8
Phng php giI bI tp v st
I ni dung
- St l mt trong nhng nguyn t quan trng, c nhiu ng dng trong i
sng v c mt v tr quan trng trong chng trnh Ho hc ph thng cng nh
trong cc k thi Tt nghip THPT, Cao ng, i hc.
- Ngoi cc phng php nu cc chuyn trn, cc bi tp v st v
hp cht ca st cn c th s dng thm mt s cch gii nhanh sau y :
+ Khi Fe
3
O
4
tc dng vi cc cht oxi ho, ta coi Fe
3
O
4
l hn hp ca Fe
2
O
3

v FeO. Trong ch c FeO tham gia phn ng oxi ho - kh vi =
3 4 FeO Fe O
n n
+ V tr ca Fe trong dy in ho
+ +
+
>
2 3
2
Fe Fe
Fe Fe
. Do trong cc phn ng
c th xy ra theo nhiu trng hp khc nhau.
+ Trong bi ton tm cng thc phn t ca oxit st, cn tm s mol Fe v s
mol oxi c trong oxt ri lp t l mol Fe : O, t suy ra cng thc phn t.
+ S dng phng php bo ton electron vi bi ton cho mt oxit st
Fe
x
O
y
tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
to ra sn phm kh do s kh N
+5
.
II Bi tp p dng
Bi 1. C mt loi oxit st dng luyn gang. Nu kh oxit st ny bng
cacbon oxit nhit cao ngi ta thu c 0,84 gam st v 0,448 lt kh
cacbonic(ktc). Cng thc ho hc ca loi oxit st ni trn l
A. Fe
2
O
3
. B. Fe
3
O
4

C. FeO D. Khng xc nh c
Hng dn gii. Ta thy, CO ly O ca oxit to ra CO
2
, do
= = = =
2 O CO CO
0, 448
n n n 0, 02 mo
22, 4
l
2Fe Fe
2
O
3
. Khi lng tng ln 48 gam
0,1 mol Fe 0,05 mol Fe
2
O
3
khi lng tng 2,4 gam
a = 13,6 + 2,4 = 16 gam
p n C
Bi 5. 7,68 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
tc dng va ht vi 260 ml
dung dch HCl 1M thu c dung dch X. Cho X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH
d, lc kt ta, nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam
cht rn, gi tr ca m l
A. 8 gam B. 12 gam
C. 16 gam D. 24 gam
Hng dn gii.
FeO + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
O
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8HCl 2FeCl
3
+ FeCl
2
+ 4H
2
O
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
FeCl
2
+ 2NaOH Fe(OH)
2
+ 2NaCl
FeCl
3
+ 3NaOH Fe(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2

o
t
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 4H
2
O
2Fe(OH)
3

o
t
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
- p dng phng php bo ton in tch tnh s mol Fe c trong cc oxit

O( trongoxit ) Cl HCl
Fe ( trongoxit )
1 1 1
n n n .0, 26 0,13 mol
2 2 2
7, 68 0,13.16
n 0,1
56
= = = =

= = mol

- Lp s hp thc 0,1 mol Fe 0,05 mol Fe
2
O
3
. m = 0,05 .160 = 8 gam
p n A

3. Cc cht kh khng tc dng vi nhau.
V ............ M M M
V M M
M
V M M
V ............ M M M

1 1 2
1 2
2 1
2 2 1


Trong :
V
1
l th tch cht kh c phn t khi M
1
V
2
l th tch cht kh c phn t khi M
2
M l khi lng mol trung bnh thu c sau khi trn ln. Vi M
1
< M < M
2
II - BI TP MINH HOA
Bi 1. Mt dung dch HCl nng 45% v mt dung dch HCl khc c nng
15%. c mt dung dch mi c nng 20% th cn phi pha ch v khi
lng gia 2 dung dch theo t l l
A. 1 : 3 B. 3 : 1
C. 1 : 5 D. 5 : 1
Hng dn gii. p dng qui tc ng cho ta c

m ............
m
m
m ............

= =

1
1
2
2
45 20 15
5 1
25
25 5
15 45 20



p n C.
Bi 2. iu ch c hn hp 26 lt H
2
v CO c t khi hi i vi metan
bng 1,5 th th tch H
2
v CO cn ly l
A. 4 lt v 22 lt
B. 22 lt v 4 lt
C. 8 lt v 44 lt
D. 44 lt v 8 lt
Hng dn gii. p dng qui tc ng cho
=
2
2
H
H
CO
CO
V ............ 2 4
V
4
24
V 2
V ............ 28 22

2

Mt khc + =
2
H CO
V V 26
Vy cn 4 lt H
2
v 22 lt CO.
p n A
Bi 3. Khi lng dung dch NaCl 15% cn trn vi 200 gam dung dch NaCl 30
% thu c dung dch NaCl 20 % l
A. 250 gam B. 300 gam
C. 350 gam D. 400 gam
Hng dn gii. Dng phng php ng cho


= =
m ............ 15 10
m 10
20 m 400
200 5
200 ............ 30 5
Nh vy khi lng NaCl 15 % cn trn l 400 gam.
p n D
Bi 4. Th tch H
2
O v dung dch MgSO
4
2M cn pha c 100 ml dung dch
MgSO
4
0,4M ln lt l
A. 50 ml v 50 ml B. 40 ml v 60 ml
C. 80 ml v 20 ml D. 20 ml v 80 ml
Hng dn gii. Gi V l th tch H
2
O cn cho vo, khi th tch dung dch
MgSO
4
2M l 100 - V.

