How To Measure T1 and T2 For TopSpin 2.1.

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By Mike Brown 11192009.ver.24

What we will cover

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The sample How to measure the 90 degree pulse width Some definitions Estimation of the T1 Setup of the T1 experiment Processing and analysis of the T1 experiment Analysis and print out of the results Estimation of the T2 Setup of the T2 experiment Spread sheets Processing and analysis of the T2 experiment Analysis and print out of the results Export of the data Helpful hints and tips Some macros and AU program to help you

The Sample
The sample we are using for this experiment is a sample of DOPED 1% H2O in 99% D2O. It also has some Labeled Methanol. It is doped with Gadolinium Chloride (0.1mg/mL GdCl3) You may know this sample as the HWT sample

1% H2O

Part Numbers CIL: 92265 Bruker: Z10246 Wilmad: WGH-90 Cost: $200 USD

Labeled Methanol

Other Samples
Some organic solvents will produce T1s that can be very long If the sample is degassed you may have very long T2s Try to use as much sample as you can (with out affecting the shimming) to get better S/N in less scans If your solvent is H2O (more than about 10%) be aware of radiation damping effects. pH, temperature, concentration and solvent effects may be observed in T2 measurements. And they can be quite severe. T1s can be affected by concentration and temperature.

Measuring the 90 degree Pulse Width and Power Level

It is extremely important to have accurate 90 degree PWs for T1 and T2 measurements. You are moving spins and it must be accurate movement.
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Tune the Probe very carefully Make sure d1 is long enough (d1 + aq must be greater than 5 X T1) Shim the system as well as you can Make sure you are on resonance exactly Use zg as the pulse program Use the AU program paropt Or you can use the Module popt Or you can run the experiment manually. Set the 90 degree pulse width as short as possible for your probe and system (6 usec is minimum for 1H) Report or record the power level as well as the pulse width

On Resonance

Off Resonance

You can easily put the system on resonance by using the gs mode or you can simply use the icon after placing the cursor on top of the peak.

Measuring the 90 degree pulse width and power level with the AU program paropt
On the command line enter: xau paropt Answer the questions and the system will automatically run an array with p1 incremented properly

Its almost always better to find the 360 and divide by 4

Measuring the 90 degree Pulse Width and Power Level with the module popt
You must set up the user defined ft, a command called: trf Change PH_mod to pk Change FT_mod to fqr

Measuring the 90 degree Pulse Width and Power Level with the module popt

Convenient

Once you click Save the NEXP is calculated for you, from the STARTVAL, ENDVAL and INC.

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Measuring the 90 degree pulse width and power level with the module popt

First null is at 17.49 usec (180 degree ) 90 degree PW is 8.745 usec at pl1 = -2.02 dB

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Measuring the 90 degree pulse width and power level with the module popt

360

We would have better accuracy if we started at the approximate 270. Continued on past the 360 to the 450 degree pulse. Then the first null would be the 360 degree pulse width, we would then divide by 4 to get the true 90 degree pulse width.

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Some helpful definitions: T1

T1: Spin-lattice relaxation time T1 characterizes the rate at which the longitudinal Mz component of the magnetization vector recovers. It is thus the time it takes for the signal to recover 63% [1-(1/e)] of its initial value after being flipped into the magnetic transverse plane. Hence the relation:

Nuclei are held within a lattice structure, and are in constant vibrational and rotational motion, creating a complex magnetic field. The magnetic field caused by motion of nuclei within the lattice is called the lattice field. The lattice field of a nucleus in a lower energy state can interact with nuclei in a higher energy state, causing the energy of the higher energy state to distribute itself between the two nuclei. Therefore, the energy gained by nuclei from the RF pulse is dissipated as increased vibration and rotation within the lattice, which can slightly increase the temperature of the sample. The name spin-lattice relaxation refers to the time it takes for the spins to give the energy they obtained from the RF pulse back to the surrounding lattice, thereby restoring their equilibrium state. Also called longitudinal relaxation

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A relationship

Is T1 always longer than T2? The following almost always holds true: In most situations (but not in principle) T1 is greater than T2. If T2 were to be greater than 2T1, then (during relaxation) the vector sum of the transversal and longitudinal magnetizations would become greater than the equilibrium magnetization, this is physically impossible.

