EE122 - Instruments, Components, Simulation, and the Design Process

Prof. Greg Kovacs Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University

Photo from the Archives

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

Basic Tools
Multimeter. Power supply. Signal generator. Oscilloscope. Soldering iron. Miscellaneous hand tools. Computer
Simulation software Spreadsheet Word processor Web browser (for data sheets)

Reference books.
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 3

Integrating A/D Converter (Single-Slope)

tt
Start pulse Vt etc. C VB R IC1 +Vi Analog input Clock fc V CK IC2 VC CMOS v' Clear BCD counter LSB BCD counter

vt VB
0 Vc tg Vck v' 0

-V R

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

Build Your Own DMM?

47K 0.47F 8mA ea 28 29 0.22F offset 27 sink

.1 F 34 signal input 2.000 V full scale 3V CM range 6.8K intersil ICL 8069 1.2 V reference 1.5K 1K cal 9.53K +1.000V reference 1M 31 .01F 30 +5 33

INTERSIL ICL 7107

MOS buffer input LO comparator control clock
40 39 38 100pF 100K set rate 3 reading/sec 26 -5

HI input LO common
32

reference storage switches ref HI

36

latches/7 - seg counter logic counters supplies

21 1 +5 displays

LO
35

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

HP34401A Digital Multimeter

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

Practical Aspects of Digital Meters

10 M "IDEAL" METER 10 M 100pF

1) They affect the circuit you are measuring!

1.00 V

Scale Selected 200V 20V 2V 200 mV

DVM Display 00.1 V 0.11 V 0.106 V 106.4 mV

2) They must be properly operated to give the most accurate readings! Luckily, most modern DMMs are Autoranging.
7

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

Power Supplies

HP6253A Dual 0 - 20V, 0 - 3A HP6236B Triple 0 - 6V, 0 - 2.5A, 0 +/- 20V, 0 - 0.5 A

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

HP33120A 15 MHz Function Generator

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

HP33120A 15 MHz Function Generator

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

10

Oscilloscope Basics
INPUT SIGNAL TO DISPLAY

This is a block diagram of an ANALOG oscilloscope...

Electron Beam Source

VERT AMP

HORIZ AMP

CRT Screen

HORIZONTAL SWEEP SIGNAL

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

11

Triggering an Oscilloscope

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

12

HP1704A Analog Oscilloscope (100 MHz)

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

13

Digital Oscilloscopes
Input Signal Analog-to-Digital Converter Memory
Digital-to-Analog Converter Y-axis

Trigger Circuit

Control Logic and/or Microprocessor

NUMBERS in here...

Digital-to-Analog Converter

X-axis

Clock Circuit (sets sample rate)

Voltages are first digitized and then displayed (or printed!) ... These are not true "real-time" oscilloscopes. Analysis can be done on the numbers! One-shot events can be stored for later examination... VERY slow "sweep" (acutally "sample") rates can be used for slow stuff.
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 14

HP Infinium Digital Oscilloscope (500 MHz)

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

15

Floppy on HP Infinium Digital Oscilloscope (500 MHz)

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

16

Project Idea?

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

17

HP3561A Dynamic Signal Analyzer (100 kHz)

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

18

Ed Dillard

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

19

CIRCUIT SIMULATION
SCHEMATIC
Rs

Vin

S G

RL

CL

SPICE
Vin 1 0 AC 1 Rs 1 2 100 RL 2 0 530 CL 2 0 0.1 UF .AC DEC 10 1HZ 1MEG .PROBE .END
1.0V 0.5V

PROBE

0.0V 1.0h V(2)

100h Frequency

10Kh

1.0Mh

Exit Add_trace Display_control

Remove_trace X_axis Y_axis Plot_control Macros Hard_copy Cursor Zoom Label

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

20

SPICE
SPICE is a most excellent tool dude!

No way! Way!

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

21

Introduction to SPICE as a VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT

Node 1 Quartz Crystal Equivalent Circuit Rs 240 Lx 4.2 H Cx 0.006 pF Node 4

Component Tells SPICE that this is the end of the list.

Connection Nodes

Value

Signal Source

S G

Node 2

Node 3 RL 10 K

Vin

Node 0 (ground)

Cx 4 3 0.006PF Lx 2 3 4.2H RL 4 0 10K Rs 1 2 240 Vin 1 0 AC 1 .AC DEC 20 100K 10MEG .probe .end

FREQUENCY RESPONSE ac3.V(4)

10mV 1mV 100uV 10uV 1uV 100nV 10nV 1nV 100KHz ac3

1MHz FREQ

10MHz

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

22

Crystal Response to a Short Impulse

tran3.V(1) 2V

INPUT PULSE
V
Node 1 Quartz Crystal Equivalent Circuit Rs 240 Lx 4.2 H Cx 0.006 pF Node 4

1V

Signal Source

S G

Node 2

Node 3 RL 10 K

0.0V

Vin

Node 0 (ground)

-1V 0.0S tran3

1uS

2uS TIME uS

3uS

tran3.V(4)

Cx 4 3 0.006PF Lx 2 3 4.2H RL 4 0 10K Rs 1 2 240 Vin 1 0 PWL (0,0 .TRAN 1u 50u .probe .end

400uV 300uV uV 200uV 100uV 0.0V -100uV -200uV -300uV -400uV 0.0S tran3 10uS 20uS 30uS 40uS TIME uS 50uS

CIRCUIT OUTPUT

0.1u,1

1u,1

1.1u,0)

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

23

SPICE NOTES...
VIRTUAL POWER SUPPLY The equivalent to a power supply in Spice is a statement like the following: Vsupply 1 0 12V This statement provides 12 V DC with the positive output connected to node 1 and the negative output connected to node 0. To get bipolar 12 V supplies with the +12V output to node 1 and the -12V output to node 2, you would use: Vsupply 1 0 12V Vsupply 0 2 12V (note that the first node listed is always the positive output)

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

24

Virtual Sinewave Generator Demo VIN 1 0 sin(0V 5V 1000Hz) R1 1 0 100 .TRAN 5uS 2mS 0S .PROBE .END

Most Excellent!