V .
= =

........... 0 1,6
V 1,6
0,4 V 80
100 V 0,4
100 V.... 2 0,4


FeCl
3
+ 2NaOH Fe(OH)
2
+ 2NaCl
4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2

0
t
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 4H
2
O
- Khi tc dng vi HCl, gi x, y ln lt l s mol Al v Fe ta c:
+ = =


+ = =

27x 56y 11 x 0, 2 : Al
1, 5x y 0, 4 y 0,1 : Fe

- Sau cc phn ng cht rn thu c ch cn l Fe
2
O
3
.
2Fe Fe
2
O
3
0,1....... 0,05 m
1
= 8 (g)
p n A
b. 2Al + 3CuSO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3Cu
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
phn 2, Cu
2+
nhn electron chnh bng H
+
nhn phn 1, do
n
Cu
= = 0,4 m
2
H
n
Cu
= 25,6 (g)
p n C
Bi 4. Cho tan hon ton 13,6 gam hn hp gm Fe v Fe
2
O
3
trong dung dch
HCl thu c 2,24 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch D. Cho D tc dng vi dung dch
NaOH d, lc, nung kt ta trong khng kh n khi lng khng i c a gam
cht rn, gi tr ca a l
A. 8 gam B. 12 gam
C. 16 gam D. 24 gam
Hng dn gii. Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
2 2 3 Fe H Fe O (ban
n n 0,1 mol. m 13, 6 0,1.56 8gam
u)
= = = =
Ta c s hp thc 2Fe Fe
2
O
3
.
2 3 Fe O Fe
1
n n 0, 05 m
2
= = ol.
Vy a = 8 + 0,05.160 = 16 gam
Cng c th dng phng php tng - gim khi lng.
2Fe(OH)
3

o
t
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
Trong m gam cht rn c 0,1 mol Fe
2
O
3
(16 gam) ban u. Vy ch cn tnh
lng Fe
2
O
3
to ra t Fe theo mi quan h cht u (Fe) v cui (Fe
2
O
3
)
2Fe Fe
2
O
3
.
2 3 Fe O Fe
1
n n 0,1
2
= = mol
0, 2

2 3 Fe O (thu
n 0,1 0,1
m 0, 2.160 32 gam
c)
= + =
= =

p n B
Bi 3. Hn hp Al, Fe c khi lng 22 gam c chia thnh 2 phn bng nhau.
- Phn 1 tc dng vi HCl d thu c dung dch A v 8,96 lt H
2
(ktc).
Cho dung dch A tc dng dung dch NaOH d c kt ta B, lc kt ta B nung
trong khng kh n khi lng khng i c m
1
cht rn.
- Phn 2 cho vo dung dch CuSO
4
d n khi phn ng hon ton thu c
m
2
gam cht rn khng tan.
a. m
1
c gi tr l

A. 8 gam B. 16 gam
C. 32 gam D. 24 gam
b. m
2
c gi tr l
A. 12,8 gam B. 16 gam
C. 25,6 gam D. 22,4 gam
Hng dn gii.
a. 2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O
AlCl
3
+ 3NaOH Al(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
Al(OH)
3
+ NaOH NaAlO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Vy pha 80 ml H
2
O vi 20 ml dung dch MgSO
4
2M th thu c 100 ml
dung dch MgSO
4
0,4 M.
p n C
Bi 5. Ha tan 4,59 gam Al bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c hn hp kh NO v
N
2
O c t khi hi i vi hiro bng 16,75. Th tch NO v N
2
O (ktc) thu c
l
A. 2,24 lt v 6,72 lt
B. 2,016 lt v 0,672 lt
C. 0,672 lt v 2,016 lt
D. 1,972 lt v 0,448 lt
Hng dn gii. S dng phng php bo ton electron
- Al l cht kh
4, 59
0,17.......0, 51 mol
27
3+
Al - 3e Al
=

- Cht oxi ho
5 2
5 1
2
N 3e N (NO)
3x .................. x
N 2.4e 2N (N
8
O)
y .............. 2y....... y
+ +
+ +
+
+

Theo phng php ng cho
x ......... ,
x ,
,
y ,
y.............. ,
= =
30 10 5
10 5 3
33 5
3 5 1
44 3 5



+ =
=
3x 8y 0, 51
x 3y

= =
= =
2
NO
N O
x 0, 09 V 2, 016 (l)
y 0, 03 V 0, 671 (l)
p n B
Bi 6. Mt dung dch NaOH nng 2M v mt dung dch NaOH khc c nng
0,5M. c mt dung dch mi c nng 1M th cn phi pha ch v th tch
gia 2 dung dch theo t l l
A. 1 : 2 B. 2 : 1
C. 1 : 3 D. 3 : 1
Hng dn gii. Dng phng php ng cho, gi V
1
l th tch ca dung dch
NaOH 2M, V
2
l th tch ca dung dch NaOH 0,5M.

