Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Cn Th

Ngnh Ch bin thy sn

MC LC

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

Trang i

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Ngnh Ch bin thy sn

DANH SCH BNG

Bng 2.1: Thnh phn dinh dng ca c Tra....................................................5 Bng 2.2: Cc thnh phn c bn ca c (tnh theo % cn bn t)................6 Bng 2.3: Tnh cht vt l dung dch Sodium Alginate dng trong thc phm (Anon, 1972) (trch dn bi Cao Th Lan Nh, 2008).........................................9 Bng 2.4: Tnh cht vt l ca dung dch Sodium Alginate 1% trong nc ct (Anon,1972) (trch dn bi Cao Th Lan Nh, 2008) .......................................10 Bng 2.5: nht ca Alginate, mPa.S (Broorkrield, 20rpm, 20 0C) (trch dn bi Cao Th Lan Nh, 2008)................................................................................10 Bng 4.1: thnh phn ha hc trn 100 (g) ca tht c Tra phil (tnh theo %) ...............................................................................................................................24 Bng 4.2: nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n mu sc ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun bo qun.........25 Bng 4.3. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n tng s vi khun hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun bo qun...................................................................................................27 Bng 4.4: nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n mu sc ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun bo qun.........29 Bng 4.5: nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n pH ca ming c phil ng lnh c bo qun t 0 n 2 tun................................................................................................................... 31 Bng 4.6. nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n tng s vi khun hiu kh ca ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun........................................................................................................................ 33 Bng 4.7. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) ca dung dch mng Alginate n ch tiu mu sc ca ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun bo qun...............................................................................................................36 Bng 4.8. nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) dung dch mng Alginate n tng s vi khun hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun bo qun.............................................................................38
SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm Trang ii

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Bng 4.9. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) ca dung dch mng Alginate n ch tiu mu sc ca ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun bo qun...............................................................................................................41 Bng 4.10. nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) dung dch mng Alginate n s gim khi lng khi lng (%) ca ming c phil ng lnh bo qun 0 n 2 tun.....................................................................43 Bng 4.11. nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) dung dch mng Alginate n tng s vi khun hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun...............................................................................................46 Bng 4.12. nh hng ca cht b tr do Glycerol 1,00% trong dung dch to mng Alginate n phn trm gim khi lng ca c tra phil c bo qun t 0 -2 tun..................................................................................................48

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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DANH SCH HNH

Hnh 2.1: C Tra....................................................................................................5 Hnh 2.2: Cng thc cu to ca acid Lactic.......................................................6 Hnh 2.3: Cng thc cu to ca 2 acid cu to nn acid Alginic....................8 Hnh 2.4: Cng thc cu to ca acid Alginic.....................................................8 Hnh 2.5: S kt hp ion Ca2+ vi Alginate.......................................................12 Hnh 2.6: V tr ca Ca2+ trong Alginate............................................................12 Hnh 2.7: Cng thc cu to ca Glycerol......................................................113 Hnh 4.1: nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n mu sc ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun bo qun.........25 Hnh 4.2. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n tng s vi khun hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun bo qun...................................................................................................28 Hnh 4.3: nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n mu sc ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun bo qun.........30 Hnh 4.4: nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n pH ca ming c phil ng lnh c bo qun t 0 n 2 tun................................................................................................................... 31 Hnh 4.5. nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n tng s vi khun hiu kh ca ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun........................................................................................................................ 34 Hnh 4.6. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) ca dung dch mng Alginate n ch tiu mu sc ca ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun bo qun...............................................................................................................37 Hnh 4.7. nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) dung dch mng Alginate n tng s vi khun hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun bo qun.............................................................................39

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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Hnh 4.8. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) ca dung dch mng Alginate n ch tiu mu sc ca ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun bo qun...............................................................................................................42 Hnh 4.9. nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) dung dch mng Alginate n s gim khi lng khi lng (%) ca ming c phil ng lnh bo qun 0 n 2 tun.....................................................................44 Hnh 4.10. nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) dung dch mng Alginate n tng s vi khun hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun...............................................................................................46 Hnh 4.11. nh hng ca cht b tr do Glycerol 1,00% trong dung dch to mng Alginate n phn trm gim khi lng ca c tra phil c bo qun t 0 -2 tun..................................................................................................49

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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LI CM N

ti lun vn Kho st nh hng acid Lactic v mng Alginate n cht lng v thi gian bo qun c tra phil ng lnh hon thnh tt, ti xin gi li cm n chn thnh nht n: Ba m v nhng ngi thn trong gia nh, lun quan tm, ng h, ng vin trong sut qu trnh thc hin ti. Ban Gim hiu trng i hc Cn Th, Ban Lnh o Khoa Thy sn, B mn Dinh dng v Ch bin Thy sn to iu kin v thit b, my mc, ha cht, dng c v.vtrong qu trnh nghin cu. c bit xin chn thnh cm n C Trng Th Mng Thu l cn b hng dn thc hin ti tn tnh hng dn, ng gp kin cho ti tt hn. Chn thnh cm n n qu Thy, C, Anh, Ch cn b thuc B mn tn tnh gip vic chun b cng nh s dng cc thit b th nghim. Cn b th vin Trng, Khoa Thy sn to iu kin cho vic tham kho ti liu v thng tin c lin quan n ti. Tp th lp Ch bin thy sn kha 33, tp th phng 9 dy B22 K tc x Trng i hc Cn Th quan tm h tr v ng vin tinh thn. Do kin thc v thi gian thc hin cn hn hp nn bi khng trnh khi nhng thiu st mong s ng gp kin ca Thy, C v cc bn ti c hon chnh hn. Cui li, knh chc qu Thy, C, Anh, Ch v cc bn sc khe, thnh cng, hon thnh tt nhim v, mc tiu t ra. Cn Th, ngy 05 thng 06 nm 2011 Sinh vin thc hin

Nguyn Hong Khm

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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TM LC ti lun vn Kho st nh hng acid Lactic v mng Alginate n cht lng v thi gian bo qun c tra phil ng lnh c tin hnh vi 2 th nghim lin hon. Th nghim 1: kho st nh hng nng dung dch ra (0,25%, 0,50%, 0,75%, 1,00%) v thi gian ra ming c phil (30, 60, 90 giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic v th nghim 2 : kho st nh hng nng nhng (0,25%, 0,50%, 0,75%, 1,00%) v thi gian nhng ming c phil (30, 60, 90 giy) ca dung dch Alginate. Kt qu ca th nghim 1 l c s tin hnh th nghim 2, vi mc tiu s dng an ton hn dung d ch ra acid Lactic thay th dung dch ra Chlorine v to ra sn phm c mng bo v nhm trnh hay (hoc) hn ch ti a nhng tht thot hay bin i mang tnh cht lm gim phm cht ca sn phm trong qu trnh bo qun. Sau mt khong thi gian nghin cu v tm hiu th th nghim thu c kt qu nh sao (sau): Th nghim 1: chn nng dung dch acid Lactic 0,50% v ra c trong 60 giy mang li kt qu x l cao, nhng ming c tra phil t bin i v cho kt qu ti u. Nng dung dch mng Alginate 0,75% (khng b sung Glycerol 1,00%) v nhng c trong 60 giy mang li kt qu bao mng cao, nhng ming c tra phil t bin i nht l v trng lng v cho kt qu ti u.

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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Phn 1: T VN

1.1. Gii thiu Ngy nay, lnh vc ch bin v xut khu c Tra phi l ng lnh ang pht trin mnh. Tuy nhin, nhng vn xoay quanh vic ch bin c to ra sn phm nh th no, cht lng m bo yu cu ra sao, p ng nhu cu ngy cng khc khe ca cc nh i tc cn c ch , quan tm v cn c ci thin cho ph hp, nhm gi vng tnh n nh cho sn phm lm ra. T , sn phm c cht lng cao sc cnh tranh trn th trng trong nc cng nh quc t. Thc trng sut quy trnh ch bin, t khu nguyn liu n thnh phm v bo qun, lun din ra mt s vn hu nh cc nh sn xut no cng i mt. l, s hao ht v trng lng sn phm, s gim nh hay nghim trng v gi tr cm quan ca sn phm nh s thay i mu khng tch cc, xut hin mi ltrong qu trnh bo qun. M kt qu khi xut i sn phm t cht lng trng lng, cm quan rt tt nhng cui cng c mt s l tr v v khng trng lng, hay sn phm c mu xu l nguyn nhn ca qu trnh bo qun khng ng k thut. Nhng trong qu trnh bo qun tt khng trnh khi phi gp mt s trng hp k trn, l h qu ca qu trnh oxy ha cc cht bo, s bin i, tng tc ca nhng cht khi b xc tc bi nhng cht c to ra trong qu trnh tng tc vi kh oxy. Bn cnh cn phi k n mi nguy ca cc loi vi sinh vt cn tm n trong sn phm, khi gp iu kin thun li chng pht trin v xc tc phn ng lm cho sn phm gim cht lng. Cn tm cch khc phc. Song song ha cht ty ra trong hu ht cc c s ch bin thy sn c dng nhiu l Chlorine. Chlorine va l cht st trng cng l cht c, c th ngi thy mi khi n chim 3.5 th tch trong mt triu th tch khng kh. Gy kch thch c hng 15 th tch, gy ho 30 th tch, nguy him 40 th tch trong 30 pht v gy cht ngi 100 th tch. Khng k n sc khe ca cng nhn khi gia cng trong nh my. Nu d lng ca n tn ng trong sn phm s nh hng khng tt n sc khe ngi tiu dng. V vy cn tm thm nhng cht thay th Chlorine nhng hiu qu mang li khi dng khng thua km g so vi Chlorine v khng nh hng n sc khe ngi.

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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1.2. Mc tiu thc hin Nghin cu nhm khc phc tht thot v nhng bin i mang xu hng lm gim cht lng ca sn phm trong qu trnh bo qun c tra phil ng lnh. Va kt hp vi s thay th cht ra sn phm an ton hn v kt qu mang li so vi cht thay th khng thua km g, ci thin tt hn cho sn phm trc v sau khi bo qun. 1.3. Ni dung thc hin Th nghim 1: Kho st dung dch acid Lactic nhm thay th dung dch Chlorine dng trong ch bin thy sn ng lnh, tm nng ca dung dch acid Lactic v thi gian ra ti u c tc dng dit khun hay c ch vi sinh vt gy hi. Phn tch cc ch tiu pH, cm quan, vi sinh ca c sau 0, 2 tun. Th nghim 2: Kho st ming c phil c nhng dung dch mng Alginate so vi ming c khng nhng mng Alginate, m trc c x l qua dung dch acid Lactic iu kin tt u ca th nghim 1. Tm ra nng ti u ca Alginate v thi gian nhng mng, sau em phn tch cc ch tiu cm quan, vi sinh, trng lng ca ming c phi l sau 0, 2 tun. 1.4. Thi gian thc hin Thc hin ti t thng 12/2010 n 07/2011.

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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Phn 2: TNG QUAN TI LIU

2.1. Thnh phn ho hc ca thu sn Phn loi c Gii (regnum): Animalia Ngnh (phylum): Chordata Phn ngnh (subphylum): Vertebrata Lp (class): Actinopterygii Phn lp (subclass): Ostariophysi Hnh 2.1: C Tra Siu b (superordo): Ostariophysi B (ordo): Siluriformes H (familia): Pangasiidae Cc chi: Helicophagus, Pangasius Thnh phn ha hc ca c tra cha cc thnh phn nh: Nc, Protein, Lipid, Mui v c, Vitamin... Cc thnh phn ny khc nhau rt nhiu, thay i ph thuc vo ging, loi, gii tnh v iu kin sinh sng,... Ngoi ra, cc yu t nh thnh phn thc n, thi tit, kch c c v cc c tnh di truyn cng nh hng n thnh phn ha hc, c bit l c nui. Thnh phn ca Lipid trong c tng i cao (Bng 2.2) y ngun d n cc bin i khi gp oxy. Bng 2.1: Thnh phn dinh dng ca c Tra Thnh phn Nng lng chung Nng lng t cht bo Tng lng cht bo Cht bo bo ha Cholesterol Natri Protein Gi tr dinh dng /100g n c 124,52Kcal 30,84Kcal 3,42g 1,64g 25,2mg 70,6mg 23,42g

(Ngun: Trung tm Tin hc B Thy sn Vit Nam)

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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Bng 2.2: Cc thnh phn c bn ca c (tnh theo % cn bn t) Thnh phn Protein Lipid Carbonhydrate Tro Nc Ti thiu 6 0,1 0,4 28 Thng thng 16-21 0,2-25 <0,5 1,2-1,5 66-81 Ti a 28 67 1.5 96

(Ngun: C ti cht lng v bin i v cht lng-2004) www.fistenet.gov.vn 2.2. S lc acid Lactic 2.2.1. Tnh cht ca acid Lactic Acid Lactic c tn ha hc l 1-Hydroxy propanoic. Cng thc phn t: C3H6O3.

