You are on page 1of 51

I.

OLYMPIC HA HC VIT NAM:


OLYMPIC HA HC SINH VIN TON QUC 2003:
1) Trnh by cu to ca phn t CO theo phng php VB v phng php MO (v gin nng
lng). Cho ZC = 6; ZO = 8.
2) So snh nng lng ion ha gia cc nguyn t C v O, gia phn t CO vi nguyn t O.
3) M t s to thnh lin kt trong cc phc cht Ni(CO)4 v Fe(CO)5 theo phng php VB v cho
bit cu trc hnh hc ca chng. Cho bit ZFe = 26, ZNi = 28.
BI GII:
1) Theo phng php VB th phn t CO c cu to:
C

Hai lin kt c hnh thnh bng cch ghp chung cc electron c thn v mt lin kt cho
nhn.
MO: (KK): s2 s2* x2 = y2 z2
2) I1(C) < I1(O) v in tch hiu dng vi electron ha tr tng t C n O.
I1(CO) > I1(O): v nng lng ca electron z ca CO thp hn nng lng ca electron ha tr
oxy.
3)
OLYMPIC HA HC SINH VIN TON QUC 2005 (Bng A):
L thuyt lng t d on c s tn ti ca obitan ng ng vi s lng t ph l = 4 (g l k
hiu ca s lng t ph n = 4).
1) Hy cho bit s electron ti a m phn lp ng c th c
2) D on sau phn mc nng lng no th n phn mc ng.
3) Nguyn t c electron u tin phn mc ng ny thuc nguyn t c s th t Z bng bao
nhiu?
BI GII:
1) Phn mc nng lng ng ng vi ga tr l = 4 s c 2l + 1 obitan nguyn t, ngha l c 2.4+1= 9
obitan nguyn t. Mi obitan nguyn t c ti a 2e. Vy phn mc nng lng ng c ti a 18e.
2) Phn mc nng lng ng xut hin trong cu hnh electron nguyn t l 5g bi v khi s lng t
chnh n = 5 th lp electron ny c ti a l 5 phn mc nng lng ng vi l = 0 (s); l =1 (p); l =
2 (d); l = 3 (f) v l = 4 (g). Theo quy tc Klechkowski th phn mc 5g c tng s n + l = 9. Phn
mc ny phi nm st sau phn mc 8s.
3) (Rn)7s25f146d107p68s25g1.
Z = 121.
OLYMPIC HA HC SINH VIN TON QUC 2005 (Bng A)
1) Hy cho bit cu hnh hnh hc ca phn t v ion di y, ng thi sp xp cc gc lin kt
trong chng theo chiu gim dn. Gii thch.
a) NO2; NO2+; NO2-.
b) NH3; NF3.
2) So snh momen lng cc gia hai phn t NH3 v NF3. Gii thch.
3) Thc nghm xc nh c mome lng cc ca phn t H2O l 1,85D, gc lin kt HOH l
104,5o, di lin kt O H l 0,0957 nm. Tnh ion ca lin kt O H trong phn t oxy (b
qua momen to ra do cc cp electron ha tr khng tham gia lin kt ca oxy)
Cho bit s th t Z ca cc nguyn t: 7(N); 8(O); 9(F); 16(S)
1D = 3,33.10-30 C.m
in tch ca electron l -1,6.10-19C; 1nm = 10-9m.

BI GII:
1) gii thch cu ny ta c th dng thuyt VSEPR hoc thuyt lai ha (hoc kt hp c hai).
a)
N
O

N
O

sp
sp2
(1) v (3): hnh gp khc.
(2) : thng
Gc lin kt gim theo th t sau: (2) (1) (3) do (2) khng c lc y electron ha tr ca N
khng tham gia lin kt, (1) c mt electron ha tr ca N khng lin kt dy lm gc ONO hp li i
cht. (3) gc lin kt gim nhiu hn do c 2 electron khng lin kt ca N y.
b)
sp

N
H

sp3
Gc lin kt gim theo chiu HNH - FNF v m in ca F ln hn ca H l in tch lch
v pha F nhiu hn lc y km hn.
(NH3) > (NF3)
Gii thch:
sp3

N
H

F
F

NH3 chiu ca cc momen lin kt v ca cp electron ca N cng hng nn momen tng


cng ca phn t ln khc vi NF3 (hnh v).
3)
1 H
O

ca phn t bng tng cc momen ca hai lin kt (O H):


T s dng cc h thc lng trong tam gic ta tnh c momen ca lin kt O H l:
1,51D
Gi thit ion ca lin kt O H l 100% ta c:
0,0957.10 9 .1,6.10 19
1 (lt ) =
= 4,60 D
3,33.10 30
Ta d dng suy ra ion ca lin kt O H l 32,8%
OLYMPIC HA HC SINH VIN TON QUC 2005 (Bng A):
Silic c cu trc tinh th ging kim cng vi thng s mng a = 0,534nm. Tnh bn knh
nguyn t cng ha tr ca silic v khi lng ring (g.cm-3) ca n. Cho bit MSi = 28,086g.mol-1. Kim

cng c cu trc lp phng tm mt (din), ngoi ra cn c 4 nguyn t nm 4 hc (site) t din ca


mng c s.
BI GII:
3
D=a
2
D
a 3
= 2rSi =
2
4
a 3
= 0,118nm
rSi =
8
S nguyn t Si trong mt mng c s: 8.(1/8) + 6(1/2) + 4 = 8
Vy ta tnh c khi lng ring ca Si l: 2,33g.cm-3.
OLYMPIC HA HC SINH VIN TON QUC 2005 (Bng B):
Hy d on s nguyn t ca chu k 7 nu n c in y cc nguyn t. Vit cu hnh
electron nguyn t ca nguyn t c Z = 107 v 117 v cho bit chng c xp vo nhng phn nhm
no trong bng tun hon?
BI GII:
Nguyn t u tin ca chu k 7 l 7s1 v kt thc 7p6
7s25f146d107p6: 32 nguyn t chu k 7.
Z = 107: [Rn]5f146d57s2: Nhm VIIB
Z = 117: [Rn]5f146d107s27p5: Nhm VIIA
OLYMPIC HA HC SINH VIN TON QUC 2005 (Bng B):
nh sng nhn thy c phn hy c Br2(k) thnh cc nguyn t khng. Bit rng nng lng
ph v lin kt gia hai nguyn t l 190kJ.mol-1. Ti sao hi Br2 c mu?
Bit h = 6,63.10-34 J.s; c = 3.108 m.s-1; NA = 6,022.1023 mol-1.
BI GII:
E = h(c/).NA = 6,3.10-7m
nm trong vng cc tia sng nhn thy nn phn hy c v c mu:
OLYMPIC HA HC SINH VIN TON QUC 2005 (Bng B):
1) C cc phn t XH3:
a) Hy cho bit cu hnh hnh hc ca cc phn t PH3 v AsH3.
b) So snh gc lin kt HXH gia hai phn t trn v gii thch.
2) Xt cc phn t POX3
a) Cc phn t POF3 v POCl3 c cu hnh hnh hc nh th no?
b) Gc lin kt XPX trong phn t no ln hn?
3) Nhng phn t no sau y c momen lng cc ln hn 0?
BF3; NH3; SiF4; SiHCl3; SF2; O3.
Cho bit: ZP = 15; ZAs = 33; ZO = 8; ZF = 9; ZCl = 17; ZB = 5; ZN = 7; ZSi = 14; ZS = 16.
BI GII:
gii thch cu ny ta c th dng thuyt VSEPR hoc thuyt lai ha (hoc kt hp c hai).
1)
P: 1s22s22p63s23p3; As: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p3.
P v As u c 5e ha tr v tham gia lin kt 3e trong XH3.
X
H

sp3

Hnh thp tam gic

Gc HPH > HasH v m in ca nguyn t trung tm P ln hn so vi ca As nn lc y


mnh hn.
2)
O

X
X
X

n = 3 +1 = 4 (sp3): hnh t din


Gc FPF < ClPCl v Cl c m in nh hn flo l gim lc y.
3)
N

sp

F
F
F

Cl
S

Si
Cl

sp

Cl

sp2

Si

B
F

sp3

O
F

sp2

F
F

sp3
4 cht u tin c cu to bt i xng nn c momen lng cc ln hn 0.
THI CHN HC SINH GII QUC GIA VIT NAM NM 2002 (Bng A):
1. Liu php phng x c ng dng rng ri cha ung th. C s ca liu php l s bin i
ht nhn.
59
27Co

0n
60

X?

X? 28Ni + ... ;

(1)
h = 1,25 MeV

(2)

(a) Hy hon thnh phng trnh ca s bin i ht nhn trn v nu r nh lut no c p dng
hon th nh phng trnh.
(b) Hy cho bit im khc nhau gia phn ng ht nhn vi phn ng oxi ho-kh (ly th d t
phn ng (2) v phn ng Co + Cl2 CoCl2).
2. C cu hnh electron 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1

(1)

(a) Dng k hiu lng t biu din cu hnh electron (1).


(b) Cu hnh electron (1) l cu hnh electron ca nguyn t hay ion ? Ti sao ?
(c) Cho bit tnh cht ho hc c trng ca ion hay nguyn t ng vi cu hnh electron (1), hy
vit mt phng trnh phn ng minh ha.
3. Bit En = -13,6.

Z2
(n: s lng t chnh, Z: s n v in tch ht nhn).
n2

(a) Tnh nng lng 1e trong trng lc mt ht nhn ca mi h N6+, C5+, O7+.
(b) Qui lut lin h gia En vi Z tnh c trn phn nh mi lin h no gia ht nhn vi
electron trong cc h ?
(c) Tr s nng lng tnh c c quan h vi nng lng ion ho ca mi h trn hay khng ?
Tnh nng lng ion ho ca mi h.

4. p dng thuyt lai ho gii thch kt qu ca thc nghim xc nh c BeH2, CO2 u l phn t
thng.
BI GII:
1. (a) nh lut bo ton vt cht ni chung, nh lut bo ton s khi v bo ton in tch ni ring,
c p dng:
in tch : 27 + 0 = 27; S khi : 59 + 1 = 60 X l 27Co60.
59
60
27Co + 0n1 27Co .
S khi : 60 = 60; in tch : 27 = 28 + x x = 1. Vy c 1e0.
60
60
27Co 28Ni + -1e; hv = 1,25MeV.
(b) im khc nhau
Phn ng ht nhn : xy ra ti ht nhn, tc l s bin i ht nhn thnh nguyn t mi. V d
(b) trn.
Phn ng ho hc (oxi ho - kh) : xy ra v electron nn ch bin i dng n cht, hp
cht. V d : Co + Cl2 Co2+ + 2Cl CoCl2.
Cht dng trong phn ng ht nhn c th l n cht hay hp cht, thng dng hp cht. Cht
dng trong phn ng oxi ho - kh, ph thuc vo cu hi m phi ch r n cht hay hp cht.
Nng lng km theo phn ng ht nhn ln hn hn so vi nng lng km theo phn ng ho
hc thng thng.
2. (a) Dng lng t biu din cu hnh :

(b) (1) l cu hnh e ca nguyn t v cu hnh d bn bo ho nn thuc kim loi chuyn tip (theo
HTTH cc nguyn t). Thuc kim loi chuyn tip th ion khng th l anion; nu l cation, s e = 24
th Z c th l 25, 26, 27 ... Khng c cu hnh cation no ng vi cc s liu ny. Vy Z ch c th
l 24.
(Nguyn t Ga c cu hnh [ar] 3d104s24p1, ion Ga2+ c cu hnh [ar] 3d104s1 bn nn khng th cn
c vo lp ngoi cng 4s1 suy ra nguyn t).
(c) Z = 24 nguyn t Cr, Kim loi (chuyn tip). Dng n cht c tnh kh.
Cr + 2HCl CrCl2 + H2
3. (a) Theo u bi, n phi bng 1 nn ta tnh E1. Do cng thc l E1 = 13,6 Z2 (ev) (2)
Th t theo tr s Z:

Z = 6 C5+ : (E1) C5+ = 13,6 x 62 = 489,6 eV

Z = 7 N6+ : (E1) N6+ = 13,6 x 72 = 666,4 eV


Z = 8 O7+ : (E1) O7+ = 13,6 x 82 = 870,4 eV
(b) Quy lut lin h E1vi Z : Z cng tng E1 cng m (cng thp). Qui lut ny phn nh tc dng
lc ht ht nhn ti e c xt: Z cng ln lc ht cng mnh nng lng cng thp h cng
bn, bn nht l O7+.
(c) Tr nng lng c lin h vi nng lng ion ho, c th:
C5+ : I6 = (E1, C5+) = + 489, 6 eV.
N6+ : I7 = (E1, N6+) = + 666, 4 eV.
O7+ : I8 = (E1, O7+) = + 870,4 eV.
4. Phn t thng c 3 nguyn t c gii thch v hnh dng : Nguyn t trung tm c lai ho sp (l lai
ho thng).

BeH2, cu hnh electron ca nguyn t : H 1s1; Be : 1s22s2. Vy Be l nguyn t trung tm c lai


ho sp:


lai ho sp
2 obitan lai ho sp cng trn trc Z, mi obitan xen ph vi 1 obitan 1s ca H to ra lin kt .
Vy BeH2 HBeH (2 obitan p thun khit ca Be khng tham gia lin kt).
CO2, cu hnh electron : C 1s22s22p2; O 1s22s22p4. Vy C l nguyn t trung tm lai ha sp


lai ho sp

2 obitan lai ho sp ca C xen ph vi 2 obitan pz ca 2 O to ra 2 lin kt . 2 obitan p thun khit


ca C xen ph vi obitan nguyn cht tng ng ca oxi to ra 2 lin kt (xx ; y y) nn 2 lin
kt ny trong 2 mt phng vung gc vi nhau v u cha 2 lin kt . Vy CO2 : O= C = O
Ghi ch: Yu cu phi trnh by r nh trn v cc lin kt , trong CO2 (ch : phi ni r c s
tng ng obitan gia C vi O : xx; y y)
THI CHN HC SINH GII QUC GIA VIT NAM NM 2003 (Bng A):

1. Nhm clorua khi ho tan vo mt s dung mi hoc khi bay hi nhit khng qu
cao th tn ti dng dime (Al2Cl6). nhit cao (7000C) dime b phn li thnh monome
(AlCl3). Vit cng thc cu to Lewis ca phn t dime v monome; Cho bit kiu lai ho ca
nguyn t nhm, kiu lin kt trong mi phn t ; M t cu trc hnh hc ca cc phn t .
2. Phn t HF v phn t H2O c momen lng cc, phn t khi gn bng nhau (HF 1,91
Debye, H2O 1,84 Debye, MHF 20, M H O 18); nhng nhit nng chy ca hidroflorua l
830C thp hn nhiu so vi nhit nng chy ca nc l 00C, hy gii thch v sao?
2

BI GII:

1.
* Vit cng thc cu to Lewis ca phn t dime v monome.
Nhm c 2 s phi tr c trng l 4 v 6. Ph hp vi quy tc bt t, cu to Lewis ca
phn t dime v monome:

Monome

Cl

Al
Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl
;

Al

Al

dime

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

* Kiu lai ho ca nguyn t nhm : Trong AlCl3 l sp2 v Al c 3 cp electron ho tr;


Trong Al2Cl6 l sp3 v Al c 4 cp electron ho tr .
Lin kt trong mi phn t:
AlCl3 c 3 lin kt cng ho tr c cc gia nguyn t Al vi 3 nguyn t Cl.
Al2Cl6: Mi nguyn t Al to 3 lin kt cng ho tr vi 3 nguyn t Cl v 1 lin
kt cho nhn vi 1 nguyn t Cl (Al: nguyn t nhn; Cl nguyn t cho).
Trong 6 nguyn t Cl c 2 nguyn t Cl c 2 lin kt, 1 lin kt cng ho tr thng thng

v lin kt cho nhn.