= =
1
1
2
2
V ......... 2 0, 5
V 0, 5 1
1
V 1
V .............. 0, 5 1
2

p n A
Bi 7. Hn hp gm NaCl v NaBr. Cho hn hp tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3

d th to ra kt ta c khi lng bng khi lng ca AgNO
3
tham gia phn
ng. Thnh phn % theo khi lng ca NaCl trong hn hp u l
A. 25,84% B. 27,84%
C. 40,45% D. 27,48%
Hng dn gii.
NaCl + AgNO
3
AgCl + NaNO
3
(1)
NaBr + AgNO
3
AgBr + NaNO
3
(2)
Khi lng kt ta (gm AgCl v AgBr) bng khi lng AgNO
3
, do
khi lng mol trung bnh ca hai mui kt ta
+
= =
3 AgCl AgBr AgNO
M M 170 v

= = Cl , Br M 170 108 62 . Hay khi lng mol trung bnh ca hai mui ban u
l = + = NaCl, NaBr M 23 62 85 .p dng phng php ng cho, ta c
NaBr . ....... 103 26, 5
85
NaCl ...........58, 5 18

b. Gi tr ca m l
A. 18 gam B. 20 gam
C. 24 gam D. 36 gam
Hng dn gii
2
2
H Mg Fe
H
2, 4 11, 2
a. n n n 0, 3 mol
24 56
V 0, 3.22, 4 6, 72 lt
= + = + =
= =

p n D
b. Da vo s thay i cht u v cui, ta lp c s hp thc :
2Fe Fe
2
O
3
; Mg MgO
0,2 0,1 0,1 0,1
m = 0,1.160 + 0,1.40 = 20 (g)
p n B
Bi 2. Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,2 mol Fe v 0,1 mol Fe
2
O
3
vo dung
dch HCl d thu c dung dch A. Cho dung dch A tc dng vi NaOH d thu
c kt ta. Lc ly kt ta, ra sch, sy kh v nung trong khng kh n khi
lng khng i c m gam cht rn, m c gi tr l
A. 23 gam B. 32 gam
C. 24 gam D. 42 gam
Hng dn gii. Cc phn ng
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O
FeCl
2
+ 2NaOH Fe(OH)
2
+ 2NaCl
FeCl
3
+ 3NaOH Fe(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4Fe(OH)
3
Chuyn 7
Lp s hp thc ca qu trnh chuyn ho,
tm mi quan h gia cht u v cht cui

I - NI DUNG
i vi cc bi ton hn hp bao gm nhiu qu trnh phn ng xy ra, ta
ch cn lp s hp thc, sau cn c vo cht u v cht cui, b qua cc
phn ng trung gian.
V d.
- Cho hn hp A gm cc cht rn Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
tan hon ton
trong dung dch HCl, dung dch thu c cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d,
lc kt ta, nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht
rn. Tnh m.
Ta thy, cht cui cng l Fe
2
O
3
, vy nu tnh c tng s mol Fe c trong
A ta s tnh c s mol Fe
2
O
3
.
- Cho hn hp Fe, Zn, Mg tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl, cho t t dung
dch NaOH vo dung dch thu c n kt ta ln nht, lc kt ta, nung trong
khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn, tnh m
Ta thy, nu bit c s mol cc kim loi ban u, ta lp c s hp
thc gia cht u v cui Fe Fe
2
O
3
, Zn ZnO, Mg MgO ta s tnh
c khi lng cc oxit.
II - BI TP P DUNG
Bi 1. Cho 11,2 gam Fe v 2,4 gam Mg tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long d.
Sau phn ng thu c dung dch A v V lt kh H
2
( ktc). Cho dung dch NaOH
d vo dung dch A thu c kt ta B. Lc B nung trong khng kh n khi
lng khng i c m (gam) cht rn.
a. V c gi tr l
A. 2,24 lt B. 3,36 lt
C. 5,6 lt D. 6,72 lt
NaCl
NaBr NaCl
m
m +m
=
18.58, 5
100%
(26, 5.103) (18.58, 5) +
= 27,84 %
p n B
Bi 8. Cho hn hp gm N
2
, H
2
v NH
3
c t khi so vi hiro l 8. Dn hn hp
i qua dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, d th th tch kh cn li mt na. Thnh phn phn
trm (%) theo th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp ln lt l
A. 25% N
2
, 25% H
2
v 50% NH
3
.
B. 25% NH
3
, 25% H
2
v 50% N
2
.
C. 25% N
2
, 25% NH
3
v 50% H
2
.
D. 15% N
2
, 35% N
2
v 50% NH
3
Hng dn gii.
Khi i qua dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, d ton b NH
3
b hp th, do thnh
phn ca NH
3
l 50%.
p dng phng php ng cho, = = hn hp banu M 8.2 16 ta c:

= =
+
3
2 2
N . . 1 H ....... 7 16 M
16 M 1
16 M 15
1 1
N H ........M 1


M = 15 l khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp ca N
2
v H
2
. Tip tc p
dng phng php ng cho ta c:

