HIU NG NHIT CA CC QU TR.

NH HA HC
4.1: un nng mt cylinder cha oxy p sut khng i
1atm t th tich
1,2 lt n th tch 1,5 lt bng mt lng nhit 1kcal. Tnh
bin thin ni
nng ca qu tr.nh. (Cho 1lit.atm = 24,21cal) (S : 993 cal.)
4.2 : Phn ng ca cyanamide rn , NH2CN vi oxy c thc
hin trong
mt bom nhit lng k. Bin thin ni nng ca NH2CN (r)
l 742,7
kj/mol 298K. Tnh H298 ca phn ng sau :
NH2CN(r) + 3/2 O2(k) N2(k) + CO2(k) + H2O(l) (S =
-741,5kJ )
4.3 : Tnh nhit lng cn thit nng 60 gam nhm t
35oC ln 55oC.
Cho nhit dung mol ca nhm l: 5,8 cal/moloC.
p dng CT H= Cp.(t2-t1) (S : 258 cal)
4.4 : Xc inh nhit cui cng ca h thng gm 100 gam
km 95oC
nhng vo 50 gam nc 15oC. Cho nhit dung mol ca Zn
l 6,06 cal/
moloC , ca nc l 18 cal/moloC. (S : 28oC )
4.5 : Mt nhit lng k c cha 45 gam nc 23oC, sau khi
c hp
th 2,00 kJ nhit th. nhit ln n 32oC. Tnh phn khi
lng ca nhit
lng k tng ng vi nc . tham gia vo qu tr.nh
trao i nhit.
(S : 8 gam )
4.6: Tnh bin thin enthalpy khi 1,00 gam nc ng c
0oC v 1atm.
Cho bit nhit nng chy ca nc l H298(nc) = 1,435
kcal/mol.
(S : -79,7 cal/g )
4.7 : Tnh nhit lng cn thit chuyn 100 gam nc
0oC thnh
hi nc 100oC. Cho nhit nng chy, nhit bay hi v
nhit dung ca

nc l: H298(nc) = 80 kcal/kg . H298(bh) = 540 kcal/kg . Cp = 1

kcal/kg.K
(S : Htotal = 72,00 kcal )
4.8 : Tnh hiu ng nhit ca qu tr.nh ng c 1mol nc
lng -100C
thnh nc -100C. Cho nhit nng chy ca nc
00C: H298(nc) =
1,435kcal/mol v nhit dung ca nc: Cp = 1 cal/g.K. (S: 1343cal)
4.9 : Nhit t chy ca kh etan C2H6 l 368 kcal/mol . Gi s
ch c 60%
nhit c ch. Hi cn t chy bao nhiu m3 kh etan ktc
lm 50kg
nc 100C bay hi 1000C. (Dng cc s liu cn thit
bi 4.7).
(S : 3,21 m3)
4.10:Cho nhit to thnh tiu chun ca cc cht tng ng
trong phng
tr.nh nhit ha. Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng sau;
N2O4(k) + 3CO(k) N2O(k) + 3CO2(k) , H0
298 = ?
H0
298 tt (kJ/mol) 9,7 -110 81 -393,5
( S: H0
298 = -778kJ )
4.11: Tnh H0
298 tt C6H12O6(r) t cc d kin sau:
H0
298 c C6H12O6(r) = -2816 kJ/mol, H0
298 tt CO2(k) = -393,5 kJ/mol,
H0
298 tt H2O(l) = -285,9 kJ/mol. (S: H0
298 ttC6H12O6(r) = -1260 kJ/mol)
4.12 : Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng sau: C2H4(k) + H2(k)
C2H6(k).
Cho H0
298 c C2H4(k) = -337,2 kcal/mol, H0
298 c C2H6(k) = -368,4
kcal/mol, H0

