Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A
1.400
1.300
1.200
1.100
1.000
900
800
Lng cu
B
1.200
1.100
1.000
900
800
700
600
C
1.500
1.400
1.300
1.200
1.100
1.000
900
Gii p:
y l cu hi sinh vin thc hnh tm ng cu tng ca hng cng cng. Trc
honh o mc cht lng khng kh tng ln theo chiu sang phi, c ngha gim kh
SO2 trong khng kh. Trong trng hp ny ng tng cu c xc nh tng theo
chiu dc sn lng chi tr ca c nhn:
g/m3
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
ng cu
7
lng khng kh di mc 900, gi sn lng chi tr cn bin nh hn chi ph x l
cn bin(MAC). Bng cch gim cht lng khng khi mt n v, chi ph x l tit
kim c s ln hn thit hi gim xung li ch rng tng thm. Thng d x hi
khng th tng thm y nu MAC = MD (thit hi cn bin). Phng php th hai
v th ng MWTP v MAC v s dng din tch pha di nhng ng ny
tnh ton li ch rng x hi. Gi s ch s cht lng khng kh ban u l 1200,
gi tr rng tng thm do lm sch n mc cht lng mi trng di y c
minh ho sau y.
Ch s cht lng
khng kh
7500
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
Tng WTP
Tng chi ph
Gi tr rng x hi
11500
20000
25500
27500
29000
29500
29500
29500
29500
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
24000
28000
32000
36000
7500
12000
13500 (MAX)
11500
9000
5500
1500
-2500
-6500
d
13
MWTP
($/n v)
16
MWTP
($/n v)
8
6
2
0
0
4
Qa
4 6
Qa
10
0
5
14
B&A
14
15
ng cu tuyn tnh, co gin ca cu theo gi l khng c nh, gi tr tuyt
i ca n tng khi mc gi tng.
d) Thng d tiu dng l tam gic nm di ng cu (ngc) v trn mc gi
cn bng. ng cao ca tam gic l mc gi ti a choke price tr gi tt (20-10
= 10) v y l lng cu (5). Din tch tam gic l (10) (5)/2=$25.
e) Mc gi tng ln $12 lm lng cu gim xung 4 chai. Thng d tiu dng mi
l (20-12) (4)/2=$16. Phn gim trong thng d tiu dng l $25-$16=$9.
f) Khi thu nhp l $60,000, nh cu i vi nc ng chai l Q=6-0.5p+ (0.0001)
(60,000) = 12 0.5p. Vi p = 10, q=7, v p=12, q=6, s thay i trong thng d
tiu dng l (12-10) (6) + (2) (1)/2 = 13. S thay i trong thng d tiu dng
tng ln theo thu nhp cho thy s ph thuc ca gi sn lng tr vo thu nhp.
Cu 5. Gi s mt nh my xay bt g c t b sng Mekong. Chi ph t nhn
bin (MC) ca vic sn xut bt g ($/tn) c biu din qua phng trnh:
MC = 10 + 0.5 Y
Vi Y l tn bt g c sn xut. Bn cnh chi ph t nhn bin cn c mt chi ph
ngoi tc. Mi tn bt g s to ra mt lung nhim cho con sng, to ra mt thit hi
$10. y l mt chi ph ngoi tc do cng ng gnh chu ch khng phi do ngi gy
nhim. Li ch bin (MB) i vi x hi ca mi tn bt, tnh theo $, l:
MB = 30 0.5 Y
a) Hy v th minh ha chi ph bin (MC), li ch bin (MB), chi ph ngoi tc
bin (EMC), v hm chi ph x hi bin.
SMC = 20 +0.5Y
MC =10 +0.5 Y
MB= 30-0.5Y
EMC =10
Y*=10
b) Tm mc sn lng bt g ti a ha li nhun, gi s rng ngi bn c th t
c doanh thu bin bng li ch bin ca x hi t bt g.
Environmental Economics Teachers Manual 2005
16
MC = 10 + 0.5 Y
MR = 30 0.5 Y
MC = MR ti a ha li nhun:
10 + 0.5Y = 30 - 0.5Y-
ta c Y* = 20.
c) Tm mc sn lng bt g ti a ha li ch x hi rng
Vi MEC =10
SMC = MC + MEC = 10 + 0.5Y + 10 = 20 + 0.5 Y v ti a ha li ch x hi rng
i hi:
SMC = MB
Suy ra: 20 + 0.5 Y = 30 0.5 Y = > Y* = 10.
d) Chi ph ngoi tc bin phi l bao nhiu vic sn xut bt g khng cn ng
mong mun i vi x hi?
