STUDY ON CURRENT TRANFORMERS

INSTRUCTED BY : GROUP MEMBERS: :

Miss G N T Silva

NAME: INDEX NO: DATE: GROUP:

A R Devinda 090103B 29.08.2011 G4

D.M.S.Disanayake C.L.Fernando M.H.M.Fernando L.H.C.Gomeda

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 12.09.2011

DISCUSSION 01. Reason out as to why the secondary resistance of a protective transformer is low compared to that of a measuring transformer.

A current transformer is defined as a transformer that produces a current in its secondary circuit that is in proportion to its primary current. Current transformers are mainly using for accurate AC measuring and efficient protection. So there are two types of CTS, metering class CTS and protection class CTS with different in different parameters. In both scenarios CTS provide a means of scaling a large primary (input) current into a smaller, manageable output (secondary) current for measurement and instrumentation. The diagram shows a ring core type CT. Since in every CT, same operation principle is used this diagram is sufficiently enough for our discussion purpose. Current transformers consist of a primary and secondary winding and a magnetic core. The alternating current flowing in the primary winding generates a magnetic field which induces current flow in the secondary winding. The main objective of a current transformer design is to have properly coupled primary and secondary circuits, so that the secondary current is proportional to the primary current. The most basic design of current transformer comprises a length of wire wrapped around a silicon steel ring passed over the circuit being measured. The primary circuit consists of a single turn of a conductor, with a secondary circuit with many numbers of turns.

Ring core type current transformer

The common observation is a CT should not be operated with its secondary open-circuited. If the secondary is opened when primary current is flowing, the secondary current will attempt to continue to flow so as to maintain the flux balance. If the secondary circuit impedance (with resistance of secondary coil) is high value the voltage across the secondary winding will rise to the voltage required to maintain current flow. If the secondary voltage reaches the breakdown voltage of the secondary winding, the insulation will fail and the CT will be damaged. Furthermore, this situation presents a personnel shock hazard. This provides path for our discussion. In fault conditions fault current is many times the full load current. So the protective CTS have to handle more current than measuring CTS. Since we cant significantly change turns ratio, secondary current of a protection class CT must be greater than that of a measuring class CT. There is a necessary requirement to keep lower resistance in secondary winding in protection class CT to avoid fire hazard, shock hazard. This necessity doesnt come with measuring class CTS because they will not apply with abnormal currents.

02. Explain the significance of knee point voltage of the magnetization curve. The current transformers are used to reduce very high primary current in to a lower value, which will suitable for relay operation and measuring services. The general shape of the magnetizing curve of CT is shown below. The characteristic curve is nothing but a B-H curve. The shape changes depending on the core material used. Till the point called ankle point there is very small change in the exciting current. From the ankle point there is a proportional relation between secondary voltage and the exiting current. These linear non saturated regions continue to a point called knee point where our focus is on. The knee point voltage is that point on the magnetizing curve where an increase of 10% in the secondary voltage (flux density) causes an increase of 50% in the exciting current (magnetizing force).After this point saturation region starts.

Magnetizing characteristics and knee point of a CT

The characteristic curve of magnetization is very use full because the major errors of a CT are due to magnetization current. The measuring CT design to perform over normal range of load currents but protective CT should be able to supply secondary current in a cause of fault where fault current is twenty times the full load current. Knee point voltage and saturation become very much important under these considerations. Metering CT cores should have high knee point (flux density) while knee point is made purposely low. So during fault condition protective CT may produce a suitable operating current for relays.

Metering class CT magnetization curve

Protective class CT magnetization curve

Knee point is also a prime indicator of the characteristic of a particular current transformer (CT) because the voltage level reflects the structural integrity of the CT. Any decrease in the knee-point voltage can indicate a deterioration in the core material (delamination, crack, etc.) or a defect in the winding (inter-turn shorting).

03. Discuss about the selection of a current transformer for given application.

Current transformers provide a simple, inexpensive and yet accurate means of sensing current flow in power conductors for measuring and protection. Depending on the application there are two types of CTs called protection class CTs and measuring (instrument) class CTs. They are available in 3 basic configurations: 1. Ring Core CT's are available for measuring currents from 50 to 5000 amps, with windows (power conductor opening size) from 1" to 8" diameter. 2. Split Core CT's are available for measuring currents from 100 to 5000 amps, with windows in varying sizes from 1" by 2" to 13" by 30". Split core CT's have one end removable so that the load conductor or bus bar does not have to be disconnected to install the CT. 3. Wound Primary CT's are designed to measure currents from 1 amp to 100 amps. Since the load current passes through primary windings in the CT, screw terminals are provided for the load and secondary conductors. Wound primary CT's are available in ratios from 2.5:5 to 100:5 (Models 189 and 190 are examples of wound primary CT's).

Selection of a CT for a application become very much critical for an engineer because he should save an appreciable cost of installation or avoid costly protection, miss-operation, or non operation. In some cases he should have to replace a existing CT with suitable modern one or have to check the existing one is adequate with modern requirements. Since the applications are so varied, it is natural that the CT be properly specified, depending on the exact application to which it is applied.Here are some factors involving in CT specification. These are helpful to choose a CT for a application. Rated (nominal) primary current / Rated (nominal) secondary current / Ratio (I1 / I2)/ Accuracy load / Rated (nominal) accuracy power / Real power / Accuracy class / Real accuracy factor / Accuracy limit factor / Short time withstand current / CT rated voltage/ Burden/ Phase displacement/ Rated insulation level. A protection class CT must saturate sufficiently high to allow a relatively accurate measurement of the fault current by the protection whose operating threshold can be very high. Current transformers are thus expected to have an Accuracy Limit Factor (ALF= This is the multiple of rated current up to which the CT will operate while satisfy with the accuracy class requirements.) that is usually fairly high. Note that the associated relay & trip coils must be able to withstand high over currents.(2.5VA class 10P5) E.g. 1.Overcurrent protection 2. Earth leakage protection