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Some helpful definitions: T2

T2 characterizes the rate at which the Mxy component of the magnetization vector decays in the transverse magnetic plane. It is the time it takes for the transverse signal to reach 37% (1/e) of its initial value after flipping into the magnetic transverse plane. Hence the relation:

T2 decay occurs 5 to 10 times more rapidly than T1 recovery. The corresponding transverse relaxation time constant is thus T2*, which is usually much smaller than T2. The relation between them is:

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where represents gyromagnetic ratio, and B0 the difference in strength of the locally varying field. Unlike T2, T2* is influenced by magnetic field gradient irregularities. The T2* relaxation time is always shorter than the T2 relaxation time. Also called transverse relaxation

Estimation of T1
The pulse program is t1ir1d

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Set d1 + aq to 5 times the estimated value for T1 Set p1 to the measured 90 degree pulse width at pl1 Set d7 = d1 The variable in this experiment is d7, decrease it until you see a null in signal amplitude

Estimation of T1

d7 = 5 seconds is the reference

d7 = 100 milliseconds

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Estimation of T1*

d7 = 115 milliseconds is Tnull Rough estimation of the T1 value from the nullpoint value by using T1= Tnull /ln(2). T1 (estimated) is 165 milliseconds
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Measuring T1
Call up the parameter set PROTONT1 Pulse program is t1ir

Make a vdlist make the parameters make sense Set d1 + aq to 5 times the estimated T1 Set f1 td to the number of entries in your vdlist (or the number of entries you want to use).

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Measuring T1
The VD List #T1test 20 17 10 7 5 2.5 1 0.7 0.5 0.25 0.1 0.07 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.007 You also want at least 2 values to bracket the estimated value of T1 For automation reverse the order. (For use in ICONNMR) Usually, you want to choose a minimum number of entries (I chose 16 values for this presentation, way too many) You want at least 2 (better 3) entries to be much longer than the estimated T1 The VD list units, by default is in seconds. There is no need to place units in the list. You should put the 0 in front of the decimal point, it makes it easier to read and TopSpin will not complain. You should start with the longest time and work down to the shortest (see below)

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Measuring T1

Data after tf2 (ft in F2 dimension only)

Data after phasing

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Measuring T1
Data after tf2 (ft in F2 dimension only)

Data after phasing

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Calculating T1
Start the T1/T2 Relaxation Guide module 1. Extract a slice 2. Integrate 3. Peak Pick 4. Select the fitting Function 5. Calculate 6. Print it out 7. Plot it out

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Calculating T1; Extracting a slice

Extract a row (FID) Choose #1 (the longest VD time) It will be displayed and processed, and displayed automatically Then choose Manual Integration from the next window

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Calculating T1; Integrate

Integrate the peak (s) of interest Then export it to the Relaxation Module

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Calculating T1; pick peak

Pick the peaks you want 1 per integrated region Export to the relaxation module.

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Calculating T1; Start Relaxation Module

You should now select the: Relaxation Window This will open the actual calculation module. This will immediately allow you to select the fitting function and its parameters

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Calculating T1; Fitting function

Choose the longest vd time for this (#1 FID) Number of points to search for a peak Number of points in your list Choose uxnmrt1 as the function type Choose vdlist Use the default for everything else Click OK to start calculations

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Calculating T1; Results

You should have at least 2 points on the flat portion of the curve

Delete any points that do not fit (within reason) Check the SD also

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Calculating T1; The report

Dataset : C:\Bruker\TOPSPIN/data/nmrsu/nmr/T1_D2O/2/pdata/1 INTENSITY fit : I[t]=I[0]+P*exp(-t/T1) 16 points for Peak 1, Results Comp. 1 I[0] P T1 SD = = = = tau 20.000s 17.000s 10.000s 7.000s 5.000s 2.500s 1.000s 700.000m 500.000m 250.000m 100.000m 70.000m 50.000m 25.000m 10.000m 7.000m 30 9.982e-001 -1.917e+000 174.683m 2.220e-002 ppm 4.706 4.706 4.706 4.706 4.706 4.706 4.706 4.706 4.706 4.706 4.709 4.703 4.705 4.707 4.707 4.705 integral 4.3176e+009 4.3192e+009 4.3201e+009 4.3202e+009 4.3214e+009 4.322e+009 4.2999e+009 4.1908e+009 3.8944e+009 2.4707e+009 -2.4617e+008 -1.0029e+009 -1.8621e+009 -2.7757e+009 -2.9985e+009 -3.1515e+009 intensity 5.0616e+008 5.0485e+008 5.063e+008 5.059e+008 5.0646e+008 5.0843e+008 5.0247e+008 4.9078e+008 4.5565e+008 2.9091e+008 -6.1381e+007 -1.4851e+008 -2.0923e+008 -3.6315e+008 -4.1287e+008 -4.0753e+008 Peak Point at 4.706 ppm

A report like this can be obtained for each peak It is a standard text file, it can be copied and pasted into another document or printed. These results are close to our rough estimate of 165 milliseconds.