MC + MEC = MB
10 + 0.5Y + MEC = 30 0.5Y-
Y = 20 MEC.
Do , vi Y =0, MEC=20.
Cu 6. Gi s mt c nhn c hm tha dng:
U=E
0.25
+Y
0.75
0.25
+ 100
0.25
+ 100
U1 = 2
0.75
= 32.6228
0.75
= 32.8120
0.25
+Y
0.75
tm ra YN, nh sau:
Environmental Economics Teachers Manual 2005
17
32.6228 = 1.1892 + Y
Y
0.75
0.75
= 31.4336
0.25
+Y
0.75
tm ra YN, kt qu l YN = 100.7928
Do ES = YN Y0 = 0.7928.
Vi s gim st cht lng mi trng E, ta c:
U0 = 1
0.25
U1 = 0.5
+ 100
0.25
0.75
+ 100
= 32.6228
0.75
= 32.4637
0.25
+Y
0.75
0.25
+Y
0.75
18
m vic lm ny em li. Hiu qu kinh t i hi s cn bng gia li ch v chi ph
bin. Tuy nhin, pht biu ny l ph hp vi vn hiu qu kinh t nu chi ph lm
sch/ngn nga nhim lun bng khng, hay cc thit hi l ln v cng, hay ni mt
cch tng qut hn, nu li ch bin di hn lun ln hn chi ph x l bin di hn cho
n khi nhim c x l hon ton.
C,B
MEC
MNPB
Q*
50
100
Q/W
MDU
MAC
MDR
40
60
120
Gi p:
Ti mc thi hiu qu x hi, MAC = MD cho mi vng
Nng thn:
MAC = MDR
Thnh th :
MAC = MDU
5ER = 600 5ER
10EU = 600 5EU
E*R = 60
E*U = 40
MACR (60) = 300
MACU (40) = 400
Tiu chun c t mc 50 lng thi l trung bnh cng ca hai mc thi hiu
qu x hi:
MAC (50) = 350
MDR (50) = 250
MDU (50) = 500
Thay i ca tng thit hi mi vng so vi tng thit hi hiu qu x hi l:
23
MAC1
160
MAC2
Thu =100
mi tn
c
a
e
0
Gii p:
d
15
b
20
40
Pht thi
(tn mi nm)
27
(b) Gii thch h thng giy php thi c th chuyn nhng c th p dng nh th
no t c mc thi mc tiu. Gi s khi bt u ngi qun l cp min ph
15 giy php cho mi ch th gy nhim. Tm s lng giy php m mi nh
my gi khi th trng giy php hot ng, gi ca giy php, v tng chi ph t
nhn ca h thng giy php. Chi ph t nhn ca mi nh my s thay i nh
th no nu t u nh nc bn u gi giy php cho cc ch th gy nhim?
Gii p:
(a) Mc tiu l E1 +E2 = 30 n v (1).
x l l hiu qu chi ph: MAC1 =MAC2 (2)
T (1) & (2) ta c: E1 =24 v E2 =6
(b) Nu nh qun l cp 15 giy php cho mi nh my.
MAC1 = MAC2 = gi giy php khi nh my 1 gi 24 giy php v nh my 2
gi 6 giy php. C ngha nh my 1 mua 9 giy php t nh my hai.
0
TAC
28
$/tn
MAC (trc ci tin)
P* = t*
E2
d a
E1
on ng i
(km)
0-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
Giao im gia
ng cu v
trc tung
125
125
125
125
Chi ph du hnh
($)
Tng CS
($)
25.000
50.000
75.000
100.000
125,000
2.000
1.125
500
125
0
Total CS =
1.000.000
2.812.500
2.500.000
375.000
0
6.687.500
38
Nu ngi s dng on ng c thm ng thay th, lng cu ca h mc gi
cao s thp hn lng cu mc gi thp. Giao im gia ng cu v trc tung s b
c lng thp hn mc thc t. Li ch ca c dn gn s b c lng thp hn mc
thc t.