Hnh 2.2: Cng thc cu to ca acid Lactic www.bmrb.wisc.edu/metabolomics/mol_summary/?molName=L_lactic_acid Cng thc ha hc: CH3CH(OH)COOH. Khi lng phn t: 98,08. Nhit si: 1220C. im tan: 170C. L cht hu c khng mu, mi nh, tan trong nc v cn. Trong phn t c mt Cacbon bt i xng nn c hai ng phn quang hc: ng phn D-acid Lactic: dng tinh th tan trong nc, cn, nhit nng chy l 280C, nhit si 1030C. ng phn L-acid Lactic: dng tinh th tan trong nc, cn, etylic, eter, nhit nng chy l 280C. Acid Lactic thng mi phi trn hai ng phn trn, khi t l phi trn l 1:1 th hi hp gi l Roxemic.

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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L sn phm qu trnh chuyn ha ca ng thnh acid Lactic nh vi sinh vt m in hnh l vi khun Lactic. Chng hin din trong sa chua, yaourt, fomai trng Protein ca sa ng li nh acid Lactic. Ngoi ra n con c sinh ra c hot ng v c th sn xut bng phng php tng hp ha hc. 2.2.2. Kh nng c ch vi sinh vt ca acid Lactic Acid hu c khi cho vo mi trng c tc dng mnh n vi sinh vt ch yu l do s phn ly H+, v vy H+ c tc dng bo qun. Cc acid c tc dng st trng mnh hay yu ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cc phn t khng phn ly hay anim. Cc acid thng dng l acid Lactic, acid Acetic, acid Tartic, acid Citric Vn tc dng ca cc acid ny ph thuc vo bn cht ca chng, tnh cht mi trng, c tnh vi sinh vt. pH ca mi trng thp s kh hot tnh ca Enzyme kh i hat ng ca h thng vn chuyn ion, cht dinh dng vo t bo lm nh hng dn qu trnh trao i cht ca t bo vi sinh vt. Khi vi sinh vt s khng cn kh nng hot ng gy h hng na. Acid Lactic c s dng nh cht bo qun v to mi v, c ch Bacillus coagulans trong dung dch C chua mnh hn cc loi acid khc. pH = 5 chng c tc dng c ch vi sinh vt to bo t nhng li tc dng yu i vi nm men, nm mc. pH = 4,6 4,9 hn 90% Staphylococcus aureus b c ch trong khong 12 gi (Ng Th Minh Khai, 2008). Cc acid hu c c sinh ra bi vi khun lactic ch yu l axit lactic v axit acetic, cc axit ny gp phn gim pH tiu dit cc vi khun c hi v d nh vi khun E.coli, Clostridium perfringens, Staphilococcus aurius... Do ni bo vi khun c pH = 7 nn khi c s chnh lch pH so vi mi trng axit bn ngoi, H+ t mi trng s i vo bn trong t bo vi khun lm pH ni bo gim. Vi khun phi s dng c ch bm ATPase y H+ ra khi t bo lm cho vi khun b mt nng lng. Mt khc pH gim th cng c ch qu trnh ng phn (glycolysis), t bo vi khun cn kit nng lng dn n b tiu dit. Ngoi ra, cc anion ca axit cn gy ri lon s thm thu ca mng t bo. Nhng nguyn nhn ny lm cho vi khun b cht (Hunh Th Kiu, 2006).

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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2.2.3. u im khi x l ngm acid Lactic Khng ch c vi sinh vt cao hn cc loi acid khc nh acid Acetic, acid Tartic, acid Citric. Khng gy nh hng n mi v, cu trc ca sn phm. Khng gy hi cho sc khe con ngi. Tuy nhin gi thnh ca n tng i cao v phi s dng vi s lng ln mi c tc dng mnh (V Tn Thanh, 2008). Theo Jamilah Baker & Jacinth, c th dng acid Lactic ra c phi l. Acid nng 2% dng ra c Tilapio phi l trong 2 v 4 pht, sau bo qun lnh nhit 50C v theo di trong 15 ngy. Kt qu cho thy c biu hin nh sau: mt s vi sinh vt tng s trn ming c phi l c ngm c biu hin gim. 2.3. S lc Alginate: L mui ca acid Alginic mt polymer ca -1,4-D-Mannuroic acid (M) v -1,4-L-Guluronic acid (G)

Hnh 2.3: Cng thc cu to ca 2 acid cu to nn acid Alginic (Ngun http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5822e/x5822e04.htm) Acid Alginic l mt plymer i nc v c tnh keo, c tinh ch t nhiu loi rong nu khc nhau. Cng thc cu to ca acid Alginic: (C6H6O6)n

Hnh 2.4: Cng thc cu to ca acid Alginic

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(Ngun http://scienceblogs.com/moleculeoftheday/2007/07/alginic_acid_those _werent_cher.php) L mt acid hu c c trong to nu, c trng lng phn t t 32.000-200.000, do D-Mannuroic acid v L-Guluronic acid lin kt vi nhau bi lin kt glucozit. N tn ti di dng si, ht hay bt mu trng vng nu. c dng lm cht to ng, cht n nh, cht to gel, cht nh ha, khng tan trong nc v dung mi hu c, tan chm trongdung dch Carbonate Natri, Hydroxide Natri. Alginate c kh nng to gel khi c mt ca cc ion Cacium (k c ion phosphate,Cacium Carbnate). Alginate Cacium khng tan trong nc v Ether, tan nh trong Ethanol, tan chm trng nhiu dung dch Natripolyphosphate v cht t kt hp vi ion Cancium. Cc dng thng phm ca Alginate: Natri Alginate, Kaly Alginate, Amon Alginate, Mg Alginate, Caxi Alginate, Propylen glycol Alginate. 2.3.1. Tnh cht ca Alginate c chit xut t qu trnh trch ly t nhiu loi rong nu khc nhau bao gm Macrocytis Pyrifera, Laminaria, Digitata v Ascophylum nodosum. Alginate c sn xut ch yu Anh, Canada, Chile, Php, Nht, Nauy, Ty Ban Nha v M. Nhiu loi c s dng trong cng ngh thc phm nh: Sodium Alginate, Potassium Alginate, Ammonium Alginate. Sodium Alginate l mui ca acid Alginic c lin kt (1-4) guluronic acid. Alginate polymer a nc v c th to thnh th gel khng thun nghch vi s hin din ca Ca2+. Bng cch ny Alginate c nh gi c kh nng to mng tt (MC Dowell, 1968) (trch dn bi Trn Thanh Quang, 2008). Cc tnh cht vt l ca dung dch Sodium Alginate dng trong thc phm da vo (bng 2.3), tnh cht vt l ca dung dch Sodium Alginate 1% trong nc ct (bng 2.4) Bng 2.3: Tnh cht vt l dung dch Sodium Alginate dng trong thc phm (Anon, 1972) (trch dn bi Cao Th Lan Nh, 2008) m (%) Tro (%) Cht mu (%) Khi lng ring Nhit ha nu (0C) Nhit chy en (0C) 13 23 Trng ng 1,59 150 340,460

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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Nhit ha tan (0C) Nhit chy (0C)

480 2,5

Bng 2.4: Tnh cht vt l ca dung dch Sodium Alginate 1% trong nc ct (Anon,1972) (trch dn bi Cao Th Lan Nh, 2008) Nhit ha tan (Cal/g) Ch s khc x (0C) Sc cng b mt (Dynes) im gim p khi ng bng (0C) 2.3.2. c tnh ca Alginate nht: Khi ha tan cc Alginate vo nc v s ngm nc v to dung dch nht, nht t l thun vo chiu di phn t ca Alginate. Bng 2.5: nht ca Alginate, mPa.S (Broorkrield, 20rpm, 20 0C) (trch dn bi Cao Th Lan Nh, 2008)
nht Nng (%) 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,50 2,00 Thp 9 17 33 58 160 375 Trung bnh 15 41 93 230 810 2100 Cao 21 75 245 540 1950 5200 Rt cao 27 110 355 800 3550 8750

0,08 1,3343 62,0 0,035

Qua nhng thng s trn cho thy s thay i nht vi nhng nng khc nhau. mt s trng hp nht c th tng ln vi nng thp khi c s hin din ca mt s mui nh CaCO3, Cacium tartat, ion Cacium lin kt vi Alginate to cu ni gia cc phn t lm tng trng lng phn t ca nht dung dich. 2.3.3. Tnh cht ca mng Alginate Cc Alginate cng c kh nng to mng rt tt. Cc mng rt n hi, bn, chu du v khng dnh bt. Mng thuc nhm polysacharide c kh nng ngn cn oxy v Lipid thm qua v th s c ch c hin tng oxy ha cht bo v cc thnh phn khc trong thc phm. Bn cnh mng cn c kh nng lm gim tht thot m v lng m trong mng s bc hi
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trc m trong thc phm, t mng bao s hi kh v co li lm cho lng m bn trong khng thot ra c (Allen, 1963) (trch dn bi Trn Thanh Quang, 2008). Mng Alginate c ng dng rng ri trong ngnh cng ngh thc phm nhm tng thi gian s dng v bo qun cht lng sn phm c lu hn. Mng bao n c c th c s dng d lm gim tc hi ca do qu trnh ch bin gy ra. Mng bao va c tc dng ko di thi gian s dng va ngn cn s mt m v s di chuyn cht tan, phn ng oxy ha (Baldwin, Nisperos, Chen & Hagenmaier, 1996; Park, 1999; Wong, Camirand & Pavlath, 1994) (trch dn bi Cao Th Lan Nh, 2008). 2.3.4. S ha do S ha do ca mng c th nng cao bng cch thm vo cc tc nhn lm do cch ny gi l s ha do. Kt qu lm cho bn ca mng cng tng ln, chnh iu ny gip mng t b rch, l kt qu ca qu trnh co li ca cc phn t bn trong gia cc chui polymer trong cu trc mng. Cht do phi ph hp vi polymer s dng lm mng v cng phi cng hot tnh tan vi polymer. Cc yu t khc l cht do phi c gi li trong hn hp lu, n nh cao, khng bao hi v mu, v quan trng l mi ca cc cht ny khng lm nh hng tiu cc n tnh tnh cht ca mng (Guibert v Biquet, 1996) (trch dn bi Cao Th Lan Nh, 2008). 2.3.5. Hp phn t Alginate Alginate: c th kt hp vi cc thnh phn khc to thnh mng hp phn, nh s kt hp ny m ci tin c c tnh ca mng. Mng hp phn Alginate v tinh bt c nh gi l c bn c hc cao (Nhm Allen, 1963, Dahle, 1983) (trch dn bi Cao Th Lan Nh, 2008). Lipid, Sp, cc loi acid bo, cc loi du, cht bo n c th c kt hp vi Alginate trong mng hp phn Alginate-Lipid. Da trn tnh k nc s kt hp mng lm tng cng ro cn s bc hi nc. Tuy nhin s dng Lipid cn c nhiu bt li do to ra mi oi kht, mi kh chp nhn (Cruibeert &Biguet, 1996) (trch dn bi Cao Th Lan Nh, 2008) s nh hng cht lng sn phm c bao mng. 2.3.6. S to gel v k thut to gel 2.2.6.1. To gel

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Mt tnh cht tiu biu ca Alginate l kh nng tai gel, trong iu kin nhit cao trng thi si v khi lm ngui th s tr thnh dng gel. Thng thng kt hp vi Ca2+ to gel nh hnh v.