5.0V

V(1)

0.0V

-5.0V 0.0ms

0.5ms Time

1.0ms

1.5ms

2.0ms

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

25

SUMMING HARMONICS TO MAKE A SQUAREWAVE

More Harmonics

6 4 2

-1

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

26

Guess Who?

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

27

What You Will Do In Lab 1

Learn to operate the basic instruments (oscilloscope, multimeter, power supply, etc.). Familiarize yourself with how to hook up simple circuits using the prototyping tools provided. Carry out some simple measurements. Review proper notebook use and procedures for the course.

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

28

How To De-Bug A Circuit...

INITIAL STEPS
1) IF THE POWER IS ON AND NOTHING WORKS, BE SURE TO TURN IT OFF! 2) CHECK THE ORIENTATION OF ALL TRANSISTORS, DIODES, INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, POLARIZED CAPACITORS, ETC. 3) CHECK ALL COMPONENT TYPES/VALUES TO MAKE SURE THEY ARE CORRECT.

ONLY IF THIS ALL CHECKS OUT SHOULD YOU GO ON TO THE NEXT STEPS WITH THE POWER ON...

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

29

4) TURN ON THE POWER AND MEASURE VOLTAGES AROUND THE CIRCUIT.... USE YOUR HEAD! REMEMBER REALISTIC VBE ( 0.7 V), DIODE FORWARD VOLTAGE ( 0.7 V), ETC.... 5) IF THERE ARE ANY POTENTIOMETERS IN THE CIRCUIT, TRY SETTING THEM TO THE MIDDLE OF THEIR RANGES.... 6) IF THAT FAILS TO MAKE YOUR CIRCUIT WORK, CHECK ALL SEMICONDUCTOR COMPONENTS (TRANSISTORS, DIODES, INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, ETC.) IN CASE THEY ARE BURNED-OUT..... 7) GROVEL FOR HELP FROM THE TA!!!

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

30

Project Idea: Theremin

Superb resource (pointers to schematics, ideas, photos, audio): http://www.thereminworld. com/

Lev S. Termen

Virtual Theremin to try (COOL): http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/playground/theremin1.shtml

Modern Theremin artist: Carolina Eyck

http://www.carolina-eyck.de/ENGLISH/indexE.html

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

31

Prototyping Boards

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

32

CAPACITORS
POLARIZED!

Tantalum. POLARIZED!

Polystyrene, Mica, etc.

Electrolytic.
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 33

CAPACITORS.... WHAT'S IN 'EM?

ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS CONTAIN NASTY LIQUID OOZE THAT STORES CHARGE IN AN ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTION.... THEY ARE POLARIZED... IF YOU HOOK THEM UP BACKWARDS, THEY TEND TO EXPLODE! MICA OR POLYSTYRENE CAPACITORS ARE MADE OF PARALLEL PLATES (JUST LIKE THEY TOLD YOU IN PHYSICS CLASS)... THEY ARE NOT POLARIZED.

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

34

Capacitor Rule of Thumb

If there is one single thing that confuses students about capacitors, it is their frequency response. Rule of thumb Part 1: at zero frequency (DC), all capacitors have an effective impedance of INFINITY Ohms. Rule of thumb Part 2: at infinite frequency, all capacitors have an effective impedance of ZERO Ohms. In your mind, you can look at a schematic and replace caps at DC with open-circuits and at very high frequencies with short circuits. In between, their impedances are, well, in between!
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 35

RESISTORS

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

36

TRANSISTORS
Not all transistors look like this... All transistors that look like this do not necessarily have the same arrangement of E, B, and C Also, do not assume that a component you pull from a parts bin actually works! Students Sometimes inadvertently place blown parts back in there.

DIODES

1N4001
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 37

Diodes

Discrete Semiconductors

Power transistors

Small-signal transistors Power transistors

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

38

LEDs - COOL Devices!

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

39

Integrated Circuits

PIN ONE IS THE KEY! Find the dot or notch...

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

40

Chips Do Blow Up! Be Careful!

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

41

Electromagnets

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

42

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

43

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

44

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

45

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

46

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

47

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

48

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

49

Design Note: Hacking Toys...

Toys are an excellent, low-cost source of components for projects. Many are built to produce sounds they can be wired into your designs. Others contain interesting motors and other actuators. Last years toys are often very inexpensive and a great source of inspiration.

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

50

Design Note: Packaging Your Project

Food containers make interesting, inexpensive, and functional packages for electronic projects. Note: for some products, eating the contents are not advised.
EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs 51

Project Idea!

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

52

Op-Amp Tester

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

53

Good Luck!

That's All Folks!

EE122, Stanford University, Prof. Greg Kovacs

54