CHNG 3 - CHUN E-LEARNING 3.1. Chun l g?

Theo ISO- chun l Cc tho thun trn vn bn cha cc c t k thut hoc cc tiu ch chnh xc khc c s dng mt cch thng nht nh cc lut, cc ch dn, hoc cc nh ngha ca cc c trng, m bo rng cc vt liu, sn phm, qu trnh v dch v ph hp vi mc ch ca chng. Mi h thng khc nhau c cch trao i thng tin khc nhau trn mng. Nh c cc chun m chng ta c th trao i thng tin trn mng mt cch nhanh chng. Chun Internet bao gm cc chun c IEEE cng nhn: HTTP, HTML, FTP, TCP/IP, SMTP Trong h thng E-Learning cng c cc chun v trong lnh vc ny chun rt quan trng. Bi v nu khng c chun chng ta khng th trao i thng tin vi nhau hay s dng li cc i tng. Nh c chun ton b th trng ELearning (ngi bn cng c, khch hng, ngi pht trin ni dung) s tm c ting ni chung, hp tc vi nhau c c v mt k thut v mt phng php. Cc chun h tr tnh linh hot trong h thng hc tp.
Danh sch cc kho hc Thi trc nghim.

ngi sn xut

Hnh 1.3: Cc chun trong h thng E-Learning Ngi sn xut to ra cc module n l (hoc i tng hc) ri tch hp thnh mt kho hc thng nht.

Cc chun cho php ghp cc kho hc to bi cc cng c, cc nh

sn xut khc nhau thnh cc gi ni dung (packages) c gi l cc chun ng gi (packaging standards). Chun ng gi m t cc cch ghp cc i tng hc tp ring r to ra mt bi hc, kha hc, hay cc n v ni dung khc, sau vn chuyn v s dng li c trong nhiu h thng qun l khc nhau (LMS/LCMS). Cc chun ny m bo hng trm hoc hng nghn file c ng gi v ci t ng v tr. Chun ng gi bao gm: Cch ghp nhiu n v ni dung khc nhau thnh mt gi ni dung duy nht. Cc n v ni dung c th l cc kha hc, cc file HTML, nh, multimedia, style sheet v mi th khc xung n mt icon nh nht. Thng tin m t t chc ca mt kho hc hoc modul sao cho c th nhp vo c h thng qun l v h thng qun l c th hin th mt menu m t cu trc ca kho hc v hc vin s hc da trn menu .

Cc chun k thut h tr chuyn cc kho hc hoc modul t h

thng qun l ny sang h thng qun l khc m khng phi cu trc li ni dung bn trong. Cc chun ny cho php cc h thng qun l o to c th hin th tng bi hc n l. V c th theo di c kt qu kim tra ca hc vin, qu trnh hc tp ca hc vin c gi l chun trao i thng tin (communication standards), trong E-Learning, cc chun trao i thng tin xc nh mt ngn ng m h thng qun l o to c th trao i thng tin c vi cc modul. Chun trao i thng tin bao gm 2 phn: giao thc v m hnh d liu. Giao thc xc nh cc lut quy nh cch m h thng qun l v cc i tng hc tp trao i thng tin vi nhau. M hnh d liu xc nh d liu dng cho qu trnh trao i nh im kim tra, tn hc vin, mc hon thnh ca hc vin...

