1. a toy frog has a spring which causes it to jump into the air.

the force-compression graph for the

spring is shown below.

F o rc e /N
22

0
0 0 .0 4
C o m p re ss io n /m

calculate the work done on the spring when it is compressed by 4.0 cm.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

work done =...........................

(3)

the frog has a mass of 24 g and rises 0.60 m vertically into the air. calculate the gravitational
potential energy gained by the frog.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

energy =.......................................
(2)

compare your two answers for energy and explain how they are consistent with the law of
conservation of energy.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(total 7 marks)

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 1

2. calculation of work done:
work = area under graph/average force × distance (1)
1
= × 0.040 m × 22 n (1)
2

= 0.44 j (1) 3
[allow any correct unit, e.g. n m. penalise unit once only]
[fd → + 0. 88 j gets 1/3]
calculation of energy:
–2
gpe = 0.024 kg × 9.81 (or 10) m s × 0.60 m (1)
= 0.14 j (1) 2
comparison:
some energy transferred to some other form (1)
reason [a mechanism or an alternative destination for the energy], e.g. (1)
friction
air resistance
heat transfer to named place [air, frog, surroundings etc]
internal energy
vibrational energy of spring
sound
or quantitative comparison (0.3 j converted)
[no e.c.f. if gpe > work] 2
[7]

3. the diagram shows part of a roller coaster ride. in practice, friction and air resistance will
have a significant effect on the motion of the vehicle, but you should ignore them
throughout this question.

3 0 .0 m C

1 2 .0 m

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 2

 the vehicle starts from rest at a and is hauled up to b by a motor. it takes 15.0 s to reach b, at
which point its speed is negligible. complete the box in the diagram below, which expresses the
conservation of energy for the journey from a to b.

U se fu l w o rk d o n e b y .................................
m o to r
.................................

(1)

the mass of the vehicle and the passengers is 3400 kg. calculate

(i) the useful work done by the motor.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

work done = ...............................................

(ii) the power output of the motor.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

power = ........................................
(4)

at point b the motor is switched off and the vehicle moves under gravity for the rest of the ride.
describe the overall energy conversion which occurs as it travels from b to c.

................................. .................................

................................. .................................

(1)

calculate the speed of the vehicle at point c.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

speed = ..........................................
(3)

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 3

 on another occasion there are fewer passengers in the vehicle; hence its total mass is less than
before. its speed is again negligible at b. state with a reason how, if at all, you would expect the
speed at c to differ from your previous answer.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(total 11 marks)

4. completion of diagram:
U se fu l w o rk (In c re a s e ) in g p e
d o n e b y m o to r O R w .d . a g a in s t
g ra v ity /m g h [N o t
w .d . o n c a r]
(1) 1
(i) useful work done by motor:
–2
correct substitution in mgh, i.e. 3400 (kg) 9.81 (m s ) × 30 (m) (1)
= 1.00 mj or m nm [1.02 mj] (1)
(ii) power output of motor:
power = above (j) / 15 (s) (1)
= 67 kw [e.c.f.] (1) 4
overall energy conversion occurring as vehicle travels from b to c:
(G r a v ita tio n a l) K in e tic e n e r g y
p o te n tia l e n e rg y ( a n d g .p .e )
O R w .d . b y g r a v ity
(1) 1
speed of vehicle at point c:
δh = 18/(30 – 12) (1)
2
use of ½ mv = g.p.e. lost (1)
[if get height wrong, can only get second mark]
υ = 19 m s–1 [18.8 m s–1] 3
how speed at c would be expected to differ from previous answer:
same speed/no effect [if this is wrong, no marks] (1)
gpe and ke both symbol 181 \f “ 12µ m or
g same for all masses or ms cancel (1) 2
[not g is constant]
[11]

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 4

5. an athlete of mass 55.0 kg runs up a flight of stairs of vertical height 3.60 m in 1.80 s.

calculate the gain in gravitational potential energy of the athlete in doing this.

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

gain in g.p.e. =…………………………………………………..

calculate the power that this athlete develops in doing this.

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

power =…………………………………………………
(4)

one way of comparing athletes of different sizes is to compare their power-to-weight ratios. find
a unit for the power-to-weight ratio in terms of si base units.

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

calculate the athlete’s power-to-weight ratio.

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

power-to-weight ratio =…………………………………………………

(2)
(total 8 marks)

6. gain in g.p.e. = (55.0 kg) × (9.81 n kg–1) × (3.60) m

= 1940 j
power = gain in g.p.e./time
power = 1080 w 4
units correctly attached to a correct equation
Power Nms –1
=
e.g. Weight N
= ms–1 2

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 5

 1080 W
–2
power to weight ratio = (55.0kg) × (9.81ms )
(allow e.c.f. for power)
power to weight ratio = 2 [ms–1] 2
[8]

7. state in words how to calculate the work done by a varying force.