Hnh 2.5: S kt hp ion Ca2+ vi Alginate (Ngun http://openwetware.org/wiki/IGEM:IMPERIAL/2009/Encapsulation/ Phase2/Alginate _Properties)

Hnh 2.6: V tr ca Ca2+ trong Alginate (Ngun http://blog.khymos.org/2006/09/17/video-on-alginates/) 2.3.6.2. K thut to gel Gel thnh lp c th kim sot c thng qua s gii phng ion Ca2+ hay dung dch Alginate. Alginate hay hn hp cha n c to gel bng cch nhng hoc phun dung dch cha ion Ca2+. CaCl2 l cht ph bin thng c s dng i chung. Cc ion Ca2+ s phn ng vi Alginate theo dng Box egg. Trng hp vi vic ch bin cc sn phm c b dy mng v kch thc nh hoc to mng bao pha ngoi cc sn phm. Cc Alginate phn ng mnh vi ion Ca2+ hoc Alguante c cha nhiu -1,4-L-Guluronic acid (G)
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2.3.6.3. Cha nng ph gia thm vo mng Alginate CaCl2 : Cacium Clorua c cng thc ha hc l Cl-Ca-Cl, c cha nng khi nhng mng vo dung dch mui ny th ion Ca2+ s kt hp vi Alginate to thnh dng Box egg v th gi c cu trc mng c cng hn. Glycerol l hp phn hu c vi cng thc HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH v cng thc cu to: ha hc:

Hnh 2.7: Cng thc cu to ca Glycerol http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/metabolomics/mol_summary/?molName=glycerol L ru a cha, c v ngt, khng mu, khng mi, dung dch nht cao, t c. Trong cu to phn t c ba nhm OH, c th ha tan trong nc, ht m, cht ha tan, cht t to ngt v cng c th lm cht bo qun. Vai tr ca n trong mng n c lin nh mt cht tr do, n cng nh hng n tnh cht c l ca mng v cng l yu t chnh trong vi c thay i c tnh c hc ca mng. Glycerol khi cho thm vo mng c cha nng lm gim cng ca cu trc mng, gi m cho mng v th lm cho mng do hn (MC Hugh & Krochta, 1994a, 1994b; Sothornvit & Krochta, 2000) (trch dn bi Cao Th Lan Nh, 2008) . Trong hp phn Lipid, n cn ci thin kh nng ngn m ca thc phm thot ra ngoi (GarCia, Martino & Zaritzky, 2000, Yang & Paulson, 2000) (trch dn bi Trn Thanh Quang, 2008). 2.4. S lc qu trnh lnh ng 2.4.1. Khi nim v qu trnh lnh ng Lnh ng (freezing) thy sn l qu trnh h thp nhit thy sn do s ht nhit ca cht lm lnh (dung mi) a nhit ban u ca thy sn xung di im ng bng v ti -80C-100C hay c th xung thp hn na -180C, -300C, -400C ngha ca qu trnh lm lnh l h nhit thy sn xung thp, lm chm s h hng ko di thi gian bo qun. V vy c ng dng tng khi lng v thi gian tr nguyn liu cho cng nghip ch bin thy sn. Sn phm tan gi sau thi gian bo qun lnh ng hu nh khng thay i tnh cht so vi ban u (Trng Th Mng Thu, 2010).

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2.4.2. Nhng bin i sn phm trong qu trnh bo qun lnh Sn phm lnh ng xy ra cc bin i ch yu nh: s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, s thay i vt l v ha hc trong sut qu trnh bo qun. Tc nhn iu khin cc qu trnh ny l nhit v hot ng ca nc. Phn ln l ch trng vic n nh nhit trong sut thi gian bo qun.

2.4.2.1. Bin i v vt l a. Bin i v cu trc S kt tinh nc: Cc tinh nc tinh th nc nh nm xen k vi cht tan c nhit nng chy thp. Khi nhit gim chng c xu hng khuyt tn nc lin kt vi nhng tinh th hnh thnh, do s lng tinh tinh th gim v kch thc tinh th th tng ln. V vy chng lm h hng cu trc t bo ca sn phm, tan s bin tnh Protein ha tan. Khi lm tan gi mt phn nc khng phc hi c v tr ban u v trng thi v dn n t l nc kt hp gim cn nc t do tng ln, mt nc v hao ht cht tan tng lm gim mi v c trng (Trng Th Mng Thu, 2010). S thng hoa nc : L do s chnh lch p sut hi nc gia khng kh b mt sn phm v xung quanh v s cung cp nhit vo sn phm. Cc tinh th thng hoa s to cu trc rng, xp gy bin tnh cht tan v to iu kin cho oxy xm nhp gy oxy ha sn phm. Mc thng hoa tng khi tng chuyn ng ca khng kh. hng ch hin tng cn bao gi kt hp ht chn khng (Trng Th Mng Thu, 2010). C th b gim trng lng. S gim trng lng: Sn phm lnh ng b gim trng lng do bc hi nc hoc do thit hi l hc. C lnh ng mt dn tnh ngon v mng nc sau khi lnh ng v tr ng tip theo. Nhng bin i cu trc nh th, theo nh tng trnh gy nn do s bin tnh Protein (Shenouda, 1980) rt d nhn thy mt s loi c. Lin kt ngang ca acid bo vi Protein m c gy ra s ph v cu trc, m c tri qua nhng bin i nh th c khuynh hng gi nc t do lng l ging nh mt vt xp (Ts. Nguyn Vn Mi, 2007). Mc khc s bin i ca phi l c ng lnh th kh xc nh mt cch khch quan, bi v phn ln tnh cht c th thay i cu trc tn ti

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trong phi l c, c lin quan n s nh hng ca cc si c (Johnson et al., 1981). Hin tng chy lnh d dng xy ra do s mt nc b mt sn phm trong sut thi gian tr ng. Kt qu l hnh thnh trn b mt s n phm cc m nu khng mong mun (Ts. Nguyn Vn Mi , 2007). b. Bin i v mu sc Cht lng thy sn thng c nh gi qua b ngoi, do bin i v mu sc khi bo qun khng c ngha lm nhng li biu th s xung cp ca sn phm. Nhng bin i trong tht c lm bin i mu sc c tr hon nhit bo qun thp (Trng Th Mng, 2010). Mu sc sn phm thay i l mt vn cn quan tm. Cht bo t nhin trong c ng vai tr quan trng trong vic , mu ca cht bo ny c to nn bi nhng sc t ha tan trong du v thay i theo loi. Cc sc t ny b oxy ha ng k khi c c lnh ng v bo qun. iu ny dn n lm sm mu tht c n nu m hoc trong vi trng hp tr nn en. s thay i mu ny xy ra c bit l khi c c bo qun thi gian di (Ts. Nguyn Vn Mi, 2007). c. Bin i v mi v S thay i mi xy ra hai phng din: mt mt cc mi c trng v pht trin cc mi l lm cho sn phm khng c chp nhn. Ni chung ban u c c mi ti c th gi li thm ch sau khi ng lnh v tr ng, tuy nhin dn dn cc mi k trn b mt v cui cng l c mi kh chu bc ln, c bit khi bo qun nhit khng ph hp. S hnh thnh cc mi kh chu hoc l do oxy ha cht bo mt phn ng kh r i vi loi c bo v to ra sn phm c mi i,mi du nh hay mi du mnh (Ts. Nguyn Vn Mi, 2007). 2.4.2.2. Bin i v ha hc Do nc ng bng nhit thp nn cc Enzyme ca sn phm b km hm hay ngng hot ng. Nhng thnh phn khng tan hu nh khng bin i trong thi gian di, cc cht d tan, d phn gii hoc b oxy ha. c bit l cht bo s phn gii v oxy ha sinh ra thnh phn c mi v i kht, kh chu. y l nguyn nhn chnh lm ht hn bo qun ca nhiu loi sn phm lnh ng. Bn cnh Protein v m cng c nhiu bin i (Trng Th Mng Thu, 2010).

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Mt s phn ng ha hc gn lin vi s bin i cht lng c khi lnh ng, tr ng l s oxy ha cht bo, n lm gim thi gian bo qun c. Qu trnh to nn mt trng thi gi l i du, quy m oxy thay i theo s lng v loi cht bo trong m tht c, ngha l nhng loi c nhi u bo s d xy ra hin tng ny hn so vi c nc v cha acid bo khng bo ha cao th t n nh hn nhng loi khc (Jiang &Lee, 2004). Khi qu trnh ny pht trin nhiu s dn n xut hin mi l, lm cho thi gian bo qun gim (Ts. Nguyn Vn Mi, 2007). Nhng thay i ca cht bo c trong c c th c lin quan n nhng thay i ca Protein trong tr ng. Mt vi bo co ch ra rng gc t do khng bn hnh thnh trong s oxy ha, tn cng nhng phn t Protein, to ra cc gc t do Protein (Karel et al., 1975). Nhng gc t do Protein ny c th lin kt ngang vi cc Protein khc to thnh t hp Protein-Protein v lin kt vi cc Lipid to thnh t hp Protein-Lipid (Castells et al., 1973). 2.4.2.3. Bin i v vi sinh Nhng thay i gy ra bi hot ng ca cc Enzyme vi sinh vt lm thay i mi v cu trc v v bn ngoi ca sn phm, v v bn cht c gim cht lng , gy h hng. mt s vi sinh vt gy bnh khng vi lnh ng tt hn vi sinh vt gy h hng. V vy, vic kim tra trc tip i vi vi sinh vt thng thng hoc gy bnh cn phi c thc hin. Phn ln vi khun gy bnh thng thng l vi khun gam m, nhm ny nhy cm vi qu trnh lnh ng, tr ng hn vi sinh vt gy h hng gam dng (Ts. Nguyn Vn Mi, 2007). Sau khi b c ch hon ton, cc sn phm lnh ng vn c th b h hng do hot ng ca Enzyme vi sinh vt, chng c th xc tc cc phn ng sinh ha khng mong mun trong thc phm. Khi s ch c trc khi lnh ng khng ng s c nguy c vi sinh vt gii phng Enzyme v c t lm nh hng cht lng sn phm lnh ng (Ts. Nguyn Vn Mi , 2007). 2.4.3. Cc phng php bo qun ti sn phm phi l Bo qun nhit thp (Bo qun lnh ng v bo qun lnh) (Ng Th Minh Khai, 2008). Bo qun bng cch dng ha cht nh NaCl, NaNo 2, NaNO3, hypochlorid, Acid Lactic, acid Acetic, acid Sorbic,.(Ng Th Minh Khai, 2008). Bo qun trong bao gi c iu kin chnh kh quyn (MAP) (gm cc loi kh nh N2, O2, CO2) (Ng Th Minh Khai, 2008).
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2.5. Kt qu th nghim c lin quan: Lun vn tt nghip Kho st kh nng bo qun ca mng Alginate trong cng on m bng ca quy trnh sn xut c tra phi l cp ng. Trn Thanh Quang. 2008. Kt qu ti u v nng v thi gian nhng ca Alginate l 1.5% trong 1 pht khng b sung Glycerol. Lun vn tt nghip Kho st kh nng bo qun ca mng Alginate trong cng an cp ng ca quy trnh sn xut c tra phi l cp ng. Cao Th Lan Nh. 2008. Kt qu ti u v nng v thi gian nhng ca Alginate l 1% trong 1 pht khng b sung Glycerol. Lun vn tt nghip Kho st kh nng bo qun lnh c tra phil x l trong dung dch acid lactic kt hp vi cc iu kin bao gi. Ng Th Minh Khai. 2008. Kt qu ti u v nng v thi gian ra ca acid Lactic l 0.3% trong 1 pht c ch tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh.

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Phn 3: PHNG PHP V PHNG TIN TH NGHIM

3.1. Phng tin th nghim 3.1.1. a im: Khu phng th nghim B mn Dinh dng v Ch bin thy sn - Khoa Thy sn. Khu II Trng i hc Cn Th. 3.1.2. Thi gian: Thng 12/2010 n thng 07/2011. 3.1.3. H thng trang thit b th nghim 3.1.3.1. Dng c Dao ct tit, phi l, dao chnh hnh. Tht, r, thau, thng v mt s vt dng chuyn dng cn thit trong qu trnh lm th nghim. 3.1.3.2. My mc, thit b H thng phn tch m. Thit b o pH. T ng v t bo qun. Thit b sy. Thit b v vt dng dng trong kim tra vi sinh vt. Thit b cn (o) nh cn in t v ng h. Nhit k v mt s thit b cn thit. V cc vt dng chuyn mn. 3.1.3.3. Ha cht Acid Lactic, Alginate, CaCl2 2%, Glycerol 1%. Ha cht dng trong phn tch th nghim 3.2. Phng php th nghim Mc tiu th nghim: Thc hin th nghim tm ra iu kin ti u v vic s dng nng v thi gian ra c ca acid Lactic, nng v thi gian nhng ca mng Alginate. Vi mc ch ci thin nhng bin i tiu cc ca c phi l trong qu trnh tr ng, c ch hay tiu dit vi sinh vt, nhm gi li gi tr cm quan c trng ca c, hn ch s hao ht khi lng v thay th ha cht Chlorine trong ch bin c ng lnh.