= = =
2
2
2 2
2
2
N ............28 13
N 1
15 %N %H 25%
H 1
H ................2 13



p n A


Chuyn 5
Phng php p dng nh lut bo ton in tch

I - NI DUNG
- nh lut bo ton in tch c p dng trong cc trng nguyn t,
phn t, dung dch trung ha in.
- Trong phn ng trao i ion ca dung dch cht in li trn c s ca
nh lut bo ton in tch ta thy c bao nhiu in tch dng hoc m ca cc
ion chuyn vo trong kt ta hoc kh tch ra khi dung dch th phi tr li cho
dung dch by nhiu in tch dng hoc m.
II - BI TP P DUNG
Bi 1. Chia hn hp 2 kim loi A, B c ha tr khng i thnh 2 phn bng
nhau :
- Phn 1 tan ht trong dung dch HCl, to ra 1,792 lt H
2
(ktc).
- Phn 2 nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 2,84
gam cht rn. Khi lng hn hp 2 kim loi trong hn hp u l
A. 2,4 gam B. 3,12 gam
C. 2,2 gam D. 1,8 gam
Hng dn gii.
Nhn xt : S mol in tch ca hai kim loi A v B trong hai phn l
khng thay i, do s mol in tch m trong hai phn l nh nhau.
V nn

2
O 2Cl
O(trongoxit ) Cl (trongmu H
2
1 1, 796
n n n 0, 08 (
2 22, 4
i)
= = = = mol)
m
Kim loi
= m
oxit
- m
O
= 2,84 0,08.16 = 1,56 gam
Khi lng trong hn hp ban u m = 2.1,56 = 3,12 gam
p n B
Hng dn gii.
- Cht oxi ho l HNO
3
N
+5
+ 1e N
+4
..... NO
2

0,1 ....... 0,1 .... 0,1
- Cht kh l Fe
x
O
y

2y
3 x
2y
xFe x.(3 ) e xFe
x
7, 2 7, 2
............. .( 3x 2y)
56x 16y 56x 16y
+
+

+ +

Ta c
7, 2
.(3x 2y) 0,1
56x 16y
=
+

72.(3x - 2y) = 56x + 16y
160x = 160y x = y : FeO
p n A









Bi 12. Cho tan hon ton 3,76 gam hn hp X dng bt gm S, FeS v FeS
2

trong dung dch HNO
3
thu c 0,48 mol NO
2
v dung dch D. Cho dung dch D
tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d, lc v nung kt ta n khi lng khng i,
c m gam hn hp rn. Gi tr ca m l
A. 11,650 gam B. 12,815 gam
C. 13,980 gam D. 15,145 gam
Hng dn gii.
Fe
+2
S
2
-1
tng ng vi Fe
+2
S
-2
.S
0
. V vy c th coi hn hp X gm hai cht S
v FeS, c s mol l a v b, ta c :
S gam X = 32a + 88b = 3,76 (I)
- Cht kh
0 6
0 3
S 6e S
a ........ 6a
FeS 9e Fe S
b .............9b
+
6 + +

+

- Cht oxi ho
N
+5
+ 1e N
+4
(NO
2
)
0,48 ............. 0,48
Ta c 6a + 9b = 0,48 (II)
Gii h (I), (II) c : a = 0,035 mol S v b = 0,03 mol FeS
2
4 4
4
BaSO S FeS SO
BaSO
n n n n 0, 035 0, 03 0, 065 (mol)
m 0, 065. 233 15,145 gam
= = + = + =
= =

p n D
Bi 13. Cho tan hon ton 7,2 gam Fe
x
O
y
trong dung dch HNO
3

thu c 0,1
mol NO
2
. Cng thc phn t ca oxit l
A. FeO B. Fe
3
O
4
C. Fe
2
O
3
D. c FeO v Fe
3
O
4
u ng
Bi 2. Dung dch A c cha 5 ion : Mg
2+
, Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
, 0,1 mol Cl
-
v 0,2mol
. Thm dn V lt dung dch K
3
NO

2
CO
3
1M vo A n khi c lng kt ta ln
nht. V c gi tr l
A. 150 ml B. 300 ml
C. 200 ml D. 250 ml
Hng dn gii. Phng trnh ion rt gn
Mg
2+
+ MgCO
2
3
CO

3

Ba
2+
+ BaCO
2
3
CO

3

Ca
2+
+ CaCO
2
3
CO

3

Khi phn ng kt thc, cc kt ta tch khi dung dch, phn dung dch
cha Na
+
, Cl
-
v . trung ha in th
3
NO

3 Na Cl NO
n n n 0,3(mo + = + = l)
2 3
Na
ddNa CO
n 0, 3
V 0,15 (l) 150 ml
2 Na
+
+
= = = =



p n A
Bi 3. Dung dch A cha cc ion CO
3
2-
, SO
3
2-
, SO
4
2-
v 0,1 mol HCO
3
-
, 0,3 mol
Na
+
. Thm V (lt) dung dch Ba(OH)
2
1M vo dung dch A th thu c lng kt
ta ln nht. Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,15 lt B. 0,2 lt
C. 0,25 lt D. 0,5 lt
Hng dn gii.
Nng cc ion [Ba
2+
] = 1M, [OH
-
] = 2M. thu c lng kt ta ln
nht, cn 0,1 mol OH
-
tc dng ht vi HCO
3
-