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

under what circumstances is the work done by a force negative?

...............................................................................................................................................

what happens to the kinetic energy of the body on which the force acts in such circumstances?

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

a runaway sledge slides down a slope at a constant speed. one force is shown on the free-body
diagram of the sledge. it is the normal contact push of the snow on the sledge.

N
S le d g e

Snow

add to the free-body diagram to show the other two forces acting on the sledge. name each force
and state what is producing it.

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................
(3)

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 6

 the sledge slides 15 m down the slope at a constant speed. the force n = 40 n.

what is the resultant force acting on the sledge?

...............................................................................................................................................

what is the work done by the force n?

...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(total 9 marks)

8. average force
multiplied by distance moved in direction of force 2
work done negative when force is in opposite direction to displacement
kinetic energy is reduced/gets less 2
free body diagram:
weight vertically downwards (1)
produced by gravitational pull of earth (1)
f (resistive force/drag) parallel to slope and upwards (1)
produced by (friction with) snow/air (1) max 3
resultant force: zero
work done by n: zero 2
[9]

9. a granite block is suspended at rest just below the surface of water in a tank (figure i).
the block is now released and falls 0.80 m to the bottom (figure ii).

F ig u r e (i) F ig u r e (ii)

0 .8 0 m

–3 3 –3
the volume of the block is 3.0 × 10 m , and the density of granite is 2700 kg m .
calculate the gravitational potential energy lost by the block as it falls.

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

g.p.e. = ......................................................
(3)

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 7

 although the water level has not changed, the water has gained gravitational potential energy.
explain why.

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................
(1)

the gravitational potential energy gained by the water is less than that lost by the granite block.
explain this.

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(total 6 marks)

10. calculation of g.p.e:

use of m = ρv (1)
x
use of ep = mgh [m = 8.1 × 10 kg] (1)
64 j (1) 3
explanation:
(some) water has moved up (1) 1
why g.p.e. is less:
water has less mass (1)
water has lower density/ moved up same distance/where the block was. (1)
or
some energy is dissipated/lost to surroundings/converted to other forms (1)
k.e./internal energy/heat/sound (1)
or
mechanism: via friction or drag/because the block or water accelerates/as
block hits the bottom (2) 2
[6]

11. a block is projected from a point p across a rough, horizontal surface.

M o tio n

d
P

the block slows down under the influence of a constant frictional force f and eventually comes to

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 8

 rest. below is a free-body force diagram for the block whilst it is moving.

state, with a reason, the amount of work done by each of the forces w and n as the block moves
across the surface.

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................
(2)

the sliding block does work against friction. the graph shows how the total work done varies
with the distance d which the block has travelled from the projection point p.

W o r k /J

0
0 0 .4 0 .8 1 .2 1 .6 2 .0
D is ta n c e d /m

use the graph to determine the force f.

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

f = ...........................................................
(2)

the block comes to rest 1.80 m from p. add a line to the graph above to show how the kinetic
energy of the block varied during the motion.
(2)

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 9

 the mass of the block was 0.820 kg. calculate the speed with which it was projected from p.

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

speed = .....................................................
(2)

suppose that, instead of a constant friction force, the block had been brought to rest by a drag
force (air resistance) which depends on speed. on the axes below sketch a graph to show
qualitatively how you would expect the total work done against air resistance to vary with the
distance d.

W o rk

D is ta n c e d
(1)

explain the shape of your graph.

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(total 10 marks)

12. amount of work done by each of the forces

(each of the forces does)zero (1)
forces perpendicular to motion [consequent] (1) 2
[no marks if imply that work = 0 because forces cancel]
determination of force f
use of gradient seen/implied (1)
f = 2.7 – 2.9 n (1) 2
graph
straight line finishing at (1.8, 0) (+ or – 1 small square) (1)
starting at (0, 5) (+ or – 1 small square) (1) 2
calculation of speed
ealing, hammersmith and west london college 10
 2
use of k.e. = ½ mυ / use of f = ma and equation of motion (1)
–1
υ = 3.5 ms (ecf) (1) 2
sketch of graph
ascending line whose gradient decreases as d increases (1) 1
shape of graph
force greater at higher speed/gradient is the force/force decreases with
distance (1) 1
[10]

13. a cyclist is free-wheeling down a long slope which is at 3.0° to the horizontal. he is travelling,
–1
without pedalling, at a constant speed of 8.4 m s .