H2O(l) = -68,32 kcal/mol. (S: H0

298 = -37,1 kcal)
4.13: Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng sau: 2CH4(k)
C2H2(k)+3H2(k).
Cho H0
298 c CH4(k) = -210,8 kcal/mol, H0
298 c C2H2(k) = -310,4 kcal/mol
. H0
298 tt H2O(l) = -68,32 kcal/mol. (S: H0
298 = 93,76 kcal)
4.14 : Nhit t chy ca metan, etan, propan ln lt l:
-210,8; -368,4;
-526,3 kcal/mol. H.y c tnh tng H0
298 c trung b.nh mi khi thm
mt nhm (-CH2-) vo mt hydrocacbon. Trn c s d
on nhit t
chy ca octan ( C8H18 ) v so snh vi gi tr thng thng
nhn c l
(-1302,7 kcal/mol) . (S: -157,75 ; -1310 kcal/mol)
4.15: t chy 12,0g cacbon bng oxy to thnh CO v CO2
250C v p
sut khng i, lng nhit ta ra l 75 kcal v khng c
cacbon c.n d.
Tnh khi lng oxy tham gia phn ng theo cc phng
tr.nh sau:
C(r) + O2(k) CO2(k) , H0
298 = -94,05 kcal.
C(r) + O2(k) CO(k) , H0
298 = -26,41 kcal.
( S: 27,5 g O2 )
4.16:
Nng lng Ng.t ha
t n cht(kJ/mol)
Nng lng lin kt trung b.nh(kJ/mol)
H C C C N N N O O
H 218,0 436 413 391 463
C 716,7 413 348 615 812 292 615 891 351 728
N 472,7 391 292 615 891 161 418 945
O 249,2 463 351 728 139 498
298 tt

S 278,8 339 259 477

F 79,0 563 441 270 185
Cl 121,7 432 328 200 203
Br 111,9 366 276
I 106,8 299 240
Da vo bng nng lng trn tnh nhit to thnh tiu
chun ca
CCl2F2(k) ( dicloro difluorometan hay c.n gi l Freon-1,2,
dng lm tc
nhn lm lnh v. c tnh d bay hi v kh nng phn ng
km; . ngng
s dng v. ph hy tng ozon).
Hng dn: Phn tch qu tr.nh to thnh Freon-1,2 t n
cht bn thnh
2 giai on:
C(graphit) + Cl2(k) + F2(k) CCl2F2(k) ; H0
298 tt = ?
{C(graphit) + Cl2(k) + F2(k) C(k) + 2Cl(k) + 2F(k) ; H0
1

C(k) + 2Cl(k) + 2F(k) CCl2F2(k) ; H0

2}
(S: - 420 kJ/mol )
4.17: Tng t bi 4.16 , tnh nhit to thnh tiu chun ca
CCl3F(k) v
CF3CHCl2(k). (S: - 264 kJ/mol ; )
4.18: Dng nng lng lin kt trung b.nh bng 4.16 tnh
hiu ng nhit
ca cc phn ng sau:
a) C3H8(k) + 5O2(k) 3CO2(k) + 4H2O(k). (S: - 1580 kJ/mol)
b) C2H4(k) + H2(k) C2H6(k).
c) N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3(k).
4.19: Phn ng sau y c H 0 :
BBr3(k) + BCl3(k) BBr2Cl(k) + BCl2Br(k).
H.y v cu trc Lewis ca cc hp cht v gii thch ti sao?
4.20: Qu tr.nh h.a tan canxi clorua trong nc:
CaCl2(r) Ca2+(dd) + 2Cl-(dd) ; H0
298 = ?
H0
298 tt(kJ/mol): - 795,8 -542,83 -167,16
a) Tnh hiu ng nhit ca qu tr.nh ?