HCO
3
-
+ HO
-
CO
3
2-
+ H
2
O
Mt khc cn 0,3 mol OH
-
trung ho Na
+
. Vy tng s mol OH
-
cn l 0,1
+ 0,3 = 0,4 (mol)
Th tch dung dch Ba(OH)
2
l
0, 4
V 0, 2
2
= = (lit)
l)
l)

p n B
Bi 4. Cho tan hon ton 15,6 gam hn hp gm Al v Al
2
O
3
trong 500 ml dung
dch NaOH 1M thu c 6,72 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch D. Th tch HCl 2M cn
cho vo D thu c lng kt ta ln nht l
A. 0,175 lt B. 0,25 lt
C. 0,25 lt D. 0,52 lt
Hng dn gii.
Trong dung dch D c cha AlO
2
-
v OH
-
(nu d). Dung dch D trung ho
v in nn
2 AlO OH Na
n n n 0, 5 (mo + + = =
Khi cho HCl vo D :
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
H
+
+ AlO
2
-
+ H
2
O Al(OH)
3

thu c lng kt ta ln nht th
2 H AlO OH
n n n 0, 5 (mo + = + =
Th tch dung dch HCl l
0, 5
V 0, 25
2
= = (l)
p n B
Bi 5. Cho tan hon ton 10 gam hn hp Mg v Fe trong dung dch HCl 4M thu
c 5,6 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch D. kt ta hon ton cc ion trong D cn
300 ml dung dch NaOH 2M. Th tch dung dch HCl dng l
A. 0,1 lt B. 0,12 lt
C. 0,15 lt D. 0,2 lt
Hng dn gii.
Khi cho 0,6 mol NaOH vo dung dch D cha Mg
2+
, Fe
2+
v H
+
(nu d)
tch ra khi dung dch D. Dung dch to thnh cha Cl
-
phi trung ho in vi 0,6
mol Na
+

5 2
5 1
2
N 3e N
0, 06........0, 02 mol
N 8e 2N (N O)
0, 24........0, 06....0, 03 mol
+ +
+ +
+
+
enh
n 0, 06 0, 24 0, 3 m
n
= + =

ol
- Cht kh hai phn l nh nhau, do s mol electron H
2
SO
4
nhn bng s mol
electron HNO
3
nhn, hay
S
+6
+ 2e S
+4
(SO
2
)
0,3 ..................... 0,15

2 SO
V 0,15.22, 4 3, 36 (l) = =
p n B
Bi 11. Chia hn hp X gm Al, Al
2
O
3
, ZnO thnh hai phn bng nhau. Phn
mt cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c 0,3 mol kh. Phn hai tan
hon ton trong dung dch HNO
3
thu c 0,075 mol kh Y duy nht. Y l
A. NO
2
B. NO
C. N
2
O D. N
2
Hng dn gii.
- Trong X ch c Al c tnh kh, nc b nhm kh theo phng trnh :
2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH
-

0,6 ....... 0,3 (mol)
- Khi tc dng vi HNO
3
, cht oxi ho l HNO
3
N
+5
+ ne Y
0,075.n .... 0,075 (mol)
Ta c 0,075.n = 0,6, vi n l s electron m N
+5
nhn to thnh Y, n = 8.
Vy Y l N
2
O
p n C
Bi 9. Cho tan hon ton 58 gam hn hp A gm Fe, Cu, Ag trong dung dch
HNO
3
2M thu c 0,15 mol NO, 0,05 mol N
2
O v dung dch D. C cn dung
dch D, khi lng mui khan thu c l
A. 120,4 gam B. 89,8 gam
C. 116,9 gam D. kt qu khc
Hng dn gii.
Nhn xt : Nu ch dng phng php bo ton electron thng thng, ta cng
ch lp c 2 phng trnh 3 n s v s gp kh khn trong vic gii. tnh
khi lng mui NO
3
-
trong bi ton trn ta c cng thc

3
X NO (trongmu
n a
i)
= .n
Trong a l s electron m N
+5
nhn to thnh X
Nh vy :

2 3
NO N O NO
n 3.n 8.n 3.0,15 8.0, 05 0, 95 mol
-
3
mui khan Fe, Cu, Ag NO
m = m + m
= + = + =
m
mui khan
= 58 + 0,95.62 = 116,9 gam
p n C
Bi 10. Kh Fe
2
O
3
bng CO nhit cao, c hn hp X gm 4 cht rn.
Chia X thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn mt tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
d, thu
c 0,02 mol NO v 0,03 mol N
2
O. Phn hai cho tan hon ton trong dung dch
H
2
SO
4
c nng, thu c V lt (ktc) SO
2
. Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 B. 3,36
C. 4,48 D. 6,72
Hng dn gii.
- HNO
3
l cht kh

