Growth Of Mobile CommunicationsDifferent Generations-1G,2G,3G,4G

First Generation (1G): 1G (or 1-G) refers to the first-generation of wireless telephone technology, mobile telecommunications. These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital. Although both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and up.

Second Generation (2G): 2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja[1] (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991. Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted, 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages. After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were retrospectively dubbed 1G. While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, and on 2G networks are digital, both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system. Advanced Second Generation(2.5G):2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. The term second and a half generation is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit switched data services (HSCSD) as well. The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). CDMA2000 networks similarly evolved through the introduction of 1xRTT. So the cellular services combined with enhanced data transmission capabilities became known as 2.5G. Third Generation (3G):International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), better known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a family of standards for mobile telecommunications fulfilling specifications by the International Telecommunication

Union,[1] which includes UMTS, and CDMA2000 as well as the non-mobile wireless standards DECT[citation needed] and WiMAX[citation needed]. While the GSM EDGE standard also fulfils the IMT-2000 specification, EDGE phones are typically not branded 3G. Services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, video calls, and wireless data, all in a mobile environment. Compared to 2G and 2.5G services, 3G allows simultaneous use of speech and data services and higher data rates (at least 200 kbit/s peak bit rate to fulfill to IMT-2000 specification). Todays 3G systems can in practice offer up to 14.0 Mbit/s (1.75 MB/s) on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s (0.725 MB/s) on the up link. Fourth Generation (4G):4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G and 2G families of standards. The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the service, nonbackwards compatible transmission technology and new frequency bands. The first was the move from 1981 analogue (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2002, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and at least 200 kbit/s, soon expected to be followed by 4G, which refers to all-IP packet-switched networks, mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission. [citation needed] Pre-4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-release 3G Long term evolution (LTE) have been available on the market since 2006[1] and 2009[2][3][4] respectively. THIS WAS THE BRIEF INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE GENERATIONS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION.. i refer you all to have a look at the video below..all your queries regarding generations will be solved..

Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)

text by: Tomislav Stimac (http://www.inet.hr/~tstimac/contacts.htm)

For too many times I've seen wrong usage of terms like VLF, ELF and similar. As a matter of fact if you go and look over the web in articles connected with VLF, you'll see that almost everyone uses different term for something that is ELF, or SLF or vice versa. In some article you will read that 4kHz is ELF, while the other article you'll read that 4kHz it is VLF. So where is this 4kHz anyway? And what is difference between ELF, ULF and VLF? Each frequency range has a band designator and each range of frequencies behaves differently and performs different functions. The frequency spectrum is shared by civil, government, and military users of all nations according to International Telecommunications Union (ITU) radio regulations. For communications purposes, the usable frequency spectrum now extends from about 3Hz to about 300GHz. There are also some experiments at about 100THz where research on laser communications is taking place but we won't discuss this now. This range from 3Hz to 300GHz has been split into regions. The good thing is that once this range has been split it remained that way and became standard. And it is up to you if you want to accept this standard or not. Frequency band standard is described in International Telecommunications Union radio regulations. And it looks as follows.

Designation ELF extremely low frequency SLF superlow frequency ULF ultralow frequency VLF very low frequency LF low frequency MF medium frequency HF high frequency VHF very high frequency UHF ultrahigh frequency SHF superhigh frequency EHF extremely high frequency

Frequency 3Hz to 30Hz 30Hz to 300Hz 300Hz to 3000Hz 3kHz to 30kHz 30kHz to 300kHz 300kHz to 3000kHz 3MHz to 30MHz 30MHz to 300MHz 300MHz to 3000MHz 3GHz to 30GHz 30GHz to 300GHz

Wavelength 100'000km to 10'000 km 10'000km to 1'000km 1'000km to 100km 100km to 10km 10km to 1km 1km to 100m 100m to 10m 10m to 1m 1m to 10cm 10cm to 1cm 1cm to 1mm

However, to simplify things about VLF a good idea would be to use term audio frequency range. Imagine doing a project covering 20 Hz to 20 kHz, it would be annoying to write ELF/SLF/ULF/VLF all

the time. But again it would not be correct if you just write VLF because there is much more in that range. Right? Instead, simply use term 'audio frequency range'. As I said in the beginning there are already dozens of articles with wrong frequency designations and a good thing would be to correct and minimize mistakes. On some documents that describe electromagnetic spectrum you might see terms like LW, MW and SW. In a lot of occasions you might see them mixed in the same context as frequency range we mentioned above. For example here is a quote from one webpage: ''...extends thru LW, MW, HF and VHF.'' This is wrong! We talk apples and oranges here. LW is not LF, and MW is not MF, therefore you can't put them together in same context with HF and VHF. LW, MW and SW are frequency designations of AM broadcast radio stations, and thats about it. They have nothing to do with ITU's band designations we mentioned in the table above. Some countries don't even have LW, so you should not mix LW, MW or SW with HF, VHF etc. unless you are talking about AM broadcast stations. To be exact MW and HF should never be mixed together in the the same context. Here is the frequency table for AM broadcast bands:

Designation LW MW SW

Name long wave medium wave short wave

Frequency 153 - 279 kHz 531 - 1620 kHz 2310 - 25820 kHz