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B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC NNG LM THI NGUYN

PTS. NGUYN DUY HOAN PTS. NGUYN THANH SN PGS. PTS. BI C LNG PTS. ON XUN TRC CH BIN: PTS. NGUYN DUY HOAN

CHN NUI GIA CM


(Gio trnh dng cho Cao hc v NCS ngnh Chn nui)

NH XUT BN NNG NGHIP H NI-1999

PHN M U

I. NGHA CA NGNH CHN NUI GIA CM Gn mt th k qua ngnh chn nui gia cm c c th gii quan tm v pht trin mnh c v s lng v cht lng. Chn nui gia cm chim mt v tr quan trng trong chng trnh cung cp protein ng vt cho con ngi. Gia cm chim 20-25% trong tng sn phm tht, cc nc pht trin tht g chim ti 30% hoc hn na. Theo d n ca FAO, n nm 2000 ton th gii s sn xut khong 60 triu tn tht gia cm (qua ch bin) trong c trn 50 triu tn tht g, gp 2 ln so vi nm 1978. Mc tiu th tht v trng gia cm tng kh nhanh, cng theo FAO bnh qun ton cu nm 1985 tiu th 0,05kg trng/ngi, ch tiu ny so vi nm 1994 l 7,06kg/ngi. Cn v tht gia cm: nm 1985 l 6,34kg/ngi, nm 1994 tng ln ti 8,87kg/ngi. Chn nui gia cm pht trin mnh trn c 2 xu hng: - Thm canh v cng nghip ho vi cc ging cao sn to ra sn lng tht, trng nhiu nht, hiu qu cao trong thi gian ngn nht. -y mnh cc hnh thc chn nui trang tri, bn cng nghip, th vn vi cc ging ph hp vi iu kin kh hu, c s vt cht, phong tc tp qun tng vng, to ra sn phm cht lng cao, duy tr c hng v truyn thng v p ng th hiu tiu dng. Nh m ngnh gia cm p ng c nhu cu ngy cng tng v trng v tht cho i sng con ngi. Hiu qu ca vic chn nui gia cm nhanh hn v cao hn so vi ngnh chn nui khc. ngha hn c l trng v tht gia cm c gi tr dinh dng cao, tng i y v cn bng cht dinh dng. Trng gia cm c ti 12,5% protein, tht gia cm c 22,5% protein trong khi tht b l 20%, tht ln l 18% v tht cu l 14,5% protein; tht, trng gia cm c nhiu axit amin, vitamin v khong vi lng. Sn phm gia cm d ch bin, d n, ngon ming, ph hp vi mi la tui v t l ng ho cao. Ngnh gia cm sm p dng cc thnh tu v cng nghip ho v t ng ho, li sm c th nghim v thnh cng nht v tin b di truyn trong cng tc chn ging v lai to, s dng c hiu quu th

lai. S pht trin ca ngnh gia cm cng ko theo s pht trin ca nhiu ngnh ngh khc nh: Cng ngh thc n chn nui, cng ngh ho hc, cng ngh sinh hc trong nui dng, nhn ging v p trng nhn to, cng ngh sn xut thit b chuyn ngnh, cng ngh git m v ch bin cc sn phm gia cm... Cc sn phm ph ca chn nui gia cm nh lng, phn g v cht n chung, ph phm trm p v l m gia cm... cng c tn dng vi hiu qu cao. Trn thc t chn nui gia cm tr thnh mt ngh khng th thiu trong c cu sn xut nng nghip ca mi quc gia. II. TNH HNH CHN NUI GIA CM TRN TH GII Chn nui gia cm th gii c pht trin mnh m c v s lng v cht lng, c bit t thp k 40 tr li y. Tnh n nay tng n gia cm th gii ln ti 40 t con, trong trn 95% l g; g ty trn 2%; vt gn 2% v mt s gia cm khc nh: ngan, ngng, g phi, chim ct, b cu... Do c im a l, kh hu, truyn thng dn tc, kh nng u t v trnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho trong chn nui gia cm cng vi thi quen tiu dng... m n gia cm phn b khng ng u. Trn 50% n g c nui chu M, Hoa K l nc nui nhiu g cng nghip nht (trn 40%), ri n mt s nc Ty u, trong khi g lng mu, g a phng nui trang tri v chn th li tp trung nhiu nht Trung Quc v mt s nc chu . Trn 70% n vt c nui chu . Trung Quc nui nhiu vt nht (60%), tip n l Php, Thi Lan v th t l Vit Nam. G Ty nui tp trung chu M v chu u (96%), trong nui nhiu nht phi k n Hoa K (60%), ri n Php, Canaa v Braxin. 1. Sn xut trng gia cm -Nm 1996 sn lng trng trn ton th gii t 44,7 triu tn (tng ng 810 t qu) tng 4,47% so vi nm 1995. Theo c tnh ca FAO, sn lng trng nm 1997 s t trn 827 t qu tng ng 45,65 triu tn (tng 2,1 % so vi ,1996) v s tng ln ti 869 t qu (48 triu tn), th 3 l chu M (21%) ring Bc Trung M 14,5%. -Trn 85% sn lng trng trn th gii c sn xut tp trung 30 nc. Trung Quc lun l nc ng u. My nm gn y, sn lng trng tng nhanh ch yu do tng sn xut trng Trung Quc. Nm 1998 nc ny

s sn xut 360 t qu trng chim 41,5% s lng trng ca th gii, tng 7,15% so vi nm 1997 v 15,15% so vi nm 1996. S lng trng sn xut qua mt s nm gn y ca nhng nc sn xut trn 10 t qu trng/nm nh sau:

Theo FAO, mc tiu th trng/ngi/nm bnh qun ton th gii nm 1994 l 7 kg (tng 1kg so vi nm 1985). Cao nht l: Nht Bn: 19,94kg; Hungari: 19,33kg. Thp nht l Zaire: 0,15kg. Vit Nam l 2,47kg. ng lu l mc tiu th trng c xu hng tng nhiu nc. Theo don ca FAO, cc nc v khu vc c mc tiu th trng trn 200 qu/ngi/nm vo nm 1997, 1998 l: Nht Bn: 347, Trung Quc : 310, i Loan: 310, Hng Kng: 272, Mexico: 272, an Mch: 270, Php: 264, Hoa K: 238, B, Lucxmbua: 238, Ty Ban Nha: 237, Hy Lp: 235, c: 218 v 200. Theo tp ch "World Poultry Markets and Trade" 1998 tnh hnh xut nhp khu trng gia cm trn th gii nh sau: Nhp khu trng gia cm (thng phm) t cao nht nm 1996: 5.469 triu qu tng 7% so vi nm 1995 (5.107 triu qu) v c xu hng gim dn, c tnh nm 1997 l 5.264 triu qu v 1998 l 5.145 triu qu. 66% s lng trng nhp khu vo cc nc chu , trong ring cho Nht Bn v Hng Kng ti 64%. . Tnh hnh nhp khu trng (thng phm) ca cc nc nhp trn 100 triu qu/nm nh sau:

Xut khu trng gia cm (thng phm) c xu hng ngy cng tng, nm 1996 t 6322 triu qu (tng 3,9% so 1995), c tnh 1997: 6883 triu qu, 1998: 7325 triu qu. Khu vc Bc M xut khu nhiu trng nht: 44,8% trong ring Hoa K 39,2%. C 8 nc xut khu trn 100 triu qu/nm, l:

Cng c mt s nc va nhp li va xut khu trng nh: Canaa, Hoa K, B, Lucxmbua, an Mch, Php, , c, H Lan, Bo Nha, Ty Ban Nha, Anh, Ba Lan, Nga, Th Nh K, Trung Quc, Hng Kng, Nht Bn. 2. Sn xut tht gia cm Nm 1996, sn lng tht gia cm ton th gii t 56,02 triu tn tng 2,4 triu tn (tng ng 4,5%) so vi nm 1995. Nm 1997 sn lng tht gia cm vn tip tc tng 5,54% so vi nm 1996, t 59,12 triu tn.

Sn lng tht gia cm nm 1997 theo khu vc v chng loi nh sau:


Chu lc
Nm 1961

S g git m (triu
Nm 1990 Nm 1996 Nm 1997

Sn lng tht gia cm nm 1997


Tht g Tht g ty (tn) (1000 tn) 51645broiler 4740050 (g Tht vt Cng (1000tn)

Ngu n: Watt Poultry Statistical Yearbool, 1998. (tn)


Th gii 653 27032 3713 38922 V tht g: Nm 19974 g git m 5

2734420 59119470 + g loi) t xp x

109 6926 17300 39Chucon tng 4,81% so 1295 nm 1996, gp 1,5111984so 2274470 1990 v gp 6 t vi 14209 ln vi nm 19686, 6 1 454 ln sou nm 1961. Lng g git m cao nht chu M v10823, , ng chu Chu vi 219 7879 6809 6672 8750 1777270 296148 1 418 lu l chu t mc tng15446 trng 22752 nht v ch105431 ny, 25655, 1997 cao 2797904 tiu nm Chu M 10130 1481 282 4 335 tng 9,71% so vi nm 1996. Nu nh vo nm 1990 s g git m chu ch 3 Chu Phi 34859 52189 2327, 048 chimdng 384 26% th nm 2171 ch 2240 ny t 37%. D c kh khn do khong 1750 2149 1997 tiu Chu i 41 345 411 424 603 18033 4740050 627, 215 khng hong ti chnh nhiu nc khu vc chu , theo d kin ca FAO, nm 1998 s vt qu mc 40 t con. Sn lng tht g nm 1997 vt qu ngng 50 triu tn, t 51,645 triu tn, tng 5,55% so vi nm 1996. Trong ring chu tng 1 triu tn, chu M tng 1,3 triu tn. Hai chu lc ny khng ch gn 80% sn lng tht g ton th gii. Hoa K l nc sn xut nhiu tht g nht th gii (25,15%), tip n l Trung Quc (15,62%), th 3 l Brazin (8,4%). Ba nc ny khng ch 50% sn lng tht g ton th gii. D kin nm 1998, sn lng tht g ca ton th gii s l 53 triu tn. Sn lng tht g thi gian qua tng kh nhanh l do s tng trng sn lng tht g broiler. Trn 70% tht g l tht g broiler. Nm 1997, sn lng tht g broiler l 37 triu tn, tng gn 10 triu tn so vi nm 1992 (tng ng 34%). chu , Trung Quc (5,57 triu tn), Nht Bn (l,12 triu tn) v Thi Lan (0,9 triu tn) l 3 nc nui nhiu g broiler nht. D kin sn lng tht g broiler nm 1998 s t 38,27 triu tn trong Hoa K 12,77 triu tn, Trung Quc 6,0 triu tn v Brazil 4,54 triu tn.

V tht g ty: Nm 1997, t sn lng 4,74 triu tn, tng 0,24 triu
tn (tng ng 5,33%) so vi nm 1996. T 1990 n 1997 sn lng tht g ty tng 750 ngn tn, 96,5% tht g ty c sn xut chu M v chu u. Trong chu M: 59,03% (rg Bc v Trung M: 56%), chu : 37,44%. Hoa K l nc sn xut ln nht: 52,72%, sau l Php: 15,72%. Khu vc chu g Ty c nui nhiu Israel, tip n l Iran v Th Nh K. D kin sn lng tht g Ty nm 1998 s t 5 triu tn.

V tht vt: Nm 1997, t 2,37 triu tn, tng 0,15 triu tn (5,4%) so
vi nm 1996. n vt tp trung ch yu chu . Nm va qua chu lc

ny sn xut gn 2,3 triu tn tht vt, bng 83,2% ton th gii, Trung Quc lun dn u th gii v chn nui vt, vi 72,2% sn lng tht, th hai l Php ri n Thi Lan. Nc ta ng th t th gii v chn nui vt, t sn lng 55 ngn tn tht vt. D kin nm 1998, sn lng tht vt th gii s t mc 3 triu tn. nh gi tng qut: Nm 1997 sn lng tht gia cm th gii t trn 59 triu tn, tng 3 triu tn so vi nm 1996. D kin nm 1998 s t 61 triu tn. ng u th gii v sn lng tht gia cm vn l Hoa K (25,3%). T nm 1994, Trung Quc vt Brazil chim lnh v tr th 2 (19,5%), c 41 nc chn nui gia cm pht trin, sn xut 90% sn lng tht gia cm. Nm 1998 s c 9 nc t sn lng tht gia cm trn 1 triu tn, l Hoa K: 15,44 triu tn, Trung Quc 12,50 triu tn, Brazil: 4,65 triu tn, Php: 2,35 triu tn, Mexico: 1,75 triu tn, Anh: 1,56 triu tn, Nht Bn: 1,22 triu tn, : 1,18 triu tn v Thi Lan: 1,02 triu tn. Theo FAO mc tiu th tht gia cm (kg/ngi/nm) bnh qun ton th gii trong 10 nm gn y nh sau: 1985: 6,34kg, 1988: 7,31kg, 1990: 7,63kg, 1991: 7,88kg, 1992: 8,07kg, 1993: 8,34kg, 1994: 8,87kg. Nh vy trong vng 10 nm tng mc tiu th c 2,53kg/ngi, bnh qun tng 4%/nm. Cc nc khu vc c mc tiu th tht gia cm cao nht th gii l: Saint Lucia: 62,71kg; Hng Kng: 58,56kg; Anitgua Barb: 51,29kg; Bruney: 49,9kg; Hoa K: 43,97kg; Barbados: 42,87kg; C Ot: 40,63kg; Mng C l nc tiu th t nht: 0,07kg, cn Vit Nam l 2,38kg. Ring v tht g broiler, cng theo c tnh ca FAO, nm 1997 cc nc tiu th nhiu nht nh sau: Hng Kng: 40,5kg; Hoa K: 38,lkg; Israel: 32,5kg; A rp Saudi: 31,5kg; Singapo: 30,0kg. Cn v mc tiu th tht g ty: Israel: 11,7kg; Hoa K: 8,5kg; Ireland: 6,2kg; Php: 6,lkg; Anh: 5,0kg. Tnh hnh xut khu tht gia cm: Cng vi mc tng trng ng khch l v sn lng tht gia cm cc nm qua, hot ng thng mi xut nhp khu gia cm trn th gii ngy cng tng. Theo B Nng nghip M, s lng tht gia cm nhp khu ca th gii nh sau: 1993: 2,285 triu tn; 1994: 2,961 triu tn; 1995: 3,888 triu tn; 1996: 4,584 triu tn; 1997: 4,821 triu tn

v d

kin nm 1998 l 4,871 triu tn. S lng tht gia cm nhp nm 1997 tng ln 2 ln so vi nm 1993 v tng 5% so vi nm 1996. Chu l khu vc nhp nhiu tht gia cm nht: 1997: 2,62 triu tn (chim 49%) v tng 1,25 triu tn so vi nm 1993. Trong ring Trung Quc v Hng Kng nhp ti 1,756 triu tn (chim 36,5%). C 8 nc v khu vc hng nm nhp khu trn 100 ngn tn tht gia cm l: Nga: 1,206 triu tn (25%); Trung Quc 900 ngn tn; Hng Kng: 856 ngn tn; Nht Bn: 501 ngn tn; Mexic: 205 ngn tn; c: 178 ngn tn v Canaa: 138 ngn tn.

V xut khu: Nu tnh c lng tht gia cm nhp ti xut t Hng


Kng, s lng tht gia cm xut khu trong vng 5 nm qua tng trn 2 ln, c th: 1993: 2,873 triu tn; 1994: 2,711 triu tn; 1995: 4,618 triu tn; 1996: 5,295 triu tn; 1997: 5,745 triu tn v d kin nm 1998: 5,854 triu tn. Nh vy nm 1997 lng tht xut khu tng hn 2 ln so vi nm 1993 v tng 8,5% so vi 1996. Hoa K lun l nc ng u th gii v xut khu tht gia cm (ch yu tht g broiler). Nm 1997, Hoa K xut khu 44,6% tng lng tht gia cm xut khu ca th gii. Nm 1997, c 8 nc xut khu tht gia cm trn 100 ngn tn l: Hoa K: 2.561 ngn tn, Brazil: 664 ngn tn; Hng Kng: 569 ngn tn; Php: 482 ngn tn; Trung Quc : 453 ngn tn, H Lan: 209 ngn tn; Thi Lan: 197 ngn tn v Hungari: 112 ngn tn. 3. Mt s thnh tu khoa hc v cng ngh C th ni hn na thp k qua, khng c ngnh chn nui no li t tc pht trin cao c v s lng v cht lng nh ngnh chn nui gia cm, trong cc thnh tu khoa hc v cng ngh gi vai tr quyt nh. Trc ht phi k n nhng thnh tu v cng tc ging i vi gia cm, i tng vt nui v ang c p dng nhiu nht v c hiu qu nht cc tin b ca di truyn trong cng tc chn lc, lai to ging mi v s dng u th lai to ra cc t hp lai ti u i vi cc ging gia cm chuyn tht, chuyn trng cao sn cng nh ci to cc ging a phng. Nu nh thp nin 60-70 ch l cc t hp lai gia 2 ging hay 2 dng hoc thp nin 70-80 l cc t hp lai gia 3 dng th nhng nm 80 tr li y, cc con lai gia 4, 6, 8 dng vi u th lai v nng sut cao nht c s dng rng ri trong sn xut. Cc hng ging ni ting hin nay nh Arbor Acres, Hubbardm Avian, Cobb, Hyline, H&N, Peterson, Dekalb,

Jerome Foods, Nicholas Turkey... Hendrix, Euribrid (H Lan); Isa, Sepalm, Gnmaud Freres... (Php); Ross, Chery Valley (Anh); Lohmann (c); Shaver (Canaa); Tetra Babolna (Hungari)... cung cp cho ngnh gia cm th gii nhng ging tuyt ho. Nhng ging g chuyn tht lng trng m mt g b m c th sn xut 150-160 g con/nm, g tht thng phm ch cn nui 38-42 ngy t khi lng sng 2,0-2,3kg, tiu tn 1,70-1,90kg thc n/kg tng trng. Cc g chuyn trng v trng hoc v nu vi nng sut 310340 trng/nm, tiu tn 2,0-2,2kg thc n/kg trng. Cc ging vt siu tht m mt mi b m sn xut c 170-180 vt con/ nm, vt siu tht thng phm ch cn nui 45-47 ngy t 3,3-3,5kg khi lng v tiu tn 2,252,35kg thc n/kg tht. Cc vt siu trng vi sn lng 300- 320 trng/nm... cc nc chm pht trin, chn nui gia cm cn ph bin hnh thc chn th t nhin, nui tn dng, nn nng sut thp, hiu qu cha cao. Cc nh chn ging tp trung ci to cc ging g vt a phng. Qua lai to, chn lc... to ra cc ging mi va ph hp vi truyn thng a phng, c sc chng chu cao vi stress mi trng, d thch nghi vi cc vng tiu kh hu khc nghit, nng v m, d nui, t bnh tt, chng li ph hp vi cc phng thc chn nui khc nhau (nui cng nghip, bn cng nghip hoc chn th t nhin). Sn phm (tht, trng) ca cc ging ny rt ph hp vi th hiu tiu dng do c cht lng thm ngon, gi c hng v ca ging a phng. G th vn Sasso, Isa JA 75 (Php), Kabir (Israel)... c lng nu vng, da vng, chn vng (gn ging g a phng) rt d nui, nng sut hn hn g a phng, mt mi sn xut 155- 165 g con/nm, g thng phm tht nui n 63 ngy t khi lng 2,0-2,3kg, tiu tn 2,3-2,4kg thc n/kg tng trng, tht thm ngon l nhng ging ang c nui nhiu nc chu u, chu , chu Phi. Cc ging g Tam Hong 882, Jingcun vng, Lng phng... tuy nng sut thp hn cc ging g th vn nu trn song li c a chung Trung Quc v nhiu nc chu khc do tht c bit thm, m , gi bn cao hn cc ging g khc 15-30%. Cng ngh sn xut thc n gia cm ngy nay pht trin n mc hon ho, cung cp cho mi i tng v la tui gia cm nhu cu dinh dng cn i, hp l v gp phn quyt nh ti vic tng hiu qu chn nui v nng cao cht lng tht, trng. Vic khng ngng ci tin cc iu kin chm sc, nui dng, c

bit l h thng chung nui, chp si, mng n, h thng thng gi... c ngha rt ln tng nng sut v hiu qu, nht l i vi chn nui cng nghip. Nhng nm gn y, h thng chung kn nhm to iu kin l tng cho n g d trong bt k lc no v bt k ni no, vi mc t ng ho cao to bc nhy vt ng k v hiu qu thm canh trong chn nui g cng

nghip cc nc chu M v Ty u v nhiu nc khc. chu , c th ni: ging mi, k thut mi kt hp vi phng thc chn nui truyn thng c ci tin vi quy m cht lng cao to iu kin chn nui vt pht trin mnh m. Ngy nay chn nui gia cm c c s m bo bi vic s dng hp l cc loi vacxin v khng sinh khng ch cc bnh v m bo bi yu cu an ton sinh hc cho tri chn nui. Cng ngh sinh hc gp phn ci thin ng k thnh qu v cng tc p trng nhn to, cng tc nhn ging v nui dng gia cm. Yu cu ca vic hin i ho, t ng ha trong khu git m v ch bin cc sn phm gia cm li chnh l mt yu t thc y ngnh gia cm pht trin. Nhng thnh tu v khoa hc v cng ngh gip ngnh chn nui g broiler c c bc nhy vt ln nht v cc ch tiu nng sut. Trong vng 40 nm (1950-1990) t c khi lng xut chung l,82kg ca g broiler, ngi ta gim gp i thi gian cn nui v gim 40% lng thc n tiu tn. thc n (kg/kg Tiu tn Tui git m (tun Khi lng sng
tui) 1950 12 1960 10 1970 8,5 Theo1980liu cng b7,5 hng ti ca 1990 6 nm ca ging g AA nh sau: 1,82 1,82 1,82 Arbor Acres 1,82 1,82 tng trng) 3,25 2,30 2,20 1995) 2,10 tin cc 1,95

(nm

b qua 40

III. TNH HNH CHN NUI GIA CM VIT NAM Ngh chn nui gia cm Vit Nam c t lu i vi quy m nh, mi gia nh ch nui vi con n vi chc con, chn th t do. Bn cnh g ri, vt bu c nui ph bin khp mi min t nc do d nui, sc S T l n S ngy t Tiu tn thc T l tht ln (% chng chu cao, tht thm ngon, chu kh (kg/kg tng khi lng sng) cn c n kim mi, tng vng trng/mi loi 1 (%) 2,8kg kh nhiu(qu) gia cm khc nh: g H, g ng Co, g Ma, g Tre, g ging 1954 73 67 91 4,0 13 Tu vng, 134 chi (g ni), g55 g mo, vt c, vt 15 g c, mn, vt Bch 1974 78 2,1 tuyt, ngan ni, ngng c, ngng s t, g ty... Vo nhng nm cui thp 1994 177 84 35 1,7 17 k 60, mt sn g cng nghip ln u tin c nhp vo nc ta nh: Hurbard tht, Hubbard trng (Hubbard Golden Comet), min Nam v g chuyn tht Comish, Plymouth Rock, g chuyn trng Sekxalin, Te ra, min Bc. Do cha c kinh nghim, trnh k thut cn hn ch nn cc n g cng nghip vo nc ta thi k nng sut rt thp, dch bnh nhiu

nn hiu qu km. n thng 5 nm 1974, trc khi nc bn Cu Ba gip ta hai b ging thun chng: g chuyn trng Leghom vi 2 dng :BVX, BVY v g chuyn tht Plymouth Rock vi 3 dng: T9, T8, T3 th ngnh chn nui g cng nghip Vit Nam mi c hnh thnh. Cng vi s gip v t ca nhiu chuyn gia Cu Ba v mt s chuyn gia gia cm ca FAO, ngnh gia cm cng nghip pht trin rt nhanh v tr thnh mt ngnh kinh t k thut khng th thiu c trong ch trng a chn nui ln thnh ngnh sn xut chnh, gp phn to sn phm hng ho, i mi c cu nng nghip, theo hng cng nghip ho, hin i ho tng thu nhp cho ngi nng dn v ho nhp vi cc nc trong khu vc. Kh nhiu x nghip nui g ging ca trung ng v a phng c u t v sn xut c hiu qu. l cc x nghip Phc Thnh, Cu Din (H Ni), Ba V, Lng M (H Ty), Ho Bnh (Ho Bnh), Tam o, Tam Dng (Vnh Phc), Chu Thnh (Nam nh), Thnh T, Cu Ro (Hi Phng), Qun khu 5, Thanh Vinh ( Nng), Scala (Lm ng), Tn c An, Bnh An, Tam Bnh, C Chi, 1 thng 5 (Thnh ph H Ch Minh), X nghip Thng Nht, CP group, Cargill, Topmill (ng Nai), Vifaco, Hng Sanh, ng Thnh, Minh Tm (Bnh Dng), Tri g Vng Tu... cc x nghip, trung tm nui vt: Cm Bnh (Hi Dng), i Xuyn (H Ty), x nghip Vnh Long (Vnh Long) v Vigova (Thnh ph H Ch Minh)... Ngy nay, nhiu h gia nh ly ngh nui g, vt kim sng v lm giu, h nui thng xuyn hng trm con/la. Nhiu h xy dng tng khu trang tri kh ln, quy m 3000, 5000, 10000 con/la. Mt gia nh cn nui gia cm ging b m v c c trm p trng nhn to. Cc cng ty 100% vn u t nc ngoi v chn nui g cng nghip nc ta nh: CP Group (Charoen Pokphand - Thi Lan), Cargill (M), Topmill (i Loan), cc cng ty lin doanh v chn nui g cng nghip nh Vit Thi, Javipa... do th mnh v vn, cng ngh v c nh my thc n hin i ang dn dn chim lnh th phn ng k v g cng nghip nc ta.