Cl Na
HCl
n n 0, 6 mo
0, 6
V 0,1
4
t
+ = =
= =
l
5 l

p n C
Bi 6. Cho 20 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
tan va ht trong 700
ml dung dch HCl 1M thu c 3,36 lit H
2
(ktc) v dung dch D. Cho dung dch
D tc dng vi NaOH d, lc kt ta v nung trong khng kh n khi lng
khng i thu c cht rn Y. Khi lng Y l
A. 16 gam B. 32 gam
C. 8 gam D. 24 gam
Hng dn gii. Cc phn ng
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
FeO + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
O
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8HCl 2FeCl
3
+ FeCl
2
+ 4H
2
O
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
FeCl
2
+ 2NaOH Fe(OH)
2
+ 2NaCl
FeCl
3
+ 3NaOH Fe(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2

o
t
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 4H
2
O
2Fe(OH)
3

o
t
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
Vi cch gii thng thng, ta t n s l s mol cc cht ri tnh ton theo
phng trnh phn ng. gii nhanh bi ton ny, ta p dng phng php bo
ton in tch.
S mol HCl ho tan Fe l = = =
2 HCl H
3, 36
n 2n 2. 0, 3 m
22, 4
ol
S mol HCl ho tan cc oxit = 0,7 - 0,3 = 0,4 (mol)
Theo nh lut bo ton in tch ta c
O (trongoxit ) Cl
,
n n , = = = 2
1 0 4
0 2
2 2
mol

= = =
oxit oxi
Fe(trongX)
m m 20 0, 2.16
n 0
56 56
, 3 mol
0,3 mol Fe 0,15 mol Fe
2
O
3
; = =
Fe O
m , . gam
2 3
0 15 160 24
p n D
Bi 7. Trn 100 ml dung dch AlCl
3
1M vi 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1,8M thu
c kt ta A v dung dch D.
a. Khi lng kt ta A l
A. 3,12 gam B. 6,24 gam
C. 1,06 gam D. 2,08 gam
b. Nng mol ca cc cht trong dung dch D l
A. NaCl 0,2M v NaAlO
2
0,6M B. NaCl 1M v NaAlO
2
0,2M
C. NaCl 1M v NaAlO
2
0,6M D. NaCl 0,2M v NaAlO
2
0,4M
Hng dn gii. Ta c th s dng nh lut bo ton in tch
3
Al Cl
Na OH
n 0,1mol, n 3.0,1 0, 3 mol
n n 0, 2.1, 8 0, 36 mol
+
+
= = =
= = =

Sau khi phn ng kt thc, kt ta tch ra, phn dung dch cha 0,3 mol Cl
-
trung ho in vi 0,3 mol Na
+
cn 0,06 mol Na
+
na phi trung ho in vi mt
anion khc, ch c th l 0,06 mol AlO
2
-
(hay [Al(OH)
4
]
-
). Cn 0,1 - 0,06 = 0,04
mol Al
3+
tch ra thnh 0,04 mol Al(OH)
3
. Kt qu trong dung dch cha 0,3 mol
NaCl v 0,06 mol NaAlO
2
(hay Na[Al(OH)
4
])
a. .
3
Al(OH)
m 0, 04.78 3,12 gam = =
p n A
b.
2
M(NaCl) M(NaAlO )
0, 3 0, 06
C 1M, C
0, 3 0, 3
= = = = 0, 2M. .
p n B

m = m
Mg, Fe
+ m
O
= 3,6 + 16.0,1 = 5,2 (gam)
b. Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t N ta c
3 2 3
3 3 2 3 3 2
3
N(HNO ) N( NO) N( N O) N( NO )
HNO Mg( NO ) Fe( NO ) NO N O
HNO
n n n n
hayn 2n 3n n 2n
2.0, 01 3.0, 06 0, 04 2.0, 01 0, 26 mol
0, 26
V 0,13 (lit)
2
= + +
= + + + =
= + + + =
= =

p n D
Bi 8. Cho mt lung kh CO qua m gam bt Fe
2
O
3
nung nng, thu c 14 gam
hn hp X gm 4 cht rn. Cho hn hp X tan hon ton trong dung dch HNO
3

thu c 2,24 lit kh NO (ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 16,4 gam B. 14,6 gam
C. 8,2 gam D. 20,5 gam
Hng dn gii.
- CO l cht kh (ta coi Fe
2
O
3
khng tham gia vo phn ng oxi ho kh, do Fe
2
O
3

Fe(NO
3
)
3
c s oxi ho khng thay i)
m
oxi trong oxit
= m - 14 (gam)

CO Otrong oxit
m 14
n n
16

= =

m 14 m 14
............
16 8


+2 +4
C + 2e C

- HNO
3
l cht oxi ho
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2

0,3 ......... 0,1 (mol)
Ta c
m 14
0, 3 m 16, 4 gam
8

= =
p n A.
A. 0,5 lt B. 0,24 lt
C. 0,26 lt D. 0,13 lt
Hng dn gii.
a. - HNO
3
l cht oxi ho
N
+5
+ 3e NO
0,12 ........ 0,04 (mol)
2N
+5
+ 8e 2N
+1
(N
2
O)
0,08 ....... 0,02 ... 0,01 (mol)
enh
n 0,12 0, 08 0, 2 m
n
= + =

ol
3y

- Mg v Fe l cht kh. Gi x, y l s mol Mg v Fe trong hn hp
Mg - 2e Mg
+2
x .........2x (mol)
Fe - 3e Fe
+3
y ...... 3y (mol)

enh
n 2x
ng
= +

Ta c h phng trnh :
24x 56y 3, 6
2x 3y 0, 2
+ =

+ =

Gii h ra x = 0,01 mol Mg 0,01 mol MgO


y = 0,06 mol Fe 0,03 mol Fe
2
O
3
m = khi lng MgO + Fe
2
O
3
= 0,01.40 + 0,03.160 = 5,2 (gam)
p n C
Ta c th tnh theo cch sau : Ta c s hp thc Mg MgO, Fe Fe
2
O
3
.
Trong Mg v Fe l cht kh, oxi l cht oxi ho, s mol e nhn vn l 0,2 mol.
O + 2e O
2-

