TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 1(30).

2009

S DNG CC CH S NNG LC KIM SOT QUI TRNH

USING CAPABILITY INDICES FOR CONTROLING PROCESS L Dn
Trng i hc Kinh t, i hc Nng

TM TT Kim sot qui trnh nhm nng cao hiu qu hot ng sn xut l vn m cc doanh nghip quan tm. V nh , mi yu cu t ra v cht lng sn phm c p ng hon ton. kim sot qui trnh c nhiu cng c nhng bi vit ch gii thiu cc ch s nng lc qui trnh. Bi vit nu khi qut v qui trnh v li ch t kim sot qui trnh. T , nu cc ch s nh gi nng lc qui trnh, nh: Ch s RPI, Cp, Cpk. Trong mi ch s, trnh by cng thc tnh v cch gii thch kt qu. Ngoi ra, bi vit gii thiu mt s phn mm thng k ph hp nng cao cht lng phn tch. ABTRACT Controlling process to improve the efficiency of production is issue that enterprises concern because it allows the requirements of the product quality to be satisfied completely. There are many tools used to control process but this article only presents the Capability Indices and outlines of the process and benefits from process control. The process capability indices are presented as: RPI (Relative Precision Index) and Cp, Cpk. In each indicator, the fomula is presented and its results are also interpreted. In addition, some statistical programs are introduced to improve the quality of analysis.

1. Th no l qui trnh v li ch t kim sot qui trnh Trong qu trnh hot ng, mi doanh nghip cn phi tin hnh nhiu hot ng khc nhau nhm bin i u vo thnh u ra. Nhng hot ng to nn qui trnh sn xut sn phm. Vy, qui trnh l tp nhng hot ng nhm bin i u vo thnh u ra. u vo ca qui trnh nh: lao ng, my mc thit b, nguyn vt liu, thng tin... u ra ca qui trnh gm sn phm vt cht hay sn phm dch v. Nhng sn phm ca qui trnh sn xut phi p ng nhu cu ca khch hng. Trong bi cnh hi nhp kinh t khu vc v th gii cc doanh nghip sn xut kinh doanh ang ng trc nhiu c hi thun li, song cng phi vt qua nhiu th thch khc lit trn thng trng. m bo s tn ti v pht trin, cc doanh nghip phi khng ngng nng cao cht lng sn phm, h thp gi thnh, tha mn mi yu cu ca khch hng. Chnh v vy, mi qui trnh sn xut cn phi c kim sot cht ch. Thc cht ca kim sot qui trnh chnh l xc nh nhng bin ng ca n v xem xt qui trnh c m trong vng kim sot hay khng. Bin ng ca qui n trnh c chia thnh hai loi: bin ng ngu nhin v bin ng c bit. Bin ng ngu nhin do nhng nhn t ngu nhin. Nu qui trnh ch bin ng ngu nhin th qui trnh n nh (stable) hay kim sot thng k (in statistical control). Bin ng c bit
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do nhng nhn t lin quan n qui trnh. Nu qui trnh bin ng c bit th qui trnh khng n nh (unstable) hay ngoi kim sot thng k (out of statistical control). N u qui trnh khng nm trong vng kim sot cn phi xc nh y v chnh xc nhng nguyn nhn nh hng n bin ng v phi iu chnh n. Nh kim sot cht ch qui trnh, chng ta c th t c nhng thnh cng, nh: Ngn chn hiu qu qu trnh gy li trong qu trnh sn xut; Nm c nhiu thng tin lin quan n qui trnh; Ngn chn nhng hot ng iu chnh qui trnh khng cn thit; Gp phn thc hin tt v duy tr hot ng ISO; Lm c s cho vic p dng cc phng php kim sot cht lng nh TQM hay SixSigma Xem xt mc p ng nhu cu ca khch hng v gp phn nng cao hiu qu hot ng ca doanh nghip; Nng cao nng sut, gim chi ph v tng nng lc sn xut. 2. Cc ch s nh gi nng lc ca qui trnh (Process Capability Indices) Cc ch s nng lc qui trnh l cc ch s nh gi mc cht lng ca qui trnh, c th n nh gi mc bin ng thc t ca qui trnh so vi mc cho php. Trong thc tin kim sot qui trnh, thng k c th s dng mt s ch tiu nh: RPI, Cp, Cpk. xy dng cc ch s, chng ta cn tin hnh so snh gia mc bin ng cho php mc bin ng ca qui trnh c biu hin qua lch chun () ca qui trnh. Nhm kim sot c qui trnh th mc bin ng cho php c o lng bng gi tr chnh lch gia cn ch nh trn (USL) v cn ch nh di (LSL), tc (USLLSL) phi ln hay bng bin ng ca qui trnh (6). Da trn tng ny, mt s ch s c hnh thnh, c th gm cc ch s sau: 2.1. Ch s chnh xc tng i (RPI) Ch s ny c tnh bng cch so snh khong bin thin trung bnh ca mu vi chp nhn c ch nh. kim sot c qui trnh th khong chp nhn cho php phi ln hn mc bin ng ca qui trnh, do vy: (USL-LSL)>6. T , chng ta xy dng ch s RPI nh sau: RPI USL LSL R