CH 5: Phng php gi c hng th
Cu hi 1: Mt cng nhn tiu biu cho mi kha cnh, lm vic vi tin lng 40.000$
mt nm trong cho mt ch lm hon ton an ton. Mt cng nhn in hnh khc lm
mt cng vic i hi cng nhng k nng tng t, nhng mt ch lm y ri ro c
th dn n ci cht xc sut 1 trong 1000 ngi hng nm, v nhn mc lng 44.000$
mt nm. Gi tr ca i ngi ca cc cng nhn vi nhng c im ny l bao nhiu
nn dng phn tch chi ph -li ch.
Gii p :
Cc cng nhn i hi 4.000$ chp nhn ri ro t vong vi xc sut 0.001. Gi tr i
ngi p ch bng con s 4.000$/0,001 = 4.000.000$.
Bi tp 1: Chi ph ting n. Gi s mi ngi s hu cc cn h ging nhau gn sn
bay. Nu mt tuyn ng bng mi c xy dng, cc cn h trong vng A s hng
gi tr li ch v h cm thy yn tnh hn. Nhng cc cn h vng B, nm di ng
bay mi, mt i gi tr v h cm thy n o hn. Bng s liu di y cung cp s
cn h v nhng thay i trong gi tr mi vng.
Hon tt cc ct bng tay tnh ton nhng thay i trong gi tr vng.
Cc cn h
Gi tr 1000 la
S cn h
Thay i (gi
tr tin $)
Trc
Sau
A
Yn tnh hn
250
280
10.000
?
B
n o hn
250
210
5.000
?
a. Li ch, chi ph v li ch rng t nhng thay i l bao nhiu ?
b. n gin, gi thit nhng thay i trong ting n l ngun li ch hay chi ph
duy nht. ng bng mi v ci thin Pareto thc t theo nhng iu kin
no? Mt ci thin Pareto tim nng ?
Gii p :
Cc cn h
Gi tr $000
S h
Thay i $m
Trc
Sau
A
Yn tnh hn
250
280
10.000
+300
B
n o hn
250
210
5.000
200
a. Li ch, chi ph v li ch rng ln lt l $300m, $200m, v $100m.
b. ng bng mi l s ci thin Pareto thc t nu ngi hng li (A) b p cho
ngi tn tht (B). l ci thin Pareto tim nng nu ngi hng li khng n
b cho ngi tn tht.
Environmental Economics Teachers Manual 2005
39
Bi tp 2: Li ch ca ng dn nc. Li ch lp t mt ng dn nc mi n
nng tri s nm trong gi c thm vo m ngi mua s tr cho nng tri c ng
ng dn nc. Mt s nng tri huyn c sn ng dn nc v mt s nng tri th
khng c. Mt cuc kho st v phn tch nhng nng tri ny cho kt qu mt m hnh
hng th sau y lin quan n gi c tr cho nhng c im ca cc nng tri.
Gi tr khu t = 500 + 200 SCHEME 0.2 AREA + 1.8
RAIN
Trong : kch thc trung bnh ti sn (AREA) huyn l 1.000 ha v lng nc
trung bnh (RAIN) l 150 mm, v gi tr khu t l la /ha. SCHEME c nh
ngha l 1 nu c chng trnh ng dn nc, v 0 = khng c ng dn nc.
Tnh li ch ca chng trnh vi gi c hng th, bng qui trnh sau
y.
a. a gi tr trung bnh ca AREA v RAIN vo phng trnh, v din t li
n nh sau: Gi tr khu t = Hng s + 200 SCHEME
b. Tnh ton gi tr khu t trn 1 ha khi c v khng c chng trnh. Gi tr
tng ln ca mi ha l bao nhiu, vi chng trnh ng dn nc?
c. Tnh s gia tng trong gi tr mi ti sn, vi chng trnh ng dn nc.