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3.2.1. Th nghim 1 tin hnh kho st acid Lactic Acid Lactic c ha tan trong nc sch cc nng 0,25%, 0,50%, 0,75%, 1,00%, v chun b dung dch Chlorine 50ppm v nc sch lm mu i chng. C tra sau khi c x l qua cc cng on ct tit, phil, l ng da, chnh hnh sch th ro. Ra tng ming c phil v khng ch thi gian ra qua dung dch nc ra acid trong 30 giy, 60 giy, 90 giy nh ng h bm giy. Kim tra nhit dung dch ra trong khong 0-5 oC nh (bng) nc , ri ra ming c li bng nc sch, t l dung dch acid ra: c l 2:1. Lm tng t cc bc vi nhng mu i chng. Xp khun p trong khun inox nh nhng tm nha PE mng, v chuyn khun vo h thng cp ng. Cp ng nhit -40 0C t 2-3 gi, kim tra nhit tm ming phil m bo t -18 0C ri tch khun, em bao gi chn khng trong ti PA v bo qun trong h thng t bo qun -20 20C. Phn tch cc ch tiu pH, cm quan (mu sc), vi sinh ca ming c sau 0 tun, 2 tun v a ra kt lun. Th nghim tin hnh chn ra nng v thi gian ra acid Lactic thch hp so snh vi dung dch ra Chlorine c th thay th Chlorine m vn c tc dng tiu dit hay c ch vi sinh vt. Chn nng v thi gian ra acid Lactic thch hp, tip tc thc hin th nghim vi dung dch mng Alginate. 3.2.1.1. Th nghim 1: kho st acid Lactic tin hnh vi 2 nhn t Nhn t A: Nng ca acid Lactic (%)

A1: 0,25% A2: 0,50% A3: 0,75% A4: 1,00%

Nhn t B: Thi gian ra (giy)

B1: 30 giy B2: 60 giy B3: 90 giy

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Lm ring thm mu i chng so snh:

Aa: Mu (mu) i chng ra qua nc sch.

Ab: Mu i chng ra qua Chlorine nng 50ppm v y l nng ph bin khi ra c phi l khu bn thnh phm. - Vy tng s nghim thc l: (2 + 4)*3 =18 (nghim thc) - Vy th nghim lp li 3 ln nn tng s l: 18*3 = 54 (nghim thc).

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3.2.1.2. S b tr chung ca th nghim 1 C Tra Phil

Lm sch- ro Ra dung dich Acid Lactic Chlorine 50 ppm Nc

0,25%

0,50%

0,75%

1,00%

30 giy

60 giy

90 giy Thi gian ra (giy)

Cp ng Bo qun trong 0, 2 tun Kim tra pH, cm quan (mu sc), vi sinh

Chn nng acid Lactic, thi gian ra thch hp

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3.2.2. Th nghim 2: tin hnh vi dung dch mng Alginate: Alginate th rn c ha tan trong nc sch cc nng 0,25%, 0,50%, 0,75%, 1,00% cho n khi dung dch tr nn trong sut. Chun b chun b dung dch Chlorine 50ppm v dung dch Alginate c nng 0,50% c b sung Glycerol 1,00% v nng 0,00% (nhng qua nc sch) lm nhng mu i chng. C tra sau khi c x l qua cc cng on ct tit, phil, l ng da, chnh hnh sch th ro, ra tng ming c v khng ch thi gian ra qua dung dch nc ra acid ti u th nghim 1 l nng 0,50% trong 60 giy. Ra li nc sch v ro, nhng tng ming c phil v khng ch thi gian nhng l 30 giy, 60 giy, 90 giy nh ng h bm gi trong dung dich mng Alginate. T l dung dch nhng v c l 2:1. Vt ming c ra ro 30 giy ri nhng tip vo dung dch CaCl 2 2% trong vng 30 giy, tip tc vt ra v ro 30 giy. Lm tng t vi nhng mu lm i chng Xp khun p cc ming c trong khun inox nh nhng tm nha PE mng, chuyn khun sang h thng cp ng nhit -40 0C trong vng 23 gi, kim tra nhit tm ming c t -18 0C. Sau cp ng em bao gi chn khng trong ti PA v bo qun trong t -20 20C. Phn tch cc ch tiu cm quan (mu sc), vi sinh, trng lng (ch yu) ca ming c phil sau 0 v 2 tun v a ra kt lun. 3.2.2.1. Th nghim kho st Alginate tin hnh vi 2 nhn t - Nhn t A: Nng ca Alginate (%)

A1: 0,25% A2: 0,50% A3: 0,75% A4: 1,00%

- Nhn t B: Thi gian nhng (giy) B1: 30 giy B2: 60 giy B3: 90 giy

Lm thm mu nhng qua nc, x l Chlorine 50ppm v mng khng b xung Glycerol 1,00% so snh.

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- Vy tng s nghim thc l: (3 + 4)*3) = 21 (nghim thc) - Vy th nghim lp li 3 ln nn tng s l: 21*3 = 63 (nghim thc)

3.2.2.2. S b tr chung ca th nghim 2 C Tra Phil-Lm sch Dung dch Chlorine 50 ppm v nhng mng 0,50%

Ra acid Lactic Nhng dung dch Alginate Mng 0,50% (c Glycerol 1,00%) Nc

0,25%

0,50%

0,75%

1,00%

30 giy

60 giy

90 giy

30 giy

Nhng CaCl2 2% (30 giy) 30 giy Cp ng Bo qun 0, 2 tun Kim tra cm quan (mu sc), vi sinh, trng lng
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Chn nng alginate v thi gian nhng thch hp

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Phn 4: KT QU V THO LUN

4.1. Kt qu phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca nguyn liu c Tra phil Thnh phn ha hc ca nguyn liu c phn tch t tht c Tra qua x l (phil, lng da, chnh hnh). Da vo kt qu th nghim cho Bng 4.1. Bng 4.1: thnh phn ha hc trn 100 (g) ca tht c Tra phil (tnh theo %) Thnh phn ( % ) m m Lipid Tro Nguyn liu ( %) 78,500,40 16,500.30 2.030.09 1,020,06

Kt qu phn tch qua Bng 4.1 cho thy hm lng m trong c tra tng i cao v hm lng Lipid tng i (ch ny ko hiu). 4.2. nh hng ca dung dch acid Lactic n cht lng v thi gian bo qun c tra phil ng lnh 4.2.1. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n cc ch tiu mu sc v vi sinh vt ca ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun bo qun 4.2.1.1. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n mu sc ca ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun bo qun Th nghim kho st nh hng ca nng dung dch acid Lactic (0,25%; 0,5%; 0,75% v 1,00%) n mu sc ca tng ming c phil ng lnh sau khong thi gian ra (30, 60, 90 giy) v c cp ng -40 0C trong 2-3 gi. Kt qu nh gi mu sc 0 tun c th hin Bng 4.2 cho bi ph lc B.1

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Bng 4.2: nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n mu sc ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun bo qun. Mu M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 M16 M17 M18 Nng (%) Thi gian ra (giy) 30 0,25 60 90 30 0,50 60 90 30 0,75 60 90 30 1,00 60 90 30 0,00 (Nc) 60 90 30 Chlorine 50 (ppm) 60 90 im trung bnh 4,870,12a 4,930,12a 4,930,12a 4,930,12a 4,870,12a 4,870,12a 4,870,12a 4,930,12a 4,930,20a 4,870,20a 4,870,23a 4,870,23a 4,930,12a 4,870,12a 4,870,12a 4,930,12a 4,870,12a 4,930,12a

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct cc mu c k hiu ch (a, b, c, d,) ging nhau th khc bi t c ngha thng k vi tin cy 95%.

im trung bnh

5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a

30 giy 60 giy 90 giy

Hnh 4.1. nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy)(ppm) dung dch ca Nming dung dch acid nh 0 tun bo qun. ng c phil ng l Lactic (%) acid Lactic n mu sc
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0,25%

0,50%

0,75%

1,00%

Nc

Chlorine 50

Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Cn Th

Ngnh Ch bin thy sn

T kt qu Bng 4.2 v Hnh 4.1 cho thy s thay i mu ca cc mu trong thi gian u khi bo qun c s khc bit khng c ngha thng k. Tuy nhin, kt qu th nghim cho thy mu ca cc mu ra nng dung dch acid Lactic 1,00% cho cm quan v mu km hn cc mu x l nng dung dch 0,25%, 0,50%, 0,75%, s chnh lch t kt qu th nghim khng c ngha thng k v cm quan. Khi tin hnh th nghim x l nng 1,00% lm cho mu ca ming phil hi b ti i, lm cho mt ngoi ming phil khng p t nhin so vi cc mu cn li. Theo chiu hng ny nu cng tng nng dung dch x l th bin i (s bin tnh protein) cng nghim trng hn, v vy phi s dng vi nng x l va phi. Ring thi gian x l cc mu t 30 90 giy ch lm cho mu ming phil thay i khng ng k theo chiu hng c phn nh trn th. Nhng bin i v mu sc bi nng v thi gian ra ca acid Lactic 0 tun thay i khng c ngha thng k. Cc mu trn so vi nhng mu i chng dung dch Chlorine 50ppm cho thy khng sai khc nhiu, v c vi cc mu ra qua nc. C th giai on u cha c s bin i nghim trng v mu sc. V vy nn xem xt cc ch tiu khc 0 tun v s bin i ca cc ch tiu sau 2 tun a ra kt lun. 4.2.1.2. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n tng s vi khun hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun bo qun Th nghim kho st nh hng ca dung dch acid Lactic (0,25%, 0,5%, 0,75% v 1,00%) n tng s vi khun hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c phil ng lnh sau khong thi gian ra (30, 60, 90 giy) v c cp ng -400C trong 2-3 gi. Kt qu nh gi mu sc ca ming c 2 tun c th hin Bng 4.3 cho bi phc lc B.2

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Cn Th

Ngnh Ch bin thy sn

Bng 4.3. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n tng s vi khun hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun bo qun Mu M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 M16 M17 M18 Nng (%) 0,25 Thi gian ra (giy) 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh (cfu/g) 3 1,53x10 89,6e 1,46x10349,3de 1,39x10395.6cd 1,40x10383,9cd 1,32x10355,8bc 1,28x10392,9abc 1,35x10385,5bcd 1,27x10345,8abc 1,24x10340,4ab 1,24x10349,7ab 1,18x10371,7a 1,17x10355,1a 1,64x10371,3f 1,65x10371,4f 1,70x10338,2f 1,31x10385,1bc 1,28x10355,1abc 1,24x10346,2ab

0,50

0,75

1,00

0,00 (Nc)

Chlorine 50 (ppm)

Ghi ch:Trong cng mt ct cc mu c k hiu ch (a, b, c, d,) ging nhau th khc bi t c ngha thng k vi tin cy 95%.

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

Trang 27

Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Cn Th

Ngnh Ch bin thy sn

TSVKHK (cfu/g)

2100 1900 1700 1500 1300 1100 900 700 500 e de cd cd bc abcbcd abc

f f

ab

ab a a

bc abc ab

30 giy 60 giy 90 giy

0,25% 0,50% 0,75% Hnh 4.2. nh hng nng (%) v thi1,00% raNc cChlorine dch acid gian (giy) a dung 50 (ppm) Lactic n tng s vi khun hiu kh ca ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun Nng acid Lactic (%) bo qun.

T kt qu ca Bng 4.3 v Hnh 4.2 nh gi c tng s vi khun hiu kh (cfu/g) khi x l qua dung dch acid Lactic c xu hng gim theo chiu hng tng nng t 0,25% n 1,00% (mu M1 - M12). Chiu hng gim ny ch c khc bit gia cc mu x l nng 0,25% v 1,00% (mu M1, M2, M3, M10, M11, M12) cc thi gian ra, do nng cng cao acid cng cao th phn ly ra nhiu ion H+, chnh ion H+ c tc dng tiu dit hay c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, cng nhiu ion H + th kh nng c ch vi sinh vt hiu kh cng tng. Cn v thi gian ra lin tip nhau th th nghim cho thy thi gian x l cng lu th tng s vi khun hiu kh cng gim, nng 0,25% ra trong 90 giy th khng khc bit v ngha thng k vi cc mu nng 0,50%; 0,75% ra trong 30 giy, 60 giy v 90 giy. Kt qu th nghim ny li c khc bit vi mu x l nng 0,25% trong 30 giy v 60 giy. V vy c th chn t mu M 3 - M12, nhng mu sc mang li t nhng mu nng 1,00% (M 10, M11, M12) th khng tt hn cc mu (M3, M3, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9). Cn xem xt li cc ch tiu trn khi bo qun 2 tun. Thi gian ra cng lu th tng s vi khun hiu kh s gim t 30 n 90 giy (hiu nhng cha r, cu trc cu cha ok), nng ion H+ tip xc nhiu v lu vi vi sinh vt nhiu th kh nng tiu dit hay c ch cng cao, thi gian ra ca cc mu vi Chlorine cng nh vy.