C th ni khi cc b ging g thun chng v ng b cao sn c tip tc nhp vo nc ta nhng nm gn y nh: Hybro HV85 (1985), Goldline 54 (1990), BE (1993), th h thng ging g cng nghip nc ta vn ln ngang tm vc cc nc trong khu vc Thi k 1991 - 1996 l giai on pht trin nhanh nht c hiu qu nht ca chn nui g cng nghip. thi k ny, rt nhiu ging g b m cao sn m th gii c c nhp vo nui nc ta nh g tht: Hubbard, Arbor Acres (AA), Avian, min Nam, g AA, ISA, Lohmann, Ross min Bc, cc g chuyn trng mu nh: ISA Brown, Hyline, Brown Nick, Dekalb, Tetra, Lohmann Brown. Cc ging g chuyn trng chuyn tht cao sn ny to bc nhy vt v ch tiu nng sut trong chn nui g cng nghip. Khi tip nhn ging mi, chng ta c tip nhn s chuyn giao cng ngh mi, cc tin b k thut mi v chn ging, nui dng, phng bnh, v dinh dng, p nhn to v c v t chc sn xut, qun l v tiu th sn phm. n nay chng ta c cc ging g chuyn tht cng nghip v ch vi 45-49 ngy nui t khi lng sng trn 2kg/con, tiu tn 1,9-2,2kg thc n/kg tng trng, nhiu tht v tht ngon. Cc ging g trng trng trng mu mt nm cho 280-320 qu trng, tiu tn 1 5-1,7kg thc n/10 qu trng. Vic khng ngng nghin cu, la chn cc t hp lai ti u gia cc ging trong iu kin nc ta, c bit l vic nghin cu xc nh tiu chun dinh dng v phng php cho n i vi cc ging g nhp ni t c nhng tin b k thut c gi tr khoa hc v thc tin cao. Mun cho g mi b m ging tht t sn lng trng cao, sn xut nhiu g con/mi vi cht lng tt, phi cho g n hn ch giai on hu b (3-20 tun tui), vi lng thc n c k l: 8,2-8,4kg cho g mi v 10,8-11,0kg cho g trng, trn nn thc n tng hp c 2900-3000 Kcal ME/kg T v 20-21% protein cho g 1-6 tun tui v 2700 Kcal ME/kg T, 16% protein cho g 7-20 tun tui. Khi lng lc 20 tun tui: g mi l,9-2,l kg, g trng 2,6-2,8kg l thch hp nht. Giai on g (23-66 tun tui): s dng thc n hn hp cho g mi c 2700 Kcal ME/kg T v 16-17% protein. Vic cho n tch trng mi giai on g , s dng khu phn thc n hn hp cho g trng l 125gr/ngy v thc n chua 12% protein, 2800 Kcal ME/kg T lm gim chi ph thc n, tng cht lng tinh dch, tng t l trng c phi v t lp n, tng sc kho ca g trng. G broiler khi cha cn bng cc axit quan, th s dng thc n hn hp

c 23 - 14% protein, 3100-3200 Kcal ME/kg T giai on 1-4 tun tui v 21% protein, 3200-3300 KCal ME/kg T giai on 5 tun tui tri l ph hp nht. G t kh nng tng trng cao, tiu tn thc n/kg tng trng thp v hiu qu s dng protein cao. Sau 3-4 tun tui, g broiler nui tch trng mi th hiu qu chn nui s cao hn so vi nui hn hp. G broiler nui vo ma h, nn tng cht lng thc n (ch yu protein v ME) 3-5% g pht trin tt v cho hiu qu cao d tri nng g n t. Cc nghin cu hn ch hm lng Aflatoxin v c t trong thc n v hn ch lng khng sinh tn d trong g cng nghip ang l vn thi s nhm m bo ngnh chn nui gia cm pht trin vng chc, to sn phm nhiu, r, ngon, an ton cho sc kho con ngi. Hin nay 75-80% chn nui g nc ta l s dng cc ging a phng. Chn nui g chn th vi cc ging truyn thng a phng cng khng ngng pht trin v hiu qu ngy cng tng bi cc ging a phng c u t bo tn qu gen nhm chn lc nng cao nng sut. Vic kt hp s dng thc n cng nghip hoc t ch bin m bo cc nhu cu dinh dng v cc bin php v sinh th y, s dng Vaccin phng bnh i vi cc n g ta nng cao ng k hiu qu trong chn nui nng h. Nhiu ging g th vn, lng mu, d nui, kh nng cho tht cao, kh nng sinh sn tt tht thm ngon c nhp vo nc ta v c ngi chn nui a chung nh g Tam Hong 882 nhp nm 1993 t Qung ng (Trung Quc), g Jing Cun vng nhp nm 1995 t Hng Kng. G Tam Hong (lng vng, da vng, chn vng) rt c a chung nc ta. G b m t nng sut trng 130-150 qu, sn xut 95-106 g con/mi, g tht nui 10-11 tun tui t khi lng c th l,31,6kg, tiu tn 3,2- 3,5kg thc n/kg tng trng, tht thm ngon. Ngoi ra c g Lng Phng hoa, nhp nm 1995 t Qung Ty (Trung Quc), mt mi sn xut 120-130 g con, g tht nui 10 tun tui t khi lng 1,5-1,6kg, tiu tn 2,4-2,6kg thc n/kg tng trng. G lng mu chu nhit v m cao, thch ng nhanh vi Stress ca mi trng, c th nui cng nghip, bn cng nghip, th vn nh Sassa nhp nm 1996 t Php, Kabir nhp nm 1997 t Israel, c cc ch tiu nng sut cao hn: mt mi sn xut 140-150 g con, g tht nui 9 tun tui t khi lng trn 2kg, tiu tn 2,2-2,4kg thc n/kg tng trng. ng lu l cc t hp lai gia cc ging g ta vi cc ging nhp ngoi to g lng mu th vn, vn gi c cc c tnh qu ca g ta

nh d nui, kh nng t kim n, tht thm ngon, m li tng ng k kh nng trng v kh nng cho tht, gim chi ph thc n, tng hiu qu kinh t. l cc t hp lai gia g Tam Hong vi g Ri; gia g H, g ma, g Tu vng vi g Tam Hong; gia g Kabir vi g Ri. Cc g lai Rhode x Ri hay BT1 mt nm 180-200 trng, tiu tn 1,8- 1,9kg thc n/l0 trng lu nay vn c a chung va nui ly trng va nui ly tht. Cc t hp lai kinh t lm a dng ho tp on ging g th vn cho chng trnh pht trin kinh t nng h gia nh.

Theo s liu thng k 1997, n g nc ta phn b khng u, tp trung ch yu pha Bc (66%) trong ch yu vng ni v Trung du pha Bc (27,5%) v vng ng bng sng Hng (24,7%). n g pha Nam khng nhiu (34%) v ch yu tp trung vng ng bng sng Cu Long (15,6%). Cng vi s pht trin nhanh c v s lng ln cht lng v hiu qu ca chn nui g, chn nui vt v thy cm khc cng c quan tm v c bc pht trin ng k. Nhiu ging vt nng sut cao c nhp vo nc ta nh vt Bc Kinh (1970), vt Anh o Hung (1975, 1983), vt Anh o Tip (1980), vt Szarwas (1990). c bit l nhp vt siu tht CV. Super M (1989, 1990) nui 56 ngy, t khi lng sng 2,6- 2,8kg, tiu tn 2,8-3,0kg thc n/kg tng trng. Vt siu trng Khaki Campbell (1990) mt nm 260-280 trng, tiu tn l,8-2,4kg thc n cho 10 qu trng v gn y Vin Chn nui nhp thm vt siu trng lng trng CV. 2000. Hin nay Vit Nam ng th t trn th gii chn nui vt (sau Trung Quc, Php v Thi Lan). C cu n vt ch yu l ging a phng. Cc ging v vt lai ang c xu hng tng dn. Vt lai gia C.V Super M vi vt mi Anh o Tip, Anh o Hung, con lai nui 56 ngy tui t 2,4-2,5kg, tiu tn 3,03,2kg thc n/kg tng trng. Trn 44% n vt tp trung ng bng sng Cu Long. Min Bc do tp qun tiu th khng thng xuyn nn hn ch vic pht trin chn nui vt. Tng lai khng xa khi m rng c th trng xut khu cc sn phm t con vt th chn nui vt vng ng bng sng Cu Long v ng bng sng Hng, ven bin min Trung s pht trin rt mnh. Hip hi chn nui vt pha Nam ang hot ng rt hiu qu, l mt in hnh ca m hnh kinh t Hip hi, lin kt kinh t gia trung ng v a phng, gia nh nc v t nhn, khp kn t khu ging n thng phm, gia chn nui v cung ng, dch v, m bo hi ho li ch ca cc thnh vin. Chn nui ngng khng pht trin quy m nh mt s a phng, ging ngng Rheiland c nhp vo nc ta nm 1972 t Hungari. Chn nui ngan ang c xu hng pht trin nhanh do tht ngon, th hiu s dng tng. Vin chn nui nhp 2 dng ngan Php R31 v R51 vo nm 1992 v nm 1996 vi cc ch tiu sinh sn v kh nng cho tht cao hn rt nhiu so vi ngan ni. Ngan Php khi lai vi ngan ni ci thin r rt kh nng sinh sn v kh nng cho tht, gim chi ph thc n. Cng thc lai

gia ngan Php R31 v vt CV. Super M to con Mulard vi kh nng tng trng, kh nng cho tht, hiu qu s dng thc n u cao hn b v m.

Chn nui b cu, chim ct ang pht trin do nhu cu tiu dng tng v hiu sut s dng chung tri cao. n b cu Php mi c nhp vo nc ta t 1996 c nng sut cao hn hn b cu ni. Gn y, Trung tm nghin cu gia cm Thy Phng (Vin Chn nui) thnh cng bc u trong vic nui th nghim iu chu Phi. Nh nc ang u t sm c tri ging iu, p ng nhu cu pht trin loi gia cm c hiu qu cao nht, cht lng tht tt nht, cao cp nht cho th k ti. Nhn tng quan: Chn nui gia cm nc ta ang pht trin kh nhanh v vng chc c v quy m, sn lng, cht lng v hiu qu. Nm 1997 c nc c trn 160 triu con gia cm, trong g chim 75% (120,6 triu con), vt xp x 22%, cn li l cc loi gia cm khc. Giai on 1990-1997, tng n gia cm t tc tng trng bnh qun: 5,98%/nm, trong g: t bnh qun 6,05%/nm, vt t: 8,01%/nm. Hin nay Vit Nam ng th 47 trn th gii v th 5 khu vc ASEAN v sn xut tht v trng gia cm. Nm 1997, nc ta sn xut 226,11 ngn tn tht gia cm (chim 15% tng sn phm tht) tng 26,4% so vi nm 1990 v sn lng tht gia cm t mc tng trng bnh qun: 3,84%/nm. Sn lng trng gia cm l 3,169 t qu, tng 1,3 t qu so vi nm 1990 v t mc tng trng bnh qun nm l 2,54%. Mc tiu th trng l 41 qu/ngi tng 12,7% qu so vi nm 1990 v t mc tng trng bnh qun 5,44%/nm. Sn phm gia cm nc ta vn l cho tiu dng trong nc. Sp ti khi chng ta m c th trng tiu th v k cc hip nh th y, th tht vt v cc sn phm t con vt v tht g "ta" ng lnh chc chn s c xut khu ti cc th trng c hiu qu cao nh: Nht Bn, Hng Kng, Singapo, i Loan, Hn Quc... Hin nay cng nh lu di, ngnh gia cm nc ta cn pht trin nhanh hn p ng yu cu tiu th ni a ngy cng tng v xut khu. Nhm khai thc ti a tim nng ca t nc, chn nui gia cm cn y mnh phong tro chn nui, tn dng nng thn, kt hp phng thc nui bn cng nghip v th vn mi vng ng bng, trung du, min ni dn dn hnh thnh cc trang tri quy m ln nhm to sn phm hng ho v gia cm, nng sut kh, cht lng tht trng thm ngon, an ton v sinh, ph hp vi th hiu tiu dng trong nc v xut khu. ng thi quy hoch cc vng chn nui cng nghip theo hng thm canh, to sn phm

hng ho c nng sut cao, cht lng tt.

Cn ht sc ch trong vic u t xy dng c s vt cht k thut v thc n cng nghip, thuc th y, nng cp trang thit b v chung tri, thm cc c s ch bin v qun l cht lng sn phm. Ngnh gia cm Vit Nam cn sm c cc n ging gia cm cao sn cp ng b (trc ht l g ng b, vt ng b) ph hp vi phng thc nui thm canh v nui th vn nc ta. u con v cc sn phm gia cm Vit Nam thi k 1990-1997

Vng Ni v trung du pha Bc ng bng sng Hng Bc Trung b Duyn hi min Trung Ty Nguyn ng Nam b ng bng sng Cu Long

Phn th nht: GING GIA CM V CNG TC GING


Chng I GII THIU MT S GING GIA CM NC TA

I. CC GING G NI Vi lch s hng ngn nm lm nng nghip, nhn dn ta cng to ra c nhiu ging g c gi tr cn li n ngy nay. Sau y l mt vi ging tiu biu. 1. Ging g Ri L ging g ph bin nht mi vng, mi min. Ty theo s chn lc trong qu trnh chn nui m ging ny hnh thnh nn cc dng g Ri c th hnh, mu sc khc nhau t nhiu mi a phng. Thng thng v ph bin nht, th g mi c lng mu vng v nu nht, im cc m en c, u cnh v cht ui. G trng c b lng sc s nhiu mu nht l lng c v ui chim u th nht l lng mu vng m v ta sau l vng nht hoc trng c. Rt t khi thy g Ri c mu lng thun nht. G con mc lng sm ch hn 1 thng g y lng nh g trng thnh. G Ri l ging nh cn, g mi: 1,2 - 1,8 kg, g trng: 1,8 2,3 kg. G trng thin nui lu c th t 2,5 kg hoc hn. G Ri c dng thanh, chn nh, u nh, c v lng di, ngc su (g mi chn rt thp), m vng, vy chn vng (c khi en - nht l g min ni). Sc : 90 - 120 trng/mi/nm. Khi lng trng bnh qun: 38 - 42 gam. Nu nui bn chn th, sn lng trng g Ri c th t 125 - 130 qu/ mi/nm. G Ri thnh thc sinh dc sm (14,l ngy). G c c im ni bt l cn c, chu kh kim n, sc chng chu vi thi tit, bnh tt cao, nui con kho, tht c hng v thm ngon nht l g mi t. Do cc u v nhc im trn, g Ri thch hp vi ch di chn th, hoc bn chn th. Trong tng lai khi m ngnh gia cm nui cc ging cao sn pht trin, th g Ri c th s c coi nh l mt c sn.

2. Ging g Vn Ph L ging g a phng c hnh thnh t lu i x Vn Ph, x Sai Ng, huyn Cm Kh, tnh Vnh Ph nay l tnh Ph Th. Hin nay g phn b khng rng v phn ln pha tp. Ging g ny c hnh thnh trong vng t ai mu m ven sng Hng, hng nm b l lt e da, a hnh Trung du, i thp xen k vi t trng trt. Nhit trong nm chnh o lch khng ln. Thng thp nht (thng 1) l 17 C v thng cao nht o (thng 7,8) l 29 C, m bin thin t 83 - 86%. Chnh iu kin kh hu trn kt hp vi chn lc v chm sc to nn ging g Vn Ph. Do c tp qun thi g, nn t lc g mi n c chn lc ngay. G Vn Ph lng trn lng mu en, nhng gc trng, vng bng, i c mu tro nht, mo pht trin. Trc y nh c s chn lc v nui dng tt nn nhn dn ta vng ny to ra ging g en c ngoi hnh p, cn i, u va phi. Mo v tch tai pht trin, mu mo n 5 -6 kha dng ng, chn cao, thanh, c 2 -3 hng vy. Khi trng thnh g cn nng 3,5 kg. G Vn Ph va c kh nng cho tht va c kh nng cho trng. Sc 60 - 65 trng/mi/nm. Khi lng trng trung bnh 50 - 55 gam. G Vn Ph p trng v nui con vng v, t l n v t nui sng g con thp. Ngy nay ging g ny cn li khng nhiu. 3. Ging g ng Co G c ngun gc t thn ng Co, x Cp Tin, huyn Khoi Chu, Hi Hng nay l Hng Yn. Nhng nm 1945 - 1947 g pht trin mnh. Hin nay g b lai tp nhiu. Trc y g ng Co c chn lc nghim ngt phc v cho l hi. G c tm vc to th, c mnh ngn, ngc bng t lng, da , chn, u to, mo n. C th c dng khi vung. Tnh tnh g hin lnh, chm chp. Con trng c mu lng xanh en im sc tm cnh, c. Con mi c mu lng vng nht. Lc trng thnh con trng cn nng 3,5 - 4,0 kg, con mi 2,5 - 3,0 kg. Sc trng bnh qun 60 70 qu/mi/nm. Khi lng trng 50 - 60 gam. G p v nui con vng. T lp n thp. G ng Co thin v hng tht r rt, c th lai vi cc ging g khc to g nui tht. Ging g ny c nui nhiu Hng Yn v Hi Dng. 4. Ging g H

Ging g ny c lng H, x Song H, huyn Thun Thnh, Bc Ninh. G H phn b khng rng v c hnh thnh trong iu kin t 0 nhin ca Bc Ninh. Nhit trung bnh 23,5 C. Lng ma bnh qun 1500 mm. Thun Thnh thuc vng h lu sng Cu, t ai mu m nn c nng sut la cao. iu kin ny nh hng tt n qu trnh hnh thnh g H. Mt khc tp qun chn nui y c kh lu i, cc hi thi g chi g trc y hng nm vn din ra. Tiu chun chn lc c g to, p, hin lnh, rt nghim ngt. B lng g trng Hin hnh c 3 mu: sc ta c, ch tip gip gia lng v ui c mu mn chn, xen k mu xanh bic lng v cnh. u to, dt, mo n tch tai di v mu , m ngn, mt nu, ngc n, ln di, bng trn, chn cao to, x x, c 2 4 hng vy. G mi c tm vc cn i mo n hoc mo xon, lng mu nu nht ton thn. Lc trng thnh con trng cn nng 3,5 - 4,0 kg, con mi: 3,0 3,5 kg. G mun thng sau 7 - 8 thng mi qu trng u tin. Sc 50 - 60 trng/mi/nm. T lp n thp. 5. Ging g Ma G c hnh thnh lu i x Phng Hng, huyn Tng Thin, H Ty (nay l x ng Lm, Ba V, H Ty). G Ma pht trin mnh vo nhng nm 1952 - 1953. Hin nay ging g thun rt t, hu nh pha tp nhiu nh cc ging g khc. G Ma c hnh thnh vng Trung du, i ni thp, xen k t canh tc. Nhit chnh 0 0 lch khng ln lm thng thp nht l 16,2 C, thng cao nht 28,8 C. m 81 -87%. Lng ma tp trung nhiu vo thng 6, 7, 8. Ngoi iu kin t nhin, y c tp qun thi g ch Ma nh hng n vic chn lc g. G Ma to nhng thiu cn i. Mnh ngn, ngc rng nhng khng su, mo n, 5 kha rng ca, tch tai pht trin. Dng i nhanh nhn hn g H, Chn mu vng c 3 hng vy. G trng tai c ph mt lp lng en, lng thng c 3 mu: Mn chn, ta v mu xanh en. G mi u nh, c thanh, ngc nng, mo n 4 kha, lng c mn nu thm, hay trng ng. G sinh trng nhanh, thnh thc mun sau 6 thng mi . Lc trng thnh g trng nng 3,0 - 3,5 kg, g mi 2,6 - 3,0 kg. Sc trng 70 80qu/mi/nm. Khi lng trng 50 - 58 gam. T l trng c phi v t l n thp. G c c im mc lng chm (g mi n 12 tun tui v g trng n 15 tun tui mi mc ph kn lng).

Cc ging g H, ng Co, Ma tuy c nng sut tht cao nhng khng ph bin rng c (ch quanh qun mt s a phng gn ni xut x) do kh nng sinh sn km, tnh nng ng v sc chng chu km thua g Ri. Ngoi cc ging g ni k trn, mt s a phng cn mt s ging g khc. cc tnh Nam B c ging g c (lng trng, m, chn en), vng ng bo H' Mng c ging g Mo, nhng gi tr kinh t khng c g c bit v t ph bin. Cc ging g khc ng ch ch c ging g Tre ( Nam B) l ging g cnh c thn hnh b, ui di, lng mu xm ln mu trng. Ngoi ra cn c mt s ging nh: ging g ta vng, tu vng, g chi, g ta lai, g min... II. CC GING G HNG THT NHP NI (G CAO SN) Ging g tht c to ra phi t c ch tiu tng trng nhanh, t l tht i v tht ln ln, tiu tn thc n cho tng trng thp, s g con nui tht thu c t mt mi phi ln. Ngy nay trn th gii c rt nhiu ging g tht cao sn c to ra. nc ta ph bin cc ging sau y. 1. Ging g tht Hybro (HV85) L g chuyn dng tht cao sn ca H Lan, nhp vo nc ta t nm 1985 do CuBa gip gm 3 dng S1, S3, S5. Sau c i thnh V1, V3, V5. V t nm 1990 nhp thm dng A. Cc dng A, Vl c gi l dng trng, c ngun gc t g Comish trng. Cc dng V3, V5 c gi l dng mi, c ngun gc l ging Plymouth Rock trng.

1.1 Dng A
Mu lng thn trng, nh bc, mo n mu ti, tch tai mu , da, m, chn mu vng nht, chn to, i, ln pht trin, dng i nng n chm chp. Tc mc lng nhanh. Khi lng c th lc 7 tun tui ca g trng l 1,8 - 1,9 kg, ca g mi 1,5 - 1,65 kg. Lc trng thnh con mi 4,2 - 4,5 kg, con trng 5,0 - 5,5 kg. Tiu tn thc n cho 1 kg tng trng 2,22 kg. Sn lng trng 150 qu/mi/nm. V trng mu nu nht. T lp n 77 - 80%.

1.2. Dng V1

c im ngoi hnh tng t dng A. Tc mc lng nhanh. Lc 7 tun tui con trng nng 1,8 -1,9 kg, con mi 1,35 - 1,5 kg. Lc trng thnh con mi cn nng 4,0 - 4,2 kg, con trng 4,5 - 5,0 kg. Tiu tn thc n cho 1 kg tng trng: 2,27 kg. Sc trng 150 - 155 qu/mi/nm. T lp n 78 - 82%. V trng mu nu nht.

1.3. Dng V3
Mu lng trng, thnh thong c con chn en, m lng en cnh v u (t l t). Mo n mu ti. Tc mc lng lc 1 ngy tui chm. Lc 7 tun tui con mi t 1,3 - 1,4 kg, con trng t 1,6 - 1,7 kg. Lc trng thnh con mi t 3,7 - 3,8 kg, con trng t 4,0 - 4,5 kg.Tiu tn thc n cho 1 kg tng trng 2,35 kg. Sn lng trng t 170 qu/mi/nm. T lp n t 80 -82%. V trng mu nu nht.

1. 4. Dng V5
Mu lng ton thn trng, mo n mu . Da, m, chn mu vng. i ln pht trin km V3. Tc mc lng nhanh. Lc 7 tun tui, con mi cn nng 1,3 - 1,35 kg, con trng 1,5 - 1,6 kg. Lc trng thnh con mi t 3,6 - 3,8 kg, con trng 3,8 - 4,2 kg. Sn lng trng 180 qu/mi/nm. T lp n 80 -85%. V trng mu nu nht. Trong b ging ny, ngi ta dng dng A, V1, lm dng trng, dng V3, V5 c dng lm dng mi lai to g nui tht (broiler). S cc cng thc lai gia cc dng nh sau:

C th dng dng V5 lm dng trng v V3 lm dng mi lai to ra mi lai V53. Sau dng con trng lai AV1 lai vi mi V53 to g broiler. Ngoi cng thc lai 4 dng, c th dng cng thc lai gia 3 dng. Dng dng A hoc V1 lm dng trng lai vi mi lai V35 hoc V53 to g broiler. Trong cc nm 1989 - 1994 mt s x nghip v c s chn nui gia nh dng t hp V35 v V53 lm mi nn cho vic lai to vi cc g trng b m ca cc ging g cao sn nh AA (Arbor Acress), Avian, BE88, Isa Vedette... ang c nhp vo nc ta sn xut con lai nui tht c nng sut cao. Cc c s nui gi ging nh x nghip g ging tht dng thun Tam o. X nghip g ging Chu Thnh, x nghip g Hng Sanh cung cp hng triu ging cho nhu cu chn nui trong c nc. Nhng nm gn y ging g ny t c nui, v nm 1997 b loi b nc ta do khng cnh tranh c cc ging g mi nhp (AA, Isa Vedette ... )

2. Ging g tht BE88 y l b ging g tht thun chng, c nhp vo nc ta thng 6/1993 t Cu Ba. Gm 4 dng thun Bl, El, B4, E3. Trong Bl v El c dng lm dng trng c ngun gc t ging Comish trng. B4 v E3 l 2 dng mi c ngun gc t ging Plymouth trng. Bn dng thun ging gc Bl, El, B4, E3 hin ang c nui gi ti X nghip g ging dng thun Tam o. c im ngoi hnh v sc sn xut ca cc dng g nh sau:

2.1. Dng B1
Ton thn mu trng, chn, m, da mu vng trng. Lng tha. Mo v tch tai pht trin mu . Ngc, i pht trin. Khi lng sng lc 35 ngy tui ca con mi l 1,3 kg, ca con trng l 1,5 kg, lc vo (20 tun tui) con trng 2,74 kg, con mi 2,48 kg. Lc 40 tun tui con trng 4,2 kg, con mi 3,52kg. Sn lng trng 60 tun tui 119 qu. T l nui sng n 35 ngy tui 95%.

2. 2. Dng E1
Ton thn mu lng trng. Ngc i pht trin, tc mc lng nhanh. Khi lng c th lc 35 ngy tui ca con trng t 1,4 kg, con mi t 1,22 kg, lc 20 tun tui con trng t 2,62 kg, con mi 2,42 kg. Sn lng trng 60 tun tui l 119 qu/mi/nm. T l nui sng n 35 ngy tui t 95%.

2.3. Dng B4
Mu lng trng, tha, tc mc lng nhanh. Khi lng c th lc 35 ngy tui con trng t 1,29 kg, con mi t 1,07 kg, lc 20 tun tui con trng t 2,42 kg, con mi t 2,26 kg. Sn lng trng 60 tun tui t 164 qa. Lc 40 tun tui con mi c khi lng 3,4 kg, con trng 4,02 kg.

2. 4. Dng E3
Mu lng trng, tha. Tc mc lng chm. Khi lng c th lc 35 ngy tui ca g trng l 1,28 kg, ca g mi l 1,12 kg, lc 20 tun tui ca con trng t 2,4kg, con mi t 2,2 kg. Lc 40 tun tui, con trng t 4,0 kg, con mi t 3,6 kg. Sn lng trng 60 tun tui 131qu. to g lai thng phm (g broiler) ngi ta p dng cng thc lai nh sau:

Tuy nhin trong cng thc lai ny, khng phn bit c trng, mi qua tc mc lng t hp lai BE34. G broiler BE1134 v BE1143 c khi lng c th xp x nhau qua cc tun tui. Lc 49 ngy tui con trng t 2,4 kg, con mi t 2,1 kg. Tiu tn thc n cho 1 kg tng trng 2,1 - 2,2 kg. T l nui sng n 49 ngy tui t 95 - 96%. So Vi g Hybro (HV85), ging g BE88 c nng sut tht cao hn. Trong sn xut g tht, nhng nm gn y, cc dng trng B1 v E1 cn c s dng lai vi g mi nn V35 hoc V53 to con lai nui tht va c sc sng cao, va tiu tn thc n thp, tng trng nhanh. 3. Ging g tht AA G AA (Arbor Acress) l ging g tht cao sn c ngun gc t M, mi c nui nhiu Vit Nam t nm 1993. G AA c nng sut rt cao, l mt trong nhng ging g tht cao sn ca th gii. Lc 49 ngy tui g trng t 2,8 kg, g mi t 2,6 kg. Tiu tn thc n cho 1 kg tng trng 1,9 - 2,0 kg. nc ta nui g broiler AA, lc 49 ngy tui g trng t 2,4 - 2,5 kg, g mi t 2,3 -2,4 kg. Tiu tn thc n cho 1 kg tng trng 2,1 2,2, kg. G AA c mu lng trng, i, ln rt pht trin. T l tht ln chim 16 - 17% v tht i 15 -16% so vi tht s . Sn lng trng 180 190 qu/mi/nm. Nhng nm gn y, do nhu cu cao ca ngi chn nui, hng nm Lin hip cc x nghip gia cm Vit Nam nay l Tng cng ty chn

nui Vit Nam v ang nhp g b m AA cung cp ging cho cc c s chn nui trong c nc.

4. Ging g tht Isa Vedette L ging g tht cao sn ca Php, mi c nhp vo nc ta t my nm gn y t hng Isa di dng g b m. T l t cao nht tun tui 30 -31 (trn 80%). Sn lng trng 170 qu/mi/nm (Php), 140150 qu (Vit Nam). G broiler Isa Vedette Php lc 49 ngy tui c khi lng c th ca con trng l 2,57 kg, ca con mi l 2,2,7 kg. Tiu tn thc n cho 1 kg tng trng l 1,96 - 2,0 kg. G Isa Vedette c tng mu trng, i, ln pht trin, t l tht i chim 15 - 16%, tht ln chim 16,5 - 17%. G Isa Vedette c nui nhiu ti X nghip g Lng M, v ti cc tri g t nhn. 5. Ging g tht Avian G c ngun gc M, mi nhp vo nc ta t Thi Lan. G b m c nng sut cao, xp x ging g AA. Khi lng c th g mi lc 20 tun tui l 2,0-2,l kg; ca g trng l 2,6kg. T l t cao nht tun tui 30-31 trn 86%. Sn lng trng 190 qu/mi/nm. Lc 49 ngy tui g broiler trng t 2,4-2,5 kg, g mi t 2,2 - 2,3 kg. Tiu tn thc n cho 1 kg tng trng 2,1-2,2 kg. Hin nay ging g ny ang c nui nhiu ti v cc tnh pha Nam. 6. Ging g tht RoSS 208 Ging g ny c ngun gc Aislen (thuc Anh), cng l mt trong nhng ging g tht cao sn ca th gii. T l nui sng t 1-49 ngy tui t 96-98%. G Broile (g tht thng phm) lc 7 tun tui t 2,29 kg.Tiu tn 2,0-2,l kg cho l kg tng trng.T l thn tht, tht i tht ln rt cao. T l thn tht t 74-75%, tht i chim 15-16%, tht ln chim 16- 17%. Ging g ny c nui nhiu Vin chn nui, x nghip g Chu thnh. 7. Ging g tht Lohmann (Lohmann meat) y l mt trong nhng ging g tht cao sn ca c. G Lohmann tht c nhp vo nc ta t Indonexia di dng g b m mi 2 nm gn y, c nui nhiu X nghip g Tam Dng (Vnh Phc). Sn lng trng 175-185 qu/mi/nm. Khi lng g mi lc 24 tun tui l 2,42,6kg. Khi lng c th lc 49 ngy tui ca g trng broiler l 2,6 kg, ca g mi l 2,2kg. nc ta nui t tng ng 2,4 v 2,2kg. Tiu tn thc n cho mt kg tng trng t 2,1-2,2 kg.

8. Ging g tht Coob Habbard y l mt trong nhng ging g cao sn ca M, nng sut tng t ging AA, Isa Vedette c nui nhiu cc tnh pha Nam.