Cc chun quy nh cch cc nh sn xut ni dung c th m t cc

kho hc v cc modul ca mnh cc h thng qun l c th tm kim v phn

loi c khi cn thit c gi l chun metadata (metadata standards): Metadata l d liu v d liu. Vi E-Learning, metadata m t cc kho hc v cc module. Cc chun metadata cung cp cc cch m t cc module ELearning m cc hc vin v cc ngi son bi c th tm thy modul h cn.Metadata gip ni dung E-Learning hu ch hn i vi ngi bn, ngi mua, hc vin v ngi thit k. Metadata cung cp mt cch chun mc m t cc kha hc, cc bi, cc ch v media. Nhng m t s c dch ra thnh cc catalog h tr cho vic tm kim c nhanh chng v d dng. Vi metadata bn c th thc hin cc tm kim phc tp. Metadata c th gip ngi son bi tm ni dung h cn v s dng ngay hn l phi pht trin t u. Cc thnh phn c bn ca metadata (trong chun IEEE 1484.12): Title: tn chnh thc ca kho hc. Language: Xc nh ngn ng c s dng trong kho hc Description: m t v kho hc Keyword: bao gm t kho h tr cho vic tm kim Structure: m t cu trc bn trong ca kho hc tun t, phn cp v nhiu hn na. Aggregation Level xc nh kch thc ca n v Version: xc nh phin bn ca kho hc. Format: quy nh cc nh dng file c dung trong kho hc. Size: Kch thc tng ca ton b cc file c trong kho hc. Lacation: ghi a ch website m hc vin c th truy cp kho hc. Requirement: lit k cc th nh trnh duyt v h iu hnh cn thit c th chy c kho hc. Duration: quy nh cn bao nhiu thi gian tham gia kho hc. Cost: ghi hc ph ca kho hc.

Cc chun nh ni n cht lng ca cc modul v cc kho hc

c gi l chun cht lng (quality standards), chun ny kim sot ton b qu trnh thit k kho hc cng nh kh nng h tr ca kho hc vi nhng

ngi tn tt. Cc chun ny m bo ni dung ca chng trnh c th dng c, hc vin d dng c v hiu ni dung .
Chun thit k E-Learning:chnh l chun E-Learning Courseware

Certification Standards ca Vin ASTD1 (E-Learning Certification Institute). Vin ny cp chng nhn cho cc kho hc E-Learning tun th mt s chun nht nh nh thit k giao din, tng thch vi cc h iu hnh v cc cng c chun, cht lng sn xut v thit k ging dy.
Chun v tnh truy cp c (Accessibility Standards): Cc chun ny

lin quan ti lm nh th no cng ngh thng tin c th truy cp c vi tt c mi ngi.Hin ti, khng c cc chun dnh ring cho E-Learning, tuy nhin E-Learning c th tn dng cc chun dng cho cng ngh thng tin v ni dung Web. Ngoi ra cn mt s chun khc nh: Test Questions: y l chun v cc cu hi kim tra.
Enterprise Information Model: tm mt cch xc nh cc nh dng

cho php trao i cc d liu qun l g cc h thng.

Learner Information Packaging: xc nh mt nh dng chung v thng

tin hc vin. 3.2. SCORM 3.2.1 SCORM l g? SCORM (The Sharable Content Object Reference Model) do U.S.Department of Defense (DoD) pht trin u tin. E-Learning c ni dung c pht trin trn nhiu nn khc nhau, s dng nhiu chun v c t khc nhau v gy nn nhng khc bit trn nhng h thng khng tng thch. DoD lin kt cht ch cng cc k s chi tit k thut E-Learning Aviation Industry CBT Committee (AICC) pht trin trong thp k trc. Kt qu l m hnh tham kho thc nghim chung c Advance Distributed Learning (ADL) xut bn, l s n lc cng tc gia chnh ph, ngnh cng
1

http://www.astd.org/

nghip v gii hc vin c bo tr bi Office of the Secretary of Defence. Chun SCORM l trng tm trn s cho php plug-and-play thao tc gia cc thnh phn, kh nng truy cp v kh nng dng li ca ni dung hc tp Webbased , vi mc ch tt nht ca s bo m c hi cao nht cho cht lng gio dc v o to, p ng nhu cu ca tng c nhn, phn pht c hiu qu mi ni mi lc. Da trn c s tiu chun cng ngh c tha nhn bao gm XML v JavaScript, SCORM tr nn bn vng, trn thc t tiu chun cng ngh ELearning ngy nay c bao qut rng v c h tr bi cc tp on hng u th gii, cc trng i hc, h thng nh cung cp v cc i l. SCORM l mt m hnh tham kho cc chun k thut, cc c t v cc hng dn c lin quan a ra bi cc t chc khc nhau dng p ng cc yu cu mc cao ca ni dung hc tp v cc h thng thng qua cc c tnh sau:
Tnh truy cp c (Accessibility): Kh nng nh v v truy cp cc ni

dung ging dy t mt ni xa v phn phi n ti cc v tr khc.

Tnh thch ng c (Adaptability): Kh nng cung cp cc ni dung ging

dy ph hp vi yu cu ca tng c nhn v t chc.