* Cu trc hnh hc:
Phn t AlCl3: nguyn t Al lai ho kiu sp2 (tam gic phng)
nn phn t c cu trc tam gic phng, u, nguyn t Al
tm cn 3 nguyn t Cl 3 nh ca tam gic.
Phn t Al2Cl6: cu trc 2 t din ghp vi nhau. Mi nguyn
t Al l tm ca mt t din, mi nguyn t Cl l nh ca t
din. C 2 nguyn t Cl l nh chung ca 2 t din.
Al
O Cl

Cl
1200

Cl

1200

Al
0

120

Cl

O
O

O
O

2.
* Phn t

H-F

M = 20
Jt ;
= 1,91 Debye

H-O-H

M = 18
= 1,84 Debye

c th to lin kt hidro HO
c th to lin kt hidro HF
* Nhit nng chy ca cc cht rn vi cc mng li phn t (nt li l cc phn t)
ph thuc vo cc yu t:
- Khi lng phn t cng ln th nhit nng chy cng cao.
- Lc ht gia cc phn t cng mnh th nhit nng chy cng cao. Lc ht
gia cc phn t gm: lc lin kt hidro, lc lin kt Van der Waals (lc nh hng, lc
khuch tn).
*Nhn xt: HF v H2O c momen lng cc xp x nhau, phn t khi gn bng nhau v
u c lin kt hidro kh bn, ng l hai cht rn phi c nhit nng chy xp x
nhau, HF c nhit nng chy phi cao hn ca nc (v HF momen lng cc ln hn,
phn t khi ln hn, lin kt hidro bn hn).
Tuy nhin, thc t cho thy Tnc (H2O) = 00C > Tnc(HF) = 830C.
* Gii thch:
Mi phn t H-F ch to c 2 lin kt hidro vi 2 phn t HF khc hai bn

H-F H-FH-F. Trong HF rn cc phn t H-F lin kt vi nhau nh lin kt hidro to thnh
chui mt chiu, gia cc chui lin kt vi nhau bng lc Van der Waals yu. V vy khi
un nng n nhit khng cao lm th lc Van der Waals gia cc chui b ph v, ng
thi mi phn lin kt hidro cng b ph v nn xy ra hin tng
nng chy.
Mi phn t H-O-H c th to c 4 lin kt hidro vi 4
phn t H2O khc nm 4 nh ca t din. Trong nc mi
phn t H2O lin kt vi 4 phn t H2O khc to thnh mng li

khng gian 3 chiu. Mun lm nng chy nc cn phi ph v mng li khng gian 3
chiu vi s lng lin kt hidro nhiu hn so vi HF rn do i hi nhit cao hn.
THI CHN HC SINH GII QUC GIA VIT NAM NM 2004 (Bng A):

1. Trong s cc phn t v ion: CH2Br2, F - , CH2O, Ca2+, H3As, (C2 H5 )2O , phn t v ion no
c th to lin kt hidro vi phn t nc? Hy gii thch v vit s m t s hnh thnh lin
kt .
2. a) U238 t phn r lin tc thnh mt ng v bn ca ch. Tng cng c 8 ht c phng ra
trong qa trnh . Hy gii thch v vit phng trnh phn ng chung ca qu trnh ny.
b) Uran c cu hnh electron [Rn]5f36d17s2. Nguyn t ny c bao nhiu electron c thn? C
th c mc oxi ho cao nht l bao nhiu?
3. Trong nguyn t hoc ion dng tng ng c t 2 electron tr ln, electron chuyn ng
trong trng lc c to ra t ht nhn nguyn t v cc electron khc. Do mi trng thi
ca mt cu hnh electron c mt tr s nng lng. Vi nguyn t Bo (s n v in tch ht
nhn Z = 5) trng thi c bn c s liu nh sau:
Cu hnh electron

Nng lng (theo eV)

Cu hnh electron

Nng lng (theo eV)

-340,000
-600,848
-637,874

- 660,025
- 669,800

1s
1s2
1s22s1

1s 2s
1s22s22p1

Trong : eV l n v nng lng; du - biu th nng lng tnh c khi electron cn chu
lc ht ht nhn.
a) Hy trnh by chi tit v kt qa tnh cc tr s nng lng ion ho c th c ca nguyn t Bo
theo eV khi dng d kin cho trong bng trn.
b) Hy nu ni dung v gii thch qui lut lin h gia cc nng lng ion ho .
4. Nng lng lin kt ca N-N bng 163 kJ.mol1, ca NN bng 945 kJ.mol1. T 4 nguyn
t N c th to ra 1 phn t N4 t din u hoc 2 phn t N2 thng thng. Trng hp no
thun li hn? Hy gii thch.
BI GII:

1/ Cc vi ht CH2Br2, Ca2+, H3As khng c nguyn t m in mnh nn khng th to lin kt


hidro vi phn t nc.
Cc vi ht F - , CH2O, (C2 H5 )2O c nguyn t m in mnh nn c th to lin kt hidro vi
phn t nc:
H
F

H
O
H

H
C
H

O ... H

C2H 5

O. . .H

C2H 5

2/ a) U238 t phng x to ra ng v bn 92Pbx cng vi ba loi ht c bn: 2 4, -1o v oo.


Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng: x = 238 4 8 = 206. Vy c 82Pb206.

Theo nh lut bo ton in tch :[ 92 (82 + 2 8)] / (1) = 6. Vy c 6 ht -1o.


Do phng trnh chung ca qa trnh ny l: 92U238

82Pb

206

+ 8 He + 6.

b) Cu hnh electron [Rn]5f36d17s2 c s electron ngoi c biu din nh sau:

Vy nguyn t

92U

238

c 4 e c thn (cha ghp i); mc (s) oxi ho cao nht

l +6 v U[Rn]5f36d17s2 6 e

U [Rn]+6 .

3/ a) Tnh cc tr nng lng ion ho c th c ca Bo:


T cu hnh electron cho , ta xc nh c cc vi ht tng ng cng vi tr nng
lng nh sau:
Cu hnh
electron

Vi ht

1s1
1s2
1s22s1

B4+
B3+
B2+

Nng lng
(theo eV)
- 340,000
- 600,848
- 637,874

Cu hnh
electron
1s22s2
1s22s22p1

Vi ht

Nng lng
(theo eV)

B+
B

- 660,025
- 669,800

C nh ngha: Nng lng ion ho (ca mt nguyn t) l nng lng t nht cn tch 1 e
khi nguyn t trng thi c bn m khng truyn thm ng nng cho e .
I

Vy gia nng lng ca 1 e trng thi c bn v nng lng ion ho I tng ng c lin h:
= -
(1).

Vy vi s ion ho M (k 1)+ - e
M k+ ; Ik
(2),
Ta c lin h:
Ik = - = - [EM(k -1)+ - EMk+ ]
(3)
Trong : k ch s e b mt (do s ion ho) ca vi ht c xt, c tr s t 1 n n; do k+
ch s n v in tch dng ca ion M k+ ;
Ik l nng lng ion ho th k ca nguyn t M c biu th theo (2).
Xt c th vi nguyn t Bo: v Z = 5 nn nguyn t c 5 e; vy k = 1 n 5. p dng phng
trnh (2) v (3), dng s d kin bng trn cho Bo, ta c:
*
Bo e
B+ ;
I1
( vy k = 1);
I1 = - [ EB EB+] = (669,800 + 660,025 ). Vy I1 = 9,775 eV .
B2+ ;
I2
( vy k = 2);
*
B+ e
I2 = - [ EB+ EB2+] = (660,025 + 637,874). Vy I2 = 22,151 eV .
*
B2+ e
B3+
;
I3
( vy k = 3);
I3= - [EB2+ EB3+] = (637,874 + 600,848). Vy I3 = 37,026 eV .
*
B3+ e
B4+
;
I4
( vy k = 4);
I4= - [EB3+ EB4+] = (600,848 + 340,000). Vy I4 = 260,848 eV .
*
B4+ e
B5+
;
I4
( vy k = 5);
I5= - [EB4+ EB5+] = (340,000 + 0,000). Vy I5 = 340,000 eV .
I1

b) T kt qu trn, ta thy c quy lut lin h cc tr nng lng ion ho ca Bo nh sau


< I2 < I3 < I4 < I5
(4).

Gii thch: Khi vi ht M (k 1)+ mt thm 1 e to thnh M k+ c s n v in tch k+ ln hn (k 1)


nn lc ht tc dng ln e tip theo trong vi ht M k+ mnh hn so vi trong M (k 1)+. Do phi tn
nng lng ln hn tch 1e tip theo khi M k+ ; ngha l I( k 1) < Ik nh c ch ra trong (4)
trn y.
2. a) Xt du ca nhit phn ng
H = iEi jEj
i
j
Trong i, j l lin kt th i, th j cht tham gia, cht to thnh tng ng ca phn ng c xt; Ei ;
Ej l nng lng ca lin kt th i, th j .
b) Xt c th vi nit :
Phn ng
4N
N4
(1)
C H1 = 4 EN - EN4 = 0,0 - 6 163 ; vy H1 = - 978 kJ .
Phn ng
4N
2 N2
(2)
C H2 = 4 EN - 2 EN2 = 0,0 - 2 945 ; vy H2 = - 1890 kJ .
Ta thy H2 < H1. Vy phn ng
4N
2 N2 xy ra thun li hn phn ng
4N
N4.
THI CHN HC SINH GII QUC GIA VIT NAM NM 2004 (Bng B):

1. Ion no trong cc ion sau y c bn knh nh nht? Hy gii thch.


Li+, Na+, K+, Be2+, Mg2+.
2. St monoxit FeO c cu trc mng tinh th lp phng tm din (mt) kiu NaCl vi thng s
mng a = 0,430 nm. Hy tnh khi lng ring ca tinh th st monoxit .
BI GII:
1.

Tng r

Li+
Na+
K+

Be2+
Mg2+

Gim r
Be2+ v Li+ ng electron vi nhau nhng Be2+ c in tch ht nhn nhiu hn nn phi c bn
knh nh hn.
Vy Be2+ c bn knh nh nht
2. i vi tinh th lp phng tm din (mt), mi mng c s c s n v cu trc l
1
1
x8 + x6 = 4 . Vy khi lng ring ca tinh th l:
8
2
4(55,8 + 16)
= 5,91(g / cm 3 )
d=
23
7 3
0,432.10
.6,022.10
THI CHN HC SINH GII QUC GIA VIT NAM NM 2005 (Bng A):

Cc vi ht c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng: 3s1, 3s2, 3p3, 3p6 l nguyn t hay
ion? Ti sao?

Hy dn ra mt phn ng ho hc (nu c) minh ha tnh cht ha hc c trng ca mi vi


ht.

Cho bit: Cc vi ht ny l ion hoc nguyn t ca nguyn t thuc nhm A v nhm


VIII(0).

BI GII:
Cu hnh electron ca cc lp trong ca cc vi ht l 1s22s22p6, ng vi cu hnh ca [Ne].
1. Cu hnh [Ne] 3s1 ch c th ng vi nguyn t Na (Z = 11), khng th ng vi ion.
Na l kim loi in hnh, c tnh kh rt mnh. Th d: Na t bc chy trong H2O nhit thng.
2 Na + 2 H2O 2 NaOH + H2
2.
Cu hnh [Ne] 3s2 ng vi nguyn t Mg (Z = 12), khng th ng vi ion. Mg l kim loai hot
ng. Mg chy rt mnh trong oxi v c trong CO2.
2 Mg + O2
2 MgO
3.
Cu hnh [Ne] 3s23p3 ng vi nguyn t P (Z = 15), khng th ng vi ion. P l phi kim hot
ng. P chy mnh trong oxi.
4 P + 5 O2
2 P2O5
4. Cu hnh [Ne] 3s23p6:
a) Trng hp vi ht c Z = 18. y l Ar, mt kh tr.

b) Vi ht c Z < 18. y l ion m:


Z = 17. y l Cl, cht kh yu. Th d:
2 MnO4 + 16 H+ + 10 Cl

2 Mn2+ + 8 H2O + 10 Cl2

Z = 16. y l S2, cht kh tng i mnh. Th d:


2 S + 2 H2O
2 H2S + O2
Z = 15. y l P3, rt khng bn, kh tn ti.
c) Vi ht c Z > 18. y l ion dng:
Z = 19. y l K+, cht oxi ho rt yu, ch b kh dui tc dng ca dng in (in phn KCl hoc
KOH nng chy).
Z = 20. y l Ca2+, cht oxi ho yu, ch b kh dui tc dng ca dng in (in phn CaCl2 nng
chy).
II.
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T:
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 1996:
Nm 1908 Rutherford, cng vi H. Geiger o tc bc x ht (x) bng radi (trong t nhin,
nguyn t ny c biu th bi mt ht duy nht 226Ra88) v thy rng 1,00g radi bc x x = 3,42.1010
ht mi giy.
Nm 1911, Rutherford v B. Boltwood o tc to thnh heli t radi. Th nghim ny cho php
cc ng c c tr s chnh xc nht c th c vo thi gian y ca s Avogadro, min l tr s th tch
mol ca kh l tng c bit r. t c mc ch ny, mt mu mui radi c lm tinh khit t
mt sn phm phn r c cha m = 192mg Ra c cho vo mt thit b v o th tch kh heli thot ra.
Sau 83 (t = 83,0 ngy) ngy lm th nghim, thu c 6,58mm3 kh He (0oC v 1atm).
hiu c cc kt qa th nghim, ta cn s ng hc phn r phng x ca Ra cho di
y (ghi trn mi tn l chu k bn hu, ghi di mi tn l kiu phn r).
Ra

> 1500 nam

Rn

RaD

3,83 ngay

27,1 nam

RaA

3,05ph

5 ngay

RaB

26,8ph

138 ngay

RaE
Po
Pb

(RaA RaE l cc sn phm trung gian ca s phn r radon)

RaC

19,7ph

RaC'

1,63.10-4s

1. Vit nm phn r phng x u tin, dng cch biu din cho thy s hiu nguyn t, s khi ca tt
c cc ht nhn c lin quan.
c lng ban u cho thy cc chu k bn hy ca tt c cc sn phm phn r ca radi, tr
RaD v Po, c th c coi nh khng ng k so vi thi gian o t. Dng c lng ny tin hnh
cc tnh ton sau:
2. a) C bao nhiu nguyn t He c hnh thnh t mi nguyn t radi phn r sau 83 ngy?
b) C tng cng bao nhiu nguyn t heli c to thnh trong th nghim?
3. Hy tnh tr s gn ng ca s Avogadro t s liu trn. Bit ti 0oC v 1atm th V = 22,4L.
tnh c s Avogadro chnh xc hn, chu k bn hy ca Radon (t1/2(Rn) = 3,83 ngy)
khng th b qua, v chu k ny l ng k so vi thi gian tin hnh th nghim t; ngha l khng phi
mi nguyn t radon b phn r vo cui th nghim.
4. Chn tng quan gia tc phn r k ca bt k ht nhn no cho so vi chu k bn hu t1/2 ca
n.
a) k = 1/T1/2.
b) k = ln2/T1/2.
c) k = ln2.T1/2.
d) k = /T1/2.
k1
k2
Rn
RaA
5. a) Dng s ng hc n gin: Ra
(trong k1 v k2 l hng s tc ca cc phn ng tng ng). Vit biu thc quan h gia s
nguyn t radon vo lc cui th nghim NRn v s nguyn t radi NRa.
- NRn = k1.NRa/k2.
- NRn = k2.NRa/k1.
- NRn = k1.NRa/2k2.
- NRn = k1.NRa/3k2.
b) Tnh NRn dng tc phn r radi cho trn (x = 3,42.1010 ht mi gam radi trong mt giy).
6. C bao nhiu nguyn t heli c th c to thnh t cc nguyn t radon cn li lc cui th
nghim NRn, nu tt c cc nguyn t ny phn r thnh RaD?
- 4NRn.
- 2NRn.
- 5NRn.
- NRn.
- 3NRn.
7. Dng li gii ca cc cu hi trn, hy tnh mt gi tr gn ng tt hn ca
a) S nguyn t Heli to thnh.
b) S Avogadro.
BI GII:
1)
222
222
4
88 Ra 86 Rn + 2 He
222
86

218
Rn 84
Po + 42 He

218
84

214
Po 82
Pb + 42 He

214
82

214
Pb 83
Bi + e

214
83

214
Bi 84
Po + e

210
Po 82
Pb + e
2) a) 4
214
84

b) NHe = 4xmt = 4.3,42.1010.0,192.(83.24.3600) = 1,9.1017.