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

Trang 28

Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Cn Th

Ngnh Ch bin thy sn

Ring cc mu x l qua nc th ngc li, do c ra trong nc lu qu nn khng trnh khi s xm nhp ca vi sinh t mi trng khng kh vo m nc khng c tnh cht st khun. So snh vi mu i chng thy c s khc bit r vi nhng mu ra qua nc sch, nguyn nhn c th gii thch nc ch l tc nhn ra lm sch ming c ch khng c tc dng st khun. Nhng khng khc bit nhiu so vi nhng mu x l qua dung dch Chlorine 50ppm cc mu (M4, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9 v M16, M17, M18). C hai u c tc dng st khun hay c ch vi sinh vt tt t cng khng nh tnh u vit ca acid Lactic. 4.2.2. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n cc ch tiu mu sc, pH v vi sinh vt ca ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun bo qun 4.2.2.1. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian (giy) ca dung dich acid Lactic n mu sc ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun bo qun Th nghim kho st nh hng ca nng dung dch acid Lactic (0,25%, 0,5%, 0,75% v 1,00%) n mu sc ca ming c phil sau khong thi gian ra (30, 60, 90 giy) v c cp ng -40 0C trong 2-3 gi. Kt qu nh gi mu sc ca ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun bo qun c th hin Bng 4.4 cho bi ph lc B.3 Bng 4.4: nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n mu sc ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun bo qun. Mu M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 Nng (%) 0,25 Thi gian ra (giy) 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 im trung bnh 4,800,20a 4,870,12a 4,870,12a 4,870,12a 4,800,20a 4,870,12a 4,800,20a 4,870,12a 4,800,20a 4,730,12a 4,730,23a 4,670,23a 4,200,20b 4,130,12b 4,070,12b

0,50

0,75

1,00

0,00 (Nc)

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Cn Th

Ngnh Ch bin thy sn

M16 M17 M18

Chlorine 50 (ppm)

30 60 90

4,870,12a 4,870,12a 4,800,20a

Ghi ch:Trong cng mt ct cc mu c k hiu ch (a, b, c, d,) ging nhau th khc bi t c ngha thng k vi tin cy 95%.

im trung bnh

5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0

a a a

a a a

a b b b

a a a

30 giy 60 giy 90 giy

Chlorin 50 (ppm) Hnh 4.3. nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch

0,25%

0,50%

0,75%

1,00%

Nc

acid Lactic n mu sc ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun bo qun. (%) T kt qu Bng 4.4 v Hnh 4.3 cho thy s thay i mu ca cc x l qua dung dch acid Lactic sau khong thi gian bo qun 2 tun cng khng khc bit nhiu v ngha thng k so vi mc mu sc c nh gi 0 tun bo qun cng khng gim nhiu lm khng ng k, vn gi c mu sc p ca ming c.. Nhng so snh vi mu i chng ring vi nhng mu ra qua nc sch (M13, M14, M15) th cho mu km hn nhiu cc mu ra qua dung dch acid Lactic (0,25%, 0,50%, 0,75% v 1,00%) cc thi gian x l (30, 60, 90 giy) (cha r). Dung dch nc sch khng c tc dng nh cht st khun nn khng trnh khi nhng bin i bn trong ming c dn n cm quan v mu gim nhiu trong 2 bo qun. Cn mu sc ca ming c phil c x l qua dung dch Chlorine 50ppm th khng khc bit v ngha thng k nhiu vi cc mu x l acid Lactic cc nng v thi gian ra. Xem xt pH, ch tiu vi sinh a ra kt lun chung.

Nng dung dch acid Lactic

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Cn Th

Ngnh Ch bin thy sn

4.2.2.2. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n pH ming c phil ng lnh c bo qun t 0 n 2 tun Th nghim kho st nh hng ca nng dung dch acid Lactic (0,25%, 0,5%, 0,75% v 1,00%) n pH ca tng ming c phil sau khong thi gian ra (30, 60, 90 giy) v c cp ng -40 0C trong 2-3 gi. Kt qu nh gi s thay i gi tr pH c th hin Bng 4.5 Bng 4.5: nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n pH ca ming c phil ng lnh c bo qun t 0-2 tun. Mu M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 M16 M17 M18
Gi tr pH

Nng (%) 0,25

Thi gian ra(giy) 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90

0,50

0,75

1,00

0,00 (Nc)

Chlorine 50 (ppm)

pH 0 tun 6,82 6,83 6,81 6,84 6,82 6,81 6,80 6,84 6,80 6,81 6,82 6,79 6,88 6,86 6,87 6,79 6,81 6,80

pH 2 tun 6,94 6,93 6,89 6,92 6,91 6,88 6,87 6,91 6,88 6,87 6,86 6,83 7,05 7,07 7,06 6,86 6,86 6,87

Ghi ch:Trong cng mt ct cc mu c k hiu ch (a, b, c, d,) ging nhau th khc bi t c ngha thng k vi tin cy 95%.

7.2 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.0 M1 M2 M3 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M11 M12 M14 M15 M16 0 tun 2 tun

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

M18

M4

M10

M13

M17

Trang 31

Nng ca dung dch acid Lactic (%)

Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Cn Th

Ngnh Ch bin thy sn

Hnh 4.4: nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n pH ca ming c phil ng lnh c bo qun t 0-2 tun. Kho st s thay i pH ca cc nghim thc th nghim ny hiu v s thay i pH ca cc mu, t a ra kt lun xem pH ca s n phm gii hn no (mang tnh acid, trung tnh hay km). T nh gi c sn phm. Gi tr pH cao hay thp ph thuc vo nng ion H + tn ti trong sn phm, th nghim kho st thy gi tr pH ca cc mu cc nng v thi x l nh hn 7 gn t gi tr trunh tnh. Nguyn liu trc khi a i x l ha cht, phi qua cng on ct tit, phil v mt lng nh aicd Lactic a to ra bn trong c th c do s dy da trc khi cht. Thm vo khi s dng dung dch ra acid x l nn chnh nhng iu lm cho c mang tnh cht acid, tuy nhin sau khi x l ha cht ra li qua nc sch, phn no cng ra tri i mt lng dung dch acid trn bn mt ca ming phil. Tc tng gi tr pH ca cc mu c nng thp v thi gian x l ngn s cao hn v ngc li. Tc tng gi tr pH ca nhng maaix khng s dng ha cht th cao hn rt nhiu so vi nhng mu x l, v n c khng c ion H+ nh aicd v st khun. Cn dung dch Chlorine th mc thay i khng nhiu lm, so vi nhng mu x l ha cht th tng ng. 4.2.2.2. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian (giy) ca thi gian bo qun n tng s vi khun hiu kh ca ming c phil 2 tun Th nghim kho st nh hng ca dung dch acid Lactic (0,25%, 0,5%, 0,75% v 1,00%) n tng s vi khun hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c phil sau khong thi gian ra (30 giy, 60 giy, 90 giy) v c cp ng -400C trong 2-3 gi. Kt qu tng lng vi sinh vt hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c ng lnh 2 tun c th hin Bng 4.5 cho bi bng ph lc B4.

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

Trang 32

Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Cn Th

Ngnh Ch bin thy sn

Bng 4.6. nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian ra (giy) ca dung dch acid Lactic n tng s vi khun hiu kh ca ming c phil ng l nh 2 tun bo qun Mu M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 M16 M17 M18 Nng (%) Thi gian ra (giy) Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh (cfu/g) 3,35x10386,6e 3,00x10398,5d 2,82x10364,1c 2,99x10368,1d 2,60x10385,4b 2,50x10385,3ab 2,60x10392,8b 2,50x10353,0ab 2,45x10353,2a 2,59x10352,0b 2,42x10375,5a 2,38x10395,0a 3,78x10381,1f 3,88x10357,7f 3,91x10397,7f 2,74x10354,7c 2,80x10387.2c 2,85x10344.3c

30 0,25 60 90 30 0,50 60 90 30 0,75 60 90 30 1,00 60 90 30 0,00 (Nc) 60 90 30 Chlorine 50 (ppm) 60 90

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct cc mu c k hiu ch (a, b, c, d,) ging nhau th khc bi t c ngha thng k vi tin cy 95%.

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

Trang 33

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Ngnh Ch bin thy sn

TSVKHK (cfu/g)

4500 3500 2500 1500 500 e

f f f d c d c c c 1 pht 2 pht 3 pht

b ab

ab a

b a a

Hnh 4.5. nh 0,25% ca nng (%) v1,00%gian Nac(giy) ca acid Lactic hng 0,50% 0,75% thi r Chlorine n tng s vi khun hiu kh ca ming c phil 2 tun 50 (ppm) n. bo qu T kt qu Bng 4.6, ngng acid Lactic (%)Hnh 4.2 cho thy tng s N B 4.5, Hnh 4.3 v vi khun hiu kh tng dn theo thi gian bo qun t 0 tun ln 2 tun nhng tc va phi v c bo qun nhit m su, kh nng c ch hay tiu dit vi sinh vt ca acid Lactic tng dn theo nng (0,25%, 0,5%, 0,75%, 1,00%) v thi gian ra (30, 60, 90 giy). Nng ion H + c nh hng rt nhiu. Trong thi gian bo qun 2 tun nh Hnh 4.5 c s tng chm cc mu ra qua dung dch acid nng gim (1,00%, 0,75%, 0,50%). iu ny gii thch cho cho cc nng ny tiu dit hay c ch ng k vi sinh vt. V chng c khc bit c ngha thng k vi nhng mu x l nng 0,25% cc thi gian ra. Thi gian x l thy c s tng nhanh tng s vi khun hiu kh thi gian ra 30 giy v tng chm thi gian ra cn li l 60 v 90 giy. So snh vi nhng mu i chng, cc mu x l qua nc th mc tng nhanh vi sinh vt theo thi gian l khng trnh khi cc thi gian ra (30 giy, 60 giy, 90 giy) thi gian ra cng lu th vi sinh pht trin nhiu hn. Ring nhng mu x l qua dung dch Chlorine 50ppm (M16, M17, M18) th cho kt qa vi sinh vt li cao hn (M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12) khng ng k nhiu, c th do Chlorine b gim bt tc dng trong qu trnh thao tc th nghim. Nh ta bit n l cht d b bay hi, trong qu trnh pha

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

Trang 34

Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Cn Th

Ngnh Ch bin thy sn

ha cht hay chun b mu, nhit phng kh cao C th l nhng nguyn nhn lm cho dung dch ny gim tc dng so vi cc mu x l qua dung dch acid. Da vo Hnh 4.5 cho thy cc mu x l qua dung dch acid (0,50%, 0,75%, 1,00%), ring mu (M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12) khng khc bit nhau xa, thm vo nhng mu nng 1,00% cho mu sc 2 tun c khc bit v ngha thng k nn khng chn nhng mu nng ny. Ring (M5, M6, M7, M8, M9) cho kt qu tt nht. Kt hp vi kt qu phn tch chn mu 0 tun bo qun v mu v tng s vi khun hiu kh, s thay i khng dng k ca pH, th nghim tit kim c thi gian v ha cht bn cnh mang li tnh kinh t cao chn mu ra nng 0,50% trong 60 giy (M5) lm mu ti u. V vy, th nghim chn mu nng 0,50% ra trong 60 giy (M5) v y l nng v thi gian ra c trong phn x l ha cht thay th Chlorine trong ch bin c tra ng lnh c tin hnh th nghim 2 v c tin hnh bao mng bo v bng dung dch mng Alginate. 4.3. nh hng ca dung dch mng Alginate n cht lng v thi gian bo qun c tra phil ng lnh qua x l acid Lactic 0,50% trong 60 giy 4.3.1. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) ca dung dch mng Alginate n ch tiu mu sc v tng s vi khun hiu kh ca ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun bo qun 4.3.1.1. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) ca dung dch mng Alginate n ch tiu mu sc ca ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun bo qun Th nghim kho st nh hng ca nng dung dch mng Alginate (0,25%, 0,5%, 0,75% v 1,00%) v thi gian nhng mng (30, 60, 90 giy) n mu sc ca ming c phil ng lnh, c x l qua dung dch acid Lactic 0,50% trong 60 giy v c nhng tip vo dung dch CaCl 2 2% trong 30 giy sau khi bao mng, c cp ng -400C trong 2-3 gi. Kt qu nh gi mu sc ca ming c 0 tun c th hin Bng 4.7 cho bi ph lc B5.