An metering(instrument) class CT requires good accuracy around the nominal current value. The metering instruments do not need to withstand currents as high as the protection relays. This is why the metering(instrument) class CTs, unlike the protection class CTs, have the lowest possible Safety Factor (SF) in order to protect these instruments through earlier saturation. Accuracy Class Requirements: 0.1or 0.2 for precision measurements/ 0.5 for high grade kilowatt hour meters/ 1.0 for commercial grade kilowatt hour meters /1 or 3 for general industrial measurements/3 or 5 for approximate measurements.Some CTs have secondary windings dedicated to protection and metering. These instrument and protection CTs are governed by standard IEC 60044-1 (in France NF C 42-502). Here are some CTs specified by the manufactures. Interposing CT. These CTs are used in conduction with main CTs to alter the ratio of main CT or to provide isolation to meters or relays from main CTs secondary circuit. Primary current of these CTs are generally lower than 10 amp. Due to which they are always wound primary types. Summation CTs. In electrical supply practice, it may become necessary to obtain sum of currents in a number of feeders. To achieve this, Summation C.Ts. are used. Summation C.Ts. are used with feeder C.Ts. which may or may not have the same ratios. Bushing Type or Bus Duct Type CT. These CTs are fiber glass tapped Ring type construction & can be mounted on Bus duct or Bushing turret of power transformer. These CTs are widely used by transformer manufacturers for use in oil. Core Balance CT. Core Balance Current Transformers are used with suitable relays for the earth leakage protection purposes. Precision Grade Current Transformer. These CTs are of accuracy of 0.1, 0.2 or 0.5 and used as a standard current transformer to check accuracies of other transformer. These current transformers are either wound primary or ring type and manufactured in teakwood cases. Resin Cast CT Protection Special ( PS Class ) CT

Here is the general specification of a CT considered before selecting for application Applicable standard: - IEC/EN 600 Case: - 10% glass filled polycarbon Connection: - Two connection on assembly for RishXmer series and 1 c clamp strap for Rish CT series. Insulation class: - E (120C max) System voltage: - 720V maximum Test voltage: - 4kV 50 Hz 1 min Operating frequency: - 50Hz or 60Hz Rated primary rating: - 30A to 4000A Rated secondary output: - 5A standard (1A optional) Rated burden: - 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2.5, 3.75, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 VA Class of accuracy: - 0.2, 0.2S for laboratory and power measurement / 0.5, 0.5S for accurate measuring kWh / 1 for general measurement / 3 for indicating instruments Ambient temperature: - -20C+45C Storage temperature: - -50C+80C Thermal short circuit current (Ith):- 60xIn Dynamic short circuit current (Idyn):- 2.5xIth Instrument security factor: - 2.5, 5, 10

Magnetization curve of the measuring (instrument) current transformer

12

10

V = -5.525i2 + 10.96i + 5.090

secondry voltage (V)

0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 magnetizing current (A)

Magnetization curve of the protection current transformer

25

20

V= -0.001i2 + 0.450i - 6.889

15

secondry voltage(V)
10 5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 magnetizing current(mA)

CALCULATIONS b. Calculate the knee point voltages The knee point voltage is that point on the magnetizing curve where an increase of 10% in the secondary voltage (flux density) causes an increase of 50% in the exciting current (magnetizing force).At knee point gradient of the curve =0.2 Measuring (instrument)class CT V= secondary voltage , i = magnetizing current
( )

i = 0.9737A at knee point so the knee point voltage = (-5.525(0.9737)2)+(10.960.9737)+5.090 = 10.63V Protection class CT V= secondary voltage , i = magnetizing current
( )

i = 102.5mA at knee point so the knee point voltage=(-0.001(102.5)2)+(0.405102.5)-6.89 = 24.116V C. Calculate the burden of the current transformers. Measuring class CT Voltage and current across the burden 0.42V 0.58A Burden = Protection class CT Voltage and current across the burden0. 4V 0.56A Burden =

IMPORTANT : In above calculations for knee point magnetization curve equations are second order polynomials. This equations considered as the suitable ones for calculations. It is assume that with in some range of magnetizing current the curves given from these equations are equal to real ones.

Observation Sheet:
Name Index no Group Date Instructed by : A R Devinda : 090103B : G-04 : 29/08/2011 : G. N. T. Silva

Name plate data:

Type Measuring Transformer Protection Transformer(813/943) Class 0.2C10 10P10 Current ratio(A) 400/5 400/5

Rated burden = 7.5 VA, Rated frequency = 50/60Hz

Secondary Resistance Measurement:

Type Measuring Transformer (class 0.2) Protection Transformer(class 10P10) Secondary Resistance() 0.4 0.4

(iv)

Ratio Check:
Type Measuring Transformer (class 0.2) Protection Transformer(class 10P10) Current Ratio 50/0.58 50/0.56

(v) Magnetization Curve: Measuring Transformer (Class 0.2C10)

Protection Transformer (Class 10P10)

Secondary voltage(V)

Secondary Current (A)

6 7 8 9 10

0.1 0.18 0.3 0.5 0.66

Secondary voltage (V) 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

Secondary Current (mA) 29 36 43 49 55 64 72 85

(vi)

Burden:
Measuring CT Voltage Across Burden (V) Burden Current (A) 0.42 0.58 Protection CT 0.40 0.56