3) S Avogadro NA l s ht vi m c trong 1 mol
NA = NHe/nHe vi NHe l s nguyn t heli v nHe l s mol He to thnh trong khong thi gian t.
Nu gi thit rng tt c cc nguyn t radon to thnh t cc nguyn t radi u phn r trong thi gian
th nghim (gi thit ny theo sau gi thit l chu k bn hy ca radon c th b qua so vi thi gian 83
ngy, iu ny dn n sai s khong 5%), khi y s nguyn t heli bc x trong khong thi gian t l
NHe = 4xmt v ta c th tnh c NA = 6,4.1023 mol-1.
4) b)
5) a) NRn = k1.NRa/k2.
S nguyn t radon t n trng thi gn tnh (cn bng phng x), ti tc to thnh bng
tc phn r k2NRn = k1.NRa, t NRn = k1.NRa/k2.
b)Tc phn r ca radi l k1NRa = xm, t ta c th tnh c NRa = 3,14.1015.
6) 3NRn.
7) a) NHe = 4xmt 3NRn = 1,79.1017.
b) NA = NHe/VHe = 6,09.1023.
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 1997:
St kim loi nng chy 1811K. Gia nhit phng v im nng chy ca n, st kim loi c
th tn ti cc dng th hnh v cc dng tinh th khc nhau. T nhit phng n 1185K, st c cu
to tinh th dng lp phng tm khi (bcc) quen gi l st-? T 1185K n 1667K st kim loi c cu
to mng lp phng tm din (fcc) v c gi l st-? Trn 1167K v cho ti im nng chy st
chuyn v dng cu to lp phng tm khi (bcc) tng t st-? Cu trc sau cng (pha cui) cn c
gi l st-?
1) Cho bit khi lng ring ca st kim loi nguyn cht l 7,874g.cm-3 293K,
a) Tnh bn knh nguyn t ca st (cm).
b) c lng khi lng ring ca st (tnh theo g.cm-3) 1250K
Ch : B qua cc nh hng khng ng k do s gin n nhit ca kim loi.
Thp l hp kim ca st v cacbon, trong mt s khong trng gia nguyn t st (cc hc)
trong mng tinh th b chim bi cc nguyn t nh l cacbon. Hm lng cacbon trong hp kim ny
thng trong khong 0,1% n 4%. Trong l cao, s nng chy ca st cng d dng khi thp cha 4,3%
theo khi lng. Nu hn hp ny c lm lnh qa nhanh (t ngt) th cc nguyn t cacbon c
phn tn trong mng st-?. Cht rn mi ny - c gi l martensite - rt cng v gin. D hi b bin
dng, cu to tinh th ca cht rn ny l ging nh cu to tinh th ca st-? (bcc).
2) Gi thit rng cc nguyn t cacbon c phn b u trong cu trc ca st.
a) c tnh hm lng nguyn t cacbon trong mt t bo n v ( mng c s) ca st-? trong
martensite cha 4,3%C theo khi lng.
b) c tnh khi lng ring (g.cm-3) ca vt liu ny.
Khi lng mol nguyn t v cc hng s:
MFe = 55,847g.mol-1.
MC = 12,011g.mol-1.
NA = 6,02214.1023mol-1.
BI GII:
1) Cc bc tnh ton:
1.
nh ngha cc tham s ca chiu di (a, b, c, d1, d2 v r) v th tch (V1 v V2) cho c
hai cu to bcc v fcc ca st.
2.
Tnh th tch V1 ca mng n v ca st - nh khi lng ring ca n (bcc)
293K, khi lng mol nguyn t ca st (MFe), v s Avogadro NA.

3.
4.
5.

Tnh chiu di d1 cnh ca mng n v bcc t th tch ca n.


Tnh bn knh nguyn t r ca st t chiu di d1.
Tnh chiu di d2 ca cnh mng n v fcc ( 1250K) t bn knh nguyn t r ca
st.
6.
Tnh th tch V2 ca mng n v fcc ca st - t chiu di d2 ca cnh.
7.
Tnh khi lng m ca s nguyn t st trong mt mng n v ca st - t khi
lng mol nguyn t MFe ca st v s Avogadro NA.
8.
Tnh khi lng ring (fcc) ca st - t cc ga tr ca m v V2.
Mt hng khc tm khi lng ring fcc ca st - l tnh ti l phn trm khong khng gian
chim ch trong c hai loi mng n v bcc v fcc, c th thay th cc bc t 5 n 8 bng cc bc
t 5 n 8 sau y:
5. Tnh t l phn tm khong khng gian chim ch ca mng n v bcc.
6. Tnh t l phn tm khong khng gian chim ch ca mng n v fcc.
7. T t l fcc/bcc ta suy ra c t l: bcc/fcc.
8 T ga tr cho trc b 7 ta tnh c fcc.
2) Cc chi tit:
1.
293K st - c cu trc tinh th bcc.
Mi mng n v thc s cha hai nguyn t, trong mt nguyn t tm ca mng.
1250K, st - c cu to tinh th fcc.
Mi mng n v thc s cha 4 nguyn t v tm ca mi mt c mt na nguyn t.
r: bn knh nguyn t ca st
a: chiu di ng cho mt mt ca mng n v bcc.
b: chiu di ng cho qua tm ca mng n v bcc.
c: chiu di ng cho mt mt ca mng n v fcc.
d1: chiu di cnh ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
d2: chiu di cnh ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
V1: Th tch ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
V2: Th tch ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
Va: th tch chim bi mt nguyn t.
Va1: Th tch chim bi hai nguyn t trong mt mng n v bcc.
Va2: Th tch chim bi bn nguyn t trong mt mng n v fcc.
R1: T l phn trm khong khng gian chim ch trong mt mng n v bcc.
R2: T l phn trm khong khng gian chim ch trong mt mng n v fcc.
Va1 = 2Va2
Va2 = 4Va
Va = (4/3)r3
2
2
b2 = d12 + a2 = 3d12 d1 = (16r2/3)1/2.
b = 4r
a = 2d1
c = 4r
c2 = 2d22 d2 = (16r2/2)1/2.
V1 = d13 = [(16r2/3)1/2]3
2
1/2 3
3
V2 = d2 = [(16r /2) ]
2.
1,000cm3 st c khi lng 7,874g 293K (bcc).
1 mol st c khi lng 55,847g (MFe).
Vy 0,1410mol (7,874/55,847) ca st chim trong th tch 1,000cm3 hoc 1mol st s
chim th tch 7,093cm3.
1 mol tng ng chim 6,02214.1023 nguyn t.
V1 = 7,093.2/(6,02214.1023) = 2,356.10-23cm3 mi n v mng.
3.
d1 = V11/3 = 2,867.10-8 cm.

Vi cu to bcc, ga tr ca d1 c th c biu th l: d1 = (16r2/3)1/2. Vy ga tr ca r


s l: r = (3d12/16)1/2 = 1,241.10-8cm.
5.
1250K, trong cu to fcc, d2 = (16r2/2)1/2 = 3,511.10-8cm.
6.
V2 = d23 = 4,327.10-23cm3.
7.
Khi lng m ca 4 nguyn t st trong mng n v fcc s l:
m = 55,847.4/(6,02214.1023) = 3,709.10-22g
fcc = m/V2 = 8,572g/cm3.
8.
Cch gii khc tm khi lng ring fcc ca st - :
5. R1 = [(Va1)/V1].100% = 68,02%
6. R2 = [(Va2)/V2].100% = 74,05%
7. bcc/fcc = 74,05/68,02 = 1,089
8. fcc = 8,572g/cm3.
3) Cc bc tnh ton:
1. T phn trm cu thnh ca martensite (theo khi lng), tnh s mol tng ng ca cacbon v
st.
2. a t l mol C/Fe v mt mng n v (Ghi ch: Hai nguyn t Fe trong mi mng n v).
3. Tm s nguyn be nht cc nguyn t C trong s nguyn b nht ca mng n v (khng bt
buc).
4. Tnh khi lng st trong mt mng n v
5. Tnh khi lng cacbon trong mt mng n v
6. Tnh tng khi lng st v cacbon trong mt mng n v
7. Tnh khi lng ring ca martensite [(martensite c 4,3%C)] t tng khi lng ca C v Fe
v th tch V1 ca mng n v st - cu to bcc.
4)Chi tit:
1. Trong 100,0g martensite c 4,3%C nC = 0,36mol v nFe = 1,71mol.
Vy c 1 nguyn t cacbon c 4,8 nguyn t st hay 0,21 nguyn t cacbon cho mi nguyn t
st.
2. Martensite c cu to tinh th bcc (2 nguyn t st cho mi mng n v). Nh vy s nguyn
t cacbon trong mi mng n v l: 2.(1/4,8) = 0,42 nguyn t.
3. 5 nguyn t C [(0,42 nguyn t C/0,42).5] trong 12 mng n v [1 mng n v/0,42).5]
4. S gam Fe trong mi mng n v l: 55,847.2/6,02214.1023 = 1,8547.10-22g
5. S gam C trong mi mng n v l: 12,011/6,02214.1023 = 1,9945.10-23g
6. Tng khi lng C v Fe = 1,8457.10-22 + 0,42.1,9945.10-23 = 1,938.10-22g.
7. Mi mng n v ca st - chim th tch V1 = 2,356.10-23cm3.
(martensite c 4,3%C) = 1,938.10-22/(2,356.10-23) = 8,228g.cm-3.
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 1998:
Nathan Thompson l mt trong nhng c dn u tin ca o Lord Howe trng trong vn
nh mnh mt s cy si chu u. Tuy nhin ngi ta khng th bit chnh xcv thi gian trng v
quyn nht k ca ng ta b tht lc trong bo bin. Pha sau nh Nathan c mt ci h nh. Qua nhiu
nm, l cy si chu u v cc ht tch t y h. Mt lng rt nh ng v phng x Pb-210 (chu k
bn hy l 22,3 nm) cng ng thi lng ng. Nn bit rng cy si chu u rng l ngay t nm u
tin. Nm 1995 mt nhm nghin cu ly mu t bn t y h. t bn c ct thnh nhng lt dy
1cm v kho st trm tch v ch phng x Pb-210.
S kho st t bn cho thy:
Trm tch ca si chu u v ht ca n tm thy u tin su 50cm.
phng x ca Pb-210 phn trn ca t bn l 356Bq/kg cn su 50cm l 1,40Bq/kg.
4.

1) Nathan Thompson gieo ht nm no?


Ch phng x Pb-210 l mt trong nhng phn r ca U-238. U-238 c trong v tri t v do
mt s nguyn nhn, mt lng nht nh Pb-210 thot vo kh quyn v bm vo cc phn t trm tch
lng ng di y h.
Chui phn r U-238 l:
U-238 U-234 Th-230 Ra-226 Rn-222 (Po-218 Bi-214)* - Pb-210 Pb-236 (bn)
*: Chu k bn hy rt ngn, tnh theo pht v ngy:
2. Bc no trong chui phn r gii thch bng cch no Pb-210 li c trong nc ma trong khi
nguyn t m U-238 ch c trong v tri t.
BI GII:
1) Ti su 50cm s phn r ca Pb-210 tng ng vi:
356 178 89 44,5 22,5 11,25 5,63 2,81 1,39 =8 chu k bn hy.
= 8.22 = 176 nm
Nu nm khai qut l 1995 th nm gieo ht l 1995 176 = 1819(2)
2) Ra-226 Rn-222.
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 1999:
Mt trong cc chui phn hy phng x t nhin bt u vi 232Th90 v kt thc vi ng v bn
208
Pb82.
1. Hy tnh s phn hy xy ra trong chui ny.
2. Trong ton chui, c bao nhiu nng lng (MeV) c phng thch.
3. Hy tnh tc to thnh nng lng (cng sut) theo watt (1W = Js-1) sn sinh t 1,00kg 232Th
(t1/2 = 1,40.1010 nm).
228Th
l mt phn t trong chui thori, th tch ca heli theo cm3 ti 0oC v 1atm thu c l bao
4.
nhiu khi 1,00g 228Th (t1/2 = 1,91 nm) c cha trong bnh trong 20,0 nm? Chu k bn hy ca
tt c cc ht nhn trung gian l rt ngn so vi 228Th.
5. Mt phn t trong chui thori sau khi tch ring thy c cha 1,50.1010 nguyn t ca mt ht
nhn v phn hy vi tc 3440 phn r mi pht. Chu k bn hy tnh theo nm l bao nhiu?
Cc khi lng nguyn t cn thit l:
4
206
232
He2 = 4,00260u
Pb82 = 207,97664u
Th90 = 232,03805u
1u = 931,5MeV.
1MeV = 1,602.10-13J.
NA = 6,022.1023mol-1.
Th tch mol ca kh l tng ti 0oC v 1atm l 22,4L.
BI GII:
1) A = 232 208 = 24 v 24/4 = 6 ht anpha.
Nh vy in tch ht nhn gim 2.6 = 12 n v, nhng s khc bit v in tch ht nhn ch l
90 82 = 8 n v. Nn phn c 4 ht beta bc x.
232
208
Pb + 6 42 He + 4
2) 90 Th 82
Nng lng phng thch Q = [m(232Th) m(208Pb) 6m(4He)]c2 = 42,67MeV.
1000.6,022.10 23
= 2,60.10 24 nguyn t
3) 1,00kg c cha =
232
Hng s phn hy ca 232Th
0,693
=
= 1,57.10 18 s 1
10
7
1,40.10 .3,154.10
A = N = 4,08.10 6 Dps

Mi phn hy gii phng 42,67MeV


Cng sut = 4,08.106.42,67.1,602.10-13 = 2,79.10-5W.
228
208
4) 90
Th 82
Pb + 5 42 He
Chu k bn hy ca nhng ht trung gian khc nhau l kh ngn so vi 228Th.
0,693 1,00. 6,022.10 23
20 1
A = N =

= 9,58.10 y
1
,
91
228

S ht He thu c:
NHe = 9,58.1020.20.5 = 9,58.1022 ht
VHe = 3,56.103cm3 = 3,56L.
5) A = .N
0,693 0,693.N
t1 / 2 =
=
= 5,75 nm.

A
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 2001:
S ph thuc gia di sng v quang ph vch ca nguyn t hydro c bit n ln u
tin bi mt lot cc cng trnh ca mt gio vin ngi Thy S l ng Johan Jakob Balmer. Balmer
a ra cng thc thc nghim:
1
1
1
= RH 2 2

n
2
m e .e 4
Vi RH =
= 109768cm 1
8. o3 .h 3 .c
RH l hng s Rydberg, me l khi lng electron. Niels Bohr chng minh c cng thc
trn bng l thuyt nm 1913. Cng thc ny ng vi h nguyn t, ion ch c 1e.
1.1. Tnh bc sng di nht bng (1 = 10-10m) trong dy Balmer ca ion He+, b qua s chuyn
ng ca ht nhn.
1.2. Mt cng thc tng t nh cng thc ca Balmer c p dng cho cc vch ph khc sinh ra
khi i t mc nng lng cao hn xung mc nng lng thp nht. Vit cng thc v hy s
dng n tnh nng lng trng thi c bn ca nguyn t hydro (eV)
Nguyn t hydro muon1 cng tng t nh nguyn t hydro nhng cc electron b thay th
bng muon. Khi lng ca muon gp 207 ln khi lng electron trong khi in tch ca n cng
ging nh in tch ca electron. Muon c thi gian tn ti rt ngn nhng bi ton ny chng ta
khng xt n s km bn ca n.
1.3. Xc nh mc nng lng th nht v bn knh Bohr th nht ca nguyn t hydro muon. B
qua s chuyn ng ca cc ht nhn. Bit bn knh ca qy o th nht ca nguyn t hydro l
o
h2
a o = o 2 = 0,53 A
me e
Bc tranh ton cnh v l thuyt qy o ca Bohr c thay th bng l thuyt lng t
vi khi nim v obitan. Obitan 1s (r) trng thi c bn ca nguyn t hydro c cho di y:
1
1s =
e r / a0
3
a 0
r l khong cch t electron ti ht nhn, ao l bn knh Bohr.

muon l mt loi ht nng (h lepton)

1.4.

Xem bn knh ca lp v hnh cu l ao v c l 0,001ao. c lng xc sut tm thy


electron trong lp v ny. Th tch ca hnh cu c bn knh trong r v c c r c tnh
bng cng thc V = 4r2r.
- Phn t H2 c th c phn ly theo hai hng:
(hai nguyn t hydro c lp)
(i): H2 H + H
(ii): H2 H+ + H- (1 proton v 1 ion hydrua)
th nng lng ph thuc vo khong cch (E = f(R)) ca H2 c ch ra mt cch s lc
s di y. Nng lng nguyn t v phn t c cho trong cng mt t l:

1.5.
1.6.
1.7.
1.8.

Cho bit phn ng (i) v (ii) ng vi ng cong no?