Trong , R l khong bin thin trung bnh mu. Xut pht t yu cu kim sot qui trnh th: RPI>6/d n vi d n l hng s Hartley. Nu RPI<6/d n , chng t qui trnh bin ng qu ln vt qu yu cu cho php hay ni khc, qui trnh nm ngoi kim sot v phi iu chnh qui trnh.
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 1(30).2009

2.2. Ch s nng lc qui trnh C p qui trnh kim sot c, gi tr chnh lch (USL-LSL) phi ln hn ton b bin ng ca qui trnh. V vy, so snh hiu s ny vi gi tr bin ng ca qui trnh (6), chng ta c ch s: Cp Bien ong cho phep cua quy trnh (USL - LSL) Bien ong thc te cua quy trnh (6)

Ch s nng lc qui trnh Cp phn nh mi tng quan gia bin ng cho php ca qui trnh v bin ng thc t ca qui trnh. Ty thuc vo gi tr ca ch tiu c th a ra nhng gii thch khc nhau. Gi tr ca C p l lin tc v cng ln chng t qui trnh cng kim sot c. tin gii t hch kt qu, bi bo nu mt s gi tr ch yu sau: + Cp<1: Nng lc qui trnh km, khng c kh nng kim sot qui trnh, chc chn qui trnh to ra ph phm. Xem Hnh 1a. + Cp=1: Nng lc qui trnh kh kim sot, bt c s thay i no ca qui trnh u to ra ph phm. Xem Hnh 1b. Trong trng hp ny, h s ppmo=66803 tc trong mt triu c hi c n 66803 li v qui trnh t mc 3. + 1<Cp 1,33: Nng lc qu i trnh cn cha kim sot, ph phm khng th pht hin bng cc biu kim sot. Nu Cp =1,33, h s ppmo=6200 tc trong mt triu c hi c n 6200 li v qui trnh t mc 4. + 1,33<Cp1,5: Nng c qui trnh c th chp nhn , ph p h c th xy ra l m nhng c hi pht hin vn cha tt. Nu Cp =1,55, h s ppmo=1350 tc trong mt triu c hi c n 1350 li v qui trnh t mc 4,5. + 1,5<Cp1,67: Nng c qui trnh rt trin vng, ph phm vn c th xy ra l nhng d pht hin. Nu Cp =1,67, h s ppmo=233 tc trong mt triu c hi c n 233 li v qui trnh t mc 5 + 1,67<Cp2: Nng lc qui trnh rt ng tin cy. Nu Cp =2, h s ppmo=3,4 tc trong mt triu c hi c n 3,4 li v qui trnh t mc 6, Xem Hnh 1c.
LSL

USL

LSL

USL

LSL

USL

6 (a)

6 (b) Hnh 1. Mt s tnh hung bin ng ca qui trnh

6 (c)

Trong th, X l gi tr bnh qun chung ca qui trnh.

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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 1(30).2009

Ch : C hai ch tiu RPI v Cp ch cho kt qu tt khi ng gi tr trung tm (ng ng nm chnh gia v X ) ca qui trnh phi trng vi tiu chun trung tm CSL ( song song v hai ng gii hn LSL v USL). Trong nhng trng hp khc tc i ng gi tr trung tm lch xa so vi ng tiu chun trung tm th cc ch s ny khng phn nh ng nng lc qui trnh, chng hn nh trng hp nh trn Hnh 2. y chnh l nhc im ca hai ch s ny.
LSL

CSL

USL

Hnh 2. Tnh hung bin ng ca qui trnh khng tp trung vo trung tm

2.3. Ch s nng lc qui trnh C pk khc phc nhc im ca ch tiu ch s nng lc qui trnh C p , trong phn tch cn tnh thm ch s nng qui trnh Cpk, y l ch s c quan tm ti ng gii hn gi tr trung tm ca qui trnh v ng tiu chun trung tm. Khi phn tch nng c qui trnh, chng ta cn quan tm c bin ng ca qui l trnh v tnh p trung vo gi tr trung tm ca qui trnh. T nhng ng gii hn t c ch nh, chng ta c hai gi tr ca Cpk: Cpk L v Cpk U . Cc gi tr ny c tnh nh sau:

Cpk U

USL X X LSL v Cpk L 3 3

hnh dung trc quan, chng ta xem ch s Cpk U nh trn Hnh 3.