III. CC GING G HNG TRNG NHP NI Cho n nay, trn th gii nhiu ging g c cc nh di truyn ging lai to thnh cng, a nng sut trng mt nm trn di 300 qu cho mt mi vi tiu tn thc n bnh qun 150 - 170g cho mt qu trng. Cc ging g trng bao gm ging g trng v trng v ging g trng v nu. C th g trng trng thng b, vi con mi 1,7- 1,8 kg, con trng 2,4 - 2,5 kg. Cn c th g trng nu to hn. G mi thng trn 2,0 kg, g trng trn 3,0 kg. Mu sc v trng khng nh hng n cht lng trng. Trn th gii v trng trng chim 70% m ch yu l ging g Leghorn. Sau y l mt s ging nhp ni, trong c ging nui lu v thch nghi vi kh hu nc ta, c ging mi nhp nui mt s la, hoc l ging b m, hoc thng phm... 1.Ging g trng Lgo (Legorn) L ging c nhp vo nc ta sm nht. G Leghom c ngun gc t Italia, g Leghom trng ngy nay l kt qu ca qu trnh chn lc v lai to gia nhiu ging g khc nhau . T nm 1974 , c s vin tr ca Cu Ba, chng ta nhp 2 dng X v Y vi s lng ln. Hai dng ny c to ra t Canada t nhng nm 1950. Sau mt thi gian di nui thch nghi ti x nghip g ging trng dng thun Ba V, ging g ny c cng nhn l ging g trng thun chng quc gia v t mang tn l BVX v BVY.

1. 1. Dng BVX
Mu lng trng ton thn hi c nh vng. Mo n, rt pht trin, mu ti, mo c 5 kha rng ca. Con trng mo thng ng, con mi mo ng sang 2 bn. Di tai (tch tai) mu trng xanh. Da, m v chn mu vng nht. Chn cao gy. Dng i nhanh nhn, a hot ng. Thn hnh thon nh, mnh hi di. G con mi n c mu vng sm. Khi lng c th bnh qun: Lc 9 tun tui: Mi 600 - 650 gam; Trng 700 - 800 gam +Lc 19 tun tui: Mi 1300 - 1450 gam; Trng 1750 - 1850 gam Lc trng thnh: Mi 1600 - 1800 gam; Trng2200 - 2500 gam Sn lng trng/nm 240 - 260 qu, khi lng trng trung bnh 51 - 55 gam, v trng c mu trng, t lp n t trung bnh 76 - 80 %. Tiu tn thc n /10 qu trng l,6 - 1,8 kg..

1. 2. Dng BVY
Mu lng trng tuyn. c im mo, tch tai ging BVX. Khi lng c th bnh qun: Lc 9 tun tui: Mi 580 - 650 gam; Trng 700 800 gam. Lc 19 tun tui: Mi 1250 - 1350 gam. Trng 1650 - 1750 gam. Lc trng thnh: Mi 1600 - 1800 gam ; Trng 2100 - 2300 gam. Sn lng trng/nm 230 - 250 qu, khi lng trng trung bnh 52 - 56 gam, t lp n t trung bnh 77 - 78 %. Tiu tn thc n / 10 qu trng l 1,7 - 1,8 kg.V trng mu trng. Ngoi ra cn c dng L3: Con trng v mi lc mi n c tc mc lng chm (hng lng cnh ngoi mc chm, hng lng cnh trong mc di hn). Nh c tnh ny c th phn bit trng v mi lc 1 ngy tui. to g thng phm trng ngi ta s dng cng thc lai to sau:

2. G ging trng Gnlai - 54 (Goldline - 54) Ging g ny c nhp vo nc ta t nm 1987, t hng gia cm ni ting ca H Lan, gm 4 dng A, B, C, D. Trong 2 dng A, B c mu lng cnh dn (Nu), hai dng C, D c mu lng trng. G c sc trng cao, thi gian trng ko di, khi lng trng ln, v mu nu. c im ca ging g ny l khi lai vi nhau to ra con lai c th phn bit trng mi qua mu lng lc mi n. Con trng c mu lng trng, con mi c mu lng nu. Ging g ny ang c nui ti X nghip g Ba V - H Ty. S lai to g thng phm trng nh sau:

My nm qua ging g ny c nui nhiu nht cc tnh Pha Bc trong cc khu vc nng thn, min ni, ven . 3. Ging g trng Brao - Nc (Brown - Nick) Ging g ny c ngun gc t M mi c nhp vo nc ta t nhng nm gn y v nui nhiu cc tnh pha Nam. G trng mu nu, g thnh thc sinh dc sm, g bt au lc 18 tun tui. Sn lng trng trung bnh t 300 qu trn mi trong 76 tun tui T l cao nht 90%. Khi lng trng 58 - 60 gam. Tiu tn thc n cho 10 qu trng 1,6 - 1,8 kg. 4. Ging g trng Hai xch (Hisex Brown) Ging l ging g trng c to ra H Lan, mi c nhp vo nc ta t Thi Lan v c nui nhiu cc tnh pha Nam. G c mu lng nu v trng c th phn bit trng mi qua mu sc lng lc 1 ngy tui. Sn lng trng t 290 - 300 qu trong 76 tun tui. Khi

lng trng 56 - 60 gam. Trng mu nu. Tiu tn thc n cho 10 qu trng 1,5 - 1,7 kg. 5. Ging g trng Hailai (Hy Line) L ging g trng ca M. Sn lng trng 280 - 290 qu/76 tun tui. T l cao nht 93-96%. Khi lng trng 58 gam, v trng mu nu, g thnh thc sinh dc sm (18 tun tui bt u ). Tiu tn thc n cho 10 qu trng l,7kg. 6. Ging g trng Isa mao (lza Brow) Ging g ny c to ra Php, mi c nhp vo nc ta vo nhng nm gan y. Sn lngrng 280 qu/mi/nm. Khi lng trng 58 - 60 gam. V trng mu nu. G bt u tun tui 20. Thi gian ko di cho n 76 tun tui. 7. Ging g Babcock B-380 G c ngun gc t Anh, gm 4 dng, phn bit gii tnh bng mu lng. Tui qu trng u tin l 140-147 ngy. Tui t nh cao 190 ngy. Sn lng trng 310 qu/mi/76 tun tui. Khi lng ca trng 62 gam . Tiu tn thc n/10 trng l,7kg. Khi lng c th lc106 tun tui l 2,l-2,2 kg. IV. CC GING G KIM DNG NUI TH VN y l nhng ging g c nng sut trung bnh, va c th nui ly trng va c th nui ly tht, thch nghi tt vi li nui th vn. 1. G Rt Ri Nhm ging g ny c Vin Chn nui to ra t g Rt v g Ri. G c lng mu vng nu, lng ui v lng cnh mu en hoc xanh. Da, m, chn mu vng nht Mo n pht trin chn c 2 hng vy. Lc trng thnh con mi nng 2 - 2,5 kg, con trng nng 3,0 - 3,5 kg. Sn lng trng t 160 qu/mi/nm. Tiu tn thc n cho 10 qu trng l 2,5 kg. G c sc chng chu vi bnh tt cao. Tht thm ngon. 2. G Tam Hong y l ging g ca Trung Quc gm 2 dng Jiangcun v 882 c chn lc k nn n nh v ngoi hnh v nng sut, mi c nhp vo nc ta my nm gn y. G c mu lng nu cnh dn. Chn, m mu vng.

G thnh thc sinh dc sm. Tui trng u tin l 135 -145 ngy. Sn lng trng t 131 -160 qu/mi/nm. Khi lng trng trung bnh l 45,5 - 57,9 gam. Khi lng c th g mi lc 20 tun tui t trung bnh 1750- 1850 gam. G thng phm 882 nui 91 ngy tui t 1,7- 1,9kg. Tiu tn thc n/1kg tng trng: 2,8-3,0kg.

T l thn tht 65,32% - 67,25%. Khi lng tht ln v tht i chim 31,81 - 34,67% thn tht. G c sc khng bnh cao, d nui, chi ph thc n l 3,173 -3,606 kg/kg tht. 3. G Lng Phng hoa G Hoa Lng Phng hay Lng Phng hoa, thng c gi tt l g Lng Phng do xut x t vng ven sng Lng Phng. y l ging g tht lng mu do X nghip nui g thnh ph Nam Ninh, Tnh Qung Ty Trung Quc lai to thnh cng sau hn chc nm nghin cu, s dng dng trng a phng v dng mi nhp ca nc ngoi. G Lng Phng c gim nh k thut ca y ban khoa hc thnh ph Nam Ninh. G Lng Phng c dng b ngoi gn ging vi g Ri ca ta. Lng mu vng tuyn, vng m hoa hoc en m hoa. S d gi l Lng Phng hoa v trong n g c nhiu mu lng khc nhau, nh mt vn hoa. Mo, ym mo, mt v tch tai mu . G trng c mo n, ngc n, lng thng, lng ui vn cong, chn cao va phi. G mi u nh, thn hnh chc, chn thp. Da g Lng Phng mu vng, tht mn, thm ngon. V nng sut: G trng tui trng thnh, c khi lng c th 2.700 gram, G mi t khi lng 2.100 gram lc vo . G bt u vo 24 tun tui, sau mt chu k khai thc trng (66 tun tui) t 177 trng, sn xut 130 g con 1 ngy tui. G tht nui n 65 ngy tui t 1.500 1.600 g. Tiu tn thc n 2,4 - 2,6 kg thc n/kg tng trng nui sng trn 95%. G Lng Phng d nui, c tnh thch nghi cao, chu ng tt vi kh hu nng m, i hi ch dinh dng khng cao, c th nui nht (kiu nui cng nghip), bn cng nghip (va nht, va th) hoc nui th vn, ngoi ng, trn i. Bn cnh g Lng Phng hoa x nghip g Nam Ninh cng to ra mt s g lng mu khc c nhng c im tt l: G L hoa: Lng vn mu en trng (mu lng tng t nh g TD9 m Lin hip gia cm Vit Nam nhp t Cu Ba nm 1973). Nng sut rng t nh g Lng Phng. G Long Phng: Lng mu vng hoc m hoa, thuc loi g ln (do mang gen dw), chn thp, khung xng nh, t l tht cao. Loi g ny vn mang huyt thng ca loi g "cung nh" Bc Kinh nn cht lng tht rt ngon, hng v c bit. G c sc khng bnh tt. Nui n 100

ngy tui t khi lng c th 1,5 kg, tiu tn 2,4 - 2,6 kg thc n/1kg tng trng.

4. G Sasso Nm 1978 hng SASSO (Selection Avicole de la Sarthe et du Sud Ouest) c thnh lp vng Sabret - Cng ha Php. Mc tiu ca hng l nhn ging, chn lc, lai to v cung cp cc t hp lai g tht lng mu c th mu thm canh, th vn hoc cc trang tri. G SASSO c kh nng thch nghi cao, d nui cc iu kin nng m, sc khng bnh tt, cht lng tht thm ngon, gi c nhng v vn c ca cc dng g a phng. Hin nay hng a ra sn xut 18 dng g trng vi mc ch s dng khc nhau: Dng nh cn hoc nng cn -Lng , en. xm, hoc trng. -Da vng hoc trng, chn en, xm hoc vng. -Tri c hay c lng c Cc dng s dng rng ri nh dng ng hin nay l X44 v X44N, T55 v T55N, T77 v T77N, T88 v T88N. V dng mi hng SASSO c 6 dng nhm p ng cc yu cu s dng: Ln hoc chc khe, nng cn hoc nh cn, t phn bit gii tnh hoc khng. Trong c 2 dng c s dng rng ri nh dng b hin nay l 2 dng mi SA31 v SA51 . G SASSO c a chung trn 30 nc trn th gii, trong c nui nhiu Php, , c, Ty Ban Nha, Thy S, Nht, Malayxia v g SA31 c nhp vo nc ta t 4 nm tr li y. G SA31: c hng SASSO chn to vo nm 1985, sn xut g broiler nui bn cng nghip. C 3 loi g SA31 : Bnh thng, nng cn v Mini (ln). G SA31 c lng mu hoc nu , c sc chu ng cao vi mi trng khc nghit, thch nghi vi mi trng nhit i nng m. Do g SA31 mang gen ln hon ton nn ton b s g broiler sn xut ra u mang c im ging dng b (v mu chn, mu lng, c lng c hay tri lng c)... Cc c im nng sut ca g dng mi SA31 nh sau

G SA51 : c hng SASSO chn to ra nm 1989 sn xut g broiler lng mu nui trang tri v chn th. y l ging g chn ln nn tiu tn thc n thp hn v c sc trng v t lp n cao hn g SA31. G c lng mu hoc nu . C sc chu ng cao trong iu kin nng bc, kh hu nhit i hoc sa mc. Tng t nh, g mi SA51 mang gen ln hon ton nn ton b s g broiler sn xut ra u mang c im ging dng b (v mu chn, mu lng, tri c hay c lng c...) Cc c im nng sut

5. G Kabir Cng ty g Kabir (Kabir Co. Ltd) c thnh lp nm 1962 ti vng Moshat Hemed ca Israel do sng kin ca nh di truyn ng vt Zvi Katz. y l cng ty to ging g ln nht Israel do gia nh Zvi Katz ch s hu. Mc tiu ca cng ty l to ra c cc ging g tht cao sn, cc ging g tht lng mu c th nui cng nghip hoc chn th g kim dng, g cho cc nc theo o Hi...m c im chung l d nui, chng chu tt vi Strees ca mi trng, thch nghi cao vi cc vng nng m v v thi tit khc nghit, cht lng tht thm ngon, khi lai to vn duy tr c hng v truyn thng ca g a phng. Qua 36 nm nghin cu, nhn ging, chn lc, lai to nhm to ra ging g "ng nh s la chn ca bn" vi chi ph to ging g thp nht bng phng php ging c th da trn s thit lp "ngn hng gien" in hnh v s t hp gien. Hin nay cng ty Kabir c 28 dng g chuyn tht lng trng v lng mu trong c 13 dng ni ting ang khai thc bn ging g ng b. l cc dng trng: K100, K100N, K400, K666, K666N, K3868, K66 v cc dng mi: K800, K900, K2700, K7200 v K7700. Ngoi ra cng ty Kabir cng ang khai thc 4 dng g chuyn trng l K14, K25, K123 (lng trng) v K156 (lng nu). Hin nay c 33 nc nhp g ng b Kabir, trong c cc nc nui nhiu l Trung Quc, n , Nht Bn, Malaixia, Pakistan, Philipin, Hn Quc, i Loan, Thi Lan (Chu ); Ai Cp, Camrum, Lybia, Nigieria, Uganda (Chu Phi); Panama, Trinidad (Chu M) v B, Anh, Php, c,, H Lan, Bo Nha, Ty Ban Nha (Chu u).

Ln u tin t thng 7/1997, ba n g b m c Tng cng ty Chn nui Vit Nam nhp v t Israel vi 5000 mi dng m, 600 trng dng b, c nui mt c s ging pha Bc (XN g ging Chu Thnh) v mt c s ging pha Nam (Cng ty ging gia cm min Nam) vi cc mc ch s dng khc nhau: to ra loi siu tht lng trng, v to g trang tri, th vn "Label Rouge". Qua mt nm theo di, g Kabir "Label Rouge" rt thch hp vi iu kin kh hu v iu kin nui dng, chm sc nc ta, chng c chn nui c cc vng ng bng, trung du min ni, c a chung do ph hp iu kin nui nht v chn th, rt ging g ta v c hiu qu kinh t cao. G Kabir "Label Rouge" c c trng u vit sau y: -Mu lng: G b m c to ra t dng trng ng b GGK thuc ging Cornish mc lng nhanh, c gien nh sng vng v dng mi ng b K27 thuc ging Plymt trng, mc lng chm (gien ln) c gien nh sng vng. G thng phm "Label Rouge" l t hp lai 4 dng c lng mu vng hoc nu vng, c th phn bit bng mu lng do con mi c ba vt nu xm lng, hoc phn bit bng tc mc lng (con trng mc lng chm, con mi mc lng nhanh). Chn v da en mu vng. Kh nng thch nghi: G B m v thng phm u rt d nui, c sc khng bnh cao, c kh nng chu ng cao vi cc Strees mi trng, c bit vi iu kin nng -m cao, lnh -m cao. Phn g v cht n chung khng khi no bm, bt (d vo ma ma - m trong chung gn nh bo ha). -Nhu cu dinh dng khng cao nh g b m v g broiler lng trng (T l Protein thp hn 1 - 3%. ME cng thp hn). G b m c kh nng sinh sn tt. Kt qu nui th nc ta cho thy g Kabir hn hn cc g lng mu khc nhp vo nc ta nh: Lng Phng, Tam Hong, SASSO v cc ch tiu sinh sn. C th : Sc cao, t 85% vo tun tui 31 - 32 v duy tr t l cao (>80%) t 31 - 41 tun tui, t l trng ging 96 - 97%, trng c phi 96 - 97%, t l n loi 185 - 92%. Trng g Kabir to, hnh dng p, mu nu nht G Kabir thng phm c kh nng tng trng v hiu qu s dng thc n tt hn cc g lng mu khc ang nui nc ta (xem phn di). G thng phm Kabir "Label Rougel" thch hp vi cc phng thc nui cng nghip, nui trang tri bn chn th v nui chn th vn,

ng, trn i. Nui chn th khi lng c th thp hn khong 15% so vi nui nht song tht chc v thm ngon hn, gi thnh thp hn do gim chi ph thc n cng nghip. -Gi thnh g Kabir "Label Rouge" thp hn, nhng gi bn li cao hn 2000 - 4000 /kg so vi g broiler trng. -Tht g Kabir rt hp dn do da vng, mn, tht chc, thm ngon, c hng v gn nh g Ri. Di y l mt s ch tiu nng sut

Nm 1998, XN g ging Chu thnh nhp tip 2 n b m Kabir "Label Rauge" p ng nhu cu cp ging g th vn Kabir hin nay v sp ti Tng cng ty chn nui Vit Nam s nhp n ng b Kabir ch ng sn xut ging b m trong nc hy vng vi gi thnh thp hn 50 60% so vi nhp t Israel hoc t B nh hin nay. V. CC GING VT

1. Cc ging vt hng tht

1. 1. Ging vt Bc Kinh
y l ging vt tht ni ting c nui hu khp th gii. Vt Bc Kinh c nhp vo nc ta t u tin nm 1960 , sau nm 1987 li c nhp tip t Cng ha dn ch c. Hin nay ging vt ny ang c nui mt s vng sn xut vt thng phm tht v lai to vi vt a phng sn xut vt lai nui ly tht. Vt Bc Kinh c mu lng trng tuyn, u di, trn tng i dc, su v rng. M mu vng da cam, di trung bnh. Mt to v sng, c to va phi v tng i di, hi cong v n ra pha trc. Thn di, rng v su. Ngc n nang, su, rng. Bng ca con ci hi x. Vt d nui v kh nng cho tht ln. Vo lc 56 ngy tui vt trng t 2,3 - 2,5 kg, vt mi nng 2,0 - 2,2 kg. Lc trng thnh vt trng nng 2,8 - 3,0 kg, vt mi 2,4 - 2,7 kg. Vt thnh thc sinh dc 175 - 180 ngy. Sn lng trng t 130 - 140 qu/mi/nm. Khi lng trng 75 - 85 gam. Tiu tn thc n cho l kg tng trng l 2,8 - 3,2 kg.

1 .2. Ging vt Anh o (Cherry Vatley)


Ging vt ny c to ra Anh hn 20 nm gn y. Vt Anh o c nhiu dng khc nhau. Nhn chung vt c hnh dng nng n, u to v rng. Mnh di, ngc rng, lng mu trng tuyn. Chn, m mu da cam. Vt Anh o c nhp vo nc ta nhiu t, t nhiu ngun khc nhau . Nm 1970 nhp t Hungari, nm 1982 - 1983 vt Cherry Valley li c nhp vo Vit Nam t Anh. Kh nng cho tht ca Vt Anh o rt ln, lc 49 ngy tui c th t 2,7 - 3,2 kg. Tiu tn thc n cho l kg tht l 2,4 - 2,8 kg. Sn lng trng t 150 - 155 qu/mi/nm. Trong iu kin nui dng ti Vit Nam vt t khi lng c th 2,2 - 2,3 kg lc 75 ngy tui, sn lng trng t 120 - 130 qu/mi/nm. Cho n nay vt Anh o vn c nui mt s a phng.

1.3. Ging vt Szarvas


Vt Szarvas c nhp vo nc ta nm 1990, t Hungary. Vt c mu lng trng tuyn, chn m mu vng. Kh nng cho tht ln. Lc 49 ngy tui khi lng c th t 2,4 - 2,8 kg. Tiu tn thc n cho lkg tng trng l 2,8 -3,2 kg. Sn lng trng t 140 qu/mi/8thng. Ging vt ny ang c nui dng chn lc X nghip ging Cm Bnh v mt s tnh Pha Bc v pha Nam.

1.4. Ging vt C.V. super M

y l ging vt siu tht c to ra t cng ty Cherry Valley Vng Quc Anh vo nm 1976. Hin nay ging ny ang c nui ph bin trn th gii. Vt C.V super M c nhp vo nc ta t nm 1989 v ang c chn lc nui dng ti Trung tm nghin cu vt i Xuyn - H Ty, Trung tm nghin cu v chuyn giao tin b k thut chn nui - Thnh ph H Ch Minh. Vt C.V. Super M c mu lng trng tuyn, m v chn c mu vng da cam. C to, di, thn hnh n nang, ngc su, rng, u to, lng phng, i ln pht trin. Nng sut ging ti Anh: Vt b m thnh thc sinh dc lc 26 tun tui, lc ny vt mi nng 3,1 kg. Sn lng trng trong 40 tun l 220 qu/mi. T lp n 78%. Vt thng phm lc lc 49 ngy tui nng 3,0 - 3,2 kg, tiu tn thc n cho l kg tht hi l 2,8 kg. Trong iu kin chn nui ca nc ta t cc ch tiu nng sut nh sau: Tui thnh thc sinh dc v khi lng vt mi t tng ng Anh. Tuy nhin sn lng trng ch t 170 -180 qu/mi/nm. Vt thng phm nui n 56 ngy tui t 2,8 - 3,1 kg. Trong iu kin chn th lc 75 ngy tui t khi lng sng 2,8 - 3,0 kg. C th ni C.V. Super M l ging vt tht cao sn nht ang c nui nc ta. Vo nm 1992, trn c s ging vt C.V. Super M, hng Cherry Valley chn lc v to ra n vt C.V. Super M2 c nng sut tht cn cao hn ging C.V. Super M. Nui tp trung thm canh n 49 ngy tui vt c th t khi lng c th 3,2 - 3,3 kg. tiu tn thc n cho 1 kg tht hi l 2,4 kg. 2. Cc ging vt hng trng

2.1. Ging vt c
Vt c cn gi l vt n. min Nam cn gi l vt Tu. y l mt trong nhng ging vt ni c nui lu i v ph bin nht nc ta, phn b khp mi min t nc. Vt c ngun gc t vt tri c thun ha v chn lc t nhin m hnh thnh nn. Vt C c mu lng a dng t s sm, trng tuyn, xm hng, xm , n mu en tuyn, tuy nhin ph bin vn l mu lng cnh s. Vt c u thanh, m dt, di mu vng nht, mt s con c c m mu xanh l cy nht v c c mu lng xanh bic. Thn mnh thon di, ngc lp. Dng i ca vt C nhanh nhn,thch hp vi li chn th. Vt C thnh thc

sinh dc sm ( 135 - 140 ngy ), c nhng con 124 ngy tui bt u . Sn lng trng c th t 220 - 240 qu/mi/nm. Khi lng trng 60 - 65 gam. Trng c phi cao t 80 -85%. T l n 78 - 82%. Chi ph thc n cho 10 qu trng 2,0 - 2,3 kg. Kh nng sn xut tht ca vt C thp. Nui n 63 ngy tui vt trng ch t 1,2 -1,3 kg v vt mi t 1,0 - 1,2 kg. Vo lc trng thnh vt trng t 1,5 1,8 kg v vt mi t 1,4 - 1,5 kg. Vt c chim 70 - 75% tng n vt ca c nc. Hng s dng vt c: Chn lc nhn thun nng cao nng sut trng v c th lm mi nn lai to vi mt s ging vt khc ci to nng sut tht.

2.2. Ging vt Khaki Campbell


y l ging vt chuyn trng ni ting ca th gii c to ra Vng Quc Anh do lai gia ging vt tri vi vt Orpington v vt chy n . Vt ny c nhp vo nc ta ln u vo nm 1958, t H Lan v gn y l Thi Lan. Vt c mu lng vng nht u to va phi, mt en, m ca con trng c mu xanh l cy sm, ca con mi mu xm en. Thn di, ngc rng v su. Chn mu da cam. Vt c tm vc va phi lc trng thnh con c nng 2,2, - 2,4 kg, con mi nng 2,0 - 2,2 kg. Vt Khaki Campbell chu ng kham kh tt, trong iu kin chn th vt bt u 140 -50 ngy tui. Nng sut trng t 250 - 280qu/mi/nm. Khi lng trng 65 - 75 gam. Hin nay vt Khaki Campbell c nui rng ri khp cc tnh trong c nc c bit khu vc duyn hi min Trung.

2.3. Ging vt mn
y l ging vt a phng c ngun gc huyn mn, tnh Vnh Long. S lng vt khng nhiu. Ngoi hnh tng t vt C. Khi lng trung bnh lc 63 ngy tui 1,3-1,6 kg v lc trng thnh l 2,2 kg. Sn lng trng bnh qun 150 - 170 qu/mi/nm. Khi lng trng t 55 60 gam.

2.4. Ging vt CV2000 Layer


c nhp vo nc ta nm 1977 t Anh. Vt c lng trng tuyn m v chn vng; Sn lng trng 250 qu/mi/52 tun . Khi lng qu trng 7273 gam. Tiu tn thc n cho 10 qu trng:3,0kg. 3. Cc ging vt kim dng

3.1. Ging vt Bu

Vt Bu c phn b kh rng ri min Bc v c min Nam, ng thi c nhiu cc tnh Duyn Hi min Trung nc ta. Vt Bu c u to, m mu vng, con trng c m mu xanh l cy, v lng c mu xanh bic, mt s con c vng lng trng c. Vt c thn mnh di, rng, bng su, dng i nng n, lch bch. Cng nh vt C vt Bu khng c chn lc kht khe trong thi gian di, do mu lng c s phn ly ln t mu trng, en xm, n mu nu xm. min Nam vt Bu cn c gi l vt Sen (Sen c, Sen ...). Vt Bu va c nui ly tht va c nui ly trng, tuy nhin sn lng trng thp hn vt C, t trung bnh 100 - 130 qu/mi/nm, khi lng trng 70 - 80 gam. Tiu tn thc n cho 10 qu trng l 2,5 - 2,6 kg. T l trng c phi thp 75 - 80%. Kh nng cho tht ca vt Bu tng i tt, t l tht so vi khi lng sng t 50 52%. Nui n 63 ngy tui vt trng t 1,5 - 1,8 kg, vt mi t 1,3 - 1,5 kg, lc trng thnh con trng t 2,5 - 3,0 kg, con mi 2,2 -2,5 kg.

3. 2. Ging vt K La
Ging vt ny c ngun gc Lng Sn, c phn b rng cc tnh min ni Trung Du Bc B. Vt c mu lng khng ng nht, con mi m mu xm hoc vng, cn con trng c m mu xanh nht v c c mu lng xanh bic. Vt c thn hnh khng di, ngc su, bng su va phi. Dng i ca vt lc lc sang 2 bn, thn hi dc so vi mt t. Vt k la thnh thc sinh dc sm thng l 150 - 160 ngy. Sn lng trng t trung bnh 110 - 120 qu/mi/nm. Khi lng trng t trung bnh 70-75 gam. T l trng c phi v t l n kh cao. Kh nng sinh trng v pht trin ca ging vt ny trung bnh. Khi lng c th lc 63 ngy t bnh qun 1,2 - 1,6 kg v lc trng thnh con trng t 2,8 - 3,0 kg, con mi 2,2 - 2,5 kg. Nhn chung ging vt ny cha c ph bin rng ri v s lng khng ln.