Tnh kinh t (Affordability): Kh nng tng hiu qu v nng sut bng cch

gim thi gian v chi ph lin quan n vic phn phi cc ging dy.
Tnh bn vng (Durability): Kh nng tr vng vi s pht trin ca s

pht trin v thay i ca cng ngh m khng phi thit k li tn km, cu hnh li.
Tnh linh ng (Interoperability): Kh nng lm cho cc thnh phn ging

dy ti mt ni vi mt tp cng c hay nn (platform) v s dng chng ti mt ni khc vi mt tp cc cng c hay nn.

Tnh ti s dng (Reusability): Kh nng mm do trong vic kt hp cc

thnh phn ging dy trong nhiu ng dng v nhiu ng cnh khc nhau.

3.2.2. Cc thnh phn trong SCORM SCORM Packaging: SCORM dng c t Content Packaging, ct li ca c t Content Packaging l mt file manifest. File manifest ny phi c t tn l imsmanifest.xml. Nh phn ui file a ra, file ny phi tun theo cc lut XML v cu trc bn trong v nh dng. Thnh phn chnh trong Package Interchange File: Phn metadata ghi cc thng tin c th v gi tin. Phn Organizations l ni m t cu trc ni dung chnh ca gi. N gn nh mt bng mc lc. N tham chiu ti cc cc ti nguyn v cc manifest con khc c m t chi tit hn phn di. Phn Resources bao gm cc m t ch ti cc file khc c ng cng trong gi hoc cc file khc ngoi (nh l cc a ch Web chng hn). Sub-manifests m t hon ton cc gi c gp vo bn trong gi chnh. Mi sub-manifest cng c cng cu trc bao gm Meta-data, Organizations, Resources v Sub-manifests. Do manifest c th cha cc sub-manifest v cc sub-manifest c th cha cc Sub-manifes khc na.

Hnh 1.4: SCORM Packaging

c t ny cho php ng gi nhiu kho hc v cc thnh phn cao cp khc t nhng bi hc n l, cc ch v cc i tng hc. c t ny cng cung cp cc k thut ng gi manifest v cc file thnh mt gi vt l. Cc nh dng file c ghp cc file ring r l PKZIP (ZIP) file, Jar file (JAR), hoc cabinet (CAB) file. Phng php thc thi mt chun theo mt cng ngh c th c gi l binding v khng phi l phn li ca chun. SCORM RTE (Run Time Environment): Trong SCORM c t Runtime Environment (RTE) quy nh s trao i gia h thng qun l o to v cc SCO (Sharable Content Object - i tng ni dung c th chia s c) tng ng vi mt modul. SCORM Runtime Environment xc nh mt giao thc v m hnh d liu dng cho trao i thng tin gia cc i tng hc tp v cc h thng qun l. Trong qu trnh thc thi, nhng ngi son bi to cc trang HTML, HTML trao i vi mt h thng qun l bng cch s dng cc hm JavaScript nm trong file APIWrapper.js. Chun trao i thng tin cung cp rt nhiu cch thc m h thng qun l v modul c th trao i thng tin. Sau y l 5 phng thc quan trng nht trong SCORM RTE 2004: Initialize, Terminate, GetValue, SetValue v Commit. SCORM metadata: bao gm ton b thng tin ca ni dung E-Learning, v d nh thng tin v tc gi, thng tin v gi, danh mc, nhu cu k thut cho s hot ng ca kho hc, ch tiu phn u ca hc vin, cc t kho gip ch cho vic tm kim ni dung trn website 3.2.3. Li ch kinh doanh ca SCORM Nhn t gc mt doanh nghip, cc chun l c ch bi v chng cn thit cho s pht trin v m rng ca nn cng nghip da vo cng ngh. Liu rng chun 802.11 cho h thng mng khng dy, HTML cho Web, hoc chun ho khong cch ng ray tu ho cho h thng chuyn ch bng xe la c tho mn khng, cc chun thc y nng sut v tnh iu phi cho php th trng tng trng.