8 .4 m s –1

3 .0 º

the combined mass of the cyclist and bicycle is 90 kg. calculate the gravitational potential
energy (g.p.e.) lost per second.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

g.p.e. lost per second = ..........................................

(3)

what happens to this lost g.p.e.?

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................
(1)

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 11

 at the bottom of the slope the cyclist turns round and pedals back up at the same steady speed of
–1
8.4 m s . give an estimate of the rate at which the cyclist does work as he climbs the hill.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

rate of working = .........................................

(2)
(total 6 marks)

14. gravitational potential energy

use of mgh 1
vertical drop per second = (8.4 m) sin (3°) 1
2 –1
3.9 × 10 j/js /w 1
what happens to this lost gpe
becomes internal energy/used to do work against friction and/or
drag/heat/thermal energy. [mention of ke loses the mark] 1
estimate of rate at which cyclist does work
2
rate of working = 2. × 3.9 × 10 w 1
2
=7.8 × 10 w 1
2
[3.9 × 10 w earns 1 out of 2]
[6]

15. the diagram shows a small vehicle which is free to move in a vertical plane along a curved track.

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 12

 the vehicle of mass m is released from rest from point a. it runs down to point b, a distance h
vertically below a. its speed at point b is v.

write down expressions for

(i) the gravitational potential energy lost by the vehicle as it runs from a to b,

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) the kinetic energy of the vehicle at b.

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

hence derive an expression for the speed v.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

state one assumption you have made in your derivation.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

would you expect the vehicle to pass point c? explain your answer.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(total 6 marks)

16. vehicle movement

2 2 2
mgh and ½ mυ [both required] / mgh and mgh / ½ mυ and ½ mυ (1) 1
expression for speed
kinetic energy gained = gravitational potential energy lost /
2
mgh = ½ mυ (1)

υ=
( 2 gh ) (1) 2

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 13

 assumption
no friction/air resistance/rolling (1) 1
explanation
yes, because c is lower than a / potential energy is lower at c than
at a (1)
yes so it will still have some kinetic energy at c (1)
no because:
frictional forces do act to slow the vehicle (1)
even though c is lower than a the vehicle has insufficient kinetic
energy to reach c (1) 2
[6]

17. a physics teacher is demonstrating conservation of energy. she sets up a curved runway and
releases an initially stationary trolley from the top.

she tells the class that, as the trolley runs down the slope, its gravitational potential energy is
converted into kinetic energy. explain why this is only approximately true.

……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….
(1)

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 14

 describe an experiment she could perform to find out what percentage of the gravitational
potential energy lost is actually converted to kinetic energy. your answer should include:

(i) any additional apparatus required (add this to the diagram opposite),

(ii) how the apparatus is used,

(iii) how the results are analysed.

……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……….…………………………………………………………………………………………….
(6)
(total 7 marks)

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 15

18. explanation
some energy converted to internal energy [or heat or sound] / work done against
friction [or air resistance] (1) 1
experiment
measure υ at the bottom (1)
suitable apparatus, e.g. motion sensor and data logger/light gate(s) and timer
or computer (1)
detail of technique, e.g. sensor sends pulses at regular time intervals and time
to return is measured/gate measures time for card of known length to pass/tickertape
measures length between dots made at regular time intervals (1)
measure mass of trolley with balance (1)
2
calculate kinetic energy from mυ /2 (1)
measure vertical drop with ruler (1)
calculate (gravitational) potential energy from mgh (1)
ke
calculate gpe × 100 max 6
[7]

19. a car is travelling along a horizontal road. the driver applies the brakes and the car comes to rest.
describe the principal energy transformation which occurs as the car comes to rest.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….….
(1)

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 16

 on another occasion, the same car is travelling with the same speed, but down a hill. the driver
applies the brakes, which produce the same average braking force as before. with reference to
the energy transformations which occur, explain why the braking distance will be greater on the
hill than on the horizontal road. you may be awarded a mark for the clarity of your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….….
(4)
(total 5 marks)

20. principal energy transformation

kinetic energy to internal energy/heat/work done against friction (1) 1
explanation of braking distance
q0wc (1)
car is (also) losing gpe (1)
total work done against friction is greater or more energy to be converted to heat (in the brakes)
(1)
since force is same, distance must be greater [consequent] (1) 4
[5]

21. the diagram shows the ‘second hand’ of a clock whose face is vertical. this hand rotates once
every 60 s.