Xc nh gi tr ca nng lng phn ly (De) bng n v eV ca H2 ng vi phn ng (i) v (ii).
T cc s liu cho tnh nng lng ca qa trnh H- H + e
H- l h 2e. Gi s rng cng thc tnh nng lng ca Bohr l ph hp vi mi e v in tch
tc dng ln mi e l in tch hiu dng Z*. Tnh Z* ca H-.
BI GII:
1. Bc sng di nht L ng vi n = 3.
i vi He+:
o
1
1
1
= 4 R H 2 2 = 1641,1 A

n
2
1
1 1
2.
= R H 2 2 ; n = 2,3,4...

n
1
E = -hcRH = -13,6eV.
3 Mc nng lng thp nht = -207.13,6 = -2,82keV.
o

Bn knh ca qy o Bohr th nht = 0,53/207 = 2,6.10-3 A


2
4 Xc sut = (a o ) 4a o2 .0,001a o = 0,004e 2 = 5,41.10 4

5 ng cong nng lng ca phn ng (i) thp hn (ii).


6 (i) 4,7eV
(ii) 17,6eV

7 i lc electron = -13,6 (-14,3) = 0,7eV


8 Z* = 0,7.
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 2001:
Khong cht trong ct bin monazit l ngun giu thori c sn bang Kerala (n ). Mt
mu monazit cha 9%ThO2 v 0,35% U3O8; 208Pb v 206Pb l nhng sn phm bn tng ng vi cc
qa trnh phn r 232Th v 238U. Tt c ch c trong monazit u c ngun gc t cng mt cht phng
x.
T s cc ng v (208Pb/232Th) o c bng ph khi lng trong mu monazit l 0,104. Chu
k bn hu ca 232Th v 238U ln lt l 1,41.1010 nm v 4,47.109 nm. Gi s rng 208Pb; 206Pb; 232Th
v 238U tn ti nguyn vn t khi hnh thnh khong monazit.
1. Tnh tui (thi im bt u hnh thnh) khong monazit.
2. Tnh t l (206Pb/238U) trong mu monazit.
3. Thori 232 l nguyn liu ch to nng lng ht nhn. Trong qa trnh chiu x nhit ntron n
hp th 1 ntron v sinh ra ng v 233U bng phng x . Vit cc phn ng ht nhn hnh thnh
233
U t 232Th.
Trong phn ng phn hch ht nhn ca 233U mt hn hp sn phm phng x c hnh thnh.
S phn r sn phm 101Mo bt u chu tc dng ca phn r nh sau:
101

101

1 / 2 =14 , 6 ph
1 / 2 =14 , 3 ph
43 Tc t
44 Ru
Mo t
101
4. Mt mu tinh khit ch cha Mo cha 5000 nguyn t 101Mo. Hi c bao nhiu nguyn t
101
Mo; 101Tc; 101Ru s xut hin sau 14,6 pht.
BI GII:
1. N = N o e 0,693t / t1/ 2
No N
= e 0, 693t / t1/ 2 1
N
(No N): S nguyn t 232Th phn r = s nguyn t 208Pb hnh thnh.
Thay s vo ta tnh c: t = 2,01.109 nm.
2. t x = (206Pb/238U). Ta c:
x = e 0,693t / t1/ 2 1
Thay t = 2,01.109 nm v t1/2 = 4,47.109 nm ta thu c kt qa x = 0,366

101
42

233

233

233

n , )

232
3. 90
Th (
90 Th
91 Pa 92 U
4 S nguyn t ca 101Mo (N1) trong mu sau mt chu k bn hy l: N1 = 2500
S nguyn t 101Tc c cho bi h thc:
N
N 2 = 1 o e 1t e 2t
2 1
Vi No = 5000 l s nguyn t 101Mo ban u
0,693
1 =
14,6
0,693
2 =
14,3
V ti thi im t = 14,6ph ta tnh c N2 = 1710
S nguyn t 101Ru ti 14,6ph l N3 = No N1 N2 = 790 nguyn t.
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 2005:
1. V cng thc Lewis ca mi phn t sau:

a) N2.
b) NH3.
c) O3.
d) SO3.
2 V cng thc Lewis ca cacbon monoxit v xc nh in tch hnh thc, trng thi oxy ha ca
cacbon v oxy trong cacbon monoxit.
Thioure S, S dioxit c khung cu to nh sau:
H

O
S
O

3 Vit cng thc Lewis cho Thioure S, S dioxit vi in tch hnh thc ca tt c cc nguyn t
bng khng.
4 Da vo thuyt sc y cp electron (VSEPR). Hy xc nh dng hnh hc ca nguyn t lu
hunh, cacbon v nit da vo cu trc Lewis ra cu 3.
4a. Dng hnh hc ca nguyn t lu hunh l dng no trong 3 dng sau:
a) Thp tam gic.
b) Tam gic phng.
c) Ch T
4b. Dng hnh hc ca nguyn t cacbon l dng no trong 3 dng sau:
a) Thp tam gic.
b) Tam gic phng.
c) Ch T.
c. Dng hnh hc ca nguyn t Nit l dng no trong 3 dng sau:
a) Thp tam gic.
b) Tam gic phng.
c) Ch T.
Cu trc phn t trng thi rn thng c xc nh bi phng php ph tia X. Da vo
phng php ny th cu trc ca Thioure S, S dioxit s nh sau:

H
65o

Tt c cc nguyn t N, H u nm trong cng mt phng vi S, C v gc nh din gia mt phng


OSO v SC(NH2)2 l 65o.
5. Vit cng thc Lewis v cc cng thc cng hng ph hp vi cc d kin cho
BI GII:
1:
a) N

b)

c) O

C th chp nhn cc cu tr li sau:


O

O
O

O
O

Nhng cc cu tr li sau l sai:


O

O
O

O
O

2:
hay
C
O
C
O
-1
+1
in tch hnh thc: C ; O

O
O

d)
O

O
O

O
O

Trng thi oxy ha: C2+ ; O2-.


3:
Cu trc ng:
N

Cu trc khng ng (phi thm in tch hnh thc):


N

4:
S (b): tam gic phng
C (b): tam gic phng
N (a): thp tam gic
5:
N

S
O

C
N

C
N

+
N

III.
BI TP CHUN B CHO CC K THI OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T:
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 1998:
Cc kh him tng c ngh l hon ton tr v hon ton khng c kh nng to lin kt ha
hc. Ngy nay nhn thc trn thay i, hu ht cc sch gio khoa ha hc m t mt s hp cht
c cha krypton v xenon c lp c.
a) Dng thuyt lin kt ha tr (VB), d on hnh hc phn t c th c ca XeF2 v XeF4.
b) S oxy ha ca Xe trong mi hp cht trn l bao nhiu? Ta d on chng phn ng nh mt cht
oxy ha hay cht kh?
c) Heli c bit nh l mt nguyn t tr nht trong mi nguyn t; d vy tnh "tr" ca heli cng ch
gii hn trong phn ng ca n vi cc nguyn t v phn t trung ho khc. Cc hp cht ca heli, vi

cc lin kt ha hc hnh thc ca heli v cc nguyn t khc, c th tn ti khi xt ton b tiu phn c
mang in tch (thng l in tch dng). V d, nguyn t Heli c th to c cc hp cht quan st
c (khng nht thit tn ti lu) vi H+, vi He+ v vi He2+. Dng thuyt MO xc nh bc lin
kt cho mi trng hp.
d) Cc cation 2+ (di-cation) hai nguyn t bn vng c cng thc XHe2+ thng ch c th c khi nng
lng ion ha IE(X+) < IE(He): ngha l, khi nng lng cn thit ion ha tip X+ nh hn nng
lng cn thit ion ha He. Khng cn da vo bng tr s cc mc nng lng ion ha k tip ca
nguyn t, hy xc nh nguyn t 'Z' no trong khong t H n Ar ph hp nht vi tiu chun ny.
e) Nguyn t no ngay st vi nguyn t Z nh trn (ngha l nguyn t st tri, st phi, st trn, st
di nguyn t Z trong bng tun hon) l thch hp nht cng to c mt di-cation bn vng vi
He? Nguyn t no ngay st nguyn t Z l kh c th to c di-cation nh trn?
BI GII:
a)
Xe F

F
Xe F

XeF2 c 5 i electron trn Xe, vy cu to s da trn cu hnh electron lng thp tam
gic. Trong 3 kh nng sau:
F
F

Xe

F
F

Xe

Xe

cu to thng hng lm gim n ti thiu lc y gia cc cp electron khng lin kt


(cc i ny gn Xe hn nhng i electron tham gia lin kt trong lin kt Xe-F) v do vy
dng hnh hc tuyn tnh (thng) c u i hn.
XeF4 c 6 i electron trn Xe, nn cu to da trn cu hnh tm mt (bt din). Trong
hai kh nng.
F
F

Xe

Xe

Cu to phng lm gim ti a lc y gia cc i electron khng lin kt v c u


tin hn.
b) F lun c s oxy ha l -1. V vy cc s oxy ha tng ng ca Xe l +2 (XeF2) v +4
(XeF4). Cc tiu phn ny l nhng tc nhn oxy ha rt mnh.
c) Khng k s sai bit mc nng lng ca H v He, ta c th v cc gin MO sau:
*

1s

1s
He

*
1s

1s
He+

He

*
1s

1s
He

He

2+

T cc gin ny, c th thy rng c HeH+ v He22+ u c bc lin kt l , trong khi He2+ c
bc lin kt l 0,5.
d) Cc nguyn t nhm II c nng lng ion ha th hai kh thp (V Be+ Be2+ hoc Mg Mg2+ to
ra mt lp ngoi cng bo ho, c cu hnh kh him 1s2 hay 1s22s22p6). Mg2+ c hiu ng mn che tt
hn Be2+ nn IE(Mg+) < IE(Be+). Do Mg ph hp nht vi 'Z'.
e) Trong cc nguyn t k cn Mg: Ca c nng lng ion ha th hai thp nht trong s cc nguyn t
(Be, Na, Al, Ca). V nhng l do tng t nu trn. Nn Ca thch hp nht to dication bn vi He.
Na+ c lp v ngoi cng bo ho, nn rt kh xy ra qa trnh Na+ Na2+. V vy kh nng na
to dication vi He l t nht
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 1998:
Heli l nguyn t duy nht trong bng tun hon tm thy c trong mt vt th ngoi tri t
(ho quang mt tri) trc khi c lp c trong phng th nghim. Ta bit c nhiu tnh cht l hc
v ha hc ca heli; nhng trong gn 30 nm, t nm 1868, ph mt tri l ngun duy nht cung cp
thng tin v nguyn t him ny.
a) Vi kin thc hin nay v l thuyt lng t, ph ny cha nhiu d kin hu ch phn tch. Chng
hn nh ph thy c bao gm mt dy cc vch hp th ti di sng 4338, 4540, 4858, 5410 v
6558 (1 = 10-10m). Khong cch gia cc vch ch ra rng s hp th tu thuc trng thi kch thch
ca nguyn t hoc ion "kiu hydro" (nh nhng tiu phn c cu hnh electron tng t H). Tiu phn
ny l He, He+ hay He2+?
b) Ta thy rng mc nng lng chung cho cc trung gian lin quan n vch hp th ny u trng
thi nng lng thp ni = 4. Cc vch hp th tng ng trng thi nf cao hn c c im g? Tnh
hng s kiu Rydberg (ngha l hng s tng ng RH trong quang ph hydro nguyn t) ca tiu
phn hp th (Hei+) th hin trong cc trung gian trn?
c) Nng lng ion ha (Ionization energy, vit tt l IE) ca cc tiu phn thng c o theo
electronvon (eV). T nh IE(Hei+)?
d) T ph nguyn t, c bit rng IE(He+)/IE(He) = 2,180. Tng ca hai nng lng ion ha ny l
nng lng xut hin, AE(He2+), ca s to thnh He2+ t He. Tr s AE(He2+) l lng t b nht ca
nng lng phi cung cp cho He tch c hai electron ca nguyn t. Tnh tn s v di sng ca
photon c nng lng thp nht c kh nng nh hng n s ion ha kp ca heli. nh sng mt tri
ti b mt tri t c th l ngun cung cp cc photon ni trn c hiu qa khng?
Cc hng s cn thit:
c = 2,997925.10-8 ms-1
h = 6,62618.10-34Js
1eV = 96,486kJ.mol-1 = 2,4180.1014Hz

BI GII:
a) Nguyn t heli c 2e; tiu phn "kiu hydro" ch c 1e. Do tiu phn cp phi l He+
b) Ph hydro tun theo biu thc:
1
1
E = R H 2 2
n

i nf
Trong trng hp ny, cc vch ca He+ s tun theo:
1
1
E = R He 2 2
4
n f

Vi E = hc/, chuyn thnh:


1

hc 1
1

R He + =
4 2 n 2f
Nay th cc ph vo biu thc tng quan trn. Gi s rng di sng di nht quan st c l
6558 (l chuyn tip c nng lng thp nht) tng ng vi nf = 5; ta c:
Nf
"R(He+)"

6,558.10-7
5
1,35.10-17J
5,410.10-7
6
1,06.10-17J
-7
4,858.10
7
0,97.10-7J
4,540.10-7
8
0,93.10-17J
-7
4,338.10
9
0,91.10-17J
Nu ng, mi chuyn tip phi cho cng ga tr R(He+). R rng l khng ng nn phi chn li:
Nu ta chn nf = 6 cho chuyn tip 6558, ta c:
"R(He+)"
Nf

6,558.10-7
5
8,72.10-18J
-7
5,410.10
6
8,72.10-18J
4,858.10-7
7
8,72.10-18J
4,540.10-7
8
8,72.10-18J
-7
4,338.10
9
8,72.10-18J
Ga tr thu c ca R(He+) khng i, vy kt qa ny l ng.
c) IE(He+) bng R(He+). i thnh electronvon, cn nhn cho 6,02205.1023 mol-1 v chia cho
96486J.mol-1.eV-1: tnh c IE(He+) = 54,44eV
d) IE(He+)/IE(He) = 2,180; nn IE(He) = 24,97eV
Vy AE(He2+) = 79,41eV = 1,272.10-17J
C th tnh tn s, = E/h = 1,920.1016 s-1, v di sng = c/v = 15,61nm, ca photon cso nng
lng thp nht c kh nng ion ha kp (2 ln). di sng ny rt ngn hn di sng ca ph thy
c (kh kin) (300nm < < 700nm): mt tri khng phi l "th en" nng to nhiu phtn nh
vy v hu ht s b kh quyn hp th trc khi n c tri t.
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 1998:
Mt mu diclopropadien c phn tch bng khi ph k. Khi ph cho thy mt mi rt r t
l khi:in tch (m/z) l 75, mt mi khc ti m/z = 77. iu kin vn hnh nht nh ch quan st
thy hai mi trn trong khi ph. iu kin khc, cng mt mu th cho mt s mi khc, bao gm
m/z = 82 (khng c 83) v m/z =28 (nhng khng c 27). Khng ty thuc vo iu kin vn hnh, mi
ti m/z = 77 lun c cng bng 60% cng ca mi ti m/z = 75.