0,1....... 0,2
Chuyn 6
Phng php p dng nh lut bo ton electron

I - NI DUNG
Trong phn ng oxi ha - kh, s mol electron m cht kh cho i bng s
mol electron m cht oxi ha nhn v.
enhn enhng
n n =


- S dng cho cc bi ton c phn ng oxi ha - kh, c bit l cc bi
ton c nhiu cht oxi ha, nhiu cht kh.
- Trong mt phn ng hoc mt h phn ng, cn quan tm n trng thi
oxi ha ban u v cui ca mt nguyn t m khng cn quan tm n cc qu
trnh bin i trung gian.
- Cn kt hp vi cc phng php khc nh bo ton khi lng, bo ton
nguyn t gii bi ton.
- Nu c nhiu cht oxi ha v nhiu cht kh cng tham gia trong bi
ton, ta cn tm tng s mol electron nhn v tng s mol electron nhng ri mi
cn bng.
II - BI TP P DUNG
Bi 1. m gam bt st ngoi khng kh mt thi gian thu c11,8 gam hn
hp cc cht rn FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe. Ha tan hon ton hn hp bng dung
dch HNO
3
long thu c 2,24 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 5,02 gam B. 10,04 gam
C. 15,12 gam D. 20,16 gam
Hng dn gii.
n
Fe
=
m
56
;

=
2 O phn ng
11, 8 m
n
32
; n
NO gii phng
= 0,1 mol
- Cht kh l Fe :

3
56 56
0 +
Fe - 3e Fe
m m
..........

3

- Cht oxi ha gm O
2
v HNO
3
:

+

0 -
2
O 4e 2O
11, 8 m 11, 8 m
.......
32 8
2


3
+5 +2
N e N (NO)
0,3 ................ 0,1
+
mol e
-
Fe nhng = ne
-
cht oxi ha (O
2
,
3
NO

) nhn:
3 11 8
0 3
56 8

= +
m , m
, m = 10,04 (g).
p n B.
Bi 2. Ha tan hon ton 17,4 gam hn hp 3 kim loi Al, Fe, Mg trong dung
dch HCl thy thot ra 13,44 lt kh. Nu cho 34,8 gam hn hp trn tc dng vi
dung dch CuSO
4
d, lc ly ton b cht rn thu c sau phn ng tc dng vi
dung dch HNO
3
nng d th thu c V lt kh NO
2
(ktc). Gi tr V l
A. 11,2 lt B. 22,4 lt
C. 53,76 lt D. 76,82 lt
Hng dn gii. Al, Mg, Fe nhng e, s mol electron ny chnh bng s mol e
Cu nhng khi tham gia phn ng vi HNO
3
. S mol electron m H
+
nhn cng
chnh l s mol electron m HNO
3
nhn.
13 44
1 2 0 6
22 4
+
2
2H + 2e H
,
, ......... ,
,

=

17,4 gam hn hp H
+
nhn 1,2 mol e. Vy 34,8 gam s mol e m H
+
nhn l 2,4
mol.
+ + = =

+ + = =


= =

27x 24y 56z 8, 7 x 0,1
1, 5x y z 0, 3 y 0.075
1, 5x 0,15 z 0, 075

Trong 34,7 gam hn hp : n
Al
= 0,4; n
Mg
= 0,3; n
Fe
= 0,3
2Al + 3CuSO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3Cu
Mg + CuSO
4
MgSO
4
+ Cu
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
Cu + 4HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+ H
2
O
phn 3, khi cc kim loi tc dng vi dung dch CuSO
4
to thnh Cu,
lng Cu ny tc dng vi HNO
3
to ra Cu
2+
, do :
- Al, Mg, Fe l cht kh, nhng electron

enh
n 3.0,1 2.0, 075 2.0, 075 0, 6 mol e = + + =
ng
- HNO
3
l cht oxi ho, nhn electron
N
+5
+ 1e N
+4
(NO
2
)
a .................... a
a = 0,6
=
2 NO
n 0, 6mol = =
2 NO
V 0, 6.22, 4 13, 44 lt
p n C
Bi 7. Cho tan hon ton 3,6 gam hn hp gm Mg v Fe trong dung dch HNO
3