Cc mc ch ny tt nhin p dng cho cc chun E-Learning, cho php cc t chc thng qua SCORM to nn nng sut, h gi thnh, gim bt s ri ro v s tng trng hiu qu ca hc tp v vn u t (ROI). Nng sut cao v h gi thnh: SCORM cung cp c hi cho s ci tin quan trng trong doanh nghp v s pht trin nng sut v sinh li nhun. Tnh ti s dng: Pht trin ni dung mt ln, sau dng li chng cho cc hc vin v bi cch khc nhau s gim bt thi gian cho s pht trin. Dng chung ni dung gia cc h thng vi nhau: SCORM to nn s tch hp d dng gia cc h thng ang tn ti v trong tng lai, s bo h vn u t c s h tng v lm yu quyn s hu gi thnh ca bn. Tnh gim chi ph: Bng cch cho php t chc ca bn duy tr ni dung tin hnh trong t chc, s dng cng c la chn m khng cn quan tm n h thng hoc ni dung cung cp. SCORM lm gim i gi thnh ca s duy tr ni dung. Gim ho vn u t cng ngh nhiu nht. Trnh gi c quyn cc cng c son bi in t. Ngi pht trin c o to chc chn. Gim bt s ri ro Gim i s c quyn trn cc cng c v cng ngh. Gim chi ph ri ro khi phi chuyn i v mt cng ngh. H thp ri ro cho s li thi. u t sn cho tng lai. Kinh nghim ca ngi hc c ci thin. 3.2.4. SCORM trong tng lai SCORM tip tc m rng v pht trin v chc nng t ng cn thit ca nhng ngi pht trin, ngi hc v nh qun tr E-Learning. V d nh, gn y SCORM pht hnh phin bn 1.3 bao gm s sp xp v chc nng. Nhng lnh vc m SCORM cn phi ci thin trong tng lai:

Tch hp gia cc h thng tt hn. H tr cho vic gi lp, t ng iu khin cch trnh by v cho php tm kim trong kho lu tr cc i tng ni dung chia s c (SCO). H tr k nng son bi in t. Cc chun phng php truy cp t xa cc ti nguyn kin thc thng qua mang my tnh. ================================= 1. Cng c son tho bi ging in t l g? L cc cng c gip cho vic to ni dung hc tp mt cch d dng. Cc trang web vi tt c cc loi tng tc multimedia (thm ch c cc bi kim tra) c to ra d dng nh vic to mt bi trnh by bng PowerPoint. Vi cc cng c ny ta c th nhp cc i tng hc tp tn ti trc nh text, hnh nh, m thanh, video, ch bng vic ko th. Ni dung sau khi son xong c th xut ra cc nh dng HTML, EXE hoc cc gi tng thch SCORM. Vic t pht trin cng c to ra cc gi tun theo chun SCORM th rt mt thi gian v tn km tin ca. Vo thi im hin ti c mt s cng c min ph, m ngun m gip chng ta ng gi ni dung tun theo chun. Di y, ti gii thiu mt s cng c nh vy. 2. Nhng cng c no gip tun theo chun ng gi? 2.1 ReloadEditor 2.1.1 Gii thiu Reload l mt d n c ti tr bi JISC Exchange for Learning Programme. Mc ch ca d n l pht trin cc cng c da trn cc c t k thut hc tp mi ra i. Hin ti d n c qun l bi Bolton Institute. Reload Editor l phn mm m ngun m , vit bng Java, cho php to v chnh sa cc gi tun theo c t SCORM 1.2, SCORM 2004. Mc ch chnh ca cng c Reload l to ra cc b son tho tun theo cc c t ng gi ni dung v Metadata. Reload Editor cho php ngi dng t chc, tng hp v ng cc i tng hc tp thnh cc gi ni dung tun theo c t ca chun IMS v SCORM c b sung thm Metadata.