3.3. Ging vt Bch Tuyt


y l ging vt to ra do kt qu lai to gia vt mi C v vt trng Anh o, vt c chn lc qua nhiu th h, nn tng i n nh v nng sut. Vt c mu lng trng tuyn, tm vc trung bnh, ngc su rng, c thanh nh. Lc trng thnh vt c khi lng c th trung bnh ca con trng l 2,2 - 2,3 kg v ca con mi l 1,7 - 2,0 kg. Vt bt u lc 150

ngy tui. Sn lng trng t 140 - 160 qu/mi/nm. Khi lng trng 65 - 79 gam. Vt c kh nng m ln tt, thch hp vi phng thc nui chn th. VI. CC GING NGAN 1. Ging ngan ni Ngan thc cht l mt ging vt, cho nn c ni cn gi ngan l Vt Xim. Cn c vo ngoi hnh c th phn chia ngan ni ra 3 loi hnh: Ngan D (mu lng trng), ngan Tru (mu lng en) v ngan Sen (mu lng loang en trng). Trong ngan Tru c tm vc ln nht, nhng ngan D c sc trng tt hn. Ngan c u to, trn phng, nhiu lng, mo pht trin c bit con trng. Thn hnh di, lng rng, ngc n nang, chn ngn dng i nng n. Kh nng tng trng v cho tht ca ngan tng i tt. Lc 60 ngy tui con trng t 2,0 - 2,5 kg v con mi t 1,4 - 1,6 kg, vo lc trng thnh con trng t 4,0 -4,5 kg, con mi t 2,5 - 3,0 kg. Ngan nhiu la trong nm dao ng t 3 - 6 la. Sn lng trng bnh qun mt la 15,5 qu/mi v mt nm l 65 - 70 qu/mi. Thi gian p 32 - 35 ngy. T lp n t 70 - 90%. Thi gian li sau mt la l 10 - 20 ngy. Tui thnh thc sinh dc bin ng ln t 225 - 235 ngy, ngan trng thnh thc sinh dc sm hn t 195 - 235 ngy. Tht ngan thm ngon, mu hng.T l thn tht t 67 - 68%, t l tht i 15,5%, t l tht ngc 13,5 - 15,3% (So vi khi lng sng)

2. Cc ging ngan nhp ni Nm 1996, nc ta bt au nhp mt s ging ngan ca Php t hng Grimand Fress S - A gm cc dng R31 c mu lng xm en, vn ngang v R51 c mu lng trng. y l 2 dng ngan cao sn c cc c im: Kh nng cho tht v kh nng sinh sn cao, thch ng vi kh hu nhit i. Khi lng c th lc 88 ngy tui i vi con trng 4,4 - 4,8 kg, lc 77 ngy tui con mi nng 2,4 - 2,6 kg. Sn lng trng t 195 - 202 qu/mi/2 chu k. Nui nc ta n 12 tun tui (84 ngy tui) con trng t 3,37 kg, con mi t 2,48 kg. VII. CC GING NGNG 1. Ngng C (ngng Sen) C 3 loi hnh: Ngng trng, ngng xm v ngng va trng va xm. c im chung ca 3 loi l u nh, mo trn, mt mu xanh l hay xm en, c di v nh, thn ngn, ngc hp. Khi lng c th lc 49 ngy tui 2,4 - 2,8 kg, lc 70 ngy tui 3,3 - 3,6 kg, lc trng thnh con trng t 4,0 - 4,5 kg, con mi t 3,6 - 4,0 kg. Sn lng trng 30 - 38 qu/mi/6 thng . Khi lng trng 140 - 170 gam. T l trng c phi 75 - 80%, thc n tiu tn cho 1 kg tht hi l 3,5 kg thc n tinh v 3,0 kg rau. 2. Ngng S T (ngng Trung Quc) Lng mu xm thm, u to, men, mo en rt pht trin. Mt nh mu nu xm. Khi lng c th lc 49 ngy tui 2,4 - 2,8 kg,lc 70 ngy tui 3,4 3,8 kg v lc trng thnh con trong 5,0 - 6,0 kg, con mi 4,0 - 4,5 kg. Sn lng trng 25 - 40 qu/mi/nm. Khi lng trng 140 - 180 gam, tiu tn thc n cho l kg tng trng tng t ngng C . Tui bt u l 210 240 ngy. 3. Ngng Renan (ngng nhp ni) C ngun gc c, lng mu trng tuyn. u to, m ngn mu da cam. Khi lng c th lc 49 ngy tui 2,8 - 3,2 kg v lc 70 ngy tui 3,8 - 4,3 kg v lc trng thnh con trng t 5,5 - 6,5 kg, con mi t 4,5 - 5,5 kg. Khi lng trng 120 - 180 gam. Sn lng trng 45 - 50 qu/mi/nm. T l trng c phi t 65 - 85%. Tui ca ngng vo khong 220 - 250 ngy.

4. Ngng (ngng nhp ni) Lng mu trng tuyn, khi lng c th lc 49 ngy tui t 3,0 - 3,2 kg, lc 70 ngy tui 4,0 - 4,4 kg v lc trng thnh con trng 5,5 - 6,5 kg, con mi 5,0 - 5,5 kg. T l nui sng n 70 ngy t 80 - 90%. Sn lng trng 6 thng t 50 - 70 qu. Khi lng trng 150 - 180 gam. Thc n tiu tn sn xut 1 kg tht hi l 3 kg thc n tinh v 3 kg rau (lc 49 ngy tui). Ngng hin nay c nui nhiu, ngng ln nhanh sc trng tt hn cc ging ngng khc. VIII. CC GING G TY G Ty ca nc ta thng c mu lng en tm mt s t c mu lng hoa m. u tri c ph mt lp da sn si v mm, m to va phi, c mng chun v ym pht trin, c bit con trng c lng ui v cnh di xe. G Ty ta b pha tp khc nhau, nng sut tht trng u thp so vi ging ca nc ngoi. G c bn nng i p cao. Khi lng c th tui trng thnh ca con mi l 3,0 - 5,0 kg, ca con trng 6,0 - 7,0 kg. Sn lng trng 80 -90 qu/mi/nm. Khi lng trng bnh qun 60 - 70 gam. Tui trng u tin 220 - 240 ngy. T lp n t 60 - 70%. Trng c v mu trng c, hay xanh nht v c cc m en. IX. CC GING CHIM CT Cc ging chim ct ang c nui nc ta ch yu bt ngun t Nht Bn v Trung Quc v ngy nay b pha tp nhiu, do t ch trng n cng tc chn lc, chn phi. Sau y l cc ch tiu c bn v nng sut v ngoi hnh. Khi lng c th lc trng thnh ca con mi l 120 - 170 gam, ca con trng l 110 - 130 gam v vo lc 25 ngy tui c trng mi trung bnh l 90 - 100 gam. Chim mi bt au vo lc 40 - 46 ngy tui. Sn lng trng ca mi trong nm t 250 - 340 qu. Khi tng trng trung bnh 12 - 16 gam. V trng mu trng c hay xanh l nht c m nu sm hay xanh nht. T l trng c phi v p n t 95 -98%. Chim ct c mu lng nu xm v ging mu lng chim s. Con trng c lng ngc v 2 bn m nu . Con mi c lng c mu vng rm, lng c c

m en trng nh vng cm. Con trng thng b hn con mi. X. GING CHIM B CU Chim B Cu c nui dng t lu nc ta, nhng nm gn y c ngi dn nui nhiu git tht ( mt s nc Chu u, M... ngi ta khng git tht chim B Cu). Ngi ta phn chia chim B Cu lm 3 loi hnh: Chim nui tht, chim cnh, chim a th. Trn th gii c khong 150 ni B Cu khc nhau. Chim B cu nc ta c nhng c im sau: Mu lng khng ng nht, ch yu mu lng en, trng, nu, khoang, xanh nht, cm trng. Khi lng c th trung bnh t 350 - 400 gam lc trng thnh. Sn lng trng t 10 12 qu/mi/nm. B Cu kh mn , mi nm 5 - 6 la, mi la 2 trng. Chim mi n nng 12 - 16 gam, trn thn mnh rt t lng t, t c ng, mt nhm nghin, khng t m c thc n m ph thuc vo s mm mi ca chim b v chim m bng sa diu v sau 7 -8 ngy l hn hp sa v ht, t 12 ngy tri hon ton l ht. Sau 30 ngy tui chim con t khi lng 350 - 370 gam. Thi k u (0 - 12 ngy tui) chim ln rt nhanh, sau chm li

Chng II CHN LC V NHN GING GIA CM


1. Cc phng php chn lc

I. CC PHNG PHP V HIU U CHN LC DON

Chn lc l cng on u tin trong cng tc ging ci tin di truyn ca ging vt nui. Mc ch ca chn lc l la chn nhng c th tt nht nhn ging. Ty theo mc tiu, yu cu ca cng tc ging v ph thuc vo tnh nng sn xut ca cc dng, ging v cui cng l ph thuc vo gc xem xt m ngi ta c th phn chia v p dng nhiu phng php chn lc khc nhau khi tin hnh cng tc ging i vi gia cm. C th nu ra mt s phng php chn lc sau y: Chn lc bnh n v chn lc nh hng Chn lc theo bn thn v quan h huyt thng Chn lc c th Chn lc theo gia nh Chn lc trong gia nh Chn lc kt hp

-Chn lc mt tnh trng v nhiu tnh trng

1 .1. Chn lc bnh n, nh hng


Cng nh mt s loi vt nui khc, gia cm c mt s tnh trng s lng (tnh trng nng sut) nh gia sn lng trng v khi lng qu trng, gia kh nng tng trng v sc trng tn ti mi tng quan nghch tc l khi gi tr tnh trng ny tng s gim gi tr tnh trng kia.

Th h con

Chnh v th m trong qu trnh chn lc cn phi bnh n (n nh) mt trong 2 tnh trng nhm nng cao hiu qu chn lc. Kt qu ca chn lc bnh n l gi tr trung bnh tnh trng c chn lc s khng thay i t th h ny sang th h khc. Ngc li vi chn lc bnh n l chn lc nh hng, vi mc ch thng l hng ti vic nng cao mt ch tiu nng sut no thuc cc tnh trng s lng. Kt qu ca chn lc nh hng l gi tr trung bnh tnh trng c chn lc th h sau s cao hn th h trc. 1.2. Phng php chn lc theo bn thn v theo quan h huyt

thng
Gi tr trung bnh mt tnh trng ca qun th l tng hp t 2 i lng: Th nht l sai lch gia trung bnh ca gia nh v trung bnh ca qun th (Pf); Th hai l sai lch gia c th v trung bnh ca gia nh (PI). Tc l:

P = Pf+ PI Nh vy ta c th nhn mt lng ln hn hoc nh hn 1 trong 2 thnh phn v phn loi cc con vt trong qu trnh chn lc theo mt tiu chun I nh sau: I = aPf+ bPI Ty s c 4 trng hp xy ra: Nu a = b = 1, c ngha l coi 2 thnh phn Pf= PI th l chn lc c th (Indi vidual selection), tc l bt k c th no tt nht ca qun th u c gi li lm ging. Phng php ny cn c coi l chn lc hng lot. Nu a = 1, b = 0, tc l coi gi tr PI = 0 v ch cn c vo gi tr ca Pf chn lc th l chn lc theo gia nh (Family selection). iu c ngha l tt c cc c th trong nhng gia nh tt nht (Gi tr Pf cao nht) u c gi li lm ging.

Nu a = 0, b =l, tc l coi gi tr Pf = 0 v ch cn c vo gi tr ca PI, th l chn lc trong gia nh (Within family selection), ngha l tt c cc c th tt nht trong cc gia nh u c lm ging.

-Cui cng nu xem xt c 2 thnh phn Pf v PI trong khi chn lc, c ngha l lc a v b c nhng gi tr khc 0 v khc 1, th l chn lc kt hp (Combined selection). Th d: Sn lng trng trung bnh sau 3 thng ca 4 gia nh g dng thun A,B,C,D. Mi gia nh c 4 anh ch em cng cha cng m (anh ch em rut). Hy chn lc 4 c th tt trong 16 c th trn lm ging.

Nu chn lc c th, th ta chn cc c th sau: Al,A2,Bl,B2 (hoc B3,B4,C3) - Nu chn lc theo gia nh th tt c cc c th ca gia nh A u c chn. V gi tr trung bnh ca gia nh A l ln nht . Nu chn lc trong gia nh th tt c cc c th tt nht ca tng gia nh u c chn: Al,Bl,C3,Dl. Nu chn lc kt hp th s chn cc c th Bl,B2,B3,B4 v cc c th ny xut pht t gia nh B c mc di chuyn n nh ( = 0.5) hn gia nh A (( = 3.65), mc d gi tr Pf ca gia nh B c thp hn gia nh A, nhng ln hn nhng gia nh cn li. Di y chng ta s xem xt c im v u nhc im ca tng phng php.

1.2. 1. Chn lc c th (cn gi l chn lc hng lot hay l chn lc


qun th) Chn lc c th (Individual selection) cn gi l chn lc kiu hnh l s la chn da theo kiu hnh ca cc c th m khng tnh n ngun gc v nng sut h hng ca chng . Nhng c th no c gi tr kiu hnh tt nht s c gi li lm ging. Vic chn lc theo kiu hnh da theo nguyn tc: kiu hnh ca mt c th mt mc xc nh ph hp vi kiu gen ca n.

u im ca phng php ny l s c hiu qu i vi nhng tnh trng c h s di truyn cao, d thc hin, n gin, khng phi theo di s sch mt cch cht ch, rt ngn thi gian chn lc. Tuy nhin phng php ny c nhc im: Hiu qu khng cao i vi nhng tnh trng c h s di truyn thp, v hn na c mt s tnh trng khng th chn lc trc tip trn bn thn con vt nh kh nng trng, t lp n ca g trng v.v... Phng php chn lc c th thng c p dng vo giai on g con. g d v i vi g ng b, b m.

1.2.2. Chn lc theo gia nh


y l phng php chn lc da trn snh gi v gi tr kiu hnh v kiu gen (quan h h hng) ca tng gia nh. Ton b nhng c th trong nhng gia nh c gi tr trung bnh kiu hnh tt nht u c gi li lm ging. Nh vy l gi tr kiu hnh ca bn thn cc c th l khng c tnh n. u im ca phng php chn lc ny s c hiu qu tt: i vi cc tnh trng c h s di truyn thp, bi v khi ch tnh n trung bnh gi tr kiu hnh ca mt gia nh th sai lch mi trng ca cc c th s b loi b khi mi trng sng ca cc gia nh ging nhau v khi s lng c th trong gia nh ln. Nhc im ca phng php ny l: s lm gim s lng gia nh so vi qun th ban u; Lm tng mc cn thn gia cc gia nh, nu nhn i nhng gia nh tt c ng s c th nhm duy tr s lng gia nh qua cc th h chn lc , mt s c th c gi tr kiu hnh km vn c gi li lm ging. Khi mi trng sng ca cc gia nh khc bit nhau th hiu qu chn lc s gim xung. Trong thc t chn nui gia cm thng ph bin phng php kim tra qua anh ch em rut v anh ch em h (cng b khc m) nh gi gi tr ging ca cc c th c chn lc.

1.2.3. Chn lc trong gia nh


Da theo gi tr kiu hnh ca tng c th so vi gi tr kiu hnh trung bnh ca tng gia nh tin hnh chn lc. C ngha l nhng c th no c gi tr ln hn gi tr trung bnh ca gia nh s c gi li lm ging. Nh vy l nhng gi tr gi li lm ging xut pht t nhng gia nh khc nhau, tc l gia nh no cng c sng gp cc c th tt nht cho th h sau. Phng php chn lc ny v ang c p dng trong cng tc ging i vi nhng ging g trng Leghom, HV85 v 2 dng

mi ca ging g thun BE.

u im ca phng php chn lc ny l: S c hiu qu i vi cc tnh trng c h s di truyn thp v khi cc gia nh c nui dng chm sc trong cng iu kin tng t nhau, s hn ch mc gia tng ng huyt cc qun th khp kn. Phng php chn lc theo gia nh v trong gia nh hiu qu hn so vi phng php chn lc cc th, v nhng c th ring bit (thm ch nhng c th t k lc v nng sut) c ngha thp hn trong vic hon thin n ging, so vi nhng gia nh, nhng h tt m c th c chn ra. C s chn lc gia nh l k hoch ghp trng mi tc l thnh lp cc gia nh mi da theo cc ch tiu nng sut v quan h huyt thng gia cc c th. Trong mt ging gia cm thun chng thng c t 4 - 6 dng, mi dng c chia thnh n v huyt thng nh gi l gia nh. Mt gia nh gm 1 trng v 12 - 15 mi. Mi dng thun c ti thiu 20 gia nh (thng l 40 - 60 gia nh). Con ci c sinh ra trong mt gia nh s c cc mi quan h sau: Anh, ch em mt (anh ch em ton phn) v anh ch em h (anh ch em 1 na). tin cho vic trnh giao phi cn thn sau ny, mi c th, mi gia nh cn c theo di, nh s cht ch v c nui tng chung ring bit, c vi ca sp t ng nhm theo di sn lng trng ca tng c th . Trng p ca tng gia nh c xp vo cc khay ring bit trnh nhm ln trong qu trnh p. Khi chuyn sang my n cc khay c mi che d dng nhn bit g n ra t qu trng no. Vic chn ghp gia nh tun theo quy lut nht nh nhm trnh s ng huyt trong vng khp kn. l qui lut lun chuyn gia nh trng trong 4 th h lin tc.

1.3.Chn lc tng tnh trng ring bit v tp hp nhiu tnh trng


Hiu qu sn xut tht trng gia cm ph thuc nhiu vo vic s dng cc dng c cc ch tiu nng sut, sc sng v kh nng sinh sn cao, bi vy ngi ta tin hnh chn lc nhiu tnh trng, m mt trong nhng tnh trng l chnh v nhng tnh trng kia l ph. Nhiu tnh trng quan trng nh khi lng sng v sn lng trng, khi lng trng v sn lng trng c mi tng quan m. C mt s tnh trng khc c mi tng quan dng, nhng khng phi l mi quan tm ca nh chn ging. Thng khi chn lc tnh trng no s khng ci thin tnh trng

kia, nhng ngc li lm xu i mt hoc nhiu tnh trng khc, do mi tng quan m gia cc tnh trng. Trong phng php chn lc nu trn, ngi ta chia lm 3 dng chn lc

khc nhau. l chn lc ln lt tng tnh trng, chn lc ng thi nhiu tnh trng nhng loi thi c lp v cui cng l chn lc theo ch s.

1. 3. 1. Chn lc ln lt tng tnh trng


Phng php chn lc ny c tin hnh ln lt tng tnh trng mt, chng no t c yu cu t ra, sau mi bt u chn lc tnh trng khc. Phng php chn lc ny s c hiu qu, nu ch chn 1 hoc 2 tnh trng. Khi chn lc nhiu tnh trng th yu cu thi gian rt di v trong sut thi gian chn lc s c nhiu tnh trng c tng quan m, hoc dng v v th nhng tnh trng c chn lc t trc s khng gi c gi tr ca mnh. Ty theo mc ch t ra ngi ta s tin hnh chn lc ln cui trong cng mt thi gian mt s tnh trng. Trong s nhng nhm gia cm c chn, ngi ta chn ra nhng c th c tnh trng ti u, v d sn lng trng . bc tip theo t nhng u con c chn, ngi ta tch ra cc c th theo tnh trng khi lng trng.v.v... Phng php chn ln lt tng tnh trng s c hiu qu khi p dng cho tng dng g ring bit. Mi dng g c chn theo tng tnh trng , v d sn lng trng hoc khi lng trng.

1.3. 2. Chn lc ng thi nhiu tnh trng nhng loi thi c lp


Ni dung ca phng php ny l chn lc ng thi nhiu tnh trng trong cng mt thi gian, v mi tnh trng t ra mc va phi. S loi thi nhng c th no khng t yu cu i vi tnh trng xem xt (trong nu mt tnh trng khng t yu cu b loi thi). Phng php ny c s dng kh ph bin. Tuy nhin tin b di truyn t c trong phng php ny s rt chm v c th c gi li lm ging c gi tr ging khng cao.

1.3.3. Chn lc theo ch s (Selection Index)


Phng php ny da trn snh gi v chn lc gia cm thng qua gi tr tng hp nhiu tnh trng l ch s. Ch s chn lc c tnh ton da trn cc s liu di truyn cc tnh trng, cc mi tng quan v gi tr kinh t ca chng. Nhng con vt c ch s cao nht s c chn gi li lm ging. Phng php lun ca ch s chn lc c gii thiu u tin trong cng tc ging thc vt v c Hazel (1943) p dng trong cng tc ging gia sc. Ch s chn lc c biu din bng cng thc tng

qut sau: I = blXl + b2X2 + b3X3 + ...+ bnXn

Trong : I - gi tr ch s l s c lng ca gi tr di truyn i vi kiu trn tng cng (aggregate genotype) X1, X2,...Xn l ngun thng tin th 1, th 2,..., th n. C ngha l gi tr cc tnh trng nghin cu. Tc l sai lch gia cc gi tr kiu hnh ca bn thn c th vi trung bnh ca qun th. b1, b2...bn l h siu chnh cho tng tnh trng (h s hi qui ring phn ca gi tr ging i vi gi tr kiu hnh ca bn thn c th) Nh vy ch s chn lc l c lng tt nht ca gi tr di truyn v n thc hin cc tiu chun sau y: N ti a ha tng quan gia cc gi tr di truyn thc s i vi kiu gen tng cng v gi tr di truyn c c lng. N ti a ha xc sut ca vic xp hng chnh xc tng c th theo gi tr ging ca chng. N ti a ha tin b di truyn bi s chn lc N ti thiu ha s khc bit gia gi tr ging tht s v gi tr ging c c lng. Trong thc t n gin ha vic tnh ton, khi chn lc g trng v g tht ngi ta a ra 2 ch s sau: Ch s hiu qu sn xut trng v ch s hiu qu sn xut tht Ch s hiu qu sn xut trng c tnh theo cng thc sau: Trong : I l ch s hiu qu sn xut trng PT l khi lng trng trung bnh (gam) PM l khi lng c th g mi (gam) Ta l tiu tn thc n trong mt ngy m (gam) TD l t l

Ch s hiu qu sn xut tht c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Trong : I l ch s hiu qu sn xut tht P l khi lng c th (gam) GN l gc ngc () DL l di ln (mm) Dc l di chn (mm) d l ng knh bn chn (mm) 2. Hiu qu chn lc don i vi cc tnh trng s lng Kt qu ca qu trnh chn lc ging c nh gi bng hiu qu chn lc. chnh l s chnh lch v gi tr kiu hnh gia i con ca b m c chn lc v ton b qun th thuc th h b m c chn lc. S chnh lch chnh l gi tr ging (breeding value) ca b m. Hiu qu chn lc c k hiu bng ch ci R. Mi phng php chn lc khc nhau s c cng thc tnh hiu qu chn lc khc nhau.

2.1. Hiu qu chn lc c th


Khi chn lc c th th hiu qu chn lc don (R) l: R = S. h = i. p.h
2 2

Trong : S l ly sai chn lc - tc l mc sai khc gia gi tr kiu hnh trung bnh ca cc c th b m c chn lm ging vi gi tr kiu hnh trung bnh ca qun th thuc th h b m trc khi chn lc. i l cng chn lc l lch chun v gi tr kiu hnh ca c th

h l h s di truyn v gi tr kiu hnh ca c th V d: Sn lng trng trung bnh /nm ca qun th g trng l 230 qu. Sn lng trng ca nhng g mi c chn lm ging l 250 qu. 2 Tnh R bit rng h = 0,25 Trong trng hp ny ly sai chn lc s l: S = 250 - 230 = 20 qu

Vy: R : 20 x 0,25 = 5 qu

2.2. Hiu qu chn lc theo gia nh


Khi chn lc theo gia nh th hiu qu chn lc don (Rf) l: 2 Rf = i. f.h f Trong : i l cng chn lc
f l lch chun v gi tr kiu hnh ca gia nh

h f l h s di truyn v gi tr kiu hnh ca gia nh

2.3. Hiu qu chn 1c trong gia nh


Khi chn lc trong gia nh th hiu qu chn lc don (Ri) l: Ri= i. i.h i Trong : Ri l hiu qu chn lc don trong gia nh i l cng chn lc
i l lch tiu chun v gi tr kiu hnh trong gia nh

h i l h s di truyn v gi tr kiu hnh trong gia nh

2.4. Hiu qu chn 1c kt hp


Khi chn lc kt hp theo gia nh v trong gia nh th hiu qu chn lc don Rc l: Rc = h f . Pf + h i . PI Trong : h f l h s di truyn v gi tr kiu hnh theo gia nh h i l h s di truyn v gi tr kiu hnh trong gia nh Pf l chnh lch gi tr kiu hnh ca c th v trung bnh gi tr kiu hnh theo gia nh PI l chnh lch gi tr kiu hnh ca c th v trung bnh gi tr kiu hnh ca gia nh Sau khi xc nh c hiu qu chn lc don chng ta c th don c nng sut ca i con theo cng thc sau: PC =Pqt + R Trong : PC l gi tr trung bnh kiu hnh ca i con
2 2 2 2

Pqt l gi tr trung bnh kiu hnh ca ton b qun th thuc i b m R l hiu qu chn lc don II .CNG TC GING I VI G GING THUN CHNG Cc x nghip g ging dng thun c nhim v nui dng chn lc v gi cc ging gc nhm cung cp g ng, b, b, m cho cc x nghip g ging cp hai sn xut con ging v g thng phm tht trng. Vi nhim v cng tc ging cc x nghip g ging gc c tin hnh thng xuyn lin tc v rt nghim ngt theo cc trnh t sau. 1. Chn lc g con mt ngy tui Sau khi g n trm p, ta cn chn lc ngay theo ng tiu chun ca cc ging g thun chng. Bt u t i I tri, g con mi n trm p c theo di tng gia nh, mi gia nh bao gm t 12 - 15 g mi v 1 g trng. G con mt ngy tui c chn lc theo cc c im sau: Lng bng mn, mt sng, khi lng s sinh ln, chn bng, cng cp, dng i vng vng, nhanh nhn, mu lng c trng vi mu lng ca dng. Cn loi nhng c th c khuyt tt v ngoi hnh nh khoo chn, h rn, bng ph, vo m, hu mn dnh phn, tm vc nh, lng xon, mu sc lng khng ph hp vi mu sc lng c trng ca dng. Nhng c th mc du t cc tiu chun v ngoi hnh, nhng l lch khng r rng (do nhm gia nh ny vi gia nh kia, hoc do bt np hp p trong qu trnh p) th cng cn loi. Nhng c th sau khi c chn t cc tiu chun v ngoi hnh v khi lng s c bm s theo eo cnh. S cnh c eo theo th t ca tng l cho mi loi dng. Tiu chun k thut gi v nng cao cht lng dng thun ti thiu phi c 10.500 g con 1 ngy tui. 2. Chn lc lc kt thc giai on g con (vo lc 35, 42, 49 hoc 63 ngy tui) y l t chn lc th hai, ty theo cc ging g chuyn dng khc nhau m qui nh ngy chn ging khc nhau, i vi g chuyn dng tht th chn lc vo ngy tui 35 hoc 42, 49 cn i vi g chuyn dng

trng th chn lc vo lc 63 ngy tui. Ch tiu chn ging trong giai on ny ch yu l khi lng c th c xem xt n ngoi hnh. Theo ng lch chn ging n 35 hoc 42, 49, 63 ngy tui, ta tin hnh cn chnh xc tng c th ring. Cn ring trng v mi. Trong khi cn phi quan st v nh du chnh xc tng khuyt tt v ngoi hnh ca tng c th. Cn chn mu 10% tnh gi tr bnh qun v khi lng c th , sau cn tng c th chn. 2.1. i vi g chuyn dng tht Khi lng c th lc 35 hoc 42, 49 ngy tui i vi g chuyn dng tht rt quan trng, v y l tnh trng c c tnh di truyn cao, v c mi tng quan dng vi khi lng sau ny ca g tht.

2.1.1. Chn lc g mi
giai on ny, k thut chn thng quyt nh bi s lng g mi vo chn. C th xy ra hai trng hp: Trng hp th nht: Nu s lng g ging nui hu b y th c th chn lc tt c nhng c th c khi lng c th ln hn khi lng trung bnh ca l. Tc l ch chn nhng c th c khi lng c th bng hoc ln hn khi lng c th trung bnh ca l t 1,5 - 2,6 %. Trng hp ny s ci to nhanh khi lng c th lc lc 35 hoc 42, 49 ngy tui. Trng hp th hai: Nu s lng g ging nui hu b khng so vi s lng cn chn, th c th chn nhng c th c khi lng c th bng hoc nh hn khi lng trung bnh t 100 n 200 gam. Trong trng hp ny s khng ci to c tnh trng khi lng c th, m ch n gin l l gi dng thun. Trong c hai trng hp nu trn trong khi chn cn ch ti ngoi hnh. Nu c nhng c th mc du t yu cu v khi lng c th, nhng ngoi hnh c khuyt tt v chn m, mu sc lng, th cng phi loi b.