2M, thu c dung dch D, 0,04 mol kh NO v 0,01 mol N
2
O. Cho dung dch D
tc dng vi dung dch NaOH ly d, lc v nung kt ta n khi lng thu c
m gam cht rn.
a. Gi tr ca m l
A. 2,6 gam B. 3,6 gam
C. 5,2 gam D. 7,8 gam
b. Th tch HNO
3
phn ng l
x = 0,2, ay = 0,9
n
Fe
= 0,2 % m
Fe
= =
0, 2.56
.100% 50, 91%
22

p n D
d. m
M
= 22 0,2.56 = 10,8 gam
n
M
= y =
0, 9
a
; = = =
m 10, 8.a
M 12.a
n 0, 9

Vy a = 2, M = 24 (Mg) l ph hp
p n A
Bi 6. Mt hn hp gm 3 kim loi Al, Fe, Mg c khi lng 26,1 gam c chia
lm 3 phn u nhau.
- Phn 1, cho tan ht trong dung dch HCl thy thot ra 13,44 lt kh.
- Phn 2, cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c 3,36 lt kh.
- Phn 3, cho tc dng vi dung dch CuSO
4
d, lc ly ton b cht rn thu
c sau phn ng em ho tan trong dung dch HNO
3
nng d th thu c V lt
kh NO
2
. Cc kh u c o iu kin tiu chun.
Th tch kh NO
2
thu c l
A. 26,88 lt B. 53,70 lt
C. 13,44 lt D. 44,8 lt
Hng dn gii.
2Al + 6HCl AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
Mg + 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
Khi lng ca mi phn m = =
26,1
8, 7 gam
3

t s mol Al, Mg, Fe trong 17,4 gam hn hp l x, y, z
2 4 2 4
+5 +4
2
N + 1e N (NO )
, ......... , mol


2 NO
V 2, 4.22, 4 53, 76 lt = = .
p n C
Bi 3. Ha tan hon ton 43,2 gam kim loi Cu vo dung dch HNO
3
long, tt c
kh NO thu c em oxi ha thnh NO
2
ri sc vo nc c dng oxi chuyn
ht thnh HNO
3
. Th tch kh oxi ktc tham gia vo qu trnh trn l
A. 5,04 lt B. 7,56 lt
C. 6,72 lt D. 8,96 lt
Hng dn gii.
Ta nhn thy, Cu nhng electron cho HNO
3
to thnh NO
2
, sau NO
2
li
nhng cho O
2
. Vy trong bi ton ny, Cu l cht nhng, cn O
2
l cht nhn
electron.
Cu - 2e Cu
2+

0,675 ...... 1,35
O
2
+ 4e 2O
2-
x ........ 4x
4x = 1,35 x = 0,3375 = 0,3375.22,4 = 7,56 lt
2 O
V
p n B
Bi 4. Chia m gam hn hp 2 kim loi A, B c ha tr khng i thnh 2 phn
bng nhau :
- Phn 1 tan ht trong dung dch HCl, to ra 1,792 lt H
2
(ktc).
- Phn 2 nung trong oxi thu c 2,84 g hn hp oxit.
Gi tr ca m l
A. 1,56 gam B. 2,64 gam
C. 3,12 gam D. 4,68 gam
Hng dn gii. A, B l cht kh, H
+
( phn 1) v O
2
( phn 2) l cht oxi ha.
S mol e
-
H
+
nhn bng s mol e
-
O
2
nhn
2H
+
+ 2.1e
-
H
2
0,16 ............ 0,08
O
2
+ 4e 2O
2-
0,04 ...... 0,16
m
kl phn 2
= m
oxit
- m
Oxi
= 2,84 - 0,04.32 = 1,56 gam. m = 1,56.2 = 3,12 gam.
p n C
Bi 5. Chia 44 gam hn hp gm Fe v kim loi M c ha tr duy nht thnh 2
phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: Tan va trong 2 lt dung dch HCl thy thot ra 14,56 lt H
2
(ktc).
- Phn 2: Tan hon ton trong dung dch HNO
3
long nng thy thot ra 11,2
lt kh NO duy nht (ktc)
a. Nng mol ca dung dch HCl l
A. 0,45 M B. 0,25 M
C. 0,55 M D. 0,65 M
b. Khi lng hn hp mui clorua khan thu c khi c cn dung dch sau phn
ng phn 1 l
A. 65,54 gam B. 68,15 gam
C. 55,64 gam D. 54,65 gam
c. % khi lng ca Fe trong hn hp ban u l
A. 49,01 % B. 47,97 %
C. 52,03 % D. 50,91 %
d. Kim loi M l
A. Mg B. Zn
C. Al D. Cu
Hng dn gii.
a. = 0,65 (mol) n
2
H
n
HCl
= 2n
H
= 2.0,65 = 1,3 mol
C
M
=
1, 3
2
= 0,65 M.
p n D
b. m
mui
= m
Kl
+
Cl
m
Trong 1 3
HCl Cl
n n , m = = ol
m
mui
= 22 + 1,3.35,5 = 68,15 gam
p n B
c. p dng phng php bo ton e
- Phn 1:
Fe - 2e Fe
2+

x ........ 2.x
M - ae M
a+
y ........ a.y
2H
+
+ 2e H
2
1,3 ........... 0,65
- Phn 2:
Fe - 3e Fe
3+
M - ae M
a+
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
(NO)
1,5 0,5
2x ay 1, 3
3x ay 1, 5
+ =


+ =

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