b) H.a tan 20 gam CaCl2(r) vo 100 ml nc 20,00C. Tnh

nhit
cui cng ca dung dch , gi s dung dch l l. tng, c
nhit dung
gn ging 100 g nc nguyn cht (= 418 J/K)
(S : a) -81,4 kJ b) 55,10C )
4.21: Tnh hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng di y:
a) BaCO3(r) + 2HCl(dd) BaCl2(dd) + CO2(k) + H2O(l). (S:0,2kcal)
b) AgNO3(dd) + NaCl(dd) NaNO3(dd) + AgCl(r). (S:15,7kcal)
c) HNO3(dd) + NaOH(dd) NaNO3(dd) + H2O(l). (S:13,36kcal)
d) HCl(dd) + KOH(dd) KCl(dd) + H2O(l). (S:13,36kcal)
e) LiOH(dd) + HClO3(dd) LiClO3(dd) + H2O(l). (S:13,36kcal)
4.22: Nhit ta ra khi trung h.a CsOH bng tt c cc axit
mnh l 13,4
kcal/mol. Nhit ta ra khi trung h.a CsOH bng axit yu HF l
16,4
kcal/mol. Tnh hiu ng nhit ca qu tr.nh ion ha HF trong
nc (in ly
HF). (S: -3,0 kcal/mol)
4.23: Nhit ta ra khi h.a tan CuSO4 khan l 17,9 kcal/mol.
Nhit thu vo
khi h.a tan CuSO4.5H2O l 1,3 kcal/mol. Tnh hiu ng nhit
ca phn ng
chuyn ha:
CuSO4(r) + 5H2O(l) CuSO4.5H2O(r) (S: - 19,2 kcal)
4.24: Tnh hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng (1) v (2) t
nhit to thnh
tiu chun, sau kt hp li suy ra hiu ng nhit ca
phn ng (3) v
so snh kt qu vi bi 4.21:
(1) HS-(dd) H+(dd) + S2-(dd) (S: +14,22 kcal)
(2) OH-(dd) + HS-(dd) S2-(dd) + H2O(l) (S: +0,86 kcal)
(3) H+(dd) + OH-(dd) H2O(l) (S: -13,36 kcal)

4.25: t chy hon ton 15,50 g cacbon bng mt lng

va khng
kh c th tch 25,0 lt 250C v 5,50 atm(khng kh cha
19% th tch l
oxy)
Thu c sn phm l CO2 v CO. Tnh lng nhit ta ra
iu kin
ng p? Cho nhit to thnh tiu chun ca CO2 v CO ln
lt l (-94,05
kcal/mol v -26,41 kcal/mol) (S: - 91,2 kcal)
Bi tp Chng 5:
CHIU CA CC QU TR.NH HA HC
5.1: D on du ca H v S ca phn ng sau: 2Cl(k)
Cl2(k).
5.2: Khng dng s liu tnh ton, h.y d on du ca S
ca cc qu
tr.nh sau:
(a) O2(k) 2O(k). (b) N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3(k).
(c) C(r) + H2O(k) CO(k) + H2(k). (d) Br(l) Br(k).
(e) N2(k, 10atm) N2(k, 1atm). (f) Kt tinh mui t nc
bin.
(g) Thy tinh kt khi. (h) Nu chn qu trng.
(i) C(r, graphit) C(r, kim cng). (j) n C2H4(k)
(CH2CH2)n .
5.3: Nhit nng chy ca nc 00C l 1435cal/mol. Tnh
bin thin
entropy ca qu tr.nh nng chy 1kg nc 00C. (S:
292,22 cal/K)
5.4: Nhit bay hi nc 1000C l 40,7 kJ/mol. Tnh bin
thin entropy
mol ca qu tr.nh. (S: 109,1 J/mol.K)
5.5: Xem phn ng 298K: 2A + B C.
H = 100 kcal v S = 50 cal/K. Gi s H v S khng i
theo nhit
, hi nhit no phn ng c th xy ra c ? (S:
2000K)
5.6: Xem phn ng 298K: A(k) + B(k) C(k). Phn ng c
bin