C nhng gi thit sau:


Cc ion quan st c u l ion dng 1+ c to ra trc tip t s ion ha phn tch ca
diclopropadien, khng xy ra bt k s di chuyn no trong qa trnh phn mnh.
Diclopropadien c iu ch t cc nguyn t cacbon, hydro v clo theo cch khng c r
rng: cc ha cht s dng c bit c cha mt lng ng v vi t l khc vi t l thng gp ca
hidro, cacbon v clo nhng ch cha cc ng v bn. Hn na, cng khng chun b xc nh loi
ng v ca cc nguyn t c th trong phn t.
a) Cng thc ha hc ca cc ion d thy ti m/z = 75 v 77 l g?
b) Tnh thnh phn phn trm cc ng v c trong mu diclopropadien? Tnh thnh phn phn trm
mi ng v phn ca diclopropadien (ng v phn l cc cht c cng cng thc ha hc nhng
khc nhau cc ng v thnh phn).
c) Khi lng mol phn t ca mu? n gin, gi thit rng nguyn t khi ca mi ht nhn
ng bng s khi.
d) C th xc nh c ng phn ca diclopropadien kho st y khng?
Phng php khi ph truyn thng gn y c pht trin vi phng php khi ph tia
electron (ESMS). ESMS ch khc vi phng php khi ph truyn thng ch dung dch phun vo
khi ph k v khng c ngun ion ha. K thut ny ch d tm nhng ion c sn trong dung dch.
V d nh mt mu cha tetrabutyl amoni bromua (trong dung mi tr) c phun vo mt
ESMS cho mt mi ti m/z = 242 l mi c cng mnh nht ng vi kiu d ion dng. C hai mi
chnh, vi cng gn nh nhau ti m/z = 79 v m/z = 81 trong kiu d ion m.
e) Nhng ion no gy nn ba mi trn?
Mt mu isopropanol (propan-2-ol) c phun vo thit b ESMS cho mt mi ti m/z = 61 l
mi c cng mnh nht ng vi kiu d ion dng. Mi c cng mnh nht ng vi kiu d
ion m xut hin ti m/z = 59.
f) Nhng ion no gy nn hai mi trn?
BI GII:
a) Ion ti m/z = 82 phi l 12C35Cl35Cl. S vng mt ca m/z = 83 cho thy rng khng c 13C trong
mu th.
Nh vy ion ti m/z = 28 phi l 12C12C2H2H. S vng mt ca m/z = 27 cho thy rng khng c
1
H.
Nh th, ion ti m/z = 75 phi l 35Cl12C32H2, v m/z = 77 l ng v phn 37Cl ca tiu phn
ny.
b) I(m/z 77) = 0,6I(m/z 75)
n(37Cl) = 0,6n(35Cl)
%(37Cl) = [0,6/(1+0,6)].100 = 37,5%
%(35Cl) = 62,5%.
C ba ng v phn trong iclopropadien
%[C3D2(35Cl)2] = (62,5)2 = 39,06%
%[C3D235Cl37Cl] = 2.62,5.37,5 = 46,88%
%[C3D2(37Cl)2] = (37,5)2 = 14,06%
c) 1mol tng ng vi 0,3906.110,0 + 0,4688.112,0 + 0,1406.114,0 = 111,50g.mol-1.
d) CCl2+ v CD2+ ch c th c nu cu to ca iclopropadien l:
Cl

D
C

Cl

C
D

V tr ln sng l ch ct to thnh 2 ion.


e) Mi ti m/z = 242 trong ch d ion dng l do cc tiu phn (C4H9)4N+ (C16H36N=242amu)
l tiu phn mang in dng duy nht trong dung dch. Trong ch d ion m, quan st thy
cc mi do 79Br- v 81Br-. Hm lng trong thin nhin ca 79Br v 81Br theo th t l 50,7% v
49,3% nn hai mi ny nht thit c cao nh nhau.
f) Cc ph ny ph hp vi s t ion ha:
C 3 H 7 OH C 3 H 7 O + C 3 H 7 OH 2+
m/z = 59,1 m/z = 61,1
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 1998:
Vic s dng cc ng v phng x trong y hc ht nhn tng ln gp i. Cc k thut chiu
x bao gm vic bn ph cc ni c s phn chia t bo tiu dit chng. K thut nh ht nhn dng
ng v phng x tm hiu chi tit s trao i cht ca mt c quan trong c th. Mt trong cc k
thut nh vy l xc nh th tch mu ca bnh nhn.
a) Ba hp cht dc phm phng x ln lt c cha cc ng v phng x 71Zn (t1/2 = 2,4 pht);
67
Ga(t1/2 = 78,25 gi) v 68Ge (t1/2 = 287 ngy) vi phng x l 7,0.107Bq/mL. Vi mi cht
ni trn
(i). Hy tnh phng x mi mL sau thi gian 30 pht.
(ii). Hy tnh phng x mi mL sau khi pha long dc cht phng x t 1,0mL thnh 25L.
b) Khng k n hiu ng ha hc, 67Ga c thun li g hn hai ng v phng x kia trong vic xc
nh th tch mu ca bnh nhn.?
c) Kiu phng x ca ba ng v ny l bc x ht (71Zn) v bt electron (67Ga v 68Ge). Sn
phm ca qa trnh phng x ny l g?
d) Mt dc s iu ch gali xitrat (GaC6H5O6.3H2O) t mt mu gali lm giu 67Ga (5,0.10-5
mol % 67Ga; 10,25mg Ga tng cng). S tng hp gali xitrat l nh lng; tip theo s tng
hp, dc cht phng x c ha tan trong 100mL nc. Tm gi sau khi 67Ga c iu ch
ln u, 1mL dung dch c tim vo tnh mch bnh nhn v sau 1gi ly 1mL mu mu ca
bnh nhn.
(i). Tnh phng x (theo Bq) ca liu 1mL dung dch gali xitrat.
(ii). Nu mu mu c phng x l 105,6Bq th th tch mu ca bnh nhn l bao nhiu?
BI GII:
a) Nu coi phng x lc u l Io (7,0.107Bq.mL-1 trong mi trng hp) v It l phng x
sau thi gian t th It = I o e t / t1/ 2 .
Nu i tt c t1/2 ra pht:
t1/2 (67Ga) = 4,695.103ph.
t1/2 (68Ge) = 4,133.105ph.
Nay c th xc nh c
i)
It
ii)
It sau khi pha long [tr s sau bng (1/2500) tr s trc].
ng v
It(Bq.mL-1)
It sau khi pha long (Bq.mL-1)
71
Zn
261
0,104
67
Ga
6,96.107
2,78.104
68
Ge
6,9995.107
2,80.104
71
b) Zn c chu k bn hy qa nh nn hot tnh khng ko di: sau 30 pht hu nh phn ng
ngng li. Tc m, nht l sau khi pha long vo mu bnh nhn l qa nh c th o

c chnh xc. Hn na, chu k bn hy ngn nh vy c ngha l ng v s dng cn c


tng hp cho tng bnh nhn v khng th lu c.
68
Ge c tr ngi tri ngc: vn cn hot tnh sau 30 pht v vi chu k bn hy gn 1 nm n
vn cn duy tr hot tnh trong mt thi gian di. Nu ng v vn cn trong c th, bnh nhn s
chu tc dng chiu x cao qa mc chi ng trong sut thi gian y, gy cc hu qa nghim
trng v thng tn t bo, v.v
67
Ga c thi gian sng thc hin php o th tch mu tin cy c vi mt lng tng
i nh vt liu phng x.
c) Cc phn ng:
71
71
0
30 Zn 31 Ga + 1 e( + )
67
31

67
Ga + 01 e 30
Zn(+ )

68
Ge + 01 e 31
Ga(+ )
d) i) Dc phm phng x lc u cha 1,47.10-4 mol Ga, ngha l (1,47.10-4.5,0.10-7) = 7,35.10-11
mol 67Ga hay 4,43.1013 nguyn t ca ng v ny.
Vi s phn r phng x, tc phn ng c bc 1
v = It = knt(67Ga)
k = ln2/t1/2 = 2,461.10-6s-1 v Io = 1,09.108Bq (trong 100mL t = 0)
Vi liu 1mL ti t = 8 gi
It = I o e t / t1/ 2 .Vlu/Vtng cng = 9,84.105Bq.
ii) phng x ca liu 1mL cn li sau 1 gi na s bng
It = 9,72.105Bq
So snh phng x ny vi phng x lc u ca 1mL mu mu thu c h s pha
long = 9,72.105/105,6 = 9201
Th tch mu ca bnh nhn nh vy bng 9,20L.
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 1999:
a) Chui phn r thin nhin 238U92 206Pb82 bao gm mt s phn r anpha v beta trong mt lot cc
bc k tip.
i) Hai bc u tin bao gm 234Th90 (t1/2 = 24,10 ngy) v 234Pa91 (t1/2 = 6,66 gi). Hy vit cc
phn ng ht nhn ca hai bc u tin trong s phn r ca 238U v tnh tng ng nng theo
MeV ca cc sn phm phn r.
Cc khi lng nguyn t bng: 238U = 238,05079u; 234Th = 234,04360u; 234Pa = 234,04332u v
4
He = 4,00260u.
1u = 931,5MeV v mn = 1,00867u; 1MeV = 1,602.10-13J.
ii) Phn r k tip ca 238U dn n 226Ra88 (t1/2 = 1620 nm) m sau bc x cc ht anpha to
thnh 222Rn (t1/2 = 3,83 ngy). Nu mt th tch mol ca radon trong iu kin ny l 25,0L th
th tch ca radon cn bng bn vi 1,00kg radi l bao nhiu?
iii) Hot ca mt mu phng x ca mt phn t trong chui 238U gim 10 ln sau 12,80 ngy.
Hy tm hng s phn r v chu k bn hy ca n.
b) Trong s phn hch nh nguyn cm ng ntron ca 235U92, cui cng thng thu c hai sn phm
bn l 98Mo42 v 136Xe54. Gi s rng cc ht ny c to ra t qa trnh phn hch nguyn thy,
hy tm:
i) Ht c bn no c phng thch.
ii) Nng lng phng thch mi phn hch theo MeV v theo Jun.
iii) Nng lng phng thch t mi gam 235U theo n v kWh.
68
32

Khi lng nguyn t: 235U92 = 235,04393u; 136Xe54 = 135,90722u; 98Mo42 = 97,90551u v


mn=1,00867u; 1MeV = 1,602.10-13J.
BI GII:
a) i) Nng lng phn ng v tng ng nng:
238
234
Bc 1: 92
U 90
Th + 42 He
Q = Kd + K = [m(238U) m(234Th) m(4He)]c2 = 4,28MeV.
Kd v K l ng nng ca con v ht
234
234
Th 91
Pa + 01 e(hay )
Bc 2: 90
Q = Kd + K = [m(234Th) m(234Pa)]c2 = 0,26MeV
ii) Ti cn bng (khng i) N11 = N22 = A (A: hot )
Vi 226Ra; 1 = 1,17.10-6 ngy-1
Vi 222Rn; 2 = 0,181 ngy-1.
1000.6,022.10 23
N1 =
= 2,66.10 24
226
N 2 .0,181 = 2,66.10 24 .1,17.10 6 N 2 = 1,72.1019
n Rn = 2,86.10 5 mol
V 222 Rn = 7,15.10 4 L
iii) N1 = Noe-t.
N 1 N o e t1
Nn:
=
= e (t1 t 2 )
t 2
N2 Noe
ln 10
=
= 0,181
12,80
0,693
t1 / 2 =
= 3,85
0,181
b) i) Pha cht tham gia c 92 proton, trong kh pha sn phm c 96 proton. Nh vy phi c 4 v
2n bn pha sn phm
1
235
98
136
1
0 n + 92 U 42 Mo + 54 Xe + 4 + 2 0 n
Cc ht c bn c phng thch: 4 v 2n.
ii) Khi lng u vo = 236,05260u
Khi lng u ra = 235,83007u.
Khi lng ca 4 c tnh trong khi lng ca sn phm, nn khng xut hin trong khi
lng u ra.
m = 0,22253u
Nng lng = 207,3MeV = 3,32.10-11J cho mi phn hch.
iv)
Nng lng mi gam = 8,5.1010J.g-1.
Vy cng sut theo kWh = 8,51.1010/3,60.106 = 2,36.104kWh
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 1999:
a) Khi ph ca diclometan CH2Cl2 c mi c trng ti m/z = 49 (mi c bn), 51, 84 (ion phn
t), 86, 88. D on cng tng i ca cc mi:
i) m/z = 49 v 51
ii) m/z = 84; 86 v 88

b) Hy tnh t l cc mi ng v d on trong khi ph ca mt hp cht c cha ba nguyn t


brom.
Bng: Mt s nguyn t chn lc v hm lng tng i:
Nguyn t
S khi
Hm lng tng i (%)
H
1
99,985
2
0,015
C
12
99,889
13
1,111
N
14
99,634
15
0.366
O
16
99,763
17
0,037
18
0,200
Cl
35
75,77
37
24,23
Br
79
50,69
81
49,31
BI GII:
a) Vi cc mi trong cm ion phn t, ba mi c d tr t hai nguyn t clo. Cng c th
tnh c t (a+b)n.
Vi a: hm lng tng i ca cc ng v nh (35Cl)
b: hm lng tng i ca cc ng v nng (37Cl)
n: s nguyn t halogen c mt
Do hm lng tng i ca 35Cl = 75,77 v ca 37Cl = 24,23 th ta c th n gin ha t l
35
Cl:37Cl = 3:1
(i)
Cng tng i cc mi ti m/z = 49 v 51 tng ng vi s mt mt nguyn
t clo t ion phn t, hai mi do CH235Cl+ v CH237Cl+ theo th t.
Cng tng i ca cc mi ti m/z 49 v 51
=a+b
=3+1
Ngha l cng tng i ca cc mi ti m/z 49 v 51 = 3 : 1
(ii)
Cng tng i ti cc mi ti m/z 84, 86, 88 = a2 + 2ab + b2 = 32 + 2.3.1 + 12
Ngha l, cng tng i ti cc mi 84, 86, 88 = 9 : 6 : 1
b) Theo hm lng tng i, 79Br : 81Br 1 : 1
Cng tng i ca cc mi ng v c th c tnh theo (a + b)n
Vi a: cng tng i ca 79Br = 1
b: cng tng i ca 81Br = 1
n: s nguyn t halogen c mt = 3
Cng tng i = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
M : (M + 2) : (M + 4) : (M + 6) = 13 : 3 .12.1 .3.1.12 .13 = 1:3:3:1
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 2000:
Mt s trong cc kin to c nht trn th gii c tm thy vng Isua Greenland. Tui
ca chng c xc nh do hm lng ca cc ng v bn v ng v phng x cha trong cc ht
khong c trng.
S phn r ca ng v uran phng x 238U thnh ng v bn 206Pb vi chu k bn hu bng
4,468Ga (Ga = 109 n m) qua m t chu i c c ng v k m b n h n nhi u. Tri vi 206Pb, ng v
204
Pb khng phi l sn phm ca s phn r phng x v v vy, s mol 204Pb (ghi l n(204Pb)) trong

mt mu khong vt c th coi l khng i theo thi gian. thi im (t = 0) khi khong vt kt tinh,
nhng ng v ny c th ln trong khong vt di dng tp cht. Hm lng ban u ca cc ng v
(no(238U), no(206Pb) v n(204Pb) ln trong cc mu khong khc nhau c th cng khc nhau. Tuy nhin t
l ban u ca cc ng v ca cng mt nguyn t, v d nh t l no(206Pb)/(204Pb) s nh nhau i vi
mi mu khong vt kt tinh trong cng mt khi to ).
a) Vit h thc lin lc cho thy nt(206Pb) l mt hm theo nt(238U) v no(206Pb), k v t, vi t l thi gian
mu khong bt u kt tinh v k l hng s phn r phng x ca 238U.
Cc mu khong vt khc nhau c cha nhng hm lng ban u khc nhau ca cc ng v tp
238
cht U v 206Pb. V vy tui ca mt mu khong vt cho trc khng th suy ra c t s o ca
nt(238U) v nt(206Pb) m thi. Tuy nhin n(204Pb) t l vi hm lng ban u ca ch trong mt mu
khong vt cho trc, v v th cng t l vi no(206Pb).
Cc cp tr s tng quan ca nt(238U), nt(206Pb) v n(204Pb) vi nhng mu khong vt khc
nhau pht xut t cng mt th c th c xc nh nh khi ph. Mi cp y s biu din tng
im ring bit trn mt th vi trc honh nt(238U)/n(204Pb) v trc tung nt(206Pb)/n(204Pb). Ni vi
nhau, cc im trn s to thnh mt ng thng v tui ca c th tnh c t dc.
Gn y, ngi ta thu c cc cp t l ng v sau ca cc khong vt c trong mt loi
Isua:
nt(206Pb)/n(204Pb)
nt(238U)/n(204Pb)
1,106
12,098
1,883
12,733
2,632
13,305
2,859
13,567
2,896
13,588
3,390
13,815
b) Hy tnh tui ca loi Isua
c) im ct trc y ca th c ngha g?
BI GII:
a) Phn tng trong 206Pb phi bng phn gim t 238U, nh vy:
nt(206Pb) - no(206Pb) = no(238U) - nt(238U)
Do nt(238U) = no(238U)e-kt. thay vo phng trnh trn ta c:
nt(206Pb) = nt(238U)(ekt - 1) + no(206Pb)
b) T phng trnh trn:
n t 206 Pb n t 238U
n o ( 206 Pb)
kt
=

+
(
e
1
)
n( 204 Pb) n 204 Pb
n( 204 Pb)
n 206 Pb
n 238U
Do t 204
l mt hm tuyn tnh ca t 204
. T cc s liu, bng hi quy tuyn tnh cho php
n Pb
n Pb
ln 2
tnh dc bng ,769 = ekt - 1, vi k =
= 1,551.10 9 . Suy ra t = 3,7Ga
9
4,468.10

(
(

)
)

)
)

)
)

14,200
14,000

y = 0.7822x + 11259
2
R = 0.9909

13,800
13,600
13,400
13,200
13,000
12,800
12,600
12,400
12,200
12,000
0

c) im ct trc y biu th t s

1,000

(
n(

no

3,000

4,000

) ti thi im ca s kt tinh khong cht phn tch.