2.1. 2. Chn lc g trng


G trng c ly vi s lng t, cho nn cn p dng phng php chn lc kht khe. Ch chn lc nhng c th c c khi lng c th ln hn khi lng trung bnh ca qun th. Tc l chn nhng c th c khi lng c th bng hoc ln hn khi lng trung bnh ca l t 1,5 2,6%. Khi chn g trng cng cn c bit ch ti yu t ngoi hnh,

cu trc thn, c bit l i v ln. Tt c nhng c th g trng v g mi c chn lc phi bm s vo chn. Qui nh i vi g mi th bm s vo chn tri cn g trng c bm s vo chn phi. cc nc chn nui tin tin ngi ta quy nh p lc chn lc giai on ny rt ln. V d Lin bang Nga (Lin X c) ngi ta p dng t l chn lc i vi g chuyn dng tht lc 49 ngy tui nh sau:

nc ta do iu kin chung tri hn hp cha m rng c cng sut chn nui g hu b, cho nn t l chn lc vn cn cao, dn ti tin b di truyn t rt chm. 2.2. i vi g chuyn dng trng Khi lng c th lc 63 ngy tui i vi g chuyn dng trng khng quan trng lm, nhng khi chn lc cn hn ch xu hng tng khi lng c th giai on ny qua cc th h. iu dn ti hu qu s to ra ging g chuyn dng trng c khi lng c th ln tiu tn thc n nhiu v sn lng trng s gim.

2.2.1. Chn lc g mi
Khng chn g mi c khi lng c th qu ln hoc qu b so vi trung bnh khi lng ca l. i vi g Leghom chn khi lng c th trong giai on ny l xp x 600 gam. Khong chn lc l 550 - 860 gam, ty theo iu kin nui dng ca tng i. Tuy nhin nhng c th c chn lc ngoi yu t v khi lng, cn t yu t ngoi hnh.

2.2. 2. Chn lc g trng


Khng chn nhng g trng c khi lng qu b hoc qu to so vi trung bnh ca l. i vi g trng Leghom c th chn g trng lc 63 ngy tui c khi lng xp x 700 gam. Khong chn lc l 650 - 880

gam. S lng g trng chn 18 - 20% so vi g mi c chn thc t. G trng Leghom giai on ny mo pht trin rt nhanh, cho nn khi chn lc cn ch ti tnh trng ny. Mo g phi cng c 5 kha rng ca r rt v c c im ngoi hnh khc cng phi t yu cu, c trng cho dng.

3. Chn lc ging trong giai on hu b (133 hoc 140 ngy tui) Ch tiu c bn tin hnh chn lc trong giai on ny vn l khi lng c th v ngoi hnh. i vi g chuyn dng tht c chn lc vo lc 140 ngy tui, cn i vi g chuyn dng trng th chn lc vo lc g 133 ngy tui. Cng ging nh giai on trc theo lch cng tc ging, n 133 hoc 140 ngy tui, ta tin hnh cn o chnh xc tng c th, da vo gi tr bnh qun v khi lng ca l chn tng c th 3.1. i vi g chuyn dng tht Khi lng c th lc 140 ngy tui i vi g chuyn dng tht khng quan trng lm, bi v s tng quan gia khi lng c th giai on ny vi khi lng c th g broiler rt thp.

3.1.1. Chn lc g mi
Khi lng c th g mi lc 140 ngy tui thng c tng quan m vi sn lng trng. Mt khc to ra n g mi c khi lng va phi giai on ny nhm gim chi ph thc n, cho nn xu hng chn lc khi lng g mi giai on ny l hn ch khi lng g mi mc thch hp. Tin hnh cn mu 10% xc nh khi lng c th trung bnh , t tin hnh cn tng c th v chn theo nguyn tc sau: Loi nhng c th c khi lng qu ln hoc qu b so vi trung bnh ca l. Chn nhng c th c khi lng c th nm trong khong trung bnh hoc nh hn (ln hn) 5% so vi trung bnh
X-

5% xn X + 5%.

Trong : X l khi lng c th trung bnh xn l khi lng c th ca c thc chn Chn lc trong giai on ny cn ch xem xt k ngoi hnh. Cn loi b nhng c th c khuyt tt v ngoi hnh. Nhng c th c chn lc phi c ngoi hnh cn i, mo v tch tai pht trin.

3.1.2. Chn lc g trng giai on g gi, g trng cng c hn ch


khu phn thc n nhm t c khi lng c th va phi 140 ngy tui. Cng ging nh g mi khi lng c th g trng giai on ny khng quan trng lm. Cc bc tin hnh chn ging nh chn g mi. Cn 10% mu tnh khi lng c th bnh qun ca l v chn nhng c th c khi lng nm trong khong trung bnh, hoc ln hn trung bnh 5%: X xn X + 5%.

Khi chn ch kt hp vi ngoi hnh. i vi g trng cn quan tm 0 n dng i dng ng. Nhng c th c dng ng to gc 45 so vi mt nn chung l nhng trng c dng tt. Mo v tch tai pht trin, mt tinh nhanh, hai chn vng chi, cc ngn khng c khuyt tt, l nhng im tt ca g trng. Nhng g trng c chn lc th ghp ngay vi g mi, khi chuyn ln . 3.2. i vi g chuyn dng trng

3.2.1. Chn g mi
Khi lng c th lc 133 ngy tui i vi g chuyn dng trng chim v tr rt quan trng, bi v khi lng c th giai on ny nh hng ln ti sn lng trng sau ny ca ging g. Nu khi lng c th g qu ln hoc qu b u nh hng khng tt n sc cho nn khi chn lc cn chn nhng c th c khi lng c th nm trong khong nht nh ph hp khi lng c th chun m hng ging khuyn co. V d i vi cc dng g Leghom X v Y khi lng chun nm trong khong 1300 - 1500 gam. Tuy nhin trong iu kin thc t nui dng tng i g phi da vo khi lng c th trung bnh chn. Khong chn lc l: (Theo TCVN 3246 -79) [ X - (100 200 gam] < xn < [X + (200 300 gam)]

Nu s lng g nh chn cha yu cu th c th m rng khong chn lc.

3.2.2. Chn g trng


Nguyn tc chn g trng chuyn dng trng lc 133 ngy tui cng da vo khi lng c th v ngoi hnh. Khi chn theo khi lng c th cng da theo ti liu hng dn ca hng ging. Tuy nhin iu c bn l da vo gi tr bnh qun ca khi lng c th ca l chn. Khong chn lc l: xn [X - 100 200 gam]

Khi lng c th ca g trng BVx v BVy lc 133 ngy tui, thng nm trong khong 1600 gam - 1800 gam.

Trong qu trnh chn lc khi lng c th cn kt hp chn ngoi hnh. Ngoi hnh cn t cc yu cu sau: Lng bng mt, u cn i, mo v tch tai ti, pht trin tt mt trn, sng, tinh nhanh, m chc khng vo, m trn v m di khp nhau, lng rng, di thng, thn hnh cn 0 i, chc khe, khng vo, lch mng, g trng c ng ng to gc 45 i vi nn chung, g mi c khong cch xng chu rng. i vi dng trng cn kim tra cht lng tinh dch trong qu trnh theo di sn lng trng. 4. Theo di nh gi sn lng trng v khi lng trng trong 3 thng Tt c g mi v g trng sau khi c chn lc giai on 133 hoc 140 ngy tui s c chuyn ln khu g , theo di sc ca tng c th. Thi gian theo di t lc bt u qu trng u tin cho n ht tun tui 36 i vi g chuyn dng tht v tun tui 38 i vi g chuyn dng trng. Hng ngy ngi cng nhn can ghi chp s trng ra vo biu theo di sn lng trng c th ca tng c th, da theo seo chn hoc seo cnh ca g. n tun tui 35 - 36 (i vi g tht) v 37 - 38 (i vi g trng) s cn ton b s trng do tng g mi ra xc nh khi lng trng trung bnh theo biu "kim tra khi lng trng c th". i vi cc dng mi, cn coi trng ch tiu sn lng trng v khi lng qu trng , ch tiu trng c phi v t lp n . Kt thc giai on kim tra sc trng c th tc l vo 252 ngy tui i vi g chuyn dng tht v vo lc 266 ngy tui i vi g chuyn dng trng , chng ta tin hnh cn xc nh khi lng c th ca tng c th. Tuy nhin khi lng c th giai on ny c tnh cht tham kho, nhm nh gi ch dinh dng i vi n g . Sn lng trng 3 thng v sn lng trng c nm c mi tng quan dng cht ch, cho nn ch can bit sn lng trng 3 thng c thnh gi sn lng trng c nm tng i chnh xc. 5. Chn ghp gia nh (ghp h)

5.1. Mt s khi nim chung


Trong mt ging gia cam thng c nhiu dng (t 2 n 4 dng), mi dng c chia thnh n v huyt thng nh gi l gia nh, mt gia nh

gm 1 trng v 12 n 15 g mi thuc mt h g trng v 1 hay 2 h g mi ghp vi nhau. n g ging thun chng nhp vo nui nu khng cn theo l lch gc, c tip tc nui gi dng thun chng cho cc th h k tip th quy nh l i t tin vit tt l P. T i P tri theo th t c gi l i I (Fl) v i II(F2) i IV (F4)... 5.2. Cc phng php chn ghp gia nh Hin nay c 2 phng php chn ghp gia nh c p dng ph bin l phng php xp cp tng hp v phng php ch s. 5.2.1. Phng php xp cp tng hp (da theo tiu chun Nh nc) Mi dng thun c nhng quy nh tiu chun khc nhau nh gi cht lng ging tng c th. Theo quy nh c 2 loi tiu chun: Tiu chun pht huy: L nhng ch tiu c gi tr kinh t cao, c trng cho hng sn xut ca dng v tnh bit. Cc ch tiu ny c chia ra 3 cp l c cp, cp I, cp II hoc ngoi cp. Tiu chun khng ch: L nhng ch tiu c quy trng khong nht nh.

+ i vi g chuyn dng tht: Tiu chun pht huy bao gm:


-Khi lng c th 35 hoc 49 ngy tui -Sn lng trng. Khi lng trng Tiu chun khng ch bao gm: Khi lng c th lc 140 ngy tui. Khi lng c th lc 252 ngy tui.

+ i vi g chuyn dng trng Tiu chun pht huy bao gm:


-Sn lng trng Khi lng trng Tiu chun khng ch bao gm: Khi lng c th lc 63 ngy tui Khi lng c th lc 133 ngy tui Khi lng c th lc 266 ngy tui Da vo cc tiu chun pht huy ca mi c th ta tin hnh phn cp cho

tng ch tiu Tng hp tt c cc ch tiu (tnh trng) thnh cp tng hp cho c th. Nguyn tc xp cp tng hp nh sau: i vi c th c 3 tnh trng th cp tng hp ca c th c xp nh sau: -C 3 ch tiu l c cp th cp tng hp l c cp. C 2 ch tiu c cp (C) v mt ch tiu cp I, th cp tng hp l c cp. C 1 ch tiu l C v 2 ch tiu l cp 1, th cp tng hp l cp I. C 2 ch tiu l C v 1 ch tiu cp II, th cp tng hp l cp I. C 1 ch tiu l C, 1 ch tiu l cp I v 1 ch tiu cp II. th cp tng hp l cp I: C 2 ch tiu l cp I v 1 ch tiu cp II, th cp tng hp l cp I C 1 ch tiu l C v 2 ch tiu cp II, th cp tng hp l cp II C 1 ch tiu l cp I v 2 ch tiu cp II, th cp tng hp l cp II C 3 ch tiu l cp II th cp tng hp l cp II i vi cc c th c 2 ch tiu, th xp cp tng hp theo nguyn tc sau: C 2 ch tiu C th cp tng hp l C. C 1 C v 1 cp I th tng hp l cp I C 1 C v 1 cp II th tng hp l cp I. C 1 ch tiu cp I v 1 ch tiu cp II th cp tng hp l cp I C 2 ch tiu l cp I th cp tng hp l cp I Ty theo s lng c th cn chn v ghp vo gia nh m ta quyt nh ly cc c th t cp no tri. C th c gia nh ch chn ton c cp, c nhng gia nh phi ly c nhng c th cp II. 5.2.2. Phng php chn lc theo ch s (Selection Index) Da vo cc ch tiu pht huy ca tng c th v gia nh tnh ton tng hp thnh mt ch s. Ch s chn lc phn nh c cc tham s di truyn, gi tr kinh t v mi tng quan gia chng. Ch s chn lc c biu din bng cng thc tng qut nh sau:

I : b1X1 + b2 X2+ ...+ bn Xn Trong : I l ch s chn lc b1, b2....bn l h s hi qui ring phn ca tng tnh trng, phn nh mc di truyn, gi tr kinh t v s tng quan gia cc tnh trng. Xl, X2...Xn l sai lch gia cc gi tr kiu hnh ca bn thn c th vi trung bnh qun th

5.3. Chn lc ghp gia nh i t tin


i t tin l i m mi c th g mi v g trng vo ghp gia nh khng mang theo l lch gc. K t i ny l lch mi bt u c thnh lp cho nn i t tin cn c gi l i thnh lp gia nh gc. i ny xem nh h s Fx (h s ng huyt) khng ng k v khi ghp trng v mi xem nh ngu giao. i ny, nh gi cht lng ging ca g trng v g mi ch thng qua sc sn xut ca bn thn con vt.

5.3.1. Cc s liu ghp gia nh i t tin


Nh trn ni i t tin ch c cc ch tiu ca bn thn. i vi g mi chuyn dng tht gm c cc ch tiu sau: Khi lng c th lc 35 (hoc 42, 49) ngy tui v lc 140, 252 ngy tui. Trong quan trng nht l ch tiu khi lng c th lc 35 (hoc 42, 49) ngy tui. i vi g mi chuyn dng trng bao gm cc ch tiu: Khi lng c th lc 63, 133, 266 ngy tui, sn lng trng v khi lng trng. Trong quan trng nht l 2 ch tiu sn lng trng v khi lng trng. i vi g trng chuyn dng trng bao gm cc ch tiu: khi lng c th lc 133, 266 ngy tui.

5.3.2. Chn lc l thuyt ghp gia nh


Theo qui nh chung mi mt gia nh g chuyn dng trng cng nh chuyn dng tht khi chn l thuyt gm 3 trng v 15 - 16 mi. Trong s 3 trng c chn, c mt g trng tt nht c a vo ghp ngay, cn 2 trng cn li nui d tr. Chn g mi c cp ghp thnh gia nh ring v g mi cp I ghp vo mt gia nh... Ty theo s lng g mi m thnh lp s lng gia nh cho thch hp. Chn nhng g trng tt nht (C) ghp vi g mi C v ln lt

trng

cp I ghp vi mi cp I. Cc gia nh sau khi c ghp l thuyt xong u c vit vo biu ghp gia nh mi. Cc gia nh mi ny u c mang theo th t lin tc cho tng dng. Nu tng s gia nh ca 2 dng cha t 100 gia nh th nn s th t lin tc t dng ny qua dng khc. V d: Dng BVx t gia nh s 1 n 42 Dng BVY t gia nh s 43 n 86 nh du theo phng php ny nhm trnh nhm ln n mc ti a trong trm p khi ghp gia nh. T biu gia nh mi ta chuyn s th t ca gia nh tng g mi sang biu kim tra khi lng trng ca g mi v chuyn sang biu cn o khi lng c th lc 252 ngy tui ca g trng tin hnh chn lc thc t ti khu g . Lc ta s lp mt bng danh sch cho g trng v g mi ring, bng ny c ghi s th teo chn, eo cnh ca g mi cng nh g trng v km theo s th t ca gia nh bn cnh. Vi bng danh sch ny gip ta pht hin c g bay ra khu ghp gia nh (ghp h) nm gia nh no.

5.3.3. Chn thc t ghp gia nh i t tin


Trn c s danh sch chn lc l thuyt, chng ta tin hnh chn lc thc t v phc tra danh sch tng gia nh. Cn xem xt k cc c im ngoi hnh ca tng c th v loi ngay nhng c th khng t tiu chun v ngoi hnh hoc ang thay lng. Khi xem xt ngoi hnh i vi g mi cn xem xt khong cch gia xng hng v mm xng li hi. Yu cu khong cch ny phi rng, bng mm, mo pht trin. Trong qu trnh chn thc t cn phc tra li s th teo chn cnh ca tng c th g trng v g mi trong gia nh bng biu ghp gia nh mi. K t ngy chn lc thc t khu ghp gia nh nu khng c vn g xy ra th sau 21 ngy (3 tun) c th thu trng p thay th.

5.4. Chn ghp gia nh t i I tri


K t i I tri n g c theo di l lch ca tng gia nh. S lng g mi v g trng c mt cho ti lc 252 hoc 266 ngy tui ca tng gia nh ph thuc vo s g con 1 ngy tui v t l nui sng cc giai on. T i I tri i vi g trng c thm 2 ch tiu vo xp cp nh sn lng trng, khi lng trng. Hai ch tiu ny c xc nh thng qua

sn

lng trng v khi lng trng trung bnh ca ch em gi trong cng gia nh.

5.4.1. Cc s liu ghp gia nh Sau khi chn lc lc 35 (hoc 49),


63 ngy tui theo cc ging g chuyn dng khc nhau ta tin hnh ghi khi lng c th ca tng c th c chn vo biu s 2 "Biu theo di ghp gia nh". Ghi theo tng l v theo cc gia nh, g mi c ghi bng lt mu xanh, g trng c ghi bng mu . Kt thc chn ging vo lc 133 hay 140 ngy tui ta tin hnh ghi vo biu theo di gia nh, khi lng c th ln 2 ca nhng c th c chn lc lm ging. Phng php ghi ging nh giai on 35 hoc 49, 63 ngy tui. Sau khi ghi xong vo biu theo di gia nh ta tin hnh chuyn cc s liu ca nhng g c chn lc 133, hay 140 ngy tui sang biu chn g mi thay th, lm ring trng v mi theo tng gia nh v trong mi gia nh ghi theo tng g mi m. n 252 hoc 266 ngy tui, ta li c thm s liu v khi lng sng, sn lng trng v khi lng trng ca tng c th g mi. Cc s liu ny c tp hp vo biu mu chn g mi thay th ly s liu theo tng gia nh. Ring sn lng trng v khi lng trng ca gia nh g trng, th da vo biu chn g mi thay th ca tng gia nh, ghi ring g trng v tra ngc li vi tp biu chn g mi thay th ginh cho g mi ta c th xc nh c ch em gi ca g trng v thng qua s liu ca ch em gi cng b, cng m ta c th tnh c sn lng trng v khi lng trng ca g trng a vo chn ghp gia nh. Trong qua trnh tp hp cc s liu vo bng chn g mi thay th phi nh du chnh xc khuyt tt v ngoi hnh ca tng c th nht l khuyt tt lc 2252 hoc 266 ngy tui. Nh vy k t i 1 tri n 266 ngy tui cc s liu thu c cho mi c th theo tng gia nh bao gm: Khi lng c th lc 35 (hoc 49), 63 ngy tui Khi lng c th lc 133 hoc 140 ngy tui Khi lng c th lc 252 hoc 266 ngy tui Sn lng trng 3 thng Khi lng trng tun tui 35 - 36 hoc 37 - 38

-S liu v cm nhim bnh tt ca tng gia nh. Sau khi c y s liu ta tin hnh xp cp cho tng c th.

5.4.2. Chn l thuyt ghp gia nh k t i I tri

K t i I tri cc tiu chun vo chn xp cp ca g mi v g trng u ging nhau theo tng gia nh. Sau khi tp hp xong s ca g trng v g mi vo biu mu chn lc g mi thay th, th t cc tin hnh nh sau: 5.4.2.1. Xp cp gia nh Xc nh gi tr trung bnh ca tng tiu chun ca gia nh i con v i b m, sau xp cp theo gia nh i con v i b m . Xp cp ring g trng v g mi ca gia nh, sau xp cp tng hp ca gia nh. Gia gia nh i con v i b m c xp cp theo cng thc sau: Cp gia nh i b m + cp gia nh i con = Cp tng hp ca gia nh Da vo cp gia nh tng hp v cn c vo s lng u con c xp cp ca tng gia nh i con, nhm nh gi c gia nh tt nhn i, gi nguyn hoc ghp 2 gia nh li vi nhau. C th c nhng gia nh b trit tiu, do khng t yu cu v cht lng. 5.4.2.2. Chn g mi G mi ca tng gia nh c phn cp theo tng tnh trng. sau xp cp tng hp ca tng c th g mi, t xc nh s g mi c cp, cp I, cp II. Nu mt gia nh c nhn i bng 2 gia nh mi, th bao gi cng mt gia nh tt gm ton b s g c cp hoc cp I. S g mi cn li thnh lp mt gia nh khc c phm cht ging km hn. Hai gia nh ny t cch nhau t nht l mt khong cch 5 gia nh trong biu ghp gia nh mi, nhm trnh ng huyt khi ghp gia nh. S gia nh c nhn i, khng c vt qu 20% so vi tng s gia nh c thnh lp, bi v nu vt qu 20% s c xu th khp kn qun th nhng thnh phn di truyn nht nh gy kh khn cho vic ghp gia nh sau ny: Trong trng hp nu thiu g mi v ghp gia nh c th ly 2 gia nh nhp li thnh mt gia nh, gia nh mi ny s c mang tn ca gia nh no nhiu g mi hn. Khi vit vo biu ghp gia nh mi, nu gia nh no c gi nguyn, ta nn g nguyn theo s th t c ca gia nh . Trong trng hp gia nh mi nhn i thnh 2 gia nh (gia nh tt mang k hiu l A, gia nh km hn mang k hiu l B), th nn gi nguyn v tr ca gia nh loi A v thay i v tr ca gia nh loi B, vi khong cch t nht l cch gia nh loi A l 5 gia nh theo biu mu sau:

S th t g mi ca mi gia nh mi c sp xp theo th t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 ..... lin tc t nh n ln1v 2 bn cnh s g 5 c chn ghp gia nh u mi 6 Gia nh mi 3A 4 7 8 3B ...... phi ghi cp tng hp ca c th g mi . V d : S g mi 1551 (C), 1552 (l), 1554 (l), 1557 (2) 5.4.2.3 . Chn g trng ghp gia nh. Sau khi c y s liu ca g trng biu chn g mi thay th, ta cng lm tng t nh khi chn g mi. Bt u phn cp t cc tnh trng pht huy xp cp ca g trng. Mi g trng s c phn cp trong tng gia nh v kt hp cc gia nh tng hp ta snh gi c gia nh no c trng tt nht. Khi chn ghp vn tun theo nguyn tc chung l chn gia nh g trng tt nht ghp vi gia nh g mi tt nht. Nu b hn ch b h s ng huyt Fx th cng phi chn c g trng c cp ca gia nh khc v ghp vi gia nh g mi tt nht, nhm pht huy phm cht tt nht cho i sau. Tuy nhin vic ghp trng mi trong trng hp ny phi ht sc cn thn, trnh hin tng ng huyt. trnh ng huyt trong 4 th h lin c th ghp trng mi theo nguyn tc sau y: cc gia nh ca th h ban u (P) ta nh s th t t 1 n 20. Con ca chng n ra c eo vng s theo s ca gia nh . Khi ghp gia nh mi th h th I (Fl) ta ghp trng l con ca gia nh th nht vi con mi l con ca gia nh th 2 v nh s gia nh mi l 1/2 (t s l con trng , mu s l con mi). Tip tc ghp con trng ca gia nh th 2 vi con mi ca gia nh th 3 vnh s gia nh mi ny l 2/3. C tip tc theo trnh t nh vy cho n gia nh th 20/1. Sang th h th 2 (F2) ta ly g trng l con ca gia nh.

Trn y l s chn ging l tng. Trn thc t, n mt th h no khng phi tt c cc gia nh u c gi nguyn, v qua chn lc mt s gia nh b loi mt s trng hoc mi, s khc b loi b hon ton, ngc li cng c nhng gia nh tt c th nhn ra lm nhiu gia nh mi (nh ni trn). Chnh v l do , vic ghp phi cc gia nh tr ln phc tp hn v i khi khng trnh khi s giao phi cn huyt, nu ch c mt vng ghp gia nh duy nht. khc phc kh khn trn, cn lp 2

vng ghp phi.

V mt di truyn, mt c th ca th h n c ngun gc t 2n gia nh v thao tc ghp s c d dng hn nu c c 20 gia nh trong mi dng ghp phi. Nh vy mi dng thun cn c ti thiu 40 gia nh thnh lp 2 vng ghp phi.

S 2 vng ghp phi Gi thit rng khi ghp phi sinh ra th h th 3 th trng ca gia nh s 1 b loi (khng t tiu chun lm ging) v nh vy thiu trng ghp cho mi ca gia nh s 4. gii quyt kh khn ta c th ly trng ca gia nh 21 vng ghp th 2 (c v tr tng ng vi gia nh s 1 trn vng ghp th nht), ghp vi mi ca gia nh s 4 trn vng ghp th nht. Nh vy p dng nguyn tc ghp phi trn, c th duy tr cc dng thun khng b ng huyt th h th 4. T th h th 4, qu trnh ghp phi c lp li nh ghp th h th nht (Fl), tuy c cng ngun gc nhng khng ng huyt th h mi sinh ra (Fs). Vy l th h th 4 (F4) ca chu k c tr thnh n ging gc (th h ban u) ca chu k mi. 5.4.3. Chn thc t ghp gia nh t i I tri V nguyn tc chn cng ging nh i t tin. G trng n ngy ghp th chuyn sang khu ghp gia nh (khu g h), cn nhng g trng d tr ( 1 -2 con) vn c nui ti khu g . Sau 2 - 3 tun, k t

ngy chn ghp thc t c th thu trng p thay th. Trng c nh du theo tng con mi. Sau 6 7 ngy thu trng tin hnh p. Trng c xp vo cc khay p theo th t cc g mi trong h v cc h trong dng.

6. T chc thc hin

6.1. Ghi chp v x l s liu


chn lc v nh gi chnh xc con ging, vic ghi chp theo di s liu ht sc quan trng Vic ghi chp s liu c thc hin theo nhng quy nh nghim ngt thng qua cc biu mu theo di lp sn. Cc s liu phn nh nng sut, cht lng ging ca tng c th t lc mi n ra cho n khi c chn ghp gia nh. Trc lc chn l thuyt v chn thc t tt c s liu c x l trn my tnh theo nhng chng trnh chuyn bit.

6.2. Dng c phc v cng tc chn ging


tin hnh thun li cng tc chn ging, cc x nghip gia cm ging nht thit phi c trang b cc dng c thit b sau y: Cc loi cn c phn chia t 5 gam - 20 gam: Cc loi km bm s chn v s cnh, cc loi s cnh, s chn, my vi tnh v my k thut, cc loi lng nht g, xe vn chuyn g, cc loi quy g gh ngi cho ngi chn g bm s, treo bng s, bm tim, vcxin v cc loi biu theo di...