thin ni nng U = -3,00 kcal v bin thin entropy S =

-10,0 cal/K.
Tnh G v d on chiu xy ra ca phn ng. Cho R =
1,987 cal/mol.K.
(S: - 612 cal, thun)
5.7: Mt phn ng c H = -40,0 kcal 400 K. Trn nhit
ny phn
ng c th xy ra, di nhit ny th. khng. Tnh G v
S ca phn
ng 400K. (S: G = 0 vS = -100 cal/K)
5.8: Tnh S0
298 ca phn ng xy ra gia 100g N2 vi oxy theo phng
tr.nh sau: N2(k) + 2O2(k) 2NO2(k). Cho H0
298 tt NO2(k) = 8,09
kcal/mol v G0
298 tt NO2(k) = 12,4 kcal/mol. (S: - 100 cal/K)
5.9: Tnh H0
298 tt C2H5OH(k) da vo cc d kin sau:
2C(gr) + 3H2(k) + O2(k) C2H5OH(k)
S0
298 (J/mol.K) 5.74 130.57 205,04 274,2
G0
298 tt (kJ/mol) - - - - 168,57
(S: -237,60 kJ/mol)
5.10: Xem phn ng 298K: 2A(k) + B(k) 2D(k). Phn ng
c bin
thin ni nng U = -2,50 kcal v bin thin entropy S =
-10,5 cal/K.
Tnh G v d on chiu xy ra ca phn ng. Cho R =
1,987 cal/mol.K.
(S: 0,04kcal, p khng th xy
ra)
5.11: Cho cc d kin sau:
PCl3(l) PCl3(k)
S0
298 (J/mol.K) 217,1 311,7
H0
298 tt (kJ/mol) -319,7 -287,0
G0

(kJ/mol) -272,4 -267,8. H.y c tnh nhit si ca

PCl3 p sut thng v so snh vi thc nghim (750C).
(S: 740C)
5.12: Cho cc d kin sau: Sn(xm) Sn(trng)
S0
298 (J/mol.K) 44,1 51,5
G0
298 tt (kJ/mol) 0,120 0
H.y d on nhit chuyn pha t thic xm sang thic
trng v so vi
nhit quan st c (130C). (S: 90C)
5.13: Cho phn ng: H2(k) + CO2(k) H2O(k) + CO(k)
G0
298 tt (kJ/mol) 0 -394,37 -228,58 -137,15
(a) Tnh G0
298 ca phn ng ?
(b) Tnh G298 ca phn ng iu kin p sut ring phn
ca H2, CO2,
H2O v CO ln lt l 10 ; 20 ; 0,02 ; 0,01 atm.
(S: 28,64 kJ ; -5,61kJ)
5.14: Phn ng to thnh HI t cc n cht:
H2(k) + I2(k) HI(k) c G0 = -10,10 kJ 500 K.
Tng ng vi p sut ring phn ca HI l 10,0 atm ; I2 l
0,001 atm. Hi
p sut ring phn ca H2 phi l bao nhiu nhit ny
lm gim G
xung n bng 0. (S: 775 atm)
5.15: Di iu kin g. v p sut th. phn ng phn hy
Ag2O(r) thnh
Ag(r) v O2(k) c th xy ra c 250C ?
Cho G0
298 tt Ag2O(r) = -11,21kJ/mol. (S: P(O2) = 0,000116 atm)
5.16: Tnh bin thin entropy khi 3,00 mol benzen bay hi
thun nghch
nhit si thng thng 80,10C (=353,25 K). Bit enthalpy
mol bay hi
ca benzen nhit ny l 30,8 kJ/mol. (S: + 262 J/K)
5.17: Tnh bin thin entropy ca qu tr.nh d.n n thun
nghch 5,00 mol
298 tt