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

Trang 35

Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Cn Th

Ngnh Ch bin thy sn

Bng 4.7. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) ca dung dch mng Alginate n ch tiu mu sc ca ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun bo qun. M u M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 M16 M17 M18 Nng (%) 0,25 Thi gian nhng (giy) 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 im trung bnh 4,930,12a 4,930,12a 4,930,12a 4,930,12a 4,930,12a 4,870,12a 4,930,12a 4,930,12a 5,000,00a 4,870,12a 4,870,12a 4,870,12a 4,870,12a 4,930,12a 4,930,12a 4,930,12a 4,930,12a 4,870,12a

0,50

0,75

1,00

0,00 (Nc)

Chlorine 50 (ppm)

Ghi ch:Trong cng mt ct cc mu c k hiu ch (a, b, c, d,) ging nhau th khc bi t c ngha thng k vi tin cy 95%.

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

Trang 36

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im trung bnh

5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50

a a a

a a a

a a a

a a a

a a a

a a a

30 giy 60 giy 90 giy

Hnh 2.00 nh hng nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) ca dung dch 4.6. 0,25% 0,50% 0,75% 1,00% Nc Chlorine mng Alginate n ch tiu mu sc c a mi ng c phil ng l nh 0 tu n 50 (ppm) bo qun.
Nng dung dch mng Alginate (%) ((%)(%)(%) T Bng 4.7 v Hnh 4.6 cho thy mu sc ca nhng mu x l

qua dung dch acid ti u v tip tc nhng dung dch mng Alginate cc nng v thi gian nhng, c bo qun 0 tun th khng bin i nhiu gn nh ging nhau, v mt thng k khng c . C th giai on u cc tc nhn c lin quan khng c iu kin pht trin gy hi, vi sinh vt b tiu dit hay c ch cng on x l bng ha cht v cp ng nhit m su nn khng th lm phm cht ca sn phm sau cp ng gim xung. Cn xem xt cc ch tiu khc 0 tun v 2 tun r i a ra quy t nh cho cc nghim thc. So snh vi nhng mu lm i chng (x l qua dung dch Chlorine 50ppm ri nhng mng Alginate nng 0,50% trong (30, 60, 90 giy) v khng nhng mng m nhng qua nc) th th nghim cho thy khng c s khc bit gia cc nghim thc. C th y l giai on u nn nhng bin i bn trong ming c din ra rt rt chm nn khng cho biu hin ra ngoi, khng k nhng nghim thc x l bng nc. 4.3.1.2. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) ca dung dch mng Alginate n tng s vi khun hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun
SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm Trang 37

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Ngnh Ch bin thy sn

Th nghim kho st nh hng ca nng dung dch mng Alginate (0,25%, 0,5%, 0,75% v 1,00%) v thi gian nhng mng (30, 60, 90 giy) n tng s vi khun hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c phil ng lnh, c x l qua dung dch acid Lactic 0,50% trong 60 giy v c nhng tip vo dung dch CaCl2 2% trong 30 giy sau khi bao mng, c cp ng -400C trong 2-3 gi. Kt qu nh gi tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh ca ming c phil 0 tun c th hin bng 4.10 cho bi ph lc B6. Bng 4.8. nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) dung dch mng Alginate n tng s vi khun hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c phil ng lnh 0 tun bo qun. Mu M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 M16 M17 M18 Nng (%) 0,25 Thi gian ra (giy) 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh (cfu/g) 3,95x10354,1g 3,83x10357,8f 3,89x10389,7fg 3,52x10317,3de 3,48x10351,3cd 3,50x10385,3de 3,35x10342,2ab 3,32x10330,1a 3,35x10342,6ab 3,60x10352,0e 3,42x10375,5abcd 3,45x10352,0bcd 6,18x10371,3h 6,28x10357,7hi 6,34x10348,4i 3,46x10377,7bcd 3,37x10357,8abc 3,43x10392,4abcd

0,50

0,75

1,00

0,00 (Nc)

Chlorine 50 (ppm)

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct cc mu c k hiu ch (a, b, c, d,) ging nhau th khc bi t c ngha thng k vi tin cy 95%.

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

Trang 38

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im trung bnh

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 g f fg de cd de ab a ab e abcd bcd

h hi

bcd

abc

abcd

30 giy 60 giy 90 giy

Hnh 4.7. nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) dung dch 0 mng Alginate n tng s vi khun hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c phil 0,25% 0,50% 0,75% 1,00% Nc Chlorine ng lnh 0 tun bo qun. 50 (ppm)

1000

N Thng quang liudung Bch mngv Hnh 4.7, th nghim cho thy khi s ca d ng 4.8 Alginate (%) ((%)(%)(%) tng dn nng ca dung dch mng Alginate, th tng s vi khun hiu kh cc nghim thc th gim dn (gim t nng 0.25% n 0,75%), nhng khi nng dung dch nhng cng tng cao qu s gy ra hin tng ngc li (tng t nng 0,75% n 1,00%) trong 0 tun bo qun. Trong khi cc mu ban u iu x l nh nhau qua dung dch acid Lactic 0,50% trong 60 giy, vy nhn t quyt nh n tng s vi khun hiu kh cc mu y l kh nng bo v ca dung dch mng. Trn Hnh 4.7 cho thy nhng nghim thc nhng nng 0,75% (gm cc mu M7, M8, M9) th c tng s vi sinh vt gy hi t hn cc mu cc nng cn li, khc bit ny c ngha thng k. C th do khi tng nng ca dung dch nhng, th nht ca dung dch cng tng, t tc dng to mng c nng cao v bm dnh ca mng cng nhiu nn tng kh nng cn tr s tip xc ca ca khng kh. T vi sinh vt khng hay c iu kin rt hn ch pht trin nhiu, nhng mng bm dnh nhiu qu s lm kh khn trong qu trnh cp ng, do s mt mt do bm dnh thit b hay v vn trong qu trnh tch khun lm nh hng n cht lng ming c cp ng, t to iu kin cho tc nhn gy hi cho hin tng nh trn Hnh 4.7. Hnh 4.7 cng phn nh r khi tng thi gian nhng mng th cng cho kt qu ging nh SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm Trang 39

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khi tng nng mng nhng vy (gim t 30 giy n 60 giy), nu nhng mng lu qu cng to iu kin cho vi sinh vt trong khng kh mi tr ng ngoi tn cng vo ming c trc khi cp ng (tng ln t 60 giy ln 90 giy), cng l nguyn nhn. V vy th nghim chn nhng nghin thc t tng s vi sinh vt gy hi nht, trn hnh cho thy nhng mu nhng nng 0,75% (gm nhng mu M7, M8, M9) th c tng s vi sinh vt gy hi t hn cc mu khc, nhng cc mu ging nhau v mt thng k nn khng c ngha, y l kt qu kim tra vi sinh vt 0 tun nn cha dm khng chn mu ti u trong 3 mu trn. Th nghim cn xem xt kt hp vi kt qu kim tra 2 tun ri a ra kt lun. Nhng mu i chng Chlorine 50ppm ri nhng mng 0,50% trong 30, 60, 90 giy (M16, M17, M18) cho kt qu tng i ging nh nhng mu s dng dung dch acid Lactic x l v thi gian nhng mng. Nhng nu so snh vi nhng mu ti u (M7, M8, M9) th kh nng bo v ming c tng i ging nhau, c th Chlorine b gim tc dng st khun trong qu trnh ra bi nhit th nghim, khu pha hay chun b mu trc khi nhng. i vi nhng mu khng x l bng acid Lactic hay Chlorine th cho kt qu km rt nhiu, ch x l qua nc khng kh thi mc d khi ming c phil c cp ng cng lm cht do sc nhit hay c ch phn no vi sinh vt gy hi, nhng khng mang hiu qu trong qu trnh bo qun lu. Mc nhim vi sinh vt trong nc tng theo thi gian nhng (tng t M13, M14, M15), v c nhng lu trong nc s to iu kin pht trin tc nhn gy hi d c khng ch nhit ra nh hn 50C, phn no nhng lu cng b nh hng bi nhit phng v thau (thao) tc th nghim. 4.3.1. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) ca dung dch mng Alginate n ch tiu mu sc, khi lng v tng s vi khun hiu kh ca ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun 4.3.1.1. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) ca dung dch mng Alginate n ch tiu mu sc ca ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun Th nghim kho st nh hng ca nng dung dch mng Alginate (0,25%, 0,5%, 0,75% v 1,00%) v thi gian nhng mng (30, 60, 90 giy) n mu sc ca ming c phil ng lnh, c x l qua dung dch acid Lactic 0,50% trong 60 giy v c nhng tip vo dung dch CaCl 2 2% trong 30 giy sau khi bao mng, c cp ng -400C trong 2-3 gi. Kt qu

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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nh gi mu sc ca ming c 0 tun c th hi n b ng 4.8 cho bi ph lc B7.

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Bng 4.9. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) ca dung dch mng Alginate n ch tiu mu sc ca ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun bo qun. M u M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 M16 M17 M18 Nng (%) 0,25 Thi gian nhng (giy) 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 im trung bnh 4.400.20a 4.470.12a 4.530.12a 4.470.12a 4.530.12a 4.600.20a 4.530.12a 4.600.20a 4.600.20a 4.600.20a 4.670.12a 4.670.12a 4.000.20b 4.070.12b 3.930.12b 4.530.12a 4.600.20a 4.470.23

0,50

0,75

1,00

0,00 (Nc)

Chlorine 50 (ppm)

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct cc mu c k hiu ch (a, b, c, d,) ging nhau th khc bi t c ngha thng k vi tin cy 95%.

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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im trung bnh

5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0

a a

a a

a a

a a a b b b

a a a

30 giy 60 giy 90 giy

0,25% Nc Chlorine Hnh 4.8. nh hng 0,50% 0,75% thi gian nhng (giy) ca dung dch nng (%) v 1,00% 50 (ppm) mng Alginate n ngtiu dung schcmng Alginatephil ng lnh 0 tun N ch mu d c a ming c (%) bo qun.

T kt qu th hin Bng 4.9 v Hnh 4.8 th nghim cho thy s thay i mu sc ca cc nghim thc cc nng sau thi gian bo qun 2 tun cng thay i nhng rt t so vi giai on kim tra 0 tun, ring mu nng 0,25% nhng trong 30 giy c km hn nhng khng c s khc bit. Cc nghim thc vn gi c mu sc rt p nh ban u v khng khc bit nhiu v ngha thng k. C thay i nhng khng ng k so vi mu sc kim tra 0 tun. V vy mu sc khng nh hng nhiu n th nghin. Nhng so snh vi nhng mu i chng khng ra acid v khng nhng mng m nhng qua nc sch (gm cc mu M13, M14, M15) th cho mu km hn nhiu so vi cc mu ra qua dung dch acid Lactic 0,50% trong 30 giy v nhng mng Alginate cc nng (0,25%, 0,50%, 0,75% v 1,00%) cc thi gian x l (30, 60, 90 giy). Dung dch nc sch khng c tc dng nh cht st khun nn khng trnh khi nhng bin i bn trong ming c do vi sinh vt sm pht trin lm sn phm bin i xu i dn n cm quan v mu gim nhiu trong 2 tun bo qun. Ring nhng mu x l dung dch Chlorine 50ppm v nhng mng Alginate 0,50% cho kt qu khng khc bit nhiu so vi cc mu th nghim so snh nn khng khc bit v ngha thng k.