6.3. Nhn lc
Yu t con ngi l quyt nh s thnh cng ca cng tc chn ging. Cc x nghip cn b tr cc k s chn nui c trnh chuyn mn cao theo di trc tip cng tc ging. Trong qu trnh chn l thuyt v chn lc qua cc giai on tui cn c s tham gia ca cc chuyn gia ging gia cm a nhng quyt nh chun xc v chuyn mn. Khi chn thc t phi thnh lp mt t cng tc t 5 - 7 ngi, trong c l ph gim c ph trch k thut ca x nghip ging, 1 n 2 cn b k thut t 3 - 4 cng nhn phc bt g v vn chuyn g. Khi bt g phi c trnh lm kch ng chng. Hai hay ba ngi dn g vo mt gc bng quy, gi cho chng trong mt din tch cn thit . Khng nn dn qu nhiu g v chng s b ngt th do dm chng ln nhau. Mt hay hai cng nhn tro vo tm quy cm ly hai cnh hoc hai chn g ri a cho ngi chn cn: Ngi chn g s quyt nh nn chn c th no v loi c th no da theo khi lng c th v ngoi hnh. Ngi chn g gi g lm sao u g hng v pha trc, gi g gc cnh. G c nh gi bt u t b phn u, c cnh, chn, s bng

bng tay cn li. Khi quan st u phi ch ti mo,tch tai, m, mt, l mi. Bng cch s nn quan st m xc nh kch thc diu, s pht trin h c, chiu di, chiu rng ngc, bng, khong cch xng hng . . . Trong ma h cn tin hnh chn thc t sm, trnh ci nng gay gt v khng kh nng nc ca ma h. G c chuyn lc thi tit mt m, nht vo lng c np y. III. CNG TC GING I VI GING VT THUN CHNG K thut cng tc ging i vi vt dng thun v c bn ging vi g. Ch yu chn lc theo gia nh. Cng nh g, vt c chn l ging sau khi qua kim tra v nng sut trng, khi lng c th ca bn thn v ca ch em gi cng cha cng m cng nh ca n con lc 7 tun. Trong cc x nghip ging vt nu ch c 2 dng th c cu dng trng l 35% cn dng mi l 65%. Mi dng phi c t nht l 60 gia nh. Vic theo di sn lng trng c th thng qua c ca sp t ng. Trong cc vt thng vo bui sng sm hoc chiu ti. T l trng mi trong cc gia nh l 1 : 4 hoc 1 : 5. Trng c thu nht v nh du theo tng con mi, tng h, tng dng, ngy . Sau ghi chp vo bng biu theo di nng sut c th. Vo lc 7 tun tui vt c nh gi khi lng c th. Chn nhng vt c khi lng c th ln nht so vi trung bnh ca l. Khi chn lc v ghp gia nh cn ch ti cc tnh trng th hin hng sn xut ca dng. Dng trng phi ch nhiu ti khi lng c th, t l nui sng vt hu b, t l trng c phi, cn dng mi ch nhiu ti sn lng trng, t lp n, tc sinh trng v t l nui sng. Ngoi ra nc ta cn quan tm cc ch tiu v tc mc lng. Trong cc dng trng khi chn lc theo khi lng sng lc 7 tun tui cn chn nhng vt trng c khi lng sng ln hn hoc bng 2 v vt mi ln hn hoc bng 0,5 so vi khi lng sng trung bnh. Cn i vi dng mi chn nhng c th c khi lng sng va phi ( 0,5 - l). c bit i vi cc dng vt chuyn trng cn khng ch khi lng sng mc va phi. T l chn lc trong giai on ny i vi vt trng l 4% v i vi vt mi l 20%. Ngoi ch tiu khi lng sng lc 7 tun tui, trong qu trnh nh gi v chn lc vt cn tnh ton cc ch tiu sau:

-Cht lng tht (ch yu tht ngc v tht ln): M kho st 4 con t mi mi Tc mc lng: xc nh vo lc 7 tun tui theo tc mc lng lng v lng cnh. -c im ngoi hnh: Loi b nhng c th c c im ngoi hnh khng ph hp vi dng hoc c khuyt tt. -T l nui sng trong giai on vt con v vt hu b: c xc nh theo tng gia nh, h v dng sau 7 tun nui dng. -Tiu tn thc n: Thng ch tiu ny tnh cho tng dng. -Sn lng trng: Sn lng trng c theo di c th, thi gian theo di ph thuc vo tng ging. Thng theo di sn lng trng n 36 - 40 tun. -Khi lng qu trng: Xc nh lc 43 tun tui, bng cch cn tng qu trng trong sut 10 ngy lin tc. T l trng c phi: Xc nh bng cch soi kim tra trng trong qu trnh p. Ch tiu ny xc nh theo gia nh, h. T l n ca trng: Xc nh theo tng gia nh v c tnh theo phn trm vt n ra so vi trng c phi. T l vt n loi I: Cng c xc nh theo tng gia nh. T l hao ht i vi vt trng thnh: Xc nh theo phn trm so vi u k. -Cht lng tinh dch con trng c bit quan trng i vi dng trng. Nh vy k thut cng tc ging i vi ging vt thun chng cng c tin hnh theo mt trnh t tng t nh i vi g bao gm cc bc sau y: Chn v thu trng p thay th, chn v nui dng vt con, vt hu b, theo di nng sut c th, gia nh h v nh gi chn ghp gia nh. Nguyn tc chn ghp gia nh cng tng t nh i vi g. IV. CNG TC GING I VI GIA CM NG B cc nc c ngnh chn nui gia cm cng nghip lu i v pht trin, h thng t chc ging bao gm cc trung tm ging gia cm thun chng (c k), cc x nghip nhn ging ng b, cc x nghip ging b m v thng phm. Bn cnh cn c cc trm di truyn chn ging l ni chn, to ra cc dng ging mi nc ta s phn chia ny cha r rt

lm. i vi g chng ta c 2 trung tm nui dng ging thun chng. Cn h thng cc x nghip nui dng ging ng b cha c phn cng c th. So vi cc dng thun, cng tc ging i vi gia cm ng b b m n gin hn. Vic nh gi chn lc ging i vi cc i tng ny ch yu theo phng php chn ging qun th. tc l da vo cc ch tiu nng sut, ngoi

hnh ca bn thn con ging, khng tnh n cc ch tiu nng sut ca b m, anh ch em rut v anh ch em h. Giai on chn lc u tin i vi g chuyn trng c tin hnh vo lc 63 ngy tui, cn i vi g chuyn tht chn lc ln u vo lc 35, 42 hoc 49 ngy tui ty thuc vo mi ging. i vi vt chn lc 49 ngy tui. i vi ngng chn lc 56 - 60 ngy tui v g ty c chn lc 84 - 119 ngy tui. Ch tiu chn lc trong giai on ny ch yu l khi lng sng, cu trc thn, ngoi hnh. T l chn lc trong giai on ny i vi g trng chuyn tht l 78 80% v chuyn trng l 80 - 87 %. Giai on chn lc ln 2 l lc gia cm trng thnh. i vi g vo lc 133 hoc 140 ngy tui *(ty thuc vo cc ging chuyn dng), i vi vt vo lc 140 ngy tui ngng 188 - 200 ngy tui. Ch tiu chn lc trong giai on ny ging giai on 1, nhng cn ch nhiu n ngoi hnh. T l chn lc i vi g trng l 74 - 80%, i vi g mi l 85 - 90%. Ngoi ra trong qu trnh nui dng cn theo di v tnh ton cc ch tiu v nui sng, nng sut trng. t l trng c phi. tiu tn thc n. Mt cng on quan trng trong cng tc ging i vi gia cm ng b, b m l th nghim cc t hp lai gia cc dng, nhm xc nh t hp lai tt nht to con lai thng phm tht hoc trng c nng sut cao. Nhng con trng v mi khi a vo th nghim lai phi c chn lc k cng, c trng cho cho dng, ging v nng sut v ngoi hnh, ng thi ngi chn ging phi bit chn phi thch hp nhm cng c hoc to ra u th lai v mt tnh trng mong mun th h con lai. t c mc tiu trong qu trnh chn lc i vi ng b ni v ng b ngoi c nhng yu cu c t ra khc nhau. V.CHN LC GING THEO NGOI HNH V PHNG PHP PHN BIT TRNG MI 1. Chn lc g con 1 ngy tui Vic chn lc g con c bt u t t lc g n ra trm p. y l cng vic c tin hnh bt buc cc c s ging thun, cng nh cc c s ging b m, thng phm. G con mt ngy tui c chn lc theo cc c im ngoi hnh nh sau: lng bng xp, mt sng, khi lng s sinh ln, chn bng, cng cp, dng i vng vng nhanh nhn. Cn loi nhng

c th c khuyt tt v ngoi hnh nh kho chn, h rn, bng ph, vo m, hu mn dnh phn, tm vc nh, lng bt.

2. Chn lc g hu b Trong giai on ny thng c 2 thi k chn lc l chn lc lc kt thc giai on g con (42 hoc 49 ngy tui i vi g hng tht, 63 ngy tui i vi g hng trng) v chn lc lc kt thc giai on g hu b vo lc 133 ngy tui i vi g hng trng v 140 ngy tui i vi g hng tht. Chn lc giai on ny cng da vo ngoi hnh v khi lng c th. Nhn chung cc ging g pht trin bnh thng th c c im mc lng nh sau: Cui tun l th nht nhn thy lng ui c bit g mi. Trong tun l th hai lng mc theo hnh r qut vai, sau mc t trong ra ngoi. Dc theo ranh gii pha di ca cnh xut hin lng mc pha di i. Trong tun l th 3, lng c lng v xut hin lng pha diu. Sau 20 ngy c lng gy v tun l th nm c lng c. Ch tun l th su 2 bn ln ca xng ngc mi xut hin 2 mng lng. n tun l th by g hng trng c b lng tng i hon chnh. i vi g hng tht th b lng pht trin che kn thn mun hn t 1- 2 tun l. Cn c vo mc mc lng trn c th g c th nhn bit tng i tui g . Da trn c s ny c th rt ra kt lun v phng thc trao i cht v kh nng sn xut sau ny ca gia cm. Trong giai on g hu b, nhn chung g c chn tng i cao v thn mnh hp. Ch chn nhng c th pht trin hon chnh, tm vc cn i, mo v tch tai pht trin, b lng ng mt. i vi g mi cn xem xt khong cch xng hng v khoang bng. G trng cn c dng ng to gc 45o i vi mt nn chung, hai chn vng chc, i ng vng vng, nhanh nhn, tnh tnh hiu ng.

3. Chn lc g mi ang Trong qu trnh nui dng g mi c bit g b m, cn nh k chn lc, loi ra khi n nhng c th km. Chn g mi trong giai on ny cng da vo cc b phn ca c th nh: mo, khong cch gia xng hng v mm xng li hi, l huyt, b lng...

Cn c vo nhng c im trn chng ta c th chn c nhng g mi tt. C th m mt vi c th g mi xc nh s pht trin ca bung trng v ng dn trng. 4. Chn lc g chi c c mt ch g chi "bch chin bch thng" cn c mt qu trnh chn la, nui dng hun luyn cng phu. Mun bit mt ging g chi tt phi quan st ti cc u trng tm mua con ging t nhng t tin tt. Con ging phi xut pht t nhng g b m c thn hnh thon di, xng ln, ngc n, c thng ng, hai gc cnh y n, mt tinh nhanh,m chc, i di pht trin, ui cp xung t. i vi bn thn g c chn phi t cc yu cu sau: Lc mi n chn vy sng, vy tin c 2 hng u nh rng ca, hng phi thng mt hng t gc xung, gia v hu cng thng khng ln xn, c bit vy hu ng bao gi lon. Cc ngn chn nh, chm vo nhau. Ngn di v xe ra th g t trng n hay thua. Thn hnh g c dng nh ci bp chui, di n, cnh p st vo thn, c g phi di, thng ng t trong ra

ngoi nh dn. ui g ging ui tm, lng xe ra, cha xung t. Lng p st vo thn, ng i nh c vng chi.

5. Chn lc vt, ngng, ngan 5.1. i vt vt Con trng: u to, mt sng, c di v to va phi, thn di rng, lng bng mt, m st vo thn, c khong 3 - 4 lng c, chn khe khng d tt. Con mi: u nh v thanh, c di trung bnh, bu lng n rng, bng trn v hi x, dng i lch bch. Mu lng ph hp vi c im ca ging. 5.2. i vi ngng Con trng: u to, c di. Thn mnh hi dc, di v rng. Phao cu to v cng, khi vut th cong ln mnh. u c th vn cao, dng i hng dng, tnh tnh d tn, a hot ng. Chn to chc, khng c d tt, mu lng c trng ca ging. Con mi: u nh v thanh, mt sng, c ngn lng t mn. Thn mnh thon nh hi dc. Hng rng pht trin, chn cao va phi. Mu lng c trng ca ging. 5. 3. i vi ngan Con trng: u to, dt, c mo ta, mt to sng. Thn di, ngc rng v su. Phao cu to v cng, khi vut xui ln mnh th cong ln mnh. Dng i nng n chc chn, hai chn pht trin to, khng c d tt. Con mi: u to v thanh, bng rng, chn ngn v chc. Thn hnh nm ngang, dng i chm chp nng n. 6. Phn bit trng mi 6.1. Theo phng php soi l huyt (phng php ca Nht Bn) Vic phn bit trng mi thc hin ngay sau khi g mi n ti trm p. Khi chn trng v mi, ngi chn ngi trn gh, trc mt bn c n chiu sng cc mnh. Nhng g cn chn t trong hp trn bn, hai bn c hai hp ng g trng v g mi ring. Khi chn g, g con c cm tay tri, lng g p vo lng b tay, u chc xung di. tin cho vic quan st cn bp nh vo bng cho phn ra ngoi. Dng ngn tay tr v ngn tay ci ca tay phi t t m l huyt ra. con trng thy c mu li nh ln, khi ko cng mu li nh khng i mt. chnh l

mu ca gai giao cu. Cn con mi th khng c mu li 6.2. Phng php phn bit trng mi thng qua tc mc lng cnh v mu sc lng

mt s ging g tht v g trng, trong qu trnh chn ging ngi ta to ra nhng dng g c gen qui nh tc mc lng cnh v mu sc lng lin kt vi gii tnh lc g mi n. Nu l g trng th mc mc lng chm, cn g mi th mc lng nhanh, hoc con trng mu lng trng, con mi mu lng nu. con trng tc mc lng chm c th hin 2 dng: dng th nht l hng lng cnh th hai (hng lng cnh di nhn t trn xung) ngn hn hng lng cnh th nht (hng lng cnh trn). Dng th hai ca lng mc chm l hng lng cnh th hai di bng hng lng cnh th nht (hnh 2b v 2c) Cn g mi ch c mt dng mc lng nhanh l hng lng th hai di hn hng lng th nht (hnh 2a). Hng lng cnh th nht cn c gi l hng lng cnh s cp, cn hng lng cnh th 2 gi l hng lng cnh th cp.

Hnh 2a: Mi lng mc nhanh (hng lng cnh th hai di hn hng lng cnh th nht)
Tuy nhin quy lut mc lng ny ch th hin khi chng ta tin hnh

lai gia dng trng mc lng nhanh vi dng mi mc lng chm. Cn khi lai ngc li, th qui lut mc lng cnh trng v mi s khc i.

Hnh 2b. Trng mc lng chm hng lng Hnh 2c. Trng mc lng chm (hng cnh th hai ngn hn) lng cnh th hai di bng hng lng cnh th nht)

6.3. Phn bit trng mi cc tun tui khc

i vi g cc tun tui 3 - 5 c bit i vi g tht, rt kh phn bit trng mi, nu khng c kinh nghim ngh nghip. xc nh trng mi trong giai on tui ny, cn da vo nhng c im c bn sau: mo v tch tai, au, chn, ting ku, lng...

Phn th hai THC N DINH DNG CHO GIA CM Chng III NHNG VN CHUNG THC N CHO GIA CM
Thc n cho gia cm nui chn th t nhin (nui qung canh) l nhng nguyn liu thc n n l nh ng cc, rau xanh, cc loi cn trng, cc ng vt trong t (giun, d, kin. . .) cc ng vt v thc vt trong nc bin, ao h, sng ngi. Gia cm t kim n v tiu chnh cht dinh dng duy tr s sng, pht trin v sinh sn. Cn thc n cho gia cm nui cng nghip (nui nht, nui thm canh) phi l thc n hn hp (Vit tt TAHH) hon chnh c hn hp bi nhiu nguyn liu n l khc nhau t ngun gc ng thc vt, khong vt, ha cht... c b sung cc cht dinh dng cho nhau, thnh phm l dng bt hoc dng vin. Thc n hn hp c u im l cn bng c cc thnh phn dinh dng nh Protein (m), nng lng, Vitamin, khong, ngoi ra cn b sung mt lng rt nh cc men tiu ha Protein, x, cht kch thch sinh trng, cht khng sinh, cc cht chng mc, chng xi ha, chng ng vn. Ty loi ging, tui, hng sn xut (tht, trng) hng ch bin, m xy dng cc cng thc (cn gi l thc n) TAHH cho ph hp yu cu sinh l duy tr, pht trin, tng trng, trng, k c lng cho gia cm. I. CC LOI KHU PHN THC N Cng nh cc gia sc khc, khu phn thc n (KPTA) cho gia cm ch yu c 3 loi. 1. Khu phn duy tr Khu phn duy tr (KPDT) l KPTA c s dng cho cc loi hot ng sinh l bnh thng nh: i li, bay nhy, bi li, h hp, tun hon, tiu ha v ng ph vi iu kin mi trng sng thay i. Nhu cu vt cht cho duy tr c th thng chim xp x 60% tng lng vt cht dinh dng trong vt cht kh thc n (VCKTA). Lng vt cht duy tr ch yu l lng Protein v nng lng trao i c trong khu phn thc n. Nu thiu KPDT s lm gim s sinh trng, pht trin, nh tr sn xut trng. Nu thiu c th phi huy ng cc cht dinh dng ch yu Protein,

m, d tr trong c th duy tr s sng, dn n khng nhng c th gy yu, khng cn kh nng chng bnh, m s cht.

2. Khu phn sinh trng Khu phn sinh trng (KPST) l khu phn thc n c s dng chuyn ha lm tng mt khi lng c th trong mt ngy m, hoc trong mt n v thi gian no (Hng ngy, hng tun, hng thng) V d mt g Broiler (g tht) cui tun u t 118g, kt thc tun tui th hai t 320g. Nh vy tun th 2 tng trng (sinh trng) c 202g 3. Khu phn sn xut Khu phn sn xut l KPTA c s dng sn xut ra tht, trng, lng. Khu phn thc n cho mt gia cm trong mt ngy m phi m bo 3 yu cu cho duy tr, sinh trng v sn xut, c v lng lan cc cht dinh dng (gm Protein, nng lng, cc cht khong, cc Vitamin) c khu phn thc n hon chnh, phi xy dng (lp) cng thc khu phn, cn gi l cng thc TAHH. Ngi lp cng thc TAHH phi bit s dng kt hp cc nguyn liu sn c, r tin c trong nc hoc phi nhp, cc ph ph phm ca cng ngh ch bin ht ng cc (ng, m, mch, cao lng, la), cc loi cy h u, ch bin c, tm, cua v cc ng vt khc va m bo yu cu cc vt cht dinh dng cho gia cm, lm tng tnh thm n, tng chuyn ha thc n v h gi thnh sn phm TAHH v gi thnh chn nui. II. YU CU PROTEIN (CHT M) TRONG THC N CA GIA CM 1. Nhng vn c bn Protein trong thc n * Protein th: Protein trong thc n gia cm l Protein th ( ln Protein tiu ha), n bao gm tt c cc vt cht cha azol hay cn gi l Nit (vit tt l N). Cng thc tnh Protein th = N tng s x 6,25 N tng s trong thc n c phn tch nh lng theo phng php Kjeldall, cn 6,25 l h s ca 100:16 = 6.25, c ngha lng N cha trong Protein thc n trung bnh 16%. * T l tiu ha Protein: Khng phi tt c lng Protein trong thc n c gia cm hoc gia sc khc tiu ha, hp thu ht, m cn mt

phn khng

tiu ha c thi qua phn. Phn Protein cn li c tiu ha hp thu qua ng rut vo c th gi l Protein tiu ha. N tiu ha = N trong thc n - N trong phn biu th gi tr sinh hc ca Protein trong mt loi thc n no , c tnh bng % - gi l t l tiu ha.

T l tiu ha cng cao, gi tr sinh hc ca Protein trong thc n no cng ln. T l tiu ha Protein trong thc n ph thuc vo ngun gc Protein: Protein t ng vt (bt c, bt tht, bt sa v cc ng vt khc) c t l tiu ha cao hn so vi Protein c ngun gc thc n thc vt (u, , ng cc, bt c). Protein cha y thnh phn v s lng 10 axit amin khng thay th cho t l tiu ha cao hn Protein khng c cn i 10 axit amin khng thay th. Kh nng tiu ha s dng Protein trong thc n ph thuc vo ging, tui, tnh nng sn xut ca gia cm: Gia cm non yu cu v kh nng s dng Protein cao hn so vi gia cm trng thnh v gi. G nui tht (g Broiler) yu cu v kh nng s dng Protein cao hn g trng. * S phn b Protein thc n trong c th gia cm -Do c im cu to gia cm: phn v nc tiu u thi chung vo l huyt. Cho nn s phn b Protein trong c th gia cm c khc vi gia sc khc

Ch s ny nh gi mt cch gin tip v hiu qu s dng Protein trong thc n. N l t l gia Protein m gia cm nhn c t thc n v tng trng * Ch s axit amin khng thay th ca Protein (AAKpr) Ch s ny nhm nh gi gi tr sinh hc ca mt loi thc n Protein no thng qua xc nh ch s amin thit yu (axit amin khng thay th c gia cm n vo v s c mt ca 9 hoc 10 a.amin thit yu nh trn cha trong trng. y a, b, c,...J ;l % ca tng axit amin thit yu trong Protein ca thc n, ac, bc, cc... Jc l % ca tng axit amin thit yu tng ng trong trng. V d tnh CAA Pr ca la mch dng nui g trng, khi bit cc

d kin bng sau:

= 0,67 x 100 : 67 Ch s axit amin khng thay th, hay gi tr sinh hc ca Protein la

mch l 67%. Mt s axit amin c th thay th cho nhau trong c th gia cm, nh methyonin c thay th 50% bng Xysttin, cn phenilalanin c thay th bi Tyrozin. Khi phi hp nhiu loi ht u hoc sn phm ph ca qu trnh ch bin ht u, s lm tng kh nng s dng Protein ca tng loi u y. Nh vy c th gim hoc khng cn Protein ng vt trong khu phn. Khi cn bng (, ng theo yu cu) tt theo t l cc axit amin, s lm tng kh nng s dng khng nhng Protein m c cc thnh phn dinh dng khc nh nng lng, vt cht khong... trong khu phn gia cm, t lm gim chi ph thc n cho mt n v sn phm. * Protit trong thc n Protit l thnh phn c bn c gi tr sinh hc cao nht trong Protein th (gi l Nit Protit). N c cu to t nhng axit amin. ng Protit chim 90 - 95 %, cn cc t chc tht, trng gia cm n chim xp x 100% trong Protein th ca sn phm . -Vai tr ca Protit trong c th gia cm Protit tham gia cu to nn t bo sng, n chim 1/5 KL c th ca gia cm v 1/7 - 1/8 khi lng ca trng. Protit l cht hu c quan trng nht, khng c cht no thay th vai tr ca n trong t bo sng. Nhng sn phm tht trng u c cu to t Protit Protit tham gia cu to nn cc h thng men sinh hc, cc hoocmon, m nhng cht ny va c vai tr xc tc, va iu ha qu trnh ng ha d ha cc cht dinh dng t thc n, va iu ha mi hot ng nhp nhng ca s sng. Cc t bo sinh hc ca con trng, con mi u cu to t Protit. Protit cn cung cp c nng lng cho c th hot ng. -Vai tr ca cc axit amin trong Protit Cc axit amin l nhng nguyn liu c bn xy dng nn phn t Protit phc tp. Chng l nhng hp cht hu c c cha hai nhm chc nng l Cacbxyl - (COOH) mang tnh axt v nhm amin (NH2) mang tnh kim. S c mt ca nhm amin v Cacbxyl biu hin c tnh chung ca cc axit amin, cn gc "cn thc" R biu hin c tnh ring ca tng axit amin

Hin nay pht hin trong cc loi sn phm ca th gii sinh vt trn 100 loi axit amin. Ring trong c th ng vt xc nh c 23 - 25 axit amin v c chia thnh 2 nhm: Nhm axit amin thay th v nhm axit amin khng thay th. V tm quan trng c bit trong ti liu ny chng ti ch cp nhiu n nhm axit amin khng thay th. - Nhm axit amin khng thay th (cn gi l axit amin thit yu) Nhng axit amin m c th ng vt khng th t tng hp c m phi cung cp cho chng t thc n, gi l axit amin khng thay th. Cn nhng axit amin m c th ng vt t tng hp c gi l axit amin thay th (c 13 15 axit amin thay th). n nay pht hin c 10 axit amin khng thay th v xc nh c vai tr chc nng ca chng gia cm l: Arginin, Lyzin, Histidin, Lxin, Izolxin, Valin, Metionin, Treonin, Tryptophan v Pherylalanin. Lyzin (Lysine): L mt trong 10 axit amin khng thay th quan trng nht N c tc dng lm tng tc sinh trng, tng sc sn xut trng, cn thit cho tng hp Nucleproteit hng cu, cho s trao i bnh thng ca azot, to sc t melanin ca lng, da. Nu thiu n s lm nh tr s pht trin, lm gim nng xut trng, tht ca gia cm, lm gim lng hng cu, huyt sc t v tc chuyn ha canxi, photpho, gy ci xng, thoi ha c, lm ri lon hot ng sinh dc. Giu Lyzin trong Protein bt c (8,9%), sa kh (7,9%), men thc n (6,8%), Kh du u tng (5,9%). Ngho Lyzin trong Protein ca ng (2,9%), go (3,3%), Kh du lc (3,3%), kh du hng dng (3,4%). Yu cu lyzin trong khu phn thc n cho gia cm ph thuc vo ging, tui v tnh nng sn xut ca gia cm: G tht (Broiler) yu cu 1,0 - 1,1%, vt 0,8% trong TAHH. lm giu v m bo yu cu Lyzin trong khu phn thc n, nhiu

nc tng hp c L - lyzin t vi sinh vt, hoc ha cht. B sung L Lyzin vo TAHH cho gia cm c li ch sau: -Cn i c ngun thc n ngho Protein trong ngho Lyzin Gim Protein t ng vt (bt c, bt tht, xng) nhng nguyn liu t tin. Gim Protein th trong TAHH, i n gim gi thnh thc n. Tuy vy khng nn b sung qua 0,5% L - Lyzin trong TAHH v liu lng cao nh vy khng mang li hiu qu. Metionin (Methionin): Metionin l axit quan cha lu hunh (S), n cng l axit amin quan trng nht. Metionin nh hng ln n s pht trin ca gia cm, n chc nng ca gan v tuyn ty. Tc dng iu ha trao i Lipit, chng m ha gan, tham gia to nn Serin, Cholin v Xystin. Cn thit cho sinh sn t bo ca c th (c t bo trng, t bo tinh trng). Nu thiu Metionin, lm mt tnh thm n, thoi ha c, thiu mu, nhim m gan, rng lng, lm gim qu trnh phn gii cht c thi ra trong qu trnh trao i cht. Giu Metionin l bt c (2,5%), sa kh tch b (2,4%), kh du ht hng dng (3,2%). Ngho Metionin l Protein ca ng (l,9%), cao lng (l%), go, m, mch (l,5%), kh du ht u tng (1,6%). Yu cu Metionin trong TAHH ph thuc vo ging, tui v tnh nng sn xut ca gia cm: G con di 2 tun tui (khi ng) 0,38 - 0,40 %, g 3 - 7 tun tui 0,35%, g 0,38 - 0,40%, vt tht 0,5%, vt 0,4%, ngng tht 0,5%, ngng 0,35% Metionin trong TAHH. Tryptophane: Tryptophane cn thit cho s pht trin ca gia cm non, duy tr sc sng v sinh sn ca gia cm trng thnh. N tc dng iu ha hot ng ca cc tuyn ni tit, c bit l tuyn ni tit to ra cc hoocmon sinh dc, m bo cho s pht trin ca trng v t bo tinh trng. Nu thiu Tryptophane trong TAHH, lm mt kh nng sn xut v p n trng Giu Tryptophane l Protein ca cc loi ht u. Arginine: Arginine nh hng n s pht trin ca gia cm non, n qu trnh to sn, xng, lng. Nu thiu Arginine trong TAHH s lm ri lon qu trnh trao i cht hydratcacbon (bt ng) v Protit, t gy cht phi sm v gim s pht trin ca gia cm. Trong Protein ca kh du u tng Arginine cha t l 33,4%, bt c 30,5 - 40 %, bt lng v 63 %. Ngho Arginine l Protein trong cc ht ng cc: ng 4 - 5%, go 8%, thc 4%. Yu cu Arginine so vi Protein trong TAHH cho vt con di 2 tun tui 5,9, vt d 1,06%, vt 3,1%, g Broiler 0 - 5 tun tui 1,10%, 5 - 8 tun tui 1,02%, g 0,95%.

Hystidine: Hystidine cn thit cho s tng hp axit nucleotit v hemoglobin, iu chnh qu trnh trao i cht, c bit vi tc pht trin ca gia cm non. Nu thiu Hystidine trong TAHH s gy thiu mu, gim tnh thm n v kh nng s dng thc n. Trong Protein ca bt mu Hystidine chim 45%, trong bt c (trn 55% Protein.) 10,2%. Ngho Hystidine: go ch cha 2,5%, ng 3%. Yu cu Hystidine ca g Broiler 0,30 - 0,35%, g trng 0,22% trong TAHH. Lxin (Leucine): Lxin tham gia tng hp Protit ca Plasma duy tr hot ng bnh thng ca tuyn ni tit. Nu thiu n trong thc n s ph hy s cn bng azot, lm gim tc pht trin, gim tnh thm n ca gia cm. Protein ca cc loi ht ng cc ngho Lxin, cn giu Lxin l trong Protein ca cc loi ht u v kh du ca chng, trong Protein ngun gc ng vt (bt c) Yu cu Lxin: g Broiler 1,1 - 1,2 %, g 1,2%, vt con 1,28%, vt d 0,96% v vt 0 74% trong TAHH. Izolxm (Isoleucine): Izolxin cn thit cho s s dng v trao i cc axit nhn trong thc n. Nu thiu n trong thc n s lm mt tnh ngon ming, cn tr s phn hy cc cht vt cht cha azot d tha trong c th. Thng trong thc n cung cp lzolxin. Yu cu Izolxin: G Broiler 0,85%, g 0,75% trong TAHH. Phenylalanine: Phenylalanin duy tr s hot ng bnh thng ca tuyn gip trng v tuyn thng thn, tham gia to sc t v s thnh thc gii tnh. Yu cu Phenylalanin: g Broiler 0,50%, g 0,40% vt con 0,68%, vt d 0,51%, vt 0,50% trong TAHH.