kh argon nhit khng i 298 K t p sut 10,0atm n

1,0 atm.
(S: + 95,7 J/K)
5.18: C 4,00 mol kh H2 d.n n thun nghch ng nhit
400 K t th
tch u l 12,0 lt n th tch cui l 30,0 lt. (Cho nhit
dung mol: Cp=
28,8 J/mol.K). Tnh U, Q, cng W, H, S ca qu tr.nh.
(S: U = H = 0 ; W = -1,22.104 J ; Q = -W ; S = +30,5 J/K)
5.19: C 1,0 mol nc c un nng thun nghch p
sut kh quyn
t -200C n 00C, qu tr.nh nng chy thun nghch 00C,
sau c
un nng thun nghch p sut kh quyn n 200C. Cho:
Hnc = 6007
J/mol ; Cp(nc ) = 38 J/mol.K ; Cp(nc lng) = 75 J/mol.K.
Tnh S
ca h; S ca mi trng v S tng ca c qu tr.nh.
(S: Sh = + 30,2 J/K ; Smt = - 30,2 J/K ; Stng = 0 )
5.20: Cho 72,4 g st c nhit 100,00C vo 100,0 g nc
10,00C n
khi nhit cn bng l 16,50C. Cho: Cp(Fe) = 25,1 J/mol.K
v Cp(H2O) =
75,3 J/mol.K , khng ph thuc nhit . Tnh S ca Fe, S
ca nc v
S tng ca qu tr.nh.
(S: SFe = - 8,24 J/K ; Snc = + 9,49 J/K ; Stng = + 1,25
J/K )
5.21: Enthalpy mol nng chy v entropy mol nng chy ca
ammoniac
rn ln lt l 5,65 kJ/mol v 28,9 J/mol.K .
a) Tnh bin thin nng lng t do Gibbs G khi lm nng
chy 3,6
mol ammoniac rn thnh lng 170 K. Hi ammoniac c th
nng chy
170 K ?
b) 1 atm v nhit no th. c cn bng rn lng ca
ammoniac ?
(S:(a) G = 2,664 kJ; khg;(b) 196 K)

5.22: Enthalpy bay hi v nhit si thng thng ca

etanol l : 38,7
kJ/mol 780C. Tnh Q, W, U, Sh v G khi 1,0 mol etanol
bay hi
thun nghch 780C v 1atm. Gi thit rng hi l kh l.
tng v b qua
th tch ca etanol lng so vi hi.
(S:Q = +38,7 kJ; W= -2,92kJ; U= +35,8kJ; Sh= +110J/K
vG=0)
5.23: 12000C s kh st (III) oxit thnh st nguyn t v
oxy khng xy
ra v.: 2Fe2O3(r) 4Fe(r) + 3O2(k) G = + 840 kJ. (1)
H.y ch ra cch lm th no qu tr.nh ny vn c th tin
hnh c nu
ton b lng oxy thot ra c dng t chy cacbon:
C(r) + O2(k) CO2(k) G = - 400 kJ (2)
(S: VG1 + 3G2 = - 360 kJ < 0 )
5.24: Qu tr.nh ng p ng nhit c th c m t l xy
ra c nu
G < 0 v khng xy ra c nu G > 0. Da trn tnh ton
t H v S
ca phn ng, kt hp vi nh ngha ca G, h.y xc nh
khong nhit
c th xy ra c ca cc qu tr.nh sau:
(a) 4Fe(r) + 3O2(k) 2 Fe2O3(r)
(b) SO2(k) + O2(k) SO3(k)
(c) NH4NO3(r) N2O(k) + 2H2O(k)
(S: (a):0 < T < 3000 K ; (b):0 < T < 1050 K; (c):xy ra
mi T )
5.25: Gii thch ti sao c th kh wonfram (VI) oxit WO3
thnh kim loi
nhit cao bng hydr: WO3(r) + 3H2(k) W(r) + 3H2O(k).
khong nhit no th. phn ng c th xy ra?
(S: H0 = 117,41kJ; S0 =131,19 J/K; G < 0 => T > H0/
S0=895 K)
5.26: Cho phn ng sau: CaCO3(r) CaO(r) + CO2(k).
Tnh G0 ca phn ng trn ln lt 25, 500 v 15000C.
Xem H v S

khng ph thuc nhit . V gin ca G0 ph thuc

nhit v dng
n t.m nhit ti thiu phn ng trn xy ra c.
( S: 129,1 ; 50,7 ; - 114,0 kJ/mol ; T > 1080 K )
5.27: Cho cc trng hp:
(a) H0 > 0 , S0 > 0 ; (b) H0 < 0 , S0 > 0 ; (c) H0 < 0 , S0
<0;
(d) H0 > 0 , S0 < 0
(i) Trng hp no phn ng c th xy ra mi nhit ?
(ii) Trng hp no phn ng khng th xy ra mi nhit
?
(iii) Trng hp no phn ng c th xy ra nhit
cao?
(iiii) Trng hp no phn ng c th xy ra nhit thp?
(iiiii) ng vi trng hp (c) th. iu kin no sau y phn
ng c th
xy ra c: (1): |H0| > |TS0| ; (2): |H0| < |TS0|