Pb )

206

204

2,000

Pb

OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 2001:


Phng trnh Schrodinger n gin nht m t s chuyn ng ca ht trong hp th mt chiu
v dn n mt quy lut c bn: s lng t ha xut hin do s ph thuc ca cc iu kin bin vo
hm sng.
a) Mt electron di chuyn hn ch trn trc x trong gii hn t x = 0 n x = L. Gia hai ng
bin th khng c lc no tc ng ln electron.
i.
Vit phng trnh Schrodinger (khng ph thuc thi gian) cho hm sng ca
electron
ii.
Trong hp th mt chiu th biu thc hm sng cho electron s c dng:
e-kx.
nx
cos
L
sinkx
nx
sin
L
k l mt s thc bt k v n l mt s nguyn dng.
iii.
S dng hm sng tm c cu ii. Hy chng minh biu thc nng lng c dng:
h2n2
En =
8mL2
iv.
Chun ha hm sng cho trng thi c bn ca electron.
b) Mt v d th v v hp th mt chiu trong ha hc l su dch chuyn electron trong cc h c
cha lin kt n v lin kt i lin hp vi nhau. Phn t 1,3-butadien c 4 electron d

chuyn t do trn mt ng thng cha ba lin kt C-C v mi lin kt c di nh nhau l


1,4.10-10m. Tnh nng lng cc tiu ca h.
c) iu kin bin ca hm sng dn n kt qa l s lng t ha khng ch i vi nng lng
m cn i vi cc tnh cht vt l khc nh l momen gc. Hm sng ph hp vi ga tr h/2
i vi trc z c momen gc l: () = ei. Vi l gc phng v trong mt phng x y v c
s o ph thuc vo trc x. S dng iu kin hm l n tr mi im trong khng gian hy
chng minh rng bc sng cng c lng t ha. Hy tnh cc ga tr lng t i vi hnh
chiu momen gc phng v dc theo trc z.
BI GII:
a) i. Phng trnh Schrodinger cho mt tiu phn bt k trong hp th mt chiu c dng
h
h 2 d 2

. 2 = E
vi h =
2
2m dx
ii.
T iu kin bin dn n: (0) = 0; (L) = 0
nx
tho mn iu kin ny.
Ch c biu thc = sin
L
h2 d 2
h 2 2 2
h 2 2 2 h 2 2
nx
nx

=
En =
iii.
.
sin
n =
n sin
2m dx 2
L
L
2mL2
2mL2
8mL2
x
1N ( x) = N sin
iv.
L
+
L
Ly tch phn: 1 = 1N ( x) dx = N 2
2

Vi N l mt s thc bt k th ta c: N =

2
L

2
x
sin
L
L
-10
L = 5 . 1,4.10 = 7.10-10m
Ba mc nng lng u ca h s l:
h2
= 1,22.10 19 J
E1 =
2
8mL
E 2 = 4 E1 = 4,88.10 19 J

1N ( x) =
b)

E 3 = 9 E1 = 10,98.10 19 J
Vy mc nng lng cc tiu ca h l: E3 E2 = 6,10.10-19J.
c)
iu kin lm cho () n tr l:
() = ( + 2)
() = ei = () = ei( + 2)
ei2 = 1
= m vi m = 0; 1; 2; 3
Ta c th thy rng hnh chiu momen gc khng th l mt s thc nhng c th nhn cc ga
tr l m vi m c th nhn cc ga tr t -m n +m (k c s 0)

OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 2001:


Obitan l nhng hm sng mt electron, n th hin s dch chuyn ca electron trong nguyn t
(obitan nguyn t) hay phn t (obitan phn t) hay l trng thi rn. Mi obitan ph hp vi xc sut
tm thy electron nhng ni khc nhau trong khng gian.
a) Obitan 1s ca nguyn t hydro c biu thc: 1s e r / ao . Vi a0 l bn knh Bohr (a0 = 5,3.10-11m)
v r l bn knh phi tr (khong cch t mt im trong khng gian n ht nhn).
i.
Chun ha hm sng ny.
ii.
khong cch no so vi ht nhn th xc sut tm thy electron l ln nht.
b) Hm sng i vi cc obitan 2s; 2pz v 3dz2 c dng:
r

r 2 ao

1s = 2 e
ao

2p

r
=
cos e 2 ao
ao

r2
3d 2 = 2 3 cos 2 1 e 3ao
z
ao
Hy xc nh hnh dng ca cc obitan trn.
c) Vic gii phng trnh Schrodinger cho h nguyn t 1electron ph hp tt vi l thuyt c in
ca Bohr v s lng t ha nng lng.
13,6Z 2
En =
n2
cho tin s dng th cc ga tr s ca cc hng s xut hin trong cng thc trn c chuyn
ht v n v eV.
iu th v l khi ta s dng cng thc trn cho phn t heli trung ha. Trong nguyn t heli lc
ht nhn tc dng ln electron b gim bt do electron khc chn mt. iu ny c ngha l in
tch ca ht nhn tc dng ln electron khng phi l Z = 2 na m s nh hn gi l in tch
hiu dng (Zeff). Nng lng ion ha ca nguyn t heli trng thi c bn l 24,46eV. Tnh
Zeff.
BI GII:

a)

i.

N
1s

= Ne

r
ao

1 = 1Nz dv = a o3 N 2

N = (a o3 )

(N l mt s thc bt k)

1
2

( )

1
3 2
o

r
ao

= a
e
ii. Xc sut tm thy electron gia khong r v r + dr
N
1s

( )

3 1
o

2r
ao

e dr
= 4r . a
Xc sut l cc i khi r = rmax. Ly o hm bc nht biu thc trn ta c:
2

2r

d 2 ao
r e
dr

=0
r = rmax

rmax = a o
Vy electron 1s d tm thy nht trong khu vc r = ao.
b) 2s = 0 ti r = 2ao
Vy hnh dng ca obitan 2s l mt khi cu c bn knh 2ao.
Hnh dng ca obitan 3dz2 trn mt phng xy
1
3d 2 = 0 khi 3cos2 1 = 0 = cos 1
z
3
Hnh dng l mt hnh nn vi mt phn trm trc xy cn mt phn di.
Lu : Tt c cc hm sng u bin mt khi r . Ti r = 0 th cc hm khc u khng tn
ti (tr 1s).
c)
Mi electron lp n = 1 ca nguyn t heli c nng lng Z2eff = 13,6eV
Mc nng lng thp nht ca heli Z2eff = 27,2eV
trng thi c bn ion He+ c nng lng = -4.13,6 = -54,4eV
Nng lng ion ho = (-54,4 + Z2eff. 27,2) = 24,46 Zeff = 1,70
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 2001:
a) Ta c cc phn ng phn hch 235U bng ntron nhit:
235
38
140
92 U + n 94 Sr + ... Xe + ...
U + n 141
56 Ba + ... + 3n
Hy b sung nhng phn cn thiu.
b) Xem nh cc phn ng phn r trn c bc 1. Cc tiu phn khng bn s t phn r cho Zr
v Ce. Vit cc phn ng ht nhn xy ra v tnh nng lng sinh ra (MeV). Cho bit cc s liu
sau:
m(235U) = 235,0493u
m(94Zr) = 93,9063u
m(140Ce) = 139,9054u
mn = 1,00866u
1u = 931,5Mev/c2.
c) Trong l phn ng ht nhn c s dng 1kg kim loi uran thin nhin. Khi tng nng lng sinh
ra t 1 Megawatt ngy (MWd) th n c ly ra khi h thng phn ng. Hy tnh %235U vo
thi im ny. Bit rng trong uran thin nhin th lng uran nguyn cht ch chim 0,72%. Gi
s rng tt c nng lng sinh ra u do 235U.
BI GII:
a) Cc phn ng xy ra:
235
38
140
92 U + n 94 Sr + 54 Xe + 2n...
235
92

92
U + n 141
56 Ba + 36 Kr + 3n
b) Phn ng xy ra:
235
94
140

92 U + n 40 Zr + 58 Ce + 2 n + 6e
Nng lng gii phng Q = [m(235U) m(94Zr) m(140Ce) m(n)]c2 = 213,3eV
c) 1MWd = 8,64.1010J
235
92

8,64.1010
S nguyn t U phn r =
= 2,53.10 21
13
213,3.1,602.10
Nh vy khi lng uran = 0,99g
Vy m(235U) cn li = 7,2 0,99 = 6,21g
%235U = 0,621%
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 2001:
ng v phng x 210Bi l sn phm ca qa trnh phn r 210Pb ri n tip tc phn r sinh
210
ra Po. 210Po cng s tip tc phng x cui cng thu c ng v bn 206Pb.

210
210
210
206
Bi
Pb
Po
Pb
T1/2=138,4d
T1/2 = 22,3y
T1/2 = 5,01d
235

Mt mu 210Bi tinh khit phng x c iu ch t 210Pb v sau n tip tc phng x ra


210
Po. Mu 210Bi ban u c phng x 100Ci (1Ci = 3,7.1010dps)
a) Hy tnh khi lng ban u ca mu 210Bi.
b) Hy tnh thi im m s nguyn t 210Po l cc i v s nguyn t 210Po l bao nhiu?
c) Xc nh tc phn r ca 210Po v phn r ca 210Bi vo thi im ny?
BI GII:
a) 1Ci = 3,7.104dps nn 100Ci = 3,7.106dps
Ta c:
dN
1
= N 1o .1 = 3,7.10 6 Dps
dt t = 0
N 10 = 2,31.1012
Vi No1 l s nguyn t 210Bi thi im ban u
T No1 trn ta tnh c m(210Bi) ban u = 8,06.10-10g.
b) S nguyn t 210Bi thi im T (l thi im m s nguyn t 210Po l cc i):
N 1 = N 1o e 1t
S nguyn t 210Po (N2) thi im ny c cho bi phng trnh:
dN 2
= 1 N 1 2 N 2
dt
Thay th biu thc ca N1 vo phng trnh hnh thnh 210Po v nhn hai v cho e 2t ta c:
dN 2
e2t
+ 2 N 2 e 2 t = 1 N1o e ( 2 1 )t
dt

d
N 2 e 2t = 1 N 1o e (2 1 )t
dt

Ly tch phn biu thc trn ta thu c: N 2 e 2 t =

1
2 1

tnh t ta thay N2 = 0 v t = 0 vo ta suy ra c C =


iu ny dn n:
N2 =

2 1

N 1o e 1t e 2t

N 1o e (2 1 )t + C

1 N 1o
2 1

Ti thi im t =T ta c:
dN 2
=0
dt t =T
Gii phng trnh ny ta thu c: T = 24,9 ngy
T y ta tnh c s nguyn t N2 = 2,04.1012 v khi lng 210Po = 7,11.10-10g
c) tc phn r ca 210Po ti t = T l 1,18.105Dps
tc phn r ca 210Bi = tc phn r ca 210Po = 1,18.105Dps
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 2003:
1) C bao nhiu nh hp th i vi mt phn t CO, mt phn t H2O, mt phn t benzen, ahy my
phn t C60 trong ph hng ngoi.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) xp x 30
f) 54
g) 120
h) 174
i) 720
j) Khng th xc nh c nu cha c thm thng tin.
2) Hai phn t gm hai nguyn t cha bit cho mt pic n ca hp th dao ng trong vng hng
ngai ca ph cng hng t electron (EMR). Phn t XY hp th tn s cao hn phn t WZ.
Khng nh no sau y l ng?
a) XY v WZ l cc ht nhn khc nhau.
b) Lin kt gia X v Y mnh hn lin kt gia W v Z.
c) MXY ln hn MWZ.
d) Tn s dao ng c trng ca XY cao hn WZ.
BI GII:
1) S dao ng c trng l 3N 6 cho phn t khng thng v 3N 5 cho phn t thng. Chnh v vy
ta s c cc kt qa sau:
CO : 1; H2O : 3; C6H6 : 30; C60 : 174
2) Nhng phn t c tn s dao ng trong ph hng ngoi u l nhng phn t c tn ti lng cc
hay l nhng ht nhn bn trong cc phn t l d hch.
i vi nhng phn t hai nguyn t c dao ng i xng th tn s c trng c cho bi
1 k
(vi k l hng s lc v l khi lng rt gn ca phn t). Nu khng
phng trnh: =
2
cho bit cc yu t khc th ta khng th ni trc iu g v hng s lc cng nh khi lng rt
gn ca phn t ( mnh ca lin kt th khng ph thuc vo k nhng li lin quan mt thit n
nng lng phn ly lin kt). Tn s c trng th bng vi tn s hp th ca cc photon bi v
nng lng dao ng c cho bi h thc: Edd = (v + 0,5)h v nng lng cng hng l
E=E=1 E = 0.
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 2003:
14
C l ng v phng x c chu k bn hy t = 5700 nm. N tn ti trong t nhin do n lin
tc c sinh ra trong kh quyn nh l mt sn phm ca phn ng ht nhn gia nguyn t nit v
ntron sinh ra bi tia v tr.

Chng ta gi s rng tc ca qa trnh hnh thnh l hng s trong hng ngn nm v bng vi
tc phn r. Chnh v vy lng 14C trong kh quyn lun lun khng i. Kt qa l 14C trong kh
quyn lun i cng vi cc ng v bn 12C v 13C trong kh quyn v tham gia vi vai tr nh nhau
trong cc phn ng ha hc ca cacbon. N sinh ra CO2 vi oxy v i vo cc qa trnh sng qua cc
phn ng quang ha di t l 14C/12C lun c gi khng i trong cc phn t hu c.
Vn ny c s dng xc nh tui ca cc ngun gc sinh hc (v d: tc, vi). Chng
c phn lp bng vi con ng sau ci cht ca vt th hu c (v d: trong cc lng m). T l
14 12
C/ C trong cc mu trn khng phi lun l mt hng s nht nh m lun gim i theo thi gian v
14
C lin tc b phn r.
Lng 14C c trong cc vt th sng (tnh trn tng s nguyn t C) c phn r l 0,277Bq/g
(1Bq = 1Dps (phn r / giy)).
a) Tnh tui ca mt mu cht c t l 14C/12C = 0,25
b) Chuyn g xy ra vi nguyn t 14C khi n b phn r?
c) Nu 14C nm trong cc phn t hu c (nh DNA, protein v,v) trong c th sng m b phn
r th s xy ra hin tng g?
d) Tnh phng x ca mt ngi 75kg. Gi s rng s phng x trong c th con ngi ch do
14
C thc hin v lng C trong c th l 18,5%.
BI GII:
a) Gi No l t l 14C/12C trong vt th sng v N cng l t l trn sau khi vt cht mt khong thi
gian t.
Ta c:
N = Noe-t vi l hng s phng x ( = ln2/t1/2).
iu ny dn n h thc:
N
ln
No
t
N
t=
= 1 / 2 ln
= 11400 nm.
ln 2 N o

b) Phng trnh phng x chung ca s phn r l: n p + + evi p l proton v el


electron phn ntrino (electron antineutrino). Vi 14C ta c:
14
C 14N + + e
c) Trong mt phn t hu c cha 14C th nu 14C b phn r s gy ra mt nh hng rt ln n
cu trc phn t do C s b thay th bng N (mt nguyn t hon ton khc C v bn cht ha
hc), iu ny dn n s hnh thnh cc gc t do..
d) mC = 75.0,185 = 13,9kg
phng x R = 13900.0,277 = 3850Bq
t
dN
R
R=
= N N = = R. 1 / 2 = 1015 nguyn t = 1,66nmol.
dt

ln 2
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 2003:
Uran (Z = 92) l mt nguyn t phng x tn ti trong t nhin. N l mt hn hp ca hai ng
238
v U (99,3%, T = 4,47.109 nm) v 235U(0,7%, T = 7,04.108 nm). C hai ng v ny u phng x
v u c to ra cc phn ng tng hp ht nhn. S phn r ca chng sinh ra cc lng khc nhau
ca cc ht v , qua nhiu qa trnh phn r khc nhau th s dn n vic hnh thnh cc ng v bn
206
Pb82 v 207Pb82 mt cch tng ng. Cc qa trnh ny c gi l hai chui phng x. S phng x
- khng chu nh hng ca cc qa trnh phn r khc nhau khng chu nh hng ca s chuyn
ha.