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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4.3.2. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) ca dung dch mng Alginate n s gim khi lng ca ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun bo qun Th nghim kho st nh hng ca nng dung dch mng Alginate (0,25%, 0,5%, 0,75% v 1,00%) v thi gian nhng mng (30, 60, 90 giy) n s gim khi lng ca ming c phil ng lnh, c x l qua dung dch acid Lactic 0,50% trong 60 giy v c nhng tip vo dung dch CaCl 2 2% trong 30 giy sau khi bao mng, c cp ng -400C trong 2-3 gi. Kt qu nh gi phn trm gim khi lng ca ming c phil t 0 tun n 2 tun c th hin bng 4.9 cho bi ph lc B8. Bng 4.10. nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) dung dch mng Alginate n s gim khi lng khi lng (%) ca ming c phil ng lnh bo qun 0 n 2 tun M u M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 M16 M17 M18 Nng (%) 0,25 Thi gian nhng (giy) 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 Khi lng gim (%) 5,070,40g 4,700,26fg 4,370,40ef 3,900,36de 3,330,38cd 3,130,32c 3,170,32c 2,270,38ab 2,070,31a 2,800,26bc 2,900,20bc 3,200,26c 7,100,36h 7,230,49h 6,830,29h 2,830,49bc 2,930,35c 2,970,47c

0,50

0,75

1,00

0,00 (Nc)

Chlorine 50 (ppm)

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct cc mu c k hiu ch (a, b, c, d,) ging nhau th khc bi t c ngha thng k vi tin cy 95%.

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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Khi lng gim (%)

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0,25% 0,50% 0,75% 1,00% Nc Chlorine 50 (ppm) g fg ef de cd c c ab a bc bc c bc c c 30 giy 60 giy 90 giy h h h

Hnh 4.9. nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) dung dch Nng dung dch mng Alginate (%) mng Alginate n s gim khi lng ming c phil ng lnh t 0 n 2 tun Thng qua Bng 4.10 v Hnh 4.9 cc nghim thc sau thi gian bo qun t 0 n 2 tun cho thy khi tng nng dung dch nhng Alginate (%) th phn trm khi lng gim ca cc nghim thc gim dn t nng thp n nng cao (0,25%, 0,50% n 0,75%), nhng n mt mc no v nht qu cao s cho kt qu s khng nh mong i ca th nghim. y nu tng nng dung dch mng nhng n 1,00% th kt qu l trng lng ca cc nghim thc s tht thot trng lng nhiu nh phn nh hnh trn. Trn Hnh 4.9 cho thy nhng nghim thc nhng nng 0,75% (gm cc mu M8, M9) th phn trm khi lng gim t hn cc mu cc nng cn li, khc bit ny c ngha thng k. C th do khi tng nng ca dung dch nhng, th nht ca dung dch cng tng, t tc dng to mng c nng cao v bm dnh ca mng cng nhiu nn tng kh nng cn tr s trao i qua li gia bn trong mng v bn ngoi mng cng nh s tip xc ca ca khng kh sn phm c bao mng. T sn phm s c bo v hay c iu kin trao i nhng rt hn ch khi c bao mng. Nhng nng mng cao qu to nn bm
SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm Trang 45

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dnh nhiu qu trn sn phm, thm vo c s hin din ca ion Calcium. Khi ion ny s to lin kt vi mng Alginate to nn cu ni gia cc phn t lm tng trng lng phn t v nht ca dung dch nhng, s lm kh khn trong qu trnh lm ro, xp khun, cp ng v tch khun, do s mt mt do bm dnh thit b hay v vn trong qu trnh tch khun lm nh hng n cht lng ming c cp ng, t to iu kin cho tc nhn gy hi cho hin tng nh trn. Hnh 4.9 cng phn nh r khi tng thi gian nhng mng th cng cho kt qu th phn trm gim trng lng cng gim theo thi gian nhng t 30 giy n 90 giy (gim t nhng mu M1 n M9,), nhng khi nng cao 1,00% v thi gian nhng lau 90 giy kt hp th lm cho sn phm c nhng bin i km i khng trnh khi mt mt tht thot tng (t mu M10 n M12). Alginate c nng thp tng i tt nhng phi kt hp vi nhiu yu m chn nng thch hp nhng, lc dung dch nhng c nht va phi lm thao tc th nghim cng d v sn phm cp ng sau khi tan gi s c bng p khng cn dnh nht nhiu. Ngc li ngoi nhng tr (tr) ngi nu trn th cn lm cho sn phm lc cp ng v sau tan gi khng p v cm quan v khng k n lng ph n tnh kinh t. i chng vi nhng nghim thc x l bng Chlorine 50ppm ri nhng mng nng 0,50% so snh vi x l acid ri nhng mng nng tng ng th th nghim cho thy gn ging nhau v ngha thng k. T thy c kh nng ca acid Lactic trong cng ngh ch bin khng thua km g vi Chlorine, c th phn no Chlorine b gim phn no tc dng st khun bi cc tc nhn nh hng. Ring nhng nghim thc khng x l ha cht cng nh khng nhng mng bao bo v cho thy kt qu c s khc bit xa v mt thng k em li s khc bit nhiu. Nguyn nhn ch yu l sn phm trc v sau khi cp ng khng c bao mng nn khng trnh khi nhng bin i m khng c tc nhn h tr v khc phc, t em li kt qu khng nh mong i. 4.3.3.2. nh hng nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) ca dung dch mng Alginate n tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun bo qun Th nghim kho st nh hng ca nng dung dch mng Alginate (0,25%, 0,5%, 0,75% v 1,00%) v thi gian nhng mng (30, 60, 90 giy) n tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c phil ng lnh, c x

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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l qua dung dch acid Lactic 0,50% trong 60 giy v c nhng tip vo dung dch CaCl2 2% trong 30 giy sau khi bao mng, c cp ng -400C trong 2-3 gi. Kt qu nh gi tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh ca ming c phil 2 tun c th hin bng 4.11 cho bi ph lc B9.

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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Bng 4.11. nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) dung dch mng Alginate n tng s vi khun hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun bo qun Mu M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 M16 M17 M18 Nng (%) 0,25 Thi gian ra (giy) 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 30 60 90 Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh (cfu/g) 6,95x10354,1i 6,83x10357,8h 7,03x10363,2i 6,55x10340,4efg 6,48x10351,3cde 6,60x10372,6fg 6,04x10388,4b 5,74x10393,9a 6,05x10348,0b 6,56x10355,1efg 6,42x10375,5cd 6,65x10360,8g 9,75x10341,5cde 9,85x10340,0e 1,00x10448,8def 6,44x10348,9cde 6,37x10357,8e 6,51x10365,7def

0,50

0,75

1,00

0,00 (Nc)

Chlorine 50 (ppm)

Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct cc mu c k hiu ch (a, b, c, d,) ging nhau th khc bi t c ngha thng k vi tin cy 95%.

Khi lng gim (%)

12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0,25% 0,50% 0,75% 1,00% i h i cde efg fg b a b efg g cd

cde edef cde c def

30 giy 60 giy 90 giy

Nc

Nng dung dch mng Alginate (%) SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

Chlorine 50 (ppm)

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Hnh 4.10. nh hng ca nng (%) v thi gian nhng (giy) dung dch mng Alginate n tng s vi khun hiu kh (cfu/g) ca ming c phil ng lnh 2 tun bo qun. T s liu ca Bng 4.11 v Hnh 4.10, th nghim cho thy khi bo qun cc nghim thc sau 2 tun nhit -20 0C20C, nhn chung nhng bin i c phn tng t nh cc nghim thc khi kim tra 0 tun bo qun. Nhng thy khi tng dn nng ca dung dch mng Alginate, th tng s vi khun hiu kh cc nghim thc th gim dn (gim t nng 0.25% n 0,75%), nhng khi nng dung dch nhng cng tng cao qu s gy ra hin tng ngc li (tng t nng 0,75% n 1,00%). Trong khi cc mu ban u iu x l nh nhau qua dung dch acid Lactic 0,50% trong 60 giy, vy nhn t quyt nh n tng s vi khun hiu kh cc mu y l kh nng bo v ca dung dch mng. Trn Hnh 4.10 cho thy nghim thc nhng nng 0,75% (mu M7, M8, M9) th c tng s vi sinh vt gy hi t hn cc mu cc nng cn li, khc bit ny c ngha thng k. C th do khi tng nng ca dung dch nhng, th nht ca dung dch cng tng, t tc dng to mng c nng cao v bm dnh ca mng cng nhiu nn tng kh nng cn tr s tip xc ca ca khng kh. T vi sinh vt khng hay c iu kin rt hn ch pht trin nhiu, nhng mng bm dnh nhiu qu s lm kh khn trong qu trnh cp ng, do s mt mt do bm dnh thit b hay v vn trong qu trnh tch khun lm nh hng n cht lng ming c cp ng, t to iu kin cho tc nhn gy hi cho hin tng nh trn Hnh 4.10. Hnh 4.10 cho thy khi tng thi gian nhng mng th cng cho kt qu ging nh khi tng nng mng nhng vy (gim t 30 giy n 60 giy), nu nhng mng lu qu cng to iu kin cho vi sinh vt trong khng kh mi trng ngoi tn cng vo ming c trc khi cp ng (tng ln t 60 giy ln 90 giy). Nhng tc tng ln ca tng s vi khun hiu kh thi gian nhng 30 giy v 90 giy tng nhanh hn cc nng nhng (0,25%, 0,50%, 0,75%, 1,00%) so vi mc ca cc mu tng ng c kim tra trong 0 tun bo qun. V vy th nghim chn nhng nghin thc t tng s vi sinh vt gy hi nht, trn hnh cho thy nhng mu nhng nng 0,75% nhng trong 60 giy (mu M8) th c tng s vi sinh vt gy hi t hn cc mu khc, nhng cc mu ging nhau v mt thng k nn khng c ngha. (c ko hiu) Cc nghim thc i chng Chlorine 50ppm ri nhng mng 0,50% trong 30, 60, 90 giy (M16, M17, M18) cho kt qu khi kim tra vi sinh vt 2
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tun tng i ging nh nhng mu s dng dung dch acid Lactic x l v thi gian nhng mng tng ng. y khi chy thng k thy khng c s khc bit thng k nn cho thy tc d ng st khu n c a dung d ch acid kh tt. i vi nhng mu khng x l bng acid Lactic hay Chlorine th cho kt qu km rt nhiu, ch x l qua nc khng kh thi mc d khi ming c phil c cp ng cng lm cht do sc nhit hay c ch phn no vi sinh vt gy hi, nhng khng mang hiu qu trong qu trnh bo qun lu. Mc nhim vi sinh vt trong nc tng theo thi gian nhng (tng t M13, M14, M15) tng v s, v c nhng lu trong nc s to iu kin pht trin tc nhn gy hi d c khng ch nhit ra nh hn 5 0C, phn no nhng lu cng b nh hng bi nhit phng v thau tc th nghim . Thm vo l mc pht trin ca vi sinh vt kim tra 2 tun tng rt nhanh so vi mc pht trin khi kim 0 tun cng thi gian nhng nc. 4.3.3.3. nh hng ca cht b tr do Glycerol 1,00% trong dung dch to mng Alginate n phn trm gim khi lng ca c tra phil c bo qun t 0 -2 tun Th nghim kho st nh hng ca cht b tr do Glycerol 1,00% trong dung dch to mng Alginate nng 0,50% c b sung cht tr do Glycerol 1,00% n phn trm gim khi lng ca ming c tra phil ng lnh c bo qun t 0 -2 tun, c x l qua dung dch acid Lactic 0,50% trong 60 giy v c nhng tip vo dung dch CaCl 2 2% trong 30 giy sau khi bao mng, c cp ng -400C trong 2-3 gi. Kt qu nh gi tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh ca ming c phil t 0-2 tun c th hin bng 4.12 cho bi ph lc B10. Bng 4.12. nh hng ca cht b tr do Glycerol 1,00% trong dung dch to mng Alginate n phn trm gim khi lng ca c tra phil c bo qun t 0 -2 tun M u M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 Nng (%) 0,50 Thi gian ra (giy) 30 60 90 30 60 90 Khi lng gim (%) 3,900,36b 3,330,38a 3,130,32a 4,470,35c 4,670,21c 5,230,25d

0,50 c Glycerol 1,00%

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Ghi ch: Trong cng mt ct cc mu c k hiu ch (a, b, c, d,) ging nhau th khc bi t c ngha thng k vi tin cy 95%.