Hnh . Giao din chnh ca cng c Reload Editor 2.1.2 Ci t v s dng Reload Editor 2.2 E-learning XHTML Editor - EXE [20] 2.2.1 Gii thiu E-learning XHTML Editor (eXe) l cng c xy dng ni dung o to (authoring) thin v hng son bi ging mt cch d dng, d s dng, khng cn cc kin thc v HTML v XML. eXe l d n m ngun m, do hon ton min ph. Cc phin bn mi thng xuyn c cp nht, d ci t, d s dng i vi c nhng ngi k thuc ngnh CNTT, h tr hu ht cc i tng trn Web: text, hnh nh, m thanh, video, flash 2.2.2 Thnh phn c bn ca eXe Mt trang ti liu trong eXe c cu thnh bi mt hoc nhiu thnh phn ring bit gi l cc iDevice nm xen k ln nhau. Mi iDevice s xc nh mt ni dung c th, chng hn c iDevice hin th mt hnh nh, c iDevice xy dng mt th vin nh, c iDevice cho php nhp ni dung xc nh mc tiu bi hc Bng 4 trnh by mt s iDevice trong eXe Bng 4. Mt s iDevice trong eXe

Activity Case study Cloze Activity External Website Free Text Image Gallery Image Magnifier Image with Text Multi choice question Objective Preknowledge Reading Activity Reflection SCORM Quiz True-False question Wikipedia Article

Cc hot ng xy ra trong qu trnh hc Mt cu chuyn c lin quan n ni dung hc tp, qua c th a vo cc cu hi tho lun v rt ra cc kt lun Cc cu hi in khuyt h tr hc vin nm c ni dung bi hc a mt trang web vo ni dung hc tp, qua hc vin c th duyt ni dung ca website ngay trong bi hc m khng cn m ca s khc Nhp vn bn n thun vo ni dung ti liu Nhp mt th vin nh vo ni dung ti liu Cho php phng i nh c chn vo Chn nh v vn bn vo ti liu Cc cu hi a chn la Nhp ni dung l mc tiu, mc ch ca qu trnh hc Cc kin thc cn c tham gia kha hc Mt thu gn ca Case Study vi mt hot ng a vo cc cu hi phn chiu Cu hi a la chn theo chun SCORM Cc cu hi ng-sai a vo cc ni dung ca b bch khoa ton th trc tuyn Wikipedia

Hnh minh ha mt bi ging trong eXe

Hnh . Bi ging mn H iu hnh trong eXe 2.3 Adobe Presenter 2.3.1 Gii thiu Phn mm ny nh l mt add-in tch hp vi MS PowerPoint, mt ng dng c hu ht cc gio vin nm bt v s dng trong cc tit dy c ng dng CNTT. p ng c cc tiu ch ca Cc CNTT B GD&T t ra trong vic thit k bi ging in t. Adobe Presenter gip chuyn i cc bi trnh chiu powerpoint sang dng tng tc multimedia, c li thuyt minh (narration), c th cu hi tng tc (quizze) v kho st (surveys), to hot ng iu khin dn dt chng trnh (animation), v to m phng (simulation) mt cch chuyn nghip. iu khng nh l Adobe Presenter to ra bi ging in t tng thch vi chun quc t v e-learning l AICC, SCORM 1.2, and SCORM 2004. y l phn mm c bn quyn ca hng Adobe, ti bn dng th 30 ngy ti a ch: http://www.adobe.com/products/presenter/ 2.3.2 Cc bc c bn s dng Adobe Presenter Bc 1: To bi trnh chiu bng PowerPoint, c th tn dng bi trnh chiu c tit kim thi gian trong khu chun b, tuy nhin cng cn phi c

mt s iu chnh thch hp nh: a Logo ca trng vo, a hnh nh tc gi, chnh li mu sc cho thch hp. Bc 2: Bin tp. a multimedia vo bi ging: c th l a video v m thanh vo, v d m thanh thuyt minh bi ging; a cc tp tin flash; a cu hi tng tc (quizze), cu hi kho st v c th ghp tp tin m thanh ghi sn sao cho ph hp vi ng hot hnh. Bc 3: Xem li bi ging v cng b trn mng. Xem li bi ging hoc cng b ln mng bng chc nng Bn thn Presenter c tch hp vo h thng phn mm hp v hc o Adobe Connect, vi phn mm Captivate, cc tp tin Flash video (FLV). Ngha l nu c mt phng trong Adobe Connect, v d nh http://hop.edu.net.vn/dilinh do Cc CNTT cung cp, upload ni dung c to ra bng PowerPoint + Adobe Presenter, th l thnh bi ging e-learning trc tuyn. C th a bi ging in t e-learning son bng Adobe Presenter vo cc h thng qun l hc tp LMS v Adobe Presenter to ra ni dung theo chun SCORM v AICC.