235

U km bn hn 238U v phn ng din ra d dng hn vi s tham gia ca ntron nhit. Phn


ng phn hch c dn ra di y:
235
U + n U* sn phm phn hch + 2 3n + 200MeV/1 ht 235U.
a) Tnh s ht v sinh ra trong hai chui phng x (238U 206Pb v 235U 207Pb).
b) Gii thch ti sao trong hai chui phng x mt s nguyn t ho hc xut hin nhiu hn mt
ln.
c) Gi s rng cc ng v khng lin quan ban u (lc bt u phn ng tng hp ht nhn) bng
vi lng hai ng v ca uran (235U : 238U = 1 : 1). Th tui ca qa t (thi gian tnh t lc bt
u phn ng phn hch).
d) Tnh lng cacbon cn (g) sinh ra nng lng bng vi nng lng gii phng ra khi phn
hch 1g 235U bng ntron. S dng phn ng:
C + O2 CO2 + 393,5kJ/mol (hay 4,1eV/nguyn t).
BI GII:
a) 238U 206Pb: 8 ht v 6 ht
235
U 207Pb: 7 ht v 4 ht
b) iu ny xy ra khi tip sau mt phn r (Z = -2) l hai phn r ( Z = +2)lin tip.
c) i vi mi ng v ca uran ta c th vit:
235
N = 235Noexp(-235t)
238
N = 238Noexp(-238t)
Ti thi im t = 0 th 235No = 238No
Nh vy ta c:
exp( 238 t ) 238 N 99,3
=
=
= 142
exp( 235 t ) 235 N 0,7
Nh vy: 235t - 238t = ln142 = 4,95
Ta c: 235 = 9,76.10-10
238 = 1,54.10-10
t = 6,0.109 nm.
d) Nng lng sinh ra khi phn r hon ton 1g 235U = 5,13.1023MeV
Nng lng sinh ra khi t chy hon ton 1g U = 2,06.1017MeV
Nh vy khi lng cacbon cn s l: 2,49.103 kg C
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 2003:
Ph khi lng c hnh thnh bi cu to ca mt chm tia gm cc mnh ion c to thnh
bng cch bn mt chm tia electron c nng lng cao vo phn t cn xc nh. Cc mnh pht sinh
c phn lp bi t trng hay in trng hoc l kt hp c hai. S phn lp ny ph thuc vo t l
khi lng/in tch (m/z) ca mi ion mnh. hu ht cc mnh u mang in tch n gin (z = 1).
iu ny dn n s phn mnh ph thuc vo khi lng cc ion.
nhy khc nhau c cc loi ph khi lng thng c xc nh bi phn gii ca n.
phn gii c nh ngha bi biu thc R = m/m (vi m l chnh lch gia hai pic lin nhau
v m l khi lng danh ngha ca pic th nht). V d: hai ion C2H4+ v CH2N+ u c cng khi lng
danh ngha (M = 28) nhng khi lng chnh xc tng ng l 28,0313 v 28,0187 th c th phn
bit c 2 pic ny cn phi c mt dng c c R = 28/(28,0313 28,0187) = 2200. Nhng my ph
khi lng r th c phn gii khng cao lm (R 300 1000) th c th phn bit c cc ion n
gin c cc khi lng danh ngha khc nhau.
Cc pic ng v trong ph khi lng

Mc d cc my ph c phn gii thp nhng cc mnh ion c th pht sinh ra nhiu mnh
lin tip c khi lng danh ngha khc nhau. iu ny ch c th xy ra i vi cc ion c cng cng
thc ha hc nhng cc ng v to thnh ion mnh th khc nhau. V d: ion CH3+ gm c cc mnh
ion c khi lng danh ngha t 15 (mnh 12C1H3+) n 19 (mnh 13C2H3+).
Cng ca cc mnh ng v ph thuc vo thnh phn ca cc nguyn t cu thnh cc
mnh ng v trong thin nhin. i vi cacbon th nhiu nht l 98,90% 12C v 1,10% 13C. Vi H
th 1H chim 99,985% v 2H chim 0,015%. Kt q al pic c cng cao nht l 12C1H3+ (M = 15),
pic c cng cao th hai l hai pic 13C1H3+ v 12C1H2H+, cn pic c M = 19 (13C2H3+) th c cng
gn nh bng 0 do lng 13C v 2H c rt t trong thin nhin.
Di y s cho bit cch tnh cng cc pic ng v ca ion mnh CH2Cl mt cch chnh
xc. Bit Cl gm hai ng v (75,77% 35Cl v 24,23% 37Cl).
+ Mnh M = 49: 12C1H235Cl: 0,989.(0,99985)2.0,7577 = 0,7431
+ Mnh M = 50: 13C1H235Cl: 0,011.(0,99985)2.0,7577 = 0,00833
12 2 1 35
C H H Cl: 0,989.0,00015.0,99985.0,7577 = 0,00011
12 1 2 35
C H H Cl: 0,989.0,99985.0,00015.0,7577 = 0,00011
= 0,0085
+ Mnh M = 51: 13C2H1H35Cl = 1,25.10-6
13 1 2 35
C H H Cl = 1,25.10-6.
12 1
C H237Cl = 0,240
= 0,240
+ Mnh M = 52: 13C2H235Cl = 1,9.10-10.
13 1
C H237Cl = 0,00266
12 1 2 37
C H H Cl = 3,59.10-5.
12 2 1 37
C H H Cl = 3,59.10-5
= 0,0027
+ Mnh M = 53: 13C2H1H37Cl = 4,0.10-7.
13 2 1 37
C H H Cl = 4,0.10-7.
12 2
C H237Cl = 5,4.10-9.
-7
= 8,1.10
+ Mnh M = 54: 13C2H237Cl = 6.10-11.
Cng ca mi pic (t M n M +5) t l vi s ph bin ca mi ng v hp phn trong ion
mnh v s tnh ton xc sut dn n tng kh nng xut hin cc hp phn ca cc pic c cng khi
lng phn t. Pic c cng cao nht c gi l pic c s v cng ca cc pic lin quan c
xc nh bi % ca n so vi pic c s.
T th d trn ta c:
M = 49
= 100%
M = 50
(0,0085/0,7491).100
= 1,14%
M = 51
(0,240/0,7491).100
= 31,98%
M = 52
(0,0027/0,7491).100
= 0,36%
M = 53
= 1.10-4%
M = 54
= 8.10-9%
28
1) Silic t nhin l hn hp ca 3 ng v bn Si, 29Si v 30Si. Trong khi clo t nhin l hn hp
ca hai ng v l 35Cl v 37Cl. C bao nhiu pic ng v ca ion SiCl2+.
2) Tt c cc ion mnh sau: (a): N2+; (b): CO+; (c): CH2N+; (d): C2H4+ u c khi lng danh ngha l
M = 28 v khng th phn bit c chng bng cc my ph phn gii thp. Tuy nhin so snh

cng cc pic M + 1 th ta c th phn bit c tt c. Xc nh cc mnh ion c cng mnh


ng v M + 1 l 1,15. Cc ng v c nhiu trong thin nhin c cho di y:
1
2
H = 99,985%
H = 0,015%
H:
12
13
C = 98,9%
C = 1,1%
C:
14
15
N = 99,634%
N = 0,366%
N:
16
17
18
O = 99,762%
O = 0,038%
O = 0,20%
O:
BI GII:
28 35
1)
M = 98
Si Cl2+
29 35
Si Cl2+
M + 1 = 99
28 35 37 +
30 35
Si Cl Cl +
Si Cl2+
M + 2 = 100
29 35 37
Si Cl Cl
M + 3 = 101
30 35
28 35 37 +
Si Cl2+
+
Si Cl Cl
M + 4 = 102
+
29 37
Si Cl2
M + 5 = 103
30 37
Si Cl2+
M + 6 = 104
Nh vy c 7 pic.
2
i vi ion N2+ ta c:
M: 14N14N = (0.99634)2 = 0.9927
M+1: 14N15N + 15N14N = 2(0.996340.00366) = 0.007293
Nh vy t l (M+1)/M = 0,735%
i vi ion CO+ ta c:
M: 12C16O = 0.9890.99762 = 0.9866
M+1: 12C17O + 13C16O = (0.9890.00038) + (0.0110.99762) = 0.01135
Nh vy t l (M+1)/M = 1,15%
i vi ion CH2N+
M: 12C1H214N = 0.989(0.99985)2 0.99634 = 0.9851
M+1: 13C1H214N + 12C1H2H14N + 12C2H1H14N + 12C1H215N
=0.011(0.99985)20.99634+20.9890.999850.000150.99634+0.989(0.99985)20.00366
=0.01487
Nh vy t l (M+1)/M = 1,51%
i vi ion C2H4+ ta c:
12
C21H4 = (0.989)2(0.99985)4 = 0.9775
M:
M+1: 13C12C1H4 + 12C13C1H4 + 12C22H1H3 + 12C21H2H1H2 + 12C1H22H1H + 12C21H32H
= 0,02234
Nh vy t l (M+1)/M = 2,29%
Ch c CO+ l tho mn bi.
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 2004:
Cc cacbua ca kim loi chuyn tip nh TiC c s dng rng ri trong vic ch to cc
cng c ct v khoan bi v n rt cng, chng n mn tt v c nhit nng chy cao. Ngoi nhng
tnh cht trn th titan cacbua cn c tnh dn in tt v iu ny khng ph thuc vo nhit chnh v
vy n rt quan trng trong cng nghip.
1) TiC c cu trc tinh th nh th no nu r(Ti4+) = 74,5 v r(C4-) = 141,5pm
TiC k thut c iu ch t TiO2 bng phn ng kh vi cacbon. Bin thin entanpi ca phn
ng ny khng th c o trc tip c. Tuy nhin, nhit chy ca cc nguyn t cng nh ca TiC
c th o trc tip c. Nng lng lun lun khng i v khng ph thuc vo cch tin hnh phn
ng cho nn cc ga tr nhit ng ca phn ng c th tnh c.
2) Tnh bin thin entanpi ca phn ng: TiO2 + 3C TiC + 2CO

fH(TiO2) = -944,7kJ.mol-1
fH(CO) = -110,5kJ.mol-1
fH (TiC + 1,5O2 TiO2 + CO) = -870,7kJ.mol-1.
Nm 1919, Born v Haber c lp tm ra ng dng ca nguyn l th nht nhit ng hc vo
s hnh thnh cht rn t cc nguyn t thnh phn. Bng cch ny ta c th c c nhng thng tin
chnh xc v nng lng mng li ca tinh th cht rn.
KCl ng hnh vi TiC v n kt tinh theo kiu mng ca NaCl.
3) S dng cc gi tr cho sn xy dng chu trnh Born Haber ca s hnh thnh KCl t cc
nguyn t v tnh nng lng mng li ca KCl.
Hthng hoa = 89kJ.mol-1
Entanpi ca KCl: K(r) K(k)
Hphn li = 244kJ.mol-1
Entanpi phn ly ca clo: Cl2(k) 2Cl
H = -355kJ.mol-1.
i lc electron ca clo: Cl(k) + e Cl-(k)
+
Hion ha = 425kJ.mol-1.
Nng lng ion ha ca kali: K(k) K + e
Entanpi ca s hnh thnh KCl: K(r) + 0,5Cl2 KCl(r) fH = -438kJ.mol-1.
BI GII:
1) r(Ti4+) /r(C4-) = 0,527 kiu mng tinh th ca NaCl.
fH = -870,7kJ.mol-1
(1)
2) TiC + 1,5O2 TiO2 + CO
-1
fH = -110,5kJ.mol
(2)
C + 0,5O2 CO
Ly (1) 3(2) ta c: TiO2 + 3C TiC + 2CO
Nh vy ta tnh c fH = 539,2kJ.mol-1.
3 Chu trnh Born Haber ca s hnh thnh KCl:
UL
KCl(r)
K+(k) + Cl-(k)
Bit:

Hion ha

H
K+(k)

Cl(k)

fH

0,5Hphn li

Hphn li
K(r)

0,5Cl2(k)

Ta tnh c UL = -719kJ.mol-1.

OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 2004:


Bc u tin ca cc phn ng quang ha hc l s hp th nh sng ca cc phn t. Mi lin
quan gia mt quang A ca dung dch cha phn t cht hp th vi nng mol C v dy ca
cuvet d c th hin bi nh lut Lambert Beer: A = lg(Po/P) = Cd
: h s tt mol.
c
nh sng c th c coi nh l mt chm photon v mi photon c mang nng lng E = h .

Vi h l hng s Planck, l bc sng nh sng chiu ti v c l vn tc nh sng:


Mt dung dch phm nhum c nng C = 4.10-6M c h s tt mol = 1,5.105mol-1.L.cm-1.
Chiu nh sng xanh c bc sng = 514,5nm v cng sut Po = 10nW vo dung dch ny.
1. Hy tnh % nh sng hp th bi mu nu cuvet dy 1m.
2. Tnh s photon/s c hp th bi mu

S hp th trn mt ct ngang ca phn t l mt c th hp th cc photon c hiu qu nht


di iu kin l chiu sng thp (nh l cc t bo pin mt tri c th gi li c cc photoon trn
b mt). nhit phng, iu ny ph thuc vo din tch mt ct ngang ca phn t tip xc trc tip
vi nh sng. Nu bn tnh n t h s tt mol th hy hnh dung tt c cc phn t chu tc dng ca nh
sng u nm trn mt mt phng vung gc vi mt phng nh sng chiu ti.
3.
Khu vc no c cc phn t chim gi?
Tnh hp th mol trn mt ct ngang ca phn t (2)
Phn ng quang ha xy ra trn hnh tinh ca chng ta ch yu l tng hp quang ha, phn
ng ny chuyn nng lng nh sng thnh nng lng ha hc. Mt photon c bc sng 680nm l
cn thit sinh ra 1 phn t ATP. Di cc iu kin sinh l th nng long nhn c l 59kJ/mol
ATP.
5. Hiu sut ca phn ng quang ha l bao nhiu?
BI GII:
1. A = Cd = 6.10-5 Po/P =0,999862. y chnh l % ca photon tn ti trong mu, nh vy phn
trm photon c dung dch hp th l :
Po P
P
= 1
= 1,38.10 4 hay 0,0138%
Po
Po
2. Da vo kt qa cu 1 ta c th tnh c Php th = 1,38.10-4.10-8 = 1,38.10-12J.s-1.
Nng lng ca mi photon l E = 3,86.10-19J
Vy s photon c hp th bi dung dch trong mi giy l: 1,38.10-12/3,86.10-19 = 3,58.106
3. Hy hnh dung rng, tia laser chiu vo khu vc c din tch 1cm2 ca dung dch phm nhum.
Chm tia sng i xuyn qua mt th tch l V = 1cm2.1m = 10-7L. S phn t c chiu x s
l:
N = C.V.NA = 2,409.1011.
Nu tt c cc phn t u c xp trn mt mt phng th mi phn t s chim mt din tch
l: S =1/2,409.1011 = 4,15.10-12cm2 hay 415nm2.
4. hp th trn mt ct ngang ca phn t l khu vc m mt phn t bt k c th gi
li c ton b photon chiu ti. Di cc iu kin th nghim th ch c 0,0138% nh sng
chiu ti b hp th bi mt phn t, nh vy = 1,38.10-4.4,15.10-12 = 0,057nm2 = 5,72.
5. Nng lng ca mt photon c bc sng 680nm = 2,92.10-19J.
S tng hp quang ha nhn c 59kJ/mol ATP, iu ny dn n:
EATP = 59.103/6,022.1023 = 9,80.10-20J/phn t ATP
Nh vy hiu sut ca phn ng s l: 9,80.10-20/2,92.10-19 = 0,34 hay 34%
4.

OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 2004:


T khi nhng nh tin phong trong lnh vc nhn dng cc n phn t tin hnh cng vic t
u thp k 90 ca th k trc th lnh vc v vic s dng phng php hin vi pht hin cc n
phn t c khm ph v n nm trung gian gia ha hc v vt l. Ta s kho st vi phm nhum
cacboxianin 1-1-didodexyl-3,3,3,3-tetrametylindo-cacboxianin peclorat (dilC12). Trong th nghim
ny, phn t phm nhum c tri ra trn mt b mt mu v c nh v thng qua cc tn hiu pht
quang. Cu trc ca dilC12 c cho di y:

CH3

H3C

CH3

H3C

C
H

CH

CH

(CH2)11

(CH2)11

CH3

CH3

ClO41. Xc nh phn no trong phn t diC12 pht quang:


a) Vng benzen.
b) Mch dodexyl.
c) 4 nhm metyl gn nhn d vng.
d) Mch C-N lin kt vi hai vng benzen.
e) Ion peclorat.
T trng b mt ca mt phn t thng rt thp. Nu mun nhn dng chng nh l mt cht
pht quang di knh hin vi. Gi tr tt nht nhn dng l 10 phn t/m2.
10L ca mt dung dch dilC12 trong metanol c nh xung mt tm thy tinh sch. Git ny
to thnh mt vng trn c ng knh 4mm.
2. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch cn thit nhn c ga tr 10 phn t/m2 (i vi s tnh
ton chng ta c th gi s rng s vn chuyn ca phn t phm nhum t dung dch n mu
b mt do s bc hi ca dung mi l ng th trn ton b b mt thm t).
Mu c chiu x bi tia laser mu xanh He Ne c bc sng l 543,5nm. Nng lng kch
thch l va sao cho khu vc c chiu sng (ng knh 100nm) tip xc vi 3.1010photon/s.
3. Nng lng kch thch cn thit l bao nhiu?
S hp th trn mt ct ngang l mt thng s quang trng tnh ton cc tn hiu pht quang
pht ra n phn t. N c th c xem nh l khu vc hiu lc ca phn t m n c th hp th ton
b photon chiu ti. nhit phng, ga tr ny xp x vi kch thc ca phn t phm nhum.
4. Mt mu dilC12 c chiu sng hp th 2,3.105 photon/s di cc iu kin c m t trn.
Tnh hp th trn mt ct ngang ca phn t dilC12 (2). Bit rng trn khu vc c ng
knh 100nm th c chiu x mt cch ng b.
Hiu sut pht quang lng t (s photon pht quang trung bnh c sinh ra t cc photon b
hp th) l 0,7 i vi dilC12 (7 photon pht quang c sinh ra trn tng s 10 photon hp th). Hiu
sut ca ngun pht quang l 20% trong iu kin th nghim ny (bao gm c s lc cho nh sng
n sc) v hiu sut nhn dng photon ca my d pht quang cng ngh cao l 55% (vt qua ngng
ca cc phn t pht quang).
5. Trung bnh c bao nhiu photon pht quang c d thy bi b d pht quang trong 10ms nu
mt phn t dilC12 c nh v trong khu vc chiu sng?
Hnh nh pht quang c xy dng bng cch qut tc cao b mt chiu sng trn b mt
mu.
6. ng knh ca im pht quang ng vi mt phn t phm nhum s l bao nhiu? Chn cu
tr li ng.
a) Mt pixel.

b) 543,5nm
c) 100nm
d) 200nm
e) Xp x 1m
BI GII:
1) Phn t pht quang trong vng kh kin do s khng nh c ca cc electron trn h lin kt , nh
vy cu tr li ng l (4).
2) Mt vng vi ng knh 4mm bao quanh mt b mt c din tch S = r2 = 1,26.10-5m2
S nguyn t phm nhum trong khu vc ny l: 10/(10-6)2.1,26.10-5 = 126.106
N c chuyn n b mt bi s bc hi ca 10L dung dch, nh vy nng ca n phi l:
(1,26.108/10-5)/(6,022.1023) = 2,1.10-11mol.L-1.
3) Vi E = hc/ th nng lng ca mi photon l: E = 3,66.10-19J
Nh vy nng lng kch thch cn thit l: 1,1.10-8J.s-1 = 11nW.
4) Trung bnh c c 10 phn t/L, nh vy 1 phn t s chim mt din tch S = 10-13m2.
Din tch ton khu vc chiu x = (50.10-9)2 = 7,85.10-15m2 nhn c 3.1010 photon/s v khu vc
chim gi bi mt phn t s nhn c: 3.1010.10-13/(7,85.10-15) = 3,82.1011 photon/s
Ch c 2,3.105 photon c hp th mi giy nn khu vc m hp th photon s l:
= 6.10-20m2 hay l 62.
5) Mt phn t dilC12 hp th 2,3.105 photon/s th nh vy s photon pht quang s l 161.103
photon/s.
Da vo hu sut d th kt qa s l: N = 0,2.0,55.161.103 = 17710 photon d c/s.
Trong khong 10ms th s photon d c s l 177 photon.
6) Mi im trn khu vc c chiu x ca mu c tip xc vi cng mt s lng photon/s (chiu
sng ng b). Mt phn t m c nh v trung tm ca im th s nhn c nhiu photon
hn l n bt k mt im no khc ca im chiu x. Do khu vc chiu x c qut nhanh nn
phn t s tr nn c mu, thi gian c mu cng nhiu khi n bn trong khu vc chiu sng. y
chnh l l do ti sao cc im pht quang ca mt phn t lun c mt kch thc nh nhau v bng
vi khu vc chiu sng. Nh vy p n ng l cu c.
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 2005:
Electron trong phc ca st vi hemoglobin c th c xc nh nh trong mt h m
electron di chuyn t do nh trong hp th hai chiu. Da vo m hnh ny th nng lng ca electron
s c tnh bi cng thc:

Vi h = 6,63.10-34J.s (hng s Planck), nx v ny l nhng s lng t chnh; me = 9,11.10-31kg l


khi lng ca electron, L l chiu di ca hp th.
1. Xy dng cc mc nng lng ch ra mi quan h gia 17 obitan thp nht.
2. Cho phn t c cha 26e, xc nh s electron ca obitan b chim c mc nng lng cao nht
trng thi c bn.
3. p dng quy tc Hund cho h ny, cho bit n l thun t hay nghch t.
4. nh sng c hp th ch khi iu kin E = h c tho mn. Nu chiu di L ca hp th
hai chiu l 1nm, Hy tnh bc sng di nht m c th xy ra trng thi kch thch. Cho
bit c = 3,00.108m/s.
BI GII:
1)
Ta c:
E1,1 = 2E0

E1,2 = E2,1 = 5E0


E2,2 = 8E0
E1,3 = E3,1 = 10E0
E2,3 = E3,2 = 13E0
E1,4 = E4,1= 17E0
E3,3 = 18E0
E2,4 = E4,2 = 20E0
E3,4 = E4,3 = 25E0
E1,5 = E5,1 = 26E0
Vi Eo = h2/8mL2

2) 4e
3) Nghch t.
4) Bc sng di nht xy ra s kch thch l E = (25 20)Eo.
Vi Eo = (6,63.10-34)/(8.9,11.10-31.(1.10-9)2) = 6,02.10-20J
Nh vy E = (25 20)Eo = 3,01.10-19J
= 606nm
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 2005:
Hu ht cc nguyn t trong bng h thng tun hon u c nhiu hn 1 ng v. Khi lng
nguyn t ca mt nguyn t c tnh ton da trn mi quan h v thnh phn ca cc ng v. V d:
Khi lng nguyn t ca clo xp x 35,5 bi v hm lng ca 35Cl gn gp 3 ln so vi 37Cl. Trong
ph khi lng, thay cho khi lng phn t trung bnh th ta nhn c pic khi lng ca cc ng v
(35Cl: 75,77%; 37Cl: 24,23%; 12C: 98,9%; 13C: 1,1%; 79Br: 50,7%; 81Br: 49,3%). Cc ng v rt c
ngha trong vic phn tch nh lng bng phng php ph khi lng.
1) c thi gian duy tr th t l ca cc ion M v M + 2 c s dng trong vic phn tch nh lng
2,3,7,8 tetraclo dioxin (2,3,7,8 - TCDD) bng phng php sc k - khi ph l t l tiu chun. Tnh t
l l thuyt ny.
Chiu cao ca cc mnh ng v (cng ) c th c pht hin bng cch s dng cng thc
sau: (a + b)n vi a l hm lng tng i ca ng v nh, b l hm lng tng i ca ng v nng
v n l s nguyn t clo c mt.
2) Ion phn t thng c chn trong php phn tch nh lng. Cng ca ion phn t cn c
sa li nu tn hu b gy nhiu bi cc hp cht khc. Trong php phn tch cc nguyn t khng phi
halogen vi khi lng phn t l 136 th ion phn t c chn trong php phn tch nh lng. Hy
ngh mt biu thc ton hc hu chnh c tn hiu ca ion phn t nu cht phn tch c cng
thi gian duy tr nh n - butylbromua.
BI GII:
1) 0,77
2) Tn hiu hiu chnh = (m/z 136tn hiu) - 1,03(m/z 138 tn hiu)
OLYMPIC HA HC QUC T 2005:
Mt s i lng vt l c th o c, nu c th cho kt qa s th c th dn n sai s. Sai s
tiu chun c nh ngha bi biu thc:
< G 2 > < G >2
Vi G l ga tr ring ca hng s vt l o c; <G> l tr trung bnh ca G; <G2> l ga tr
trung bnh ca G2. Ga tr tng bnh ca <G> v <G2> c th nhn c bng cch o lp li nhiu ln
khi thc hin cng mt php o xc nh i lng G. nh ngha ny c th p dng c cho c l
thuyt c in v l thuyt lng t. hai v d lin quan n vic xc nh lch tiu chun , mt l
da vo tinh cht ca phn t kh v hai l s dng hp th mt chiu s c a ra di y:
=

1) Phn b tc ca cc phn t kh nh l mt hm ca nhit c th c m t bi phng trnh


sau (Phn b Maxwell3 / 2- Boltzmann):
Mv 2
M

F ( v) = 4v 2
exp
2RT
2 RT
Vi v l tc ca phn t, M l khi lng ca phn t. T l nhit tuyt i v R l hng s kh.
Tnh tc trung bnh <v> v lch tiu chun V hay s phn b tc ca phn t O2 300K (O2 =
32g/mol, R = 8,31J.K-1.mol-1).
2) Gi s mt ht chuyn ng theo phng x c chun ha di dng hm sng:
= [(1 / 2 ) exp( x 2 / 2)]1 / 2 ; x
Tnh chuyn dch trung bnh <x> v lch tiu chun x sau khi x i c mt qung ng kh
di.
3) Trong c hc lng t, momen ca ht trong hp th mt chiu cso th c xc nh nh sau:
ih d
p=
vi h l hng s Planck. Tnh momen trung bnh <p> v lch tiu chun p vi tiu phn
2 dx
c hm sng c m t cu 2.
4) Tnh bt nh v v tr v momen ca ht xp vi cc d kin cho trn.
Mt s biu thc tch phn:
1/ 2

1 3 5 (2n 1)
2 n +1
0 x exp(ax )dx =
2 n +1
a

!
n
2 n +1
2
0 x exp(ax )dx = 2a n+1 vi n = 0,1,2,3
BI GII:
1) Tc trung bnh:
3/ 2

Mv 2 3
8RT
M
v dv =
< v >= vF (v)dv = 4
= 4,45.10 2 ms 1
exp
2
2

RT
RT
M

2n

lch tiu chun V:


3/ 2

Mv 2 4
3RT
M

v dv =
< v 2 >= vF (v)dv = 4
exp
= 2,33.10 5 ms 1

M
2RT 0
2 RT
0
2
-1
V = 1,87.10 ms
2) To trung bnh:
+
+
x2
1
dx = 0
< x >= * xdx =
x
exp

2
2

lch tiu chun x:


+
+
x2
1
2

dx = 1
< x 2 >= * x 2dx =
x
exp

2
2

x = 1

3) Momen trung bnh:


2
+
+
h
ihxe x / 2

< p >= * i
dx = 0
dx =

2
x

4
2

lch chun p:
+

h2 2
h2

< p 2 >= * i
dx
=

2
2
16 2
4 x

p = h/4
4) xp = h/4
IV.
OLYMPIC HA HC CC QUC GIA TRN TH GIi:
OLYMPIC HA HC ITALY 1999:
Trong cc cht sau, cht no khng to lin kt hydro vi nc:
a) NH3
b) HF
c) CH3OH
d) CH3 CH3
BI GII: cu d
OLYMPIC HA HC ITALY 1999:
Lin kt to thnh gia hai nguyn t c cu hnh electron ha tr l 2s22p5 s thuc loi lin kt:
a) Ion
b) Cng ha tr
c) Kim loi
d) Cng ha tr khng phn cc.
BI GII: cu d
OLYMPIC HA HC ITALY 1999:
Rutherford ch ra rng mu nguyn t ca Thomson l sai kh bn cc ht vo l vng mng
th:
a) Rt nhiu ht i qua l vng.
b) a s ht b lch i
c) Mt s ht b lch i hoc bt tr li.
d) Mt s ht b chuyn ha thnh nguyn t heli
BI GII: cu c
OLYMPIC HA HC C 1999 (Vng 4):
1) Ht nhn 80Ge c tnh cht phng x v phn r cng vi s gii phng ra cc tia . Ht nhn no s
hnh thnh trong qa trnh ny?
2) 148Gd l cht phng x , ht nhn no s c to thnh?
3) Ch c 4 ng v bn: 204, 206, 207 v 208. Mt trong s l sn phm cui cng ca mt dy
phn r bt u t 235U. Hy gii thch l ng v no ca ch?
4) Trong qa trnh cu 3 th c bao nhiu phn r ?
5) Bi trong t nhin ch gm c ht nhn 209Bi. Ngi ta bn ph n bng cc ht . Qa tnh ny gii
phng hai ntron. Hi ht nhn no hnh thnh?
Nm 1988, tm khn lim Turin ni ting c nghin cu bng phng php phng x cacbon.
Trong khi cng phng x ca mt gam cacbon ly t cc c quan sng l 735 phn r trong mt gi
th 1g cacbon ly t tm khn lim cho thy hot tnh l 677 phn r trong mt gi. Thi gian bn hy
ca 14C l 5570 nm.
6) Tnh tui ca tm khn .

BI GII:
1) 80As
2) 144Sm
3) 207Pb v 235 207 = 28 (7 phn r )
4) 4 phn r
5) 211At.
6) Khong nm 1327
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2002:
Cu hnh electron trng thi c bn ca Al3+ l:
a) 1s22s22p63s23p1.
b) 1s22s22p63s23p6.
c) 1s22s22p6.
d) 1s22s22p63s2.
e) 1s22s22p43s2.
BI GII: cu c
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2002:
232
Th90 chuyn ha thnh 208Pb82 sau mt lot phn r anpha v beta. Hi c bao nhiu phn r
anpha v beta?
Anpha Beta
A.
3
2
B.
4
8
C.
5
2
D.
6
4
E.
8
8
BI GII: cu b
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2002:
Phn t no c cc nguyn t nm trong cng mt mt phng?
1. NH3.
2 XeF4.
3. SF4.
4. ICl4a. 1,2 v 3
b. 2 v 3
c. 3 v 4
d. 2 v 4
e. Tt c u ng.
BI GII: cu d
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2003:
Da vo thuyt lin kt ha tr hy cho bit s lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm trong phn t
XeF2.
a) sp3
b) sp
c) dsp3
d) d2sp3
e) sp2.
BI GII: cu c

OLYMPIC HA HC C 2003:
Tnh bc sng ca nh sng cn thit c th phn ly nguyn t brom. Bit EBr-Br = 193kJ/mol
a) 6,19.10-7m
b) 1,03.10-30m
c) 1,98.10-28m
d) 1,93.10-12m
e) 1,25.10-8m
BI GII: cu a
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2003:
Nhng phn t no sau y c cc:
1) NH3
2) AsF3
3) CHCl3
4) BeF2
5) SnCl4
a) 1, 2 v 3
b) 1 v 3
c) 2, 3 v 4
d) 2, 4 v 5
e) Tt c
BI GII: cu a
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2004:
Nguyn t no c bn knh ln nht?
a) As
b) Br
c) P
d) S
e) Se
BI GII: cu a
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2004:
Trong nhng nm u tin ca th k 19 th John Dalton lit k mt lot cc khi lng
nguyn t. Mt trong s l vic xy dng nguyn t lng ca amoniac. Bng cch gi thit khi
lng ca hydro l 1 th ng c th tnh c cng thc ca amoniac. Nhng ng ng nhn rng
cng thc phn t ca amoniac l NH. Vy khi lng nguyn t ca amoniac m ng xc nh l
bao nhiu?
a) 2
b) 5
c) 14
d) 16
e) 42
BI GII: cu b
OLYMPIC HA HC C 2004:
Trong cc cht sau th cht no c nhit si nh nht:
a) NH3
b) H2O
c) C3H8

d) (CH3)2O
e) CH4.
BI GII: cu e

You might also like