Khi lng gim (%)

6 5 4 3 2 1 b a a

d 30 giy 60 giy 90 giy

0 Hnh 4.11. nh hng0,50% t b tr do Glycerol 1,00% trong dung dch ca ch 0,50% C Glycerol 1,00% to mng Alginate n phn trm gim khi lng ca c tra phil c bo qun t 0 -2 tun Nng dung dch mng Alginate (%)

S ha do ca mng Alginate c th c nng ln cao bng cch thm vo cc tc nhn to do, kt qu tc dng v bn ca mng cng tng ln, chnh iu ny gip mng Alginate t b v rch, y l kt q uardo qu trnh co laijcuar cc phn t bn trong ca cc chui polymer trong cu trc mng. Glycerol c b sung vo nh cht tr do nhm lm gim cng ca cu trc mng, tng tnh do v tnh thm ca mng (Nguyn Trung Hu, Trn Thanh Quang, 2008). Tuy nhin th nghim lm mu i chng ngu nhin vi nhng mu nhng dung dch Alginate nng 0,50% c b sung cht ng to do em so snh. Kt qu ca th nghim cho thy, khi tng thi gian nhng mng th cc mu i chng s b tht thot nhiu v khi lng, iu ny c khc bt v ngha thng k so vi nhng mu khng c b sung cht ng to do cc thi gian nhng (30, 60, 90 giy) cng nng 0,50%. Theo McHugh & Krochta, 1994a, 1994b; Sothornvit & Krochta, 2000 khi b sung Glycerol vo mng Alginate ngoi chc nng lm gim cng ca cu trc mng, tng tnh do ca mng, tuy nhin n cn c kh nng lm tng tnh
SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm Trang 51

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thm kh ca mng. V th th nghim 2 trn khng cn b sung cht ng to do Glycerol 1,00% va tit kim thi gian v kinh ph mua ha cht.

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Phn 5: KT LUN V NGH 5.1. Kt lun 5.1.1. Th nghim 1: Kho st dung dch ra acid Lactic Qua kt qu nghin cu a ra s kt lun chung ca th nghim kho st nng v thi gian ra ca dung dch acid Lactic nh sau: C tra Phil Lng da-Chnh hnh Ra sch- ro Ra qua dung dch acid Lactic 0,50% trong 60 giy Ra li nc sch Cp ng Bao gi Bo qun

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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5.1.2. Th nghim 1: Kho st dung dch ra acid Lactic Qua kt qu nghin cu a ra s kt lun chung ca th nghim kho st nng v thi gian nhng ca dung dch mng Alginate nh sau: C tra Phil Lng da-Chnh hnh Ra sch- ro Ra qua dung dch acid Lactic 0,50% trong 60 giy Ra sch- ro Nhng dung dch mng Alginate 0,75% trong 60 giy Nhng dung dch CaCl2 2% Cp ng Bao gi Bo qun

5.2. xut Do hn ch v thi gian v iu kin nn th nghim thc hin cha kho st ht cc tc nhn bin i n qu trnh bo qun (nh tnh n hi c tht,). Cn nghin cu kho st nhng bin i v tnh cht ca sn phm trong thi gian bo qun di hn na.

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TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Nguyn Vn Mi, 2007, Cng ngh ch bin lnh thc phm. Nh xut bn gio dc. 2. Trng Th Mng Thu, 2010, Bi ging Cng ngh ch bin lnh thy sn. 3. Trn Thanh Quang, 2008, Lun vn tt nghip Kho st kh nng bo qun ca mng Alginate trong cng on m bng ca quy trnh sn xut c tra phi l cp ng. 4. Cao Th Nh Lan, 2008, Lun vn tt nghip Kho st kh nng bo qun ca mng Alginate trong cng an cp ng ca quy trnh sn xut c tra phi l cp ng. 5. Ng Th Minh Khai. 2008. Lun vn tt nghip Kho st kh nng bo qun lnh c tra phil xl trong dung dch acid lactic kt hp vi cc iu kin bao gi. 6. Nguyn Trung Hu, 2008, Kho st nh hng ca ph gia n cht to mng Alginate trong bo qun to ct ming. 7. Nguyn Th Hin, 2008, Nghin cu kho st acid Citric, acid Malic v acid Lactic ko di thi gian bo qun hn hp tri cy ti n lin. 8.http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/metabolomics/mol_summary/? molName=L_lac-tic_acid 9. http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5822e/x5822e04.htm). 10.http://scienceblogs.com/moleculeoftheday/2007/07/alginic_acid_those_w erent_cher.php). 11. http://blog.khymos.org/2006/09/17/video-on-alginates/). 12.http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/metabolomics/mol_summary/? molName=glycer-ol 13.http://openwetware.org/wiki/IGEM:IMPERIAL/2009/Encapsulation/Phas e2/Alginate_Properties). 14. http://www.fistenet.gov.vn

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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PH LC PH LC A : PHNG PHP PHN TCH CH TIU HA HC A.1. nh gi cm quan (mu sc) Bng A.1. M t mu sc sn phm im 5 4 3 2 1 M t Ming c phil c mu trng c trng v sng Ming c phil c mu trng hng v sng Ming c phil c mu hng v km sng Ming c phil c mu hng hi vng Ming c phil c mu vng

A.2. Phng php phn tch m trong t sy c nhit 1050C n khi trng lng khng i Nguyn l: Dng nhit lm bay hi ht lng nc cha trong mu, chnh lch trng lng mu trc v sau khi sy chnh l m ca ming. Tin hnh: Cn 2-3g mu cho vo trong cc s bit khi lng (T), cc c sy v cho vo bnh ht m 10-20 pht. Cn li khi lng ca cc v mu c khi lng (W1) t cc vo trong t sy nhit 105 0C, sy n khi khi lng mu khng i (khong 24 gi). Ly cc t vo bnh ht m sau 20 pht em cn li c khi lng (W2). Chnh lch trng lng mu trc v sau khi sy chnh l m. Cch tnh: Khi lng mu t: mw = W1 T Khi lng mu kh: md = W2 T

(mw md) % m = mw Trong : W1: Trng lng ca mu v cc ban u. W2: Trng lng ca mu v cc lc sau. T: Trng lng cc. * 100

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Cn Th

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A.3. Phng php phn tch Lipid nh h thng Shoxlet Nguyn l : Da trn kh nng ha tan ca Lipid trong Chloroform. Tin hnh: Cn giy lc, cn 0,5-1g mu ( sy m) gi vo giy lc xc nh khi lng (W1). a mu vo h thng Shoxlet, dung dch cha trong bnh cu (Chloroform) c un nng bay hi ln v nh h thng lm lnh n ngng t nh git xung thm qua ng len ng mu v ha tan cc cht bo t do c trong mu. Qu trnh ny c lp li 15-20 ln. Cc cht bo c trch ly ra khi mu. sn phm thu c trong bnh cu l dung mi v cc cht bo. Ly mu ra sy kh v cn khi lng W2 Cch tnh: (W2 W1) % Lipid = Wm Trong : W1: trng lng mu v giy lc lc u. W2: trng lng mu v giy lc lc sau. Wm: trng lng mu. A.4. Phng php phn tch hm lng m tng s nh phng php Kjeldahl Nguyn tc: nhit cao di tc dng ca H2SO4 m c v c cht xc tc, cc hp cht hu c b oxi ha, carbon v hydro to thnh CO 2 v H2O, cn gc amin th b oxi ha v gii phng ra NH 3, NH3 tc dng vi H2SO4 to thnh (NH4)2SO4 tan trong dung dch. y l giai on cng ph m: 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 Trong qu trnh chng ct, (NH4)2SO4 tc dng vi NaOH d v gii phng ra NH3. (NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2NH3 + H2O * 100

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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Ammoniac sinh ra s hp th bng dung dch axit boric to thnh tetraborat amon. Sau chun tetraborat amon bng dung dch chun H2SO4. NH3 c gii phng v xc nh c lng nit, theo cc phn ng sau: NH3 + H2O NH4OH + H+ 2NH4OH + 4H3PO4 (NH4)2B4O7 + 7H2O (NH4)2B4O7 + H2SO4 + 5H2O (NH4)2SO4 + 4H3BO4 Tnh c % nit c trong mu nhn vi 6,25 s suy ra c % protein th. Tin hnh: Cn 0,25g mu cho vo ng Kjeldal, t ng vo k nhm. Cho ln lc 10ml H2O2 v 10ml H2SO4 m c. Cho k vo h thng v khi ng v iu chnh nhit 4 mc; 1100C, 2000C, 3000C, 3700C mi nhit u trong 20 pht.. Sau khi cng ph m xong th em chng ct, (NH 4)2SO4 tc dng vi NaOH v acid Boric 2% trong h thng chng ct sau 5 pht. Ly ng nghim em chun li vi acid H2SO4 0,1N cho n khi dung dch bn trong chuyn sang mu hng nht l c. ghi li th tch acid va dng. Cch tnh: (V V0) * 0,0014 %N = M %CP = %N * 6,25 ( %CP: % protein th) Trong : V0: Th tch H2SO4 0,1N chun mu khng. V : Th tch H2SO4 0,1N chun mu ang phn tch. M : Trng lng mu (g) 0,0014 : S gam nit ng vi 1ml H2SO4 0,1N dng chun . A.5. Phng php phn tch tng vi sinh vt hiu kh *100

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Cn Th

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Gii hn cho php tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh trn sn phm c tra phil trong ch bin ng lnh l 106 cfu/g. Phn tch bng phng php im khun lc. Vi khun hiu kh l nhng vi sinh vt tn ti v pht trin trong trng thch dinh dng, nhit 37 0C sau khon thi gian nui cy 2472 gi. Tin hnh: Chun b a Petri sch v gi li bng giy bc. Pha mi trng Plate Count Agar (PCA) trong chai chu nhit. 22.5g/1 lt nc ct. Mui sinh l NaCl 8,5g/1 lit nc ct. em thanh trng cng vi u col nhit 121 0C trong vng 60 pht, v sau khi nhit my h xung 50 0C l tt my thanh trng v bt u a. Nguyn tc: Ni ly mu phi sch v c xt cn 700C v cn t 900C, khi cy phi eo y cc dng c cn thit khi kim vi sinh vt. Trn mi ming c ly ngu nhin nhiu ni ly khoang trn 1gam, nghin nh v cn 1 gam mu ng nht mu vi 9ml nc mui sinh l bng my vatex, tip tc pha long nng mu n nng thch hp. mi nng thch hp, chuyn 1ml dch mu pha long vo a Petri, v mi trng vo v lc vng cng, ngc kim ng h ri yn cho ng c li. mu trong iu kin hiu kh nhit 37 0C v thi gian 24-72 gi. Sau , tnh s vi sinh vt hiu kh pht hin c trn 1 gam mu. Cch tnh: m khun lc: Nn chn cc a c s khun lc nm trong khong 25 250 m Tnh kt qu: Trng hp chung: Cc a c s khun lc thuc khong 25 250. S khun lc c tnh trn mt gam mu (ml mu) tnh theo cng thc sau:
SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm Trang 59

Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Cn Th

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N=

V (n 1 + 0,1n2 ) d

Trong : N: S vi khun hiu kh c trong mu th (cfu/g). C : Tng s khun lc trn cc a 2 nng pha long k tip nhau, mi a c s khun lc nm trong khong 25-250. V: Th tch dch mu cy trn mi a (ml). n1: S a nng th nht. n2: S a nng th hai. d: Nng tng ng vi pha long th nht. Trng hp tng s khun lc c tnh Nu nng ban u (10-1) hai a c s khun lc nh hn 25: Tnh s khun lc trung bnh (y) ca 2 a. Kt qu c tnh theo cng thc N = y/d (d l nng dch mu ban u) v c biu din l s vi sinh vt c tnh (CFU Est/g). Nu nng ban u (10 -1), hai a khng c khun lc: Kt qu c biu din l < 1/d (d l nng dch mu ban u). Nu khng c a no c s khun lc nm trong khong 25 250: Khng c a no c s khun lc nm trong khong 25 250 nhng t nht c mt a nhiu hn 250 v mt a <25. Kt qu c tnh da vo s a c s khun lc gn vi 250. Lm trn s: Kt qu tng s khun lc sau khi tnh phi c lm trn n hai con s c ngha. Lm trn theo nguyn tc sau: Nu s th ba (tnh t tri sang) l 5, 6, 7, 8 hoc 9 th tng s th hai ln 1 n v v cc s t th ba tr i (sang phi) u l s 0. Nu s th ba (tnh t tri sang) l 1, 2, 3 hoc 4 th gi nguyn s th hai v cc s t th ba tr i (sang phi) u l s 0.

SVTH: Nguyn Hong Khm

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PH LC B: PHN TCH S LIU BNG CHNG TRNH STATISTICA

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