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Calculating T1; The Curve

The layout is t1norm.xwp

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Estimating T2
Use the au program hwcal to automatically get the half height line width of the peak of interest. To estimate the T2* Use this equation: T2* = 1 / [ X ( line width, Hertz ) ] In our example T2* = 123 millisecond.

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Measuring T2
Create a VC list Choose a correct value for d20 Use the Spread Sheet to create a VD List Call up the Parameter set PROTONT2 Make sure the correct 90 degree pulse width and power level is entered Enter the VC and VD list in the proper places (eda) Adjust rg (from a 1H 1D experiment ) Acquire data Process and calculate the value for T2 Print and plot.

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Measuring T2
Enter d20 (1 to 20 milliseconds) Enter p1 (1H 90 degree pulse width at pl1) Copy the VC list and paste in eda Copy the VD list and paste in eda Make sure the VD list makes sense You do not want the time for the VC loop to be too long

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The pulse program, cpmg

VC loop 1 2 4 8 etc
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NS loop

TD1 loop # of entries in the VC list (And VD list ) that you want to use.

The VC and VD list

#t2count 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 #t2time 0.040 0.080 0.160 0.320 0.640 1.281 2.561 5.122 10.244 20.489 40.978 81.956

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The parameters in eda

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The raw data

Notice the following: The Y axis is in # of the FIDs And we have several FIDs that appear to be beaten down this indicates we should have used less entries in our VC list.
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The processed data

Without mc in the F2 dimension

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The processed data

With mc in the F2 dimension No phasing needed !

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The relaxation module for T2

Do the integrations and peak picking exactly as you did for T1 Choose uxnmrt2 as the function type Adjust Number of drift points so that all points are considered

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Calculation of T2
Notice the X axis is in seconds, not counts Adjust Number of drift points so that the X axis time agrees with the longest time in the VD list.

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Calculation of T2
You should have at least 2 points (better 3) along the flat portion of the curve Delete any outliers (within reason)

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Display the results

Notice the calculated value of T2 is 153 milliseconds We estimated the T2* to be 123 millisecond Check the SD

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Calculating T2; The report.

Dataset : C:\Bruker\TOPSPIN/data/nmrsu/nmr/T2_D2O/1/pdata/1 INTENSITY fit : I[t]=P*exp(-t/T2) 12 points for Peak 1, Results P T2 SD = = = tau 40.000m 80.000m 160.000m 320.000m 640.000m 1.280s 2.561s 5.121s 10.242s 20.484s 40.969s 81.938s Comp. 1 1.261e+000 153.478m 1.563e-002 ppm 4.704 4.704 4.704 4.704 4.705 4.706 4.706 4.706 4.706 4.706 4.706 4.706 integral 5.7346e+009 4.3229e+009 2.4668e+009 8.4805e+008 1.8778e+008 1.1637e+008 1.1578e+008 1.1384e+008 1.1445e+008 1.1564e+008 1.1549e+008 1.1387e+008 intensity 3.0006e+008 2.2666e+008 1.2908e+008 4.3483e+007 8.4876e+006 4.6847e+006 4.6752e+006 4.5985e+006 4.6077e+006 4.6366e+006 4.6454e+006 4.588e+006 Peak Point at 4.704 ppm

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Tips for accurate results.

Keep temperature constant Repeat the test 3 times and average the results Make d1 + aq at least 5 times T1 Tune the probe as well as you can Measure the 90 degree pulse width as accurately as possible Keep the 90 degree pulse width as short as possible (6 usec minimum for most probes) Do not exceed the power limits of the probe. Do not spin the sample Consider the effects of convection or diffusion of the sample (shorten d20 to fix this, or use mc for processing in the f2 dimension)

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Macros
The ZZ macro p1 pl1 acqu zg em ft pk abs The ZZ macro is useful for calculating the 90 degree pulse width. The TUNEMX and TUNEA macros are very useful for tuning the probe very precisely. The tfp macro is very similar to efp, but you get much better results. The traf function can increase S/N and resolution at the same time.
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The TUNEA macro acqu atma

The tfp macro lb traf ft

The TUNEMX macro wbsw acqu atmm manWbsw

AU programs that can helpful

Name autot1 decon_t1 proc_2dt1 proc_t1 Short description AU program for automatic processing of a 2D T1/T2 experiment with subsequent T1/T2 calculation. AU program for automatic deconvolution of a 2D T1/T2 experiment. AU program for automatic processing of a 2D T1/T2 experiment with subsequent T1/T2 calculation. AU program for automatic processing of a 2D T1/T2 experiment with subsequent T1/T2 calculation.

Read the header of each AU program to get more information And usage instructions

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Thank you for your attention

Are there any questions ?

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