A. Tm hiu chung v thm m I.

Khi nim:
Thm m l cng vic phn tch bn tin m ha nhn c bn tin r trong iu kin khng bit trc kha m. Trong thc t, cng vic thm m gp nhiu kh khn hn khi khng bit r h mt m no c s dng. Tuy nhin, n gin ha, chng ta gi s ngi thm m bit r h mt m c s dng khi tin hnh phn tch m (nguyn l Kerckhoff). Mc ch l thit k c mt h mt m an ton bo mt.

II. Cc k thut thm m :

Trc ht chng ta cn phn loi mc tn cng vo cc h mt m. Mc ny ty thuc vo hiu bit ca ngi thm m i vi h mt m c s dng. Theo , chng ta c th chia thnh cc loi tn cng sau: * Tn cng ch bit bn m (ciphertext-only): ngi thm m ch c bn tin m ha. * Tn cng bit bn tin r (known plaintext): ngi thm m c bn tin r v bn m. * Tn cng chn bn tin r (chosen plaintext): ngi thm m tm thi c quyn truy xut ti B m ha, do anh ta c kh nng chn bn tin r v xy dng bn m tng ng. * Tn cng chn bn m (chosen ciphertext): ngi thm m tm thi c quyn truy xut ti B gii m, do anh ta c kh nng chn bn m v xy dng li bn tin r tng ng. Trong mi trng hp, mc ch l tm ra kha m c s dng. Kiu tn cng chn bn m c thc hin vi h mt m kha cng khai m chng ta s xem xt trong chng k tip. Trong phn ny chng ta ch tho lun v kiu tn cng c xem l yu nht - Tn cng ch bit bn m. Nhiu k thut thm m s dng c im thng k ca ting Anh, trong da vo tn sut xut hin ca 26 ch ci trong vn bn thng thng tin hnh phn tch m. Becker v Piper chia 26 ch ci thnh nm nhm v ch ra xc sut ca mi nhm nh sau:

1. E, c xc sut khong 0.120 2. T, A, O, I, N, S, H, R, mi ch ci c xc xut nm trong khong t 0.06 n 0.09 3. D, L, mi ch ci c xc xut xp x 0.04 4. C, U, M, W, F, G, Y, P, B, mi ch ci c xc xut nm trong khong t 0.015 n 0.023

5. V, K, J, X, Q, Z, mi ch ci c xc xut nh hn 0.01

Ngoi ra, tn sut xut hin ca dy hai hay ba ch ci lin tip c sp theo th t gim dn nh sau [11]: TH, HE, IN, ER THE, ING, AND, HER Phn loi : + Thm m tch cc: Thm m tch cc l vic thm m sau tm cch lm sai lc cc d liu truyn, nhn hoc cc d liu lu tr phc v mc ch ca ngi thm m. + Thm m th ng: Thm m th ng l vic thm m c c thng tin v bn tin r phc v mc ch ca ngi thm m.

B . Thm M Cc Loi M C Bn I. Thm M Affine

1. C bn : i phng a bn m c m ha bng tuyt chiu Affine v tit l cho ta 1 s thng tin
(tc l bit c 1 s thng tin ca i phng, i phng xem thng ta, tng ta ko th d ra c m ca hn, nn hn mi tit l )

V d sau : hn a cho mnh bn m c m ha bng tuyt chiu Affine : FMMOVSR v hn tit l : E m ha thnh R, V m ha thnh Q Bt u ph m : Ch cn xc nh m, b l gii m c Bc 1: hy ch n nhng iu m hn tit l d l nh nht nht rt c ch ln tm manh mi. Ta thy : E (4) R (17) v V(21) Q(16) (mnh tm cho l dng E(x) = R(a)) t ta lp c h : bng cch chuyn dng trn v pt : E(x) R(a) (x*m + b) mod 26 = e(m) ta c nh sau : (h phng trnh ng d 2 n s) (4*m + b)mod 26 = 17 (*) (21*m + b)mod 26 = 16 (**) Bc 2 : Gii h phng trnh ng d trn a hpt v dng phng trnh ng d 1 n s --> tnh c m
- Ly (**) - (*) ta c : 25 mod 26= 17*m (vi 25 = (16-17) <0 nn phi cng vi gi tr i xng 26) - Tnh c m = 3 ri th vo (*) tnh c b = 5

Bc 3 : Gii m vi m, b mi tm c 2. Phc tp : Ch a bn m X l : Cch 1 : Vt cn : ta c m c 12 kh nng v b c 25 kh nng O(12*25) ln

Cch 2 : Da vo tn sut xut hin k t trong bn m lp h phng trnh ng d 2 n tm c kha m ha gii m

V d minh ha : Gi s mnh ly c bn m sau y: FMXVEDKAPHFERBNDKRXRSREFMORUDSDKDVSHVUFEDKAPRKDLYEVLRHHRH. Mnh thng k tn sut xut hin ca 26 ch ci nh trong bng sau:

Ch c 57 ch ci trong bn m nhng phng php ny t ra hiu qu thm m Affine. Ta thy tn sut xut hin cc ch ci theo th t l: R(8), D(6), E, H, K(5) v F, S, V(4). V vy d on u tin ca ta c th l: R l m ca e, D l m ca t. Theo , e(4)=17 v e(19)=3 M e(x)=ax+b vi a, b l cc bin. tm K=(a, b) ta gii h phng trnh:

Suy ra, a = 6, b=19. y khng phi l kha v gcd(a, 26) = 2 > 1. Ta li tip tc phng on: R l m ca e, E l m ca t. Ta nhn c a = 13, cha tha mn. Tip tc vi H, ta c a=8. Cui cng, vi K ta tm c K = (3, 5). S dng kha m ny ta c c bn tin r nh sau: algorithmsrequiregeneraldefinitionsofarithmeticprocesses

II. Thm M RSA