USL

X
Cpk U = USL X 3

USL X

3 Hnh 3. Ch s nng lc qu trnh CpkU

Ch s Cpk cng ln cng tt, chng t qui trnh cng c kim sot v mc Sigma ca qui trnh cng cao. Vi Cpk = 1, qui trnh t mc 3 Sigma, nu Cpk=2 qui trnh t mc 6 sigma. Ch : Nu trong qui trnh chng ta quan tm c hai gii hn ch nh th mun tnh ch
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s Cpk chng ta chn gi tr nh nht ca Cpk L v Cpk U , tc Cpk=min(Cpk L ,Cpk U ). Tuy nhin, nu trong qui trnh ch quan t m gii hn ch nh trn th Cpk=Cpk U, hoc ch gii hn di th Cpk=Cpk L . Trong trng hp qui trnh ch quan tm n mt gii hn th chng ta khng tnh Cp m ch tnh Cpk. Da vo Cp v Cpk, chng ta c th nh gi nng lc qui trnh. Nu ng gi tr trung tm trng vi ng tiu chun trung tm th hai ch s ny l tng ng. Cp thch hp i vi nhng qui trnh m ng gi tr trung tm trng vi ng tiu chun trung tm. Ch s Cpk thch hp i vi mi qui trnh. 3. Cc phn mm h tr tnh cc ch s nh gi nng lc qui trnh ng dng cc cng c SPC (Statistical Process Control) ni chung, cc ch s nng lc qui trnh n ring vo phn tch qui trnh nhm kim sot qui trnh i hi va am hiu v bn cht ca cc cng c ny va i hi hin i ha phng php tnh. Chnh v vy, hin nay c nhiu phn mm my tnh h tr tnh ton cc cng c ny. Cc cng c SPC c th c tch hp vo nhng phn mm thng k chuyn nghip nh SPSS, STATA, nhng cng c mt s phn mm nh hn nh SPC IV Excel, Green Belt XL, StatPro, Ngoi ra, m s phn mm c lp phc v cho t phn tch SPC nh: SPC-PC IV Explorer, SPC Explorer RT, QA-ActiveSPC 4. Kt lun Cc ch s nh gi nng lc qui trnh ch l mt s trong nhiu cng c thng k c s dng kim sot qui trnh. Chnh v vy, khi s dng nhng ch s ny cn phi kt hp vi nhiu cng c kim sot khc kim sot qui trnh. Hn na, vic tnh ton v phn tch ph c thc hin nhanh chng v hiu qu bng vic s dng i cc phn mm my tnh. Hin nay, cc phn mm thng k phc v cho vic nh gi nng lc qui trnh ni ring v kim sot qui trnh ni chung ra i v lin tc pht trin, cung cp cho ngi s dng cng c hu ch. Bit s dng cc phn mm ny s nng cao hiu qu trong cng tc kim sot qui trnh v gip doanh nghip cnh tranh bn vng trn th trng. Cc ch s nh gi nng lc c s dng c hiu qu hay khng ph thuc vo s a d ng, tin cy ca ngun s liu v trnh ca ngi phn tch. Hin nay, nhng ch s ny c s dng ph bin ti mt s doanh nghip v em li hiu qu rt ln. i vi nhng doanh nghip p dng ISO, cng cn phi s dng cc cng c ny. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] ng c Dng (2001), Gio trnh Qu l cht lng sn phm, Nxb hc n i Quc gia H Ni, H Ni. [2] T Th Kiu Oanh, Ng Th nh, Nguyn Hong Kit, inh Phng Vng
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(2000), Gio trnh qun l cht lng ton din, Nxb Thng k, TP H Ch Minh. [3] Nguyn nh Phan (2005), Gio trnh qun l cht lng trong cc t chc, Nxb Lao ng x hi, H Ni. [4] Nguyn Thip (1999), Gio trnh Thng k cht lng, NXB Thng k, H Ni. [5] Sung.H.Park (2003), Six sigma for quality and productivity promotion, Published by the Asian Productivity Organization. [6] Paul Newbold (1995), Statistics for Business& Economics, Fourth Edition, Prentice-Hall International, Inc. [7] John S.Oakland (2002), Statistical Process Control, Fifth Edition, ButterworthHeinemann, Tokyo.

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