Treonin (Threonin): Treonin cn thit cho vic trao i cht v s dng tt c cc axit amin trong thc n, kch thch s pht trin ca gia sc non. Nu khng t yu cu lm gim s s dng Protein, do phi o thi nhiu azot nhn c t thc n qua nc tiu. Thc n t ngun gc ng, thc vt u cha Treonin. V vy gia cm khng thiu loi axit amin ny. Valine: Valin cn thit cho s hot ng bnh thng ca h thng thn kinh. Yu cu Valin: g Broiler 0,65%, g 0,55%, vt con 0,82%, vt d 0,62%, vt 0,59% trong TAHH. c bit trong c th gia cm mt s axit amin c th chuyn ha cho nhau c, gi l axit amin na thay th nh Xystin c to thnh t Metionin v ngc li. Metionin v xystin chuyn ha thnh niaxin v tryptophan v ngc li. Nhng s chuyn ha thun nghch ny xy ra yu t v gii quyt c phn nh s thiu ht chng. V vy tt nht cn cn i chng ngay trong khu phn thc n. Tt c Protit u c tnh keo v trng lng phn t ln, c tch cht khng nh hnh v tnh khng bn vng. Cho nn khi b tc ng yu t l, ha, nhit hc th chng u b bin tnh. V vy trong thc t sn xut v ch bin thc n cha Protit cao, cn phi ch n yu t k thut nh nhit sy, bo qun, tc nghin trn ca my, cc ha cht b sung vo TAHH, lm sao m bo cu trc Protit cng nh cc axit amin ca n. 2. Yu cu Protein trong thc n cho gia cm S trao i cht lun lun xy ra, c khi c th gia cm khng c nhn Protein t thc n. Nu khng cng cp Protein theo yu cu, gia cm phi huy ng Protein, lipit tch ly cung cp nng lng cho duy tr mi hot ng ca c th...V vy khi xy dng khu phn thc n, phi cn i yu cu Protein, nng lng cho duy tr c th, cho tng trng v cho sn xut, c nh vy mi m bo cho gia cm sc khe tt, tng trng nhanh, trng nhiu v kh nng p n cao. * Yu cu Protein cho duy tr c th (RprM) Nm 1976. Herrie a ra cng thc tnh RprM cho g tht (Broiler) trong mt ngy (24gi)

Trong : RprM Yu cu Protein cho duy tr 201 - h s W


0,75

- Trng lng sinh l (W - KLCT, 0,75 l 3/4)


0,75

100/64 - S dng Protein cho duy tr 64% (cn g 55%) 6,35 - H s qui i nit ra Protein th 1000 - Qui ra 1 gam = 1000 mg Nit. M 201 x W Nit ni sinh) Theo CAP Intemational (1977) i vi g mi = mg

W0- Khi lng c th lc u k (gam) 18% - Hm lng Protein th trong tht 0,64 - H s s dng Protein th trong thc n ca g tht (Broiler) l 64% Yu cu Protein cho g : (RprL) *Yu cu Protein cho g trng c tnh theo cng thc ca Moromoto: Trong : W- Khi lng c th (KLCT), gam E - Khi lng 1 qu trng, gam P - Sc trng, % (t l ) d (0,8) - T l tiu ha Protein 80% BV (0,6) - Gi tr sinh hc ca Protein 60%

3. Yu cu axit amin (Vit tt AA) cho g * Cng thc tnh yu cu Lyzin cho g theo Thomas (1986) RL mg/g/ngy = 12,6 E 8,6 W + 0,04 W y: RL- yu cu Lyzin mg/g/ ngy E- tng khi lng trng sn xut ra. n v g/ngy W- thay i khi lng ca g (C th g cn tng, hoc c khi gim trong thi im no ). W- Khi lng c th Th d: Nu g mi nng 3200g, bnh qun sn xut ra 48g trng /Ngy, KLCT tng 10g/Ngy th Rli = 12,6x48+ 8,6x10+ 0,04x 3200 =818,8mg Lyzin *Cng thc tnh ca Pilbrou v Morris (1994) y : RL- Yu cu Lyzin mg/g/ngy E- Tng khi l ng trng sn xut ti a g/g/ngy W- KLCT, Kg
100

- Kh nng tiu ha Lyzin 85%


85 Th

d: Nu g mi nng 3,2kg, trng trung bnh 48g/ngy th Nh vy kt qu p dng 2 cng thc tnh RL ca Thomas v

Pilbrou l xp x nhau. * Yu cu Metionin cho g (Vit tt Rmet) -Cng thc tnh Rmet cho g ca Combs ( 1960) l: Rmet (mg/g/ngy)= 0,05W + 6,2 W+5E y: Rmet-yu cu Metionin mg/g/ngy W- KLCT g mi W- Tng trng g/g/ngy E- Trng sn xut ra g/g/ngy.

III. YU CU NNG LNG (NL) TRONG THC N CA GIA CM 1. Nhng vn c bn v nng lng trong thc n Mi hot ng sng ca c th ng vt u gn lin vi qu trnh s dng v trao i nng lng. Nng lng trong thc n c tim tr trong cc dng vt cht ca thc n nh: Lipit, Gluxit, Protit, Hydratcacbon. Gia cm nhn nng lng t thc n bn ngoi vo qua s tiu ha v hp thu cc vt cht trn ng tiu ha, sau khi c hp thu vo c th, cc vt cht ca thc n c th tng hp thnh Lipit, ng Glucogen, Protit ca c th qua con ng tng hp sinh hc. Cng nh my mc, c th sng mun hot ng c (bay, nhy, tiu ha, th, tim p ) u phi s dng nng lng bin thnh nhit nng, t nhit nng bin thnh cng nng tc ng ln cc c quan ca c th hot ng mt cch nhp nhng. Nh vy nng lng l dng tch ly nhit nng. Khi bin thnh nhit nng th n khng tr li dng tch ly nng lng c. -n v ca nng lng l Calo (vit tt l Cal), l Calo c xc nh bng 3 nhit nng (heat energy) cn lm tng nhit ca 1ml nc tinh khit 0 0 0 t 14,5 ln 15,5 C, hay tng ln l C. Cc n v o nng lng vi mc ln hn Calo l: 1 Kilo calo (Kcal) = 1000 Calo (Cal) 1 Megacalo (Mcal) = 1000 KiloCalo (Kcal) n v quc t c dng l v nng lng Joule (J): thng

1 Cal = 4,184 J 1 KCal = 4,184 KJ 1 KJ = 0,239 Kcal -Cc dng nng lng trong thc n Cc vt cht hu c ca nhng nguyn liu lm thc n cho gia cm bao gm 5 dng nng lng. Vic xc, nh tng dng nng lng ca thc n thng qua cc bc th nghim: t, th nghim tiu ha, sinh hc trn con vt sng, hoc phn tch sn phm ca chng.

+ Nng lng th: (vit tt l GE - Cross energy) Nng lng th cn gi


l nng lng tng s (ton energy). Vy nng

lng th ca thc n; l tng s nng lng thu c khi t chy hon ton 1 gam thc n trong bung t c my o nhit -Bombe Calorimetrique Sn phm cui cng khi t chy hon ton mt loi thc n hu c no l: CO2 + H2O + Q (nhit nng) Th d: Khi t chy ht 1 g Gluxit gii phng 4,1 Kcal 1 g Protein gii phng 5,65 Kcal 1 g Lipit (m) gii phng 9,30 Kcal

+ Nng lng tiu ha: (vit tt DE - Digestible energy) Nng lng tiu
ha l hiu ca nng lng tng s v nng lng trong phn (Felcal Energy - FE) DE = GE - FE (l)

+ Nng lng trao i: (vit gii ME - Merabolic Energy) Nng lng trao i l

hiu ca nng lng tiu ha v nng lng trong nc tiu (Urinary Energy) ME=DE-UE (2) thc n cho gia cm thng dng n v nng lng l Kcal ME/ 1kg thc n hay KJ ME/1 kg T. gia cm nc tiu c ln vi phn l huyt cho nn cng thc (2) c thay bng cng thc (3): ME = GE - FE (3) n v ca cc dng nng lng l Calo, Kcal, KJ

sng, c th b mt i ngun nng lng di dng nhit (H - Heat) thi ra ngoi, gi l nhit o thi (vit tt l IH -Incrementiv heat) IH o c gin tip khi mt lng O2 ht vo v CO2 th ra. Vy NE l hiu ca ME v IH NE = ME - IH (4) NE c s dng cho 2 mc ch: Duy tr hot ng sng ca c th v

+ Nng lng thun: (vit tt NE - Net Energy) Trong qu trnh hot ng

to ra sn phm tht, trng, lng. S phn b nng lng ca thc n trong c th

Tng nng lng nhit = IH + nng lng cho duy tr Gi tr nng lng trong thc n cho gia cm l cao, c nh gi bng ME. Trong thc n cho gia cm khng tnh chi ph n v thc n, m tnh chi ph kg thc n hn hp, chi ph ME v Protein th cho 1 kg th trng hoc kg trng. -Ngun nng lng M ng v thc vt cha nng lng cao nht v gi tr nng lng cng cao nht. Nng lng ca m, du p t ht u c gia cm s dng hu nh trit 100%, nh vy gia cm ME ca m c th bng GE (ME = GE) v ngc li. Cc nguyn liu thc n t ng cc cha hm lng nng lng tng i cao: ng, m, mch, go, cao lng. Cc loi c phi kh: khoai, sn. Cui cng l cc nguyn liu thc n trong Protein th cao t ngun gc ng, thc vt cng cung cp ngun nng lng ng k. 2. Yu cu nng lng trong thc n cho gia cm (n v tnh - ME) Hydratccbon, m, Protein cha trong thc n l ngun cung cp nng lng cho gia cm duy tr s sng, pht trin, sinh sn, v duy tr nhit bnh thng ca c th. Nng lng thc n cung cp vt s vi yu cu, n c d tr di dng m ca c th. Gi tr nng lng ca thc n (nng lng thun v nng lng tch ly c) ch t 70 - 90% so vi tng nng lng ca thc n (GE). Yu cu nng lng cho duy tr c th (gi l nng lng trao i c bn -

vit tt TCB). gia cm, ngoi yu cu nng lng cho sn xut, tht trng, cn mt lng nng lng cho duy tr mi hot ng sng sinh l ca c th. Theo Ruber nng lng cn thit cho TCB khng ph thuc dng ng 2 vt v ln ca chng, m theo mt mc chun 1000 Kcal ME/ 1m b mt c th. Cng thc tnh yu cu nng lng duy tr (vit tt REm - Request Energy for maintaine ) ca Grimbergen ( 1974) . REm Kcal/g/ngy = 100 x.W Theo Swanson REm Kcal /1 kg th trng = (170 - 2,2 T ) W
0 0 0,75 0,75

(5)

(6)

(T C l nhit chung nui, W - KLCT, kg) V d: G mi nng 3,2 kg. Thay gi tr vo cng thc (5) ta c nng lng cho duy tr: REm Kcal /g/ngy = 239 Kcal ME *Yu cu nng lng cho pht trin c th (vit tt REG - Request Energy for growing) Nng lng cho pht trin c th bao gm nng lng duy tr v nng lng pht trin. V mun pht trin phi c nng lng duy tr. Swanson a ra cng thc tnh REG REG Kcal/g/ngy = (7)
0,8
T

Ghi ch: Cng thc (5), (6), (7) 100 - H s 170 - S c nh Kcal/1 kg th trng W - KLCT, kg 0,75 - S m 3/4 T C - Nhit mi trng T -Tng trng g/ngy, ri qui ra nng lng 0,8 - T l s dng nng lng cho tng trng 80% Th d: g tht tng trng 51g/ngy. Tnh nng lng cho tng trng Kcal/g/ngy.
0

51 g x 30% (vt cht kh cha Protein) = 15,3 g 51g x 5% (vt cht kh cha m) = 2,55g Khi t chy hon ton ta thu c: 15,3g Protein x6 Kcal : 8 = 135 KCalME 2,55 g m x 9,5 Kcal = 24,23 Kcal (GE) Tng cng nng lng thu c: 111,43 KCalREG = 1,43 Kcal : 0,8 = 135 Kcal ME * Yu cu nng lng cho g trng (vn tt REL): Nhu cu Protein cho g trng bao gm: Nng lng duy tr + Nng lng tng trng + Nng lng cho sn xut trng. -Nhu cu trng 1,6 Kcal/1 gam trng. Nng lng s dng to trng ch bng 80%. Vy sn xut ra mt gam trng cn cung cp nng lng t thc n l 2 Kcal ME (l,6 : 0,8 = 2) -i vi g trng nhu cu ME cho tng trng l 5 Kcal. pha trng u tin (pha I) g cn tng trng 3 g/ngy. Vy tng nng lng cho tng trng g pha I l 15 Kcal. Th d: g Goldline - 54 nng 1590g, mi trng 26 C t l 80% trng nng 61g, tng trng 3 g/ngy. Tnh yu cu nng lng (RE). RE/g/ngy = 115 x 1,59 kg + (61 x 0,8) x2+3 x 5 = 187 + 97 + 15 + 269 KCalME -Cng thc tnh nhu cu nng lng ca Balnave (1978) REM Kcal/mi/g = 4,50W + 0,75 PE : 0,027 (22 - T)+8,67 PE Trong : REMin - Yu cu ME ti thiu (Kcal/ngy/g) W- Khi lng c th g, Kg T-Nhit mi trng. C PEKhi lng trng ra, g/g/ngy * Mi quan h gia nng lng v Protein (T l NL/pr) trong thc n -Cch y trn 30 nm cc nh dinh dng hc thng ch nhiu n Protein, iu cng ng giai on lch s, v quan nim Protein l ngun gc nhng quyt nh ca s sng ca ng vt trn hnh tinh, nhng t nhng nm 1950, v c bit hai chc nm gn y cc nh khoa hc quan tm
0 0

nghin cu nhiu vn nng lng coi nng lng l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng bc nht trong siu chnh v xc nh tiu chun khu phn n cho tng giai on pht trin ca gia cm. Cc cng trnh khoa hc cng b: ch khi trong khu phn m bo khng nhng t l NL/Pr m c t l NL/tng loi axit amin T l NL/tng loi Vitamin ng cho tng giai on pht trin v chc nng sn xut ca gia cm, k ciu kin kh hu mi trng, th gia cm s tiu ha, hp thu v s dng mc ti u cc vt cht dinh dng trong thc n. Nh vy lm tng s chuyn ha thc n to ra sn phm trng tht em li hiu qu chn nui cao. - Hng Arbor Acress (M) a ra t l NL/Pr:

+ Cho g Broiler : 0 - 2 tun tui (TT) = 129 - 130 3 - 5 tun tui =


152 - 153 Sau 6 tun tui: 166 - 167

+ Cho g hng tht: 2 - 25 TT = 1 - 17 26 - 66 TT = 186 - 187


- Hng Isa (Php) a ra t l NL/Pr + Cho g Broiler : 0 - 3 tun tui (TT) = 130 - 132 4 - 6 tun tui = 148 - 152 Sau 6 tun tui 165 - 168

+ Cho g : 21 - 25 TT = 165 - 168 26 - kt thc = 177 - 179


- Lin hip XNGC Vit Nam (1996)

+ Cho g Broiler : 0 - 3 tun tui (TT) = 125 - 130 4 - 6 tun tui =


148 - 155 Sau 6 tun tui 163 - 172

+ Cho g hng trng: 21 - 44 TT = 165 - 172 (G Goldline, g


Leghom)

+ G hng tht cc loi : 21 - 44 TT = 156 - 158 45 - 64 TT = 172


- 174

IV.YU CU VITAMIN TRONG THC N CA GIA CM Nm 1912 K.FunK nh bc hc Ba Lan tm thy cht l, c tc dng kch thch sinh trng, pht trin. sinh sn, tng sc khe v khng bnh cho ng vt v ngi. Nhng cht c cha nhm AMINO v c gi l Vitamin (Vitamin l amin ca ng vt). n nm 1914 chnh FunK cng b tm c gn 40 loi Vitamin, trong c 25 Vitamin c bit cu trc ca chng. Chng c sn trong rau qu, ht, thc phm, lng thc v vi sinh vt, mt s c tng hp t ha cht. ng cng xc inh c vai tr sinh l ca tng axit amin i vi c th ng vt. Ngy nay ngi ta chia nhng Vitamin lm 2 nhm 1. Nhm Vitamin ha tan trong m (vit tt l VTM) Nhm Vitamin ho tan trong m gm cc Vitamin A, D, E, K

* Vitamin A: n v tnh IU/vt cht kh thc n hoc premix. Vitamin A c xp vo u bng trong hng Vitamin, n cha 3 nhm A1, A2, A3, ngoi ra cn c tin Vitamin A (Provitamin) mu vng gi l Caroten. Chc nng sinh hc: Vitamin A tham gia vo qu tnh trao i Protit, Lipit, Gluxit. nh hng n cc tuyn ni tit, h thn kinh. C vai tr trong to t bo tuyn gip, tuyn ty, tuyn trn thn,, nim mc mt v nim mc cc c quan sinh dc, bi tit, tiu ha. Chng ha sng da, chng ci xng, chng Stress Vitamin (thiu Vitamin). c bit nh hng n gia cm non v trng, n p n trng. Vitamin A + Protein = Rodopsin v Todopsin l nhng hp cht chu trch nhim iu khin th gic Nu thiu Vitamin A trong khu phn thc n lm gia cm b suy nhc c th, mc bnh "g m" cn gi l bnh "qung g", i li yu t, mt tnh thm n, lng x gia cm con b ci xng, vo c. G gim, trng c vt mu. T l th tinh v p n km, gia cm d b nhim cu trng v cm

nhim bnh h hp. Thc n bao qun khng tt nh phi di nh nng, nhit mi trng cao, m trong thc n b oxi ha u l nguyn nhn lm gim lng Vitamin A v Caroten trong . phng s Oxi ha Vitamin A bng cch b sung cc cht ha hc chng xy ha m nh Ethxyquine vo thc n.

Yu cu: G con 8000 - 10000, g 8000- 10000 vt tht 10.000 vt 10.000, vt d (hu b) 5000. Vitamin D: (c tn Calxipherol) n v IU/Kg T C 10 loi Vitamin D: Dl, Dl, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D10. i vi gia sc gia cm ch c D3 l c ngha, n mang hot tnh cao. -Chc nng sinh hc: Chng bnh ci xng, lm tng hp thu Caxi, ++ photpho rut non do Vitamin D gn vi con Cafein , cn thit cho tng hp Protein.Thiu Vitamin D v thiu nh sng lm gia cm chm ln, gy bnh ci xng, v trng mng, lm ri lon h thn kinh trung ng, gim lng hng cu v huyt sc t, ph hy trao i canxi, pht pho, Protit v Gluxit. Tuy vy nu tha D3 lm tch t Ca trong ng mch. Khi tri nng, gia cm hp thu Canxi v pht pho (c trong bt xng, bt c. . .) km, v vy cn b sung Vitamin D3.

Chn nui g cng nghip theo phng php nui nht, gia cm thng b thiu nh sng, nn cn b sung , d cht t Vitamin D3 vo thc n. Ngun Vitamin D3 trc ht l do nh sng cung cp, v di da ng vt c cht 7 - Dehydrocholestrol. Khi tip xc vi nh sng vi bc sng 265 -300 n bin thnh Vitamin D3 v c hp thu vo mu.

Yu cu Vitamin D3: g con 2000-2200UI/kg, g 1500, vt con 1500, vt d 1000, vt ging 1500 UI/kg T *Vitamin E: (Tocopherol, Vitamin gip sinh , Tocos - sinh ) n v IU/Kg T Cng thc ha hc Vitamin E - C29O50H2 c 750 loi Vitamin E trong t nhin, nhng ch c 4 dng -,,, v tocopherol l c tc dng i vi gia cm, Vitamin E b ph hy di nh nng (c tia cc tm), nhng chu 0 nhit 170 C. -Vai tr sinh hc: Vitamin E nh hng n chc nng sinh sn, chng teo c c vai tr quan trng nht l chng xy ha m v Vitamin A. Nu thiu Vitamin E trong thc n g bin, c v u b ngo, chn cong v mm, hay ng ln, xut huyt thnh rut v c ngc, a chy. Lm gim t l c phi vp n do g trng p yu. G mi n u b gc nga chm t. Khc phc bng cch b sung 20 - 30 UI VTM E/kg T. Yu cu Vitamin E: G con 15 - 20, g 20 - 30, vt 5 UI/Kg T. Cn Mm la, m 90 *Vitamin K: Vit tt t ch Koagulation -ng vn n v tnh mg/Kg VCK thc n hay premix. C 4 loi Vitamin K: K1, K2, K3,

K4,Vitamin K c Micronora tng hp manh trng, nn gia cm khng thiu Vitamin K. -Vai tr sinh hc: Vitamin K chng chy mu (ng mu) cn thit cho g b bnh cu trng (phn ln mu) g (hay chy mu t cung, rch da lng v mo). Nu thiu Vitamin K trong thc n v khi a cht khng Cxydioze nh Sunphamit (dit VSV to Vitamin K) gia cm b chy mu ng tiu ha, lm chm lnh cc vt thng, lm rng lng, gy thiu mu.

2. Nhm Vitamin ha tan trong nc Nhng Vitamin ha tan trong nc l nhm Vitamin B, Vitamin C v mt s Vitamin khc. Nhng Vitamin c sn trong t bo ng thc vt, chng c tng hp ng tiu ha ca gia cm, ch yu manh trng.

*Vitamin B1 (tn gi Thiamin, anevrin, Vitamin chng thn kinh)


Vitamin l hp cht cha nit phc tp, n b ph hy nhit 100 C, PH = 9 v tia t ngoi ca mt tri. . . Vai tr sinh hc: Vitamin Bl c vai tr trong trao i cht Gluxit, tng tnh thm n, tng men tiu ha thc n, tng hp thu ng rut, duy tr hot ng h thn kinh chnh l duy tr cht Axetylcholin - cht dn chuyn thn kinh. Ngoi ra c vai tr trong tng hp cc cht Glucoaldehyde Sucxincaldehyde. Nu thiu Vitamin Bl trong thc n gy lit thn kinh (polyneuritis), c bit g con, lm g ngi bt, gy bi lit, u nga ra sau, hoc i li khng bnh thng, ri lon thn kinh c tim, h hp. G gy bnh m cn. G tng trng km, lng x, gim, mo (g ) mu xanh. -Yu cu: g con 2,3mg, g ln v g 1,8 - 2 mg/kg thc n.
0

-Ngun cung cp: Vitamin Bl c nhiu trong thc n men VSV, trong go cm, cm m, mm ca thc, m, mch (25 - 120 mg/kg), bt c (0,8 - 2,0 mg/kg). * Vitamin B2 (tn gi Ribonavin, lactoflavin, verdoflavin. ovoflavin) n v tnh mg/kg T hoc Premix. Vitamin B2 cha dn xut ca ng Riboz, nn t tn l Riboz. Vitamin B2 l thnh phn quan trng ca enzim, d b ph hy mi trng km. -Vai tr sinh hc: Vitamin B2 ng vai tr quan trng bc nht trong xy ha vt cht m t bo, thc hin phn ng xy ha hon nguyn. Trong trao i nng lng. Duy tr hot ng bnh thng ca cc tuyn sinh dc. Nu thiu Vitamin B2 trong thc n sinh bnh da, mt, g vo m, lit v vo ngn, vim thn kinh hng, i bng khuu chn, a chy, lm gim t l , p n, g con n ra chn b ngn, lng x, g ln rng lng nhiu lm gim kh nng s dng Vitamin B2 v Vitamin C trong thc n. - Yu cu: g con 3,5 - 4,0, g sinh sn 4,0 - 5,0, g thng phm 2,2 - 2,5. Vt cc la tui 2mg/kg T.

*Vitamin B3: (axit Pantotenic) n v tnh mg/kg thc n hoc premix.


Vitamin B3 cn gi l Vitamin G, pantoten ngha l rng khp. Cu to c Nit, n d b ph hy nhit cao v mi trng kim, axit. -Vai tr sinh hc: Vitamin B3 c trong thnh phn ca Coenzym A l enzym c chc nng trong trao i ng (Cu). C vai tr trong tng hp cht bo, cht Axetylcholin c trong xinap dy thn kinh, trong chng bi lit. Nu thiu Vitamin B3 trong thc n, g con ba chy, chm ln, lng

x, bnh ngoi da, mi mt ni ht v dnh li. gc xoang ming c vy, chn b vim, g gim, tng cht phi, p n km. Yu cu: g con v g d 11,0, g cc giai on 13,2, vt cc la tui 10mg/kg thc n. -Ngun gc: Vitamin B3 c nhiu trong thc n men v bt c.

* Vitamin B5 (Nraxin, cn c tn gi axitnicotenic, nicotin axit, n v


tnh mg/kg thc n hay premix. thc vt Vitamin B5 dng nicotin, ng vt dng nicotinamit Niaxin b phn hy khi phi v sy thc n, n bn vng trong mi trng axit hoc kim. Vai tr sinh hc: Vitamin B5 cn c tn l Vitamin PP do ghp 2 ch u ca 2 t Pellagra Prevantiv, n c vai tr trong trao i Gluxit, Protit v nng lng do xc tc 150 enzym lm chuyn ha vt cht dinh dng. Nu thiu Vitamin B5 trong thc n li gia cm ben, sng khp xng chn, lch gn mc lng chm tng tch ly m gan, lot da, chm ln. -Yu cu; G con 20 - 25, g mi 10 - 15. Vt cc loi 20 - 30 mg/kg thc n. -Ngun cung cp; Vitamin B5 c nhiu trong cm go, m, thc n men, bt c.

* Vitamin B6 (tn gi Piridoxin, adermin) n v tnh mg/kg thc n hay


Premix Vitamin B6 bn vng nhit cao, d b ph hy bi tia t ngoi. Vai tr sinh hc: Piridoxin l thnh phn ca nhiu enzym tham gia vo decacbxyl ha v preamin ha cc axit amin. Lm tng hp thu Tryptophan, lm tng hp thu cc axit bo cha no v chuyn ha Protit thnh lipit. Nu thiu Vitamin B6 trong thc n, lm gim tnh thm n v tiu th thc n, lm gim kh nng tng trng, gim t l v p n, lng x, mt c, mc bnh thn kinh, nm bt, cnh v chn co git, i xiu vo. -Yu cu: g con 4 - 5 mg/kg thc n, g ging 4 - 5, g thng phm 3 - 3,5, vt con 2mg/kg thc n.

tng hp c B6 t ha cht Vitamin H (tn gi Biotin, Vitamin B8) n v mg/kg thc n. Biotin c ngun gc ca Cacbamit, cha nhiu cacbon. N bn vng vi nhit v khng b xy ha, nhng b ph hy bi cht avidin ca lng trng trng. -Vai tr sinh hc: Vitamin H l thnh phn quan trng ca cc enzym. Cn thit cho Dezamin ha axit amin xc tc nh v cc Dixytcacbon. Nu khng cung cp Vitamin H trong thc n gia cm trng thnh v thng b lt da di bn chn, bn chn xi vy, mt dnh, kh nng p n km, tuy vy gia cm thng khng b thiu Vitamin H v rut gi v manh trng Vi sinh vt microflora tng hp c Vitamin H. Nhng nu ung thuc Sunphamit th micronora b cht v ngng tng hp Vitamin H ti rut. -Yu cu: g con 4, g d 3, g 5,5, vt con 2mg/kg thc n.

* Axit Folic (cn c tn l Vitamin B9) n v tnh mg/kg thc n hay


Premix. Axt folic l mt ccbonic. Gn y n c coi nh l mt VTM c bit. -Vai tr sinh hc : Lm tng sinh trng v tc mc lng, s pht trin c, to sc lng da. Cng vi VTM B12 tham gia to thnh metionin, Cholin, trong tng hp ADN v axit nucleic. S thiu ht trong thc n lm ri lon hnh thnh mu. Lm chm pht trin lng, lm gim t l trng, gy cht phi vo cui thi k p. Yu cu: g con 0,6 - 0,9. g 0,5 - 0,8, g ty 1,5 - 1,8 mg/kg thc n.