Gii
p:
Li ch tnh nh
sau:
a. M hnh: Gi tr khu t = 500 + 200 SCHEME -0,2(1000) + 1,8(150)
= 500 + 200 SCHEME 200 + 270
= 570 + 200
SCHEME
b. Khng c chng trnh: gi tr khu t trn mt ha = 570 + 200*0 = $570
C chng trnh: gi tr khu t trn mt ha = 570 + 200*1 = $770
Tng gi tr cho mi ha c chng trnh l $200
c. Tng gi tr ti sn = tng gi tr cho mi ha t x 1000 = 200 x 1000 =
$200.000
Cu hi 2. Gi s chnh quyn thnh ph ang c gng tm cch gii quyt vn
nhim do thuc tr su i vi ngun cung cp nc cho thnh ph. Chnh quyn thnh
ph mun tin hnh mt phn tch li ch chi ph vi hai phng n kim sot thuc tr
su khc nhau:
-
43
-
Cho sut chit khu l 5%, v thi gian thc hin k hoch ca thnh ph l 10 nm. Gi
s NPV ca li ch ca d n l $40 triu. Chnh quyn thnh ph nn chn phng n
no?
By gi gi s mi phng n x l c cc li ch khc nhau. C th, hin gi vn l $40
triu i vi phng n cm dng thuc tr su, nhng c th c cc li ch tng thm
di dng t thit hi hn i vi h sinh thi so vi phng n nng cp nh my x l
nc thi. Mc chnh lch cc li ch tng thm ny phi l bao nhiu mi nm chnh
quyn thnh ph bng quan gia phng n nng cp nh my x l nc thi v phng
n cm dng thuc tr su?
Tr li:
Tt c cc con s tnh theo triu la. Hin gi (PV) c tnh bng cch chia gi tr hin
t
hnh (CV) cho (1 + r) , y t l thi gian v r l li sut.
Chi ph nng cp nh my x l cht thi th:
0
CV chi ph hot
ng
PV chi ph hot
ng
CV chi ph vn
PV chi ph vn
Tng
chi
ph
0.95
0.91
0.86
0.82
0.78
0.75
0.71
0.68
0.65
7.11
20
20
20
15.7
40
35.67
CV chi ph hot
ng
PV chi ph hot
Tng
chi
ph
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
35.0
3.5
3.3
3.2
3.0
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
28.4
44
ng
10
PV (chi ph hot ng) = 3.5 triu (1-1/(1 + r) )(1 + r)/r
PV (li ch rng) = 40 28.38 = 11.62 (triu)
Cm dng thuc tr su c hin gi cao hn. Nu nng cp nh my x l nc thi
th cho hin gi li ch cao hn trong khi cm dng thuc tr su vn cho hin gi li ch
l $40 (triu), bng quan gia cc d n, th PV ca li ch rng phi bng nhau gia
cc d n. Hin gi ca li ch rng i vi phng n nng cp nh my x l nc thi
th phi l $54.40 (triu).
Cu hi 3. B giao thng (MOT) ang xem xt liu c nn u t vo mt ng hm
mi qua ni ( y hin c mt con ng qua ni) hay khng. MOT chi $3 triu
(theo gi nm 2000) cho vic nghin cu kh thi v nhn thy rng ng hm mi c
th gim thi gian lu thng cho gn 200,000 ngi. Mt phn tch gn y ch ra rng
ng hm c th tit kim khong 33 gi i li hng nm cho mt ngi. Mt nghin
cu tin hnh nm 1992 cho thy nhng ngi i li hng ngy nh gi gi tr thi gian
ca h khong $11 mt gi (theo gi nm 1990). Bn c th gi s gi tr thc ca thi
gian i li khng i. ng hm c th tn chi ph xy dng $1 t (theo gi nm 2000)
v mt 6 nm mi hon thnh. Mt khi d n hon thnh, chi ph vn hnh v bo tr
ng hm l $25 triu mt nm (theo gi nm 2000). Chi ph thc c tin rng s
khng i theo thi gian. MOT ng ti tr chi ph xy dng ban u, nhng chi ph
vn hnh v bo tr phi c hon tr bng tin thu ph.
1. i vi mi quan im, nhn dng mi mc trong bng s c tnh l li ch (B),
chi ph (C) hay khng (NC) trong vic xc nh li ch rng ca d n.
MOT
Ngi s dng ng hm
X hi
Nghin cu kh thi
NC
NC
NC
Tit kim thi gian
NC
B
B
Chi ph xy dng
C
NC
C
Chi ph vn hnh v bo tr
C
NC
C
Tr cp
B
NC or C*
NC
Tin thu ph
B
C
NC
* Bn c th lp lun rng ngi s dng ng hm c th s tr khon tr cp thng
qua thu cao hn.