*Cholin: n v tnh mg/kg thc n hoc Premix Cholin c trong

dch mt ca gan, n c tng hp t metionin. -Vai tr sinh hc: Chng m ha gan, chng sng v x gan, chng bong gn. C vai tr trong vn chuyn m trong mu d dng. Lm thn kinh hot ng bnh thng do Cholin l nguyn liu to nn axetylcholin - cht dn truyn thn kinh. Nu khng t gia cm b vim khp, bong gn, m ha gan, gim sc trng. G con thng d b thiu Cholin. -Yu cu : g con 13 00 - 1400, g 1100 - 1200 mg/kg thc n. -Ngun cung cp Hm lng mg/kg thc n c tng hp t metionin, serin v glyxin khi c mt B12. Cc cht khng sinh lm thiu ht Cholin trong c th

* Vitamin B12 (tn Xiannocobalamin) n v tnh g/kg thc n. Trong phn t Vitamin B12 c cha 4,5 %Coban v nhm Xyanua. N b ph hy trong mi trng kim v tc ng ca nh sng. Vitamin B12 cn gi l yu t to nn Protein ng vt k hiu APF (animal Protein Factor). -Vai tr sinh hc: Vitamin ng vai tr trong to mu, kch thch sinh trng. N cn thit trong trao i Protit, Lipit v ng, cho hot ng bnh thng ca h thn kinh, cho tng hp axit nucleic, cholin, metionin v chomxystin. S thiu ht n trong thc n lm gim tc sinh trng, mc lng, lm gan nhim m, thiu mu c tnh, bi lit, t lp n km do cht phi cao giai on 17 - 18 ngy. -Yu cu: gia cm Vitamin B12 c vi sinh vt ng rut v trong cht n chung tng hp lm tha mn 50 % yu cu ny. G con yu

cu 12 -20, g 10 - 15 mg/kg thc n.

*Vitamin C (axit ascobic). n v mg/kg thc n. Vitamin C khng bn


vng trong mi trng v khi tip xc vi kim loi. -Vai tr sinh hc: Vitamin C ng vai tr quan trng trong trao i cht dinh dng, trong h hp m t bo, lm v hiu ha cc cht c sn sinh trong c th. C quan h vi hng lot hoocmon v enzym. Vitamin C chng bnh chy mu, lm gim bt hoocmon Coticosterol ca tuyn thng thn, m hoocmon ny li lm tng ng huyt, chng stress. S thiu ht Vitamin C trong thc n lm gim sc khng, gy bnh x cng ng mch chy mu di da v c. -Yu cu: gia sc v gia cm thng khng thiu Vitamin C, tuy vy nhiu th nghim cng xc nh nn b sung Vitamin C vo thc n cho gia cm b bnh, trong mi trng nng bc nh hng tch cc n sc khe v nng sut ca chng. G con yu cu 50mg/kg thc n, g mi 0 30 - 60. Khi nhit mi trng ln cao qu 30 C cn b sung thm 50 100mg/kg thc n. -Ngun cung cp n v mg/kg thc n Bt c, rau xanh c qu 600 - 1500 Vi sinh vt trong rut gia cm t tng hp c Vitamin C. 3. Nguyn nhn gy thiu ht Vitamin gia cm v bin php khc phc

3.1. Nguyn nhn


Trong thc tin mc d trong khu phn c cn i cc Vitamin,

thm ch phng cht lng Premix km cho tng hm lng, nhng vn thy c nhiu hin tng thiu Vitamin c trng gia cm non. gia cm sinh sn: nh cht phi sm. cht phi mun, g con b n ra khuyt tt nhiu. G con b lit, mt dnh, lng x, chm ln...Nguyn nhn chnh l do thiu Vitamin A, E, D, Vitamin nhm B. S thiu ht ny khng phi l do cn i thiu m do my nguyn nhn: -Thc n hn hp bo qun khng tt, ng vn, mc. Thi gian bo qun ko di trong iu kin kho tng tm b, nng m cao gy xy ha Vitamin. -Do ni sn xut Premix ty tin khi trn cc loi Vitamin vi nhau, Vitamin vi khong vi lng khng c cht bc ngoi Vitamin, bo v chng xy ha, cht ph gia khng ng chng loi. -Khng c phng lnh bo qun premix nh ni trn, nhiu loi Vitamin b ph hy khi nhit mi trng cao, v tip xc nh sng. -Gia cm b bnh tiu ha v truyn nhim, phi ung nhiu loi khng sinh, tiu dit vi sinh vt (Micronora) ng rut, mt kh nng tng hp Vitamin nhm B v nhm C v nh hng n hp th Vitamin trong khu phn. -Mt s nguyn liu thc n nh bt c, bt u tng rang khng c x l nhit (chn nguyn liu) nn c enzym trong chng ph hy Vitamin B1. -Cht Dicomerol trit tiu hot tnh Vitamin K, hay a cht khng Coxiodase vo thc n, cng lm gim Vitamin K. Cht Avidin ca lng trng trng ph hy Vitamin -S thiu ht mt s Vitamin ny, lm gim kh nng s dng mt s Vitamin khc trong c th gia cm. Th d thiu VTM A lm gim s hp thu mt s Vitamin nhm B v Vitamin C.

3.2. Bin php khc phc


Khi b thiu ht Vitamin bi mt hay nhiu nguyn nhn ni mc 4.3.1., th ta cn b sung Vitamin n hoc hn hp vi liu lng ti u (cao hn tiu chun ra) nh Vitamin B, C, E, A, hoc hn hp cc Vitamin quan trng dng nc hoc dng bt nh Vitamin B Complex, Vitamin ADE, Vitamin ADEK B1 B2 B6 B 12 (A - T112 ca Hng Bayer cha 8 Vitamin ni trn)

Khng tng qu liu Premix Vitamin + khong trong khu phn v trong cc nguyn t vi lng Zn, Cu, I, Se nu va l tt, nhng nu qu l gy c. V. YU CU CC CHT KHONG CA GIA CM 1. Vn chung Cht khong chim trn di 10% khi lng c th gia cm, trong c 40 nguyn t khong. n nay pht hin c 14 nguyn t khong trong c th gia cm, v cng l nhng nguyn t cn thit nht cho chng. Nhng nguyn t khong l nhng nguyn liu xy dng ln b xng, tham gia cu to t bo c th, l thnh phn ca nhiu enzym, Vitamin - cht xc tc sinh hc. dch t bo n dng ha tan v lm cn bng ni m. Cht khong gm 2 nhm: Nhm khong a lng (cn lng nhiu) v nhm khong vi lng (cn lng t) 2. Cc nguyn t khong a lng (n v tnh tng nguyn t l mg/kg thc n hay % trong thc n) Nhm nguyn ta lng gm Natri (Na), Kali (K), Clo (CL), Can xi (Ca), Phot pho (P), Lu hunh(S) v Manhe (Mg) *Natri, Kali, Clo: Natri, Kali l nhng kim loi kim c nhiu v quan trng nht trong c th di dng mui clorua v Bicacbonnat. Hm lng Kali c nhiu trong m tuyn, m thn kinh, m xng, Natri c nhiu trong huyt tng. -Vai tr sinh hc ca Natri, Kali, Clo NaCl, KCl c trong huyt tng, to nn p sut thm thu ca mu. mu. Natri, Kali tham gia vo lc m ca mu nh H2CO3, NaHCO3, NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4...H m trong cn bng cn c Kali - KHb, KHbO2, K Protit... + + Na , K trao i qua mng t bo, ng vai tr trong dn truyn xung ng thn kinh trong c th. Clo l nguyn t to ra axit HCl quan trng trong dch v, duy tr toan dch v v trong tiu ha Protein. NaHCO3 duy tr lng kim huyt, gi cn bng toan kim ca

T l Na , K trn Ca thch hp m bo hot ng co bp c tim bnh + ++ thng. K lm gim nhp p v sc co bp ca tim, cn Ca lm tng nhp p v sc co bp ca tim. Nu n qu nhiu mui n (NaCl) lm tng cng trao i cht, nhit thot ra nhiu, gia cm ung nc nhiu v km n. Nhng thiu mui trong thc n, gia cm mt tnh thm n, kh nng tiu ha thc n gim. Yu cu mui n; G con khng qu 0,4%, g ln v g khng qu 0,5% NaCl trong khu phn.

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* Canxi (Ca) Canxi tn ti trong c th ch yu di dng mui Phot


pht Canxi v CacbounatCanxi. -Chc nng sinh hc: Canxi c vai tr ln nht trong vic xy dng v pht trin b xng ca gia cm. +Hnh thnh nn v trng cng chc, v trng chim ti 98% CaCO3 . Cn thit cho sng mu khi b chy mu, iu ha tnh thm thu m bo v hot ng thn kinh, cn thit cho co bp ca tim.

+ Dung dch cha Ca v K c phun thng xuyn bn ngoi tim


chuyn mch vn ca t bo cht ra ngoi. S cn thit hp th Ca; T l Ca: P = 2 : 1 i vi gia cm non, cn 7 - 8 : 1 i vi gia cm thi k trng (ch - Photpho hp th) Vitamin D v nh sng G b bnh Newcatxon, bnh tiu ha hp thu Ca gim. Thi tit nng nng hp thu Ca gim.

-S thiu ht Canxi trong thc n gy ci xng, gy vim nhim c quan ni tng, co git, ng run ry, g gy vo xng li hi, v trng mng hoc mm (trng non), xng ng chn, cnh b xp. Nu tha Canxi nh hng n hoocmon tuyn gip trng. Yu cu Canxi: Giai on g con 1,0 - 1,2%, g 3,4 - 3,7, g hu b v g trng thnh 0,9 - 1,0%, vt con 0,9%, vt 2,8 - 3,0% trong thc n hn hp. Gia cm ch hp thu c 50 - 60% Canxi trong khu phn. Mt qu trng bnh qun cha 2,5 gam Canxi. Canxi cho duy tr b xng c th 1g/1 ngy/g . Bnh thng trong thc n hn hp cha b sung bt , bt xng ch cha 0,9 - 1,1% Canxi. Cn phi b sung bt xng 1,0% cho g tht, 3% bt xng v 6,0 - 6,5 %bt vo thc n hn hp cho g mi yu cu Canxi.

* Pht pho (P). Pht pho cung cp cho gia cm dng mui pht pht. -Chc nng sinh hc. Trong c th gia cm con (di 8-9 tun tui - gi l gia cm con) cha 0,4- 0,6 % pht pho, gia cm trng thnh 0,7-0,9 %. Trong mu cha 3-12 mg %. Chc nng quan trng l kin to b xng. Cn bng toan kim trong mu, trong cc t chc ca c th, trao i cht ng, cht bo v prtin, hot ng thn kinh. Tham gia cu to ADN, ARN ca nhn t bo. C trong hp cht cao phn t ATP. Hp cht phtphoprotit, phtpholipit trong t bo v mng t bo. Nu thiu ht phtpho trong KPTA gy ci xng, xp xng, v trng mng, gim kh nng lm vic ca g trng. -Yu cu phtpho: G yu cu phtpho hn cc ging thy cm. n v

tnh l % phtpho hp thu (hay P tiu ha), ch khng phi l pht pho tng s. V photpho thc n thc vt ch hp thu c 30%, cn ng vt c gia sc gia cm hp thu 100% cho nn phi tnh nhu cu photpho mi thc cht. G con yu cu khong 0,45-0,5% phtpho hp thu, g 0,450,55%.Vt con v vt tht 0,35-0,40%, vt 0,45-0,475% phtpho hp thu trong khu phn

* Manhe (Mg). -Vai tr sinh hc: Manhe chim 0,005% KLCT. Manhe tn ti ch yu trong t bo. Manhe tham gia cu to xng, c trong thnh phn ca enzim Hexokinaza trong trao i ng. Khi tng Ca phi tng c Mg. S thiu ht Mg trong thc n lm gim tc sinh trng, khng iu chnh c hot ng c bp, lm gim t l trng, lm gim s dng Ca, P. -Yu cu : G di 4 tun tui 500 mg/1kg thc n, trn 4 tun tui 550 mg/1kg thc n. *Lu hunh (S): Trong c th gia cm S l thnh phn ca cc axit amin cha S nh metionin, xystin, xystein, thiamin. -Vai tr sinh l: To nn lng, mng, c bit gia cm cn axit amin cha S hn cc gia sc khc (tr cu) v to lng. Lu hunh cn thit cho sn xut hoocmn. S thiu ht S gy rng lng, bong vy chn, nh hng n trao i phtpho, t gy ci xng. Tuy vy gia cm thng kh biu hin thiu S v qua qu trnh trao i mt s axit amin cha S th gii phng S. Nhng khi dng thuc chng cu trng liu cao th cng gy thiu S. -Ngun cung cp: Bt c, bt tht xng, bt lng v, mui Sunphat t tng hp ha hc.

3. Cc nguyn t khong vi lng gia cm cn thit mt s nguyn t khong vi lng ch yu sau:

* St (Fe): St c hp thu qua rut di dng ion Fe nh gn vo


opoferitin t bo biu b mng rut. Trong vng tun hon mu Fe li kt hp vi B1, globulin thnh transferin vn chuyn.
++

+2

Khong 80% Fe c chuyn vo ty ca xng to ra hemoglobin, cn 20% d tr gan, lch, thn. Fe d tr n cc c quan chc nng to sc t cn thit nh Hb ca hng cu, myoglobin ca c bp, peroxidaza trong h hp m bo. -Vai tr sinh hc: St tham gia cu to hng cu, huyt sc t, cc sc t c bp (Myoglobin), cc sc t h hp m bo (xydaza, peroxidaza) nguyn liu xy dng nn c, da, lng. S thiu ht trong thc n lm gia cm b bnh thiu mu, m, chn, da nht nht, g mi mo ti, gim, lng x. -Yu cu: g cc loi 88mg/kg thc n, vt 25mg/kg cc la tui. * ng (Cu) ng c khp ni trong c th, nhng nhiu nht gan. ng dng hp cht CuS hp thu tt hn CuSO4, CuO, CuCO3. -Chc nng sinh l: ng lm tng hp thu Fe to Hb ca hng cu. Tham gia to thnh cc enzym xy ha trong m bo. Cu tham gia to cc sc ten. S thiu ht Cu trong thc n lm gim hp thu st, th tht b ti en ln mu sng, gy bin mu lng, ri lon to xng, v trng mng v sn si (khng bng mn). -Yu cu: G cc loi cn ll mg/1kg thc n. * Coban (Co): Coban d tr trong gan, lch, thn, tuyn ty. -Vai tr sinh l: L nguyn t ch to nn VTM B12. C vai tr kch thch to mu v trao i cht Thiu Co dn n thiu VTM B12 t lm gim ng ha protein. hydratcacbon, gim trao i nng lng. Yu cu: gia cm trng thnh VTM B12 c to thnh t VSV manh trng. V vy phi cp Co. -Ngun cung cp: Coban c trong thc n ngun gc ng vt, men VSV, hai l trong thc n thc vt giu Coban cc hp cht ha hc tng hp -CoSO4, CoCl2, CoCl26H2O. * Mangan (Mn):

Mangan c phn b khp cc m bo c th, gan v lng l ni d tr quan trng. Khi cn thit Mn t gan vo mt, ri xung rut vo mu v t mu n xng, c vn, bung trng, tinh hon. -Chc nng sinh l: Yu cu Mn cho pht trin b xng v hnh thnh v trng, hot ha cc enzim, nh hng n tnh dc, n trao i Ca, P v protein gia cm. S thiu ht n trong thc n gia cm b ci xng, vo xng, c bit vo c. Lm sng cc khp xng, lm mng v trng, lm tng cht phi, g con n ra chn yu i khunh -Yu cu: G cc la tui 55mg/lkg thc n. Vt 50mg/1kg thc n cho cc la tui. * Iot (I) : Iot tp trung ch yu (90%) tuyn gip trng, phn nh thn, gan, tim. tuyn gip, Iot tham gia to nn hoocmn tyroxin - hoocmn iu ha sinh trng. -Chc nng sinh l: Duy tr chc nng sinh l ca tuyn gip trng, thng qua sn xut hooc mn tyroxin, m hoocmn ny c tc dng iu ha qu trnh sinh trng pht trin trao i cht v sinh sn. S thiu ht Iot trong thc n dn ti hin tng " Goiter ", ngha l lm tng trng tuyn gip, nh hng n iu ha sinh trng lm gim t lp n, gim s pht trin phi. -Yu cu : G con 0.37mg, g 0.15mg/kg thc n. - Ngun cung cp: Iot cha nhiu trong bt c dng tng hp ha hc KI (Iotuakali) , * Selen (Se). -Chc nng sinh l: ng vai tr trong hp thu v trao i VTM.E, phng chng thiu VTM.E, phng a chy. Nu thiu Se trong thc n, gia cm gim , t l phi v p n km. Hn ch thnh thc sinh dc, lm bin dng tuyn ty, lm gim s s dng VTM.E, lm thoi ha c, g trng nhy mi km, lm gim tiu ha cht bo. Yu cu: G con, g d: 0,1 - 0,15 mg, g 0,25 mg/kg thc n.

* Km (Zn).

-Chc nng sinh l: Tham gia trong tng hp Protein, trao i m,

Hydratcacbon, iu ha chc nng sinh sn v to mu. Bo v da, mt, nh hng n to xng, v trng v lng, chng rng lng. Nu khng Zn trong thc n lm gim tc mc lng v gy rng lng, gy sng khp, mt tnh n hi da, g gim, t lp n km. -Yu cu Zn: G cn di 4 tun tui: 44 mg, sau 4 tun tui: 33 mg/kg thc n -Ngun cung cp: Zn c nhiu trong bt c, trong hp cht v c ZnO v ZnSO4, * Mt s nguyn t - Molipden (Mo), Flo (F) l nhng nguyn t gy c, hu nh khng c c th gia s dng, c gia sc c sng, ng vt c v cn t flo to men rng. Chnh v vy trong premix khong khng c nhng nguyn t ny.

Chng IV MT S PHNG PHP XY DNG CNG THC CH BIN THC N V NC UNG CHO GIA CM

I. XY DNG CNG THC PHA TRN THC N HN HP (TAHH) 1. Nguyn tc Gia cm nui cng nghip phi cho n thc n hn hp ( ngha ca thc n hn hp ni phn trn). Mun to c cng thc thc n hn hp hon ho cho mt loi gia cm no phi nm c cc nguyn tc sau: Bit c yu cu ca.mt s vt cht dinh dng ch yu trong 100 kg hoc trong 1000 kg TAHH ca loi gia cm no dng % hoc gam. Th d 1kg TAHH ca g cn c 17% protin th (tc l 170 g protein/lkg TAHH ) NLT 2750 Kcal/lkg TAHH. Bit c thnh phn dinh dng ca tng nguyn liu lm TAHH nh: protein th, NLT, Ca, P, Lyzin, metionin, x, m ... Bit c gii hn s dng tng nguyn liu trong TAHH. Th d g tht (Broiler) khng c bt , t nguyn liu cha nhiu cht x (cm), khng qu 5% nguyn liu c hm lng protein cao, nguyn liu c nng lng cao th cha nhiu hn. Trong khi i vi g th ngc li bt 6 - 7%, bt xng 2 - 3%, cm 15 - 20%, trong khi ng khng qu 50%, bt c khng qu 5%, cc loi kh du khng qu 30% ... Bit c gi c ca tng nguyn liu tng a phng. T nhng d kin trn khi lp cng thc TAHH bng my vi tnh hoc bng phng php gi nh s cho cng thc TAHH ti u nht -y v cn i cc thnh phn dinh dng, tn dng cc nguyn liu thc n cc a phng v gi thnh h nht, cui cng thc n a ra chn nui phi t hiu qu kinh t. 2. Phng php lp cng thc TAHH theo phng php gi nh Bi ton: lp cng thc TAHH cho g hng trng (gm c cc nguyn liu ng, thc kh du u tng, bt u tm, bt c, bt xng, bt , mui n) vi lng protein 17%. Bit rng:

Ng cha 8,9% protein th Kh du u tng cha 42,5% protein th Thc 74,% protein th Cm 13,1% protein th Bt c 59,3% protein th Bt u tm 33,5% protein th Gii: Cn thc hin qu cc bc. -Bc 1 : Theo kinh nghim ta n nh mt s nguyn liu b sung thng dng trong thc n g l bt xng 3%, bt 6%, premix VTM + khong vi lng 0,3 kg, tng cng 9,3 kg trong 100 kg TAHH. Bc 2: n nh nguyn liu thc n protein ng vt. Bt c: 5 kg Bt u tm: 3 kg Tng cng 8 kg/100 kg TAHH. Bc 3: n nh thc n t sn phm ph ca ng cc. Bc 4: Xc nh c tng cc nguyn liu n nh v tng hm lng protein bit Bt c: 5 kg x 59,3% protein = 2,965 kg Pr Bt u tm: 3 kg x 33,5% protein = 1,005 kg Pr Cm: 10 kg x 13,1% protein = 1,31 kg Pr cc loi thc n b sung: 9,3 kg x 0% = 0 Tng cng: 27,3 kg = 5,220 kg Pr Qui ra 5,22% Bc 5: Tnh protein ca ng v kh u tng cn li: 17% - 5,22% = 12,88%. Bc 6: Xc nh lng ng v kh du u tng. 100 kg TAHH - 27,3 kg ( bit) = 72,7 kg. Gi kh du u tng c trong 100 kg TAHH l X S lng ng + thc l Y. Ta c phng trnh X +Y = 72,7 kg (l)

Ta c phng trnh protein t thc n thc vt. Gi s ch tnh lng protein ca ng + thc 0,0815 x 72,7kg = 5,874 kg Trn c s ta c phng trnh: 0,0815X+ 0,0815Y = 5,874 kg (3)

Thay vo phng trnh (l) Ng + thc: Y = 72,7 - 20,35 = 52,35 kg. Xc nh protein ca Ng + thc. 12,88 - (20,35 x 42,5) = 4,23 Theo cng thc Prason (tnh s lng cc nguyn liu qua hm lng protein cha trong ).

S lng thc = 52,35 - 31,31 = 21,04 kg.

II. TNH NHU CU NC UNG CHO GIA CM Yu cu nc ung ph thuc vo tui, chc nng sn xut, lng thc n tiu th ca gia cm v nhit ca mi trng. Qua nghin cu xc nh c: * G di 4 tun tui nhit mi trng 30 - 33 C v g trn 4 tun 0 tui (g Broiler) nhit mi trng 22 - 25 C th cn lng nc nhiu gp 2 ln lng thc n hay theo t l nc/ thc n = 2:1. Ngha l 1 kg thc n tiu th cn cung cp 2 kg nc (1kg nc = 1 lt nc) cho mt ngy (c ngy v m) Nhng nu nhit mi trng tng ln 1 C th lng nc cn tng l 2%. Bi ton 1: Mt n g tht (Broiler) 500 con, mi con n ht 100g thc 0 n/ngy, nhit mi trng 30 C. Tnh lng nc ung cho 1 g v cn g. Gii: Ta bit g tiu th 100g thc n/ngy l g trn 4 tun tui. n g tiu th lng thc n l: 0,1 kg x 500 con = 50 kg. Lng nc n g cn: 50 x 2 lt = 100 lt/ngy. Lng nc 1 g cn: 100 lt : 500 g = 0,2 lt/ngy.
0 0

* i vi g nhit mi trng 18 C cn t l nc trn thc n = 3 :

1, nu nhit mi trng tng ln 1 C, lng nc tiu th tng ln 2%. Bi ton 2: Mt n g mi 1000 con, g n 150 g thc n/ngy/g. Nhit mi trng 35 C. Tnh lng nc cn cho n g 1 ngy. Gii: Lng thc n n g mi tiu th 1 ngy l 0,150 kg x 1000 g = 150 kg Lng nc n g cn 1 ngy nhit chun ( 18 C) l 150 kg x 3 = 450 lt. Nhit mi trng tng ln l 34 - 18 = 16 C. T l nc tng ln so vi chun l: 16 C x 2% = 32%. Lng nc yu cu tng ln so vi chun l: 450 lt x 32% = 143 kg = 143 lt. Tng lng nc cp cho n g/1ngy l: 450 + 143 = 593 1t III. CCH XC NH V PHA TRN THUC B, THUC PHNG CHA BNH VO THC N, NC UNG CHO GIA CM l. Pha trn thuc vo nc ung, thc n cho gia cm -Xc nh tng khi lng n g (th d: c 1 con g nng 800 g x n g 500 con = 400000g = 400 kg). -Bit liu thuc dng cho 1 n v khi lng g, cho 1 n v nc cn pha nh: 1g thuc cho bao nhiu thc n, cho bao nhiu lt nc, cho bao nhiu con.... Sau tnh lng thuc dng cho cn trong mt ngy hay 1 k. -Sau khi xc nh c tng lng thuc, lng nc ung lng thc n tiu th ta tin hnh pha theo 2 bc: Pha dung dch m: (hoc hn hp m) c lng thuc dng vo vi lt nc hoc vi kg thc n quy hoc trn u trong vng 5 - 10 pht. Pha thnh dung dch hoc hn hp con cho ung hoc cho n: ton b dung dch hn hp m vo ton b nc ung trong bui sng hoc vo lng thc n c ngy, ri cho g ung hoc n.
0 0 0 0

Ch : Cho g ung ht nc hoc n ht thc n mi liu thuc.


Trnh nc hoc thc n trn nc qua ngy. 2. Cc bi ton

Bi ton 1: Hy tnh lng A - Tl04 trong 3 ngy (Hn hp vitamin


ADE ca hng Bayer) b sung vo 100 kg thc n cho 1000 g con/ngy theo t l thuc/ thc n 0,2%.

Gii: Lng thuc cn dng 1 ngy l: 100 x 0,2% = 0,2 kg/ngy. Lng thuc cn trong 3 ngy l: 0,2 x 3 = 0,6 kg. Cch trn vo thc n: Trn hn hp m: Ly 5 kg thc n ti mng, rc u l0,2 kg thuc ln mt thc n trn u trong 5 pht ta c hn hp m. Trn dung dch con: S thc n cn li 95 kg cng c ti mng vi dy 10 - 15cm ( tu lng thc n nhiu hay t m ti dy hay mng) ri hn hp m ln mt thc n trn u t trong ra ngoi t trn xung di v ngc li trong vng 10 - 15 pht (nu trn 100 kg th trn 15 pht). Sau ng vo bao cho g n trong ngy. Nu trn thc n khng sinh dng bt cng thc hin nh vy.

Bi ton 2: n g ba chy lc thi tit nng, cn ung nc c cht in gii A - T110 trong 3 ngy. Bit rng g ung bnh qun 0,4 lt
nc/ngy. Liu lng pha 1g A - T110 cho 2 lt nc, n g gm 250 con. Tnh lng thuc A - T110 cn trong 3 ngy. Gii: - Tnh lng nc ung trong 3 ngy: 250 x 0,4 x 3 ngy =300 lt Tnh lng thuc A - T110 trong 3 ngy: 2 x 300 lt x 1 g = 600 g hay 0,6 kg. Tnh lng thuc A - T110 trong 1 ngy. 0,6 kg : 3 = 0,2 kg/ngy. Pha dung dch m: Ly 10 lt nc ung trong s 100 lt/ngy, b 0,2 kg thuc vo v quy u cho tan (3 - 5 pht) ta c 10 lt dung dch m. Pha dung dch con cho ung: c tnh bui sng (ung hn bui chiu) khong 60 lt. Ta ly 6 lt dung dch m ho vi 60 lt nc ung trong 5 pht, cho g ung ht, sau ho s nc v s thuc cn li cho ung tip.

Chng V THC N CHO G CC LOI


I. THC N CHO G SINH SN HNG THT G sinh sn hng tht c chia lm 5 giai on: Giai on g con, giai on g d, giai on khi ng, g pha I, g pha II. Tuy vy tuiu kin chn nui ca mi nc c th thm hoc rt bt s chia giai on cho ph hp. ng vi mi giai on tui, c tiu chun khu phn thc n ring cho n, gi l tiu chun khu phn thc n theo giai on (TCKPTA), ni chung c 5 TCKPTA sau: TKTA g con - giai on t 0 - 6 tun tui. -TCKT g d - giai on t 7 - 1 9 tun tui. -TCKPTA g khi ng - giai on t 20 - 22 tun tui. -TCKPT pha I - giai on t 23 - 40 tun tui. -TCKPTA g pha II - giai on t 41 - 66 tun tui.. 1. Thc n cho g con 0 - 6 tun tui: (hoc 0 - 4 tun tui) G con giai on ny sinh trng, tng trng nhanh. V vy cht lng v s lng thc n phi m bo theo ng nhu cu sinh l ca chng. Thc n tt, g khe mnh, sc sng cao, chn ln n hu b nhiu (bng 3). Ch cho g n t do 23 - 24 gi /ngy 0 - 2 hoc 3 tun tui u. Sau rt s lng thc n t t. C th ko di n t do n 5 - 6 tun tui. N

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