2. Mt s n gin ha trong phn tch gii hn chnh xc ca vic nh gi l g?
+ Gi tr thc ca thi gian i li c th tng hoc gim theo thi gian.
+ S lng ngi s dng ng hm c th tng hoc gim theo thi gian.
+ Chi ph thc ca vic vn hnh v bo tr c th tng hoc gim theo thi
gian.
3. Cc li ch v chi ph c th c khc m chng ta nn xem xt trong nh gi li ch
rng l g?
+ M ng hm c th thu ht nhiu ngi i li bng ng hm thay v i
bng cc phng tin giao thng khc lm gim kt xe trn cc ng cao tc,
gim nhim khng kh,
+ Chi ph hiu qu do tng thu tr cp xy ng hm mi.
Environmental Economics Teachers Manual 2005
45
+ Chi ph thi gian i vi nhng ngi i li hng ngy do tr hon trong sut
thi gian xy ng hm.
4. Theo quan im x hi, hin gi ca chi ph ca d n theo gi nm 2000 l bao nhiu
nu vng i d n l 30 nm v sut chit khu hng nm l 3%? S dng tha s
chit khu dng tin u tnh ton cu tr li ca bn v gi s cc khon thanh
ton c tnh u mi giai on.
PV ca chi ph vn hnh v bo tr u nm 7/cui nm 6 tnh bng triu la
theo gi nm 2000:
c tha s chit khu dng tin u ca khon tr trc cho 24 nm, chng ta
s dng gi tr ca tha s chit khu dng tiu u cho khon tin cho 23 nm
vi sut chit khu 3%, 16.4436, v cng 1:
PV ( 25 )(17.4436 ) 436.09
+ 1
1(1+r )
= E
1n
436.09
3656
1.03
PV ca chi ph xy dng u nm 1 (theo gi nm 2000): $1 t
Tng chi ph theo gi nm 2000: $1.365 t
5. Theo quan im x hi, hin gi ca li ch ca d n theo gi nm 2000 l bao nhiu
nu vng i d n l 30 nm v sut chit khu l 3%? (Lu : S dng CPI trong
phn ghi ch bi ging). Li s dng tha s chit khu dng tin u tnh ton
cu tr li ca bn nhng n gin, gi nh rng cc li ch pht sinh tnh cui
nm.
Gi tr thi gian mt ngi theo gi nm 2000:
.8
CPI = 11172130.7
14.54
V2000 = V1990 CPI
2000
1990
( $14.54
hour
$95.96million
(n1 +r
)
r
46
PV ca li ch tit kim thi gian tnh theo triu la theo gi nm 2000 thi
im bt u nm 1:
PV
1, 625.2
1, 361
6
1.03
Gii p bi tp 1:
a) S dng nguyn tc Hotelling cho m hnh hai giai on:
P
P c= 1
c
0
1+
r
P0 c = 1200 23Q0 200 = 1000 23Q0
P1 c
1200 23Q1 200 1000 23Q1
=
=
= 909
1 20.9Q
1+
1+
1.1
r
10%
Rng buc: Q0 + Q1 = 71, hoc: Q1 = 71 Q0
P c
P c= 1
1000 = 909 20.9Q1
23Q
0
1+r
1000 23Q0 = 909 20.9(71 Q0 )
0
Q0 = 35.87 ; Q1 = 35.13
43.9Q0
b) P0 c = 1200 23Q0 250 = 950 23Q0
P1 c
950
= 863.6 20.9Q
23Q1
1
1+
1+
1.1
r
10%
Rng buc: Q0 + Q1 = 71, hoc: Q1 = 71 Q0
=
51
P c=
0
P1 c
23Q
1+r
= 863.6 20.9Q1
950
0
Q0 = 35.77 ; Q1 = 35.23
c) Q1 = 82 Q0
950 23Q0 = 863.6 20.9(82 Q0 )
950 23Q0 = 863.6 1713.8 + 20.9Q0
950 863.6 + 1713.8 = 23Q0 + 20.9Q0
1800.2 = 43.9Q0
Q0 = 41.02 ; Q1 = 40.98