C e n tre o f
V e rtic a l c lo c k
c lo c k fa c e X II
X I I
X P iv o t
II 5 cm

IX III

C e n tre o f
V III IIII 'S e c o n d h a n d ' g ra v ity
'S e c o n d h a n d ' V II V
V I
P iv o t

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 17

 –4
this ‘second hand’ has a mass of 1.0 × 10 kg. its centre of gravity is 5.0 cm from the pivot as
shown on the diagram.

(a) calculate the moment of the ‘second hand’ about the pivot when at the position shown
above.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

moment = ................................................
(2)

(b) the clock mechanism lifts the ‘second hand’ during the next second.

show that the work done against the gravitational force by the mechanism during this
–6
second is approximately 5 × 10 j.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) the work done against gravitational force when the ‘second hand’ moves in the second
–6
immediately before the xii position is much smaller than 5 × 10 j. explain why.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
(1)

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 18

 (d) calculate the average power needed to move the ‘second hand’ from the vi position (figure
1) to the xii position (figure 2). neglect any work done against forces other than the
gravitational force.

F ig u r e 1 F ig u r e 2

X II

V I

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

average power = .....................................

(2)

(e) the diagram below shows a different design for the ‘second hand’.

C e n tre o f g ra v ity
a t p iv o t

explain why this design would require less power.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(total 10 marks)

22. (a) moment

correct substitution into correct formula (1)
correct value with correct unit (1) 2
moment = force × distance
–4 –1 –2
= 1 × 10 (kg) × 9.81 (n kg ) × 5 × 10 (m)
= 4.9 × 10-5 n m

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 19

 (b) work done
correct substitution of a distance and weight into correct formula (1)
calculation of distance (1)
correct value(1) 3
work done = force × distance in the direction of the force
either
use circumference = 2πr
2π 5 × 10 –2
60 –3
whence distance = = 5.2 × 10 (m)
or
distance
–2
use sin 6° = 5 × 10
–2 –3
whence distance = 5 × 10 × 0.1045 = 5.2 × 10 (m)
–4 –1 –3
work done = 1 × 10 (kg) × 9.81 (n kg ) × 5.2 × 10 (m) =
–6
5.1 × 10 (j)
or
distance
–2
use tan 6° = 5 × 10
–2 –3
whence distance = 5 × 10 × 0.1051 = 5.3 × 10 (m)
–4 –1 –3 –6
work done = 1 × 10 (kg) × 9.81 (n kg ) × 5.3 × 10 (m) = 5.2 × 10 (j)
(c) comparison
no work is done on the hand to move it horizontally (so value is
less) / as movement is perpendicular to force / distance moved in (1) 1
direction of force is zero/less / moment is smaller.
(d) average power
work done / energy
identifying “power = time ” (1)
correct value with correct unit (1) 2
–2
centre of gravity raised by 10 × 10 (m)
–4 –1 –2
work done = 1 × 10 (kg) × 9.81 (n kg ) × 10 × 10 (m)
–5
= 9.81 × 10 (j)
work done 9.81 × 10 –5 (J)
average power = time taken = 30(s) –6
= 3.3 × 10 w
(e) different design
less/zero work done / less friction / less wear on the mechanism (1)
the c of g/weight is not raised or less/zero moment or (1)
(hand is) balanced/in equilibrium 2
[10]

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 20

23. a certain power station generates electricity from falling water. the diagram shows a simplified
sketch of the system.

T o p re s e rv o ir

T o tu rn th e tu rb in e ,
w a te r flo w s d o w n
fro m th e to p
r e s e r v o ir.
B o tto m
T h e w a te r c a n a ls o
re s e rv o ir
be pum ped back up
T u rb in e .
T o g e n e ra te e le c tric ity ,
th e tu rb in e is
c o n n e c te d to g e n e ra to rs .

(a) (i) in what form is the energy of the water initially stored?

.....................................................................................................................................

(ii) what energy form is this transformed into in order to drive the turbine?

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) state the principal of conservation of energy.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
(2)

8
(c) the force of the water at the turbine is 3.5 × 10 n and the output power generated is 1.7 ×
9
10 w. use this data to calculate the minimum speed at which the water must enter the
turbine.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) explain why, in practice, the speed at which the water enters the turbine is much greater
than this.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
(1)

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 21

 3
(e) when working at this output power, 390 m of water flows through the turbine each
6 3
second. the top reservoir holds 7.0 × 10 m of water. for how long will electricity be
generated?

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

time = .....................................................
(1)

(f) this power station is used at peak periods, after which the water is pumped back to the top
reservoir. the water has to be raised by 500 m. how much work is done to return all the
water to the top reservoir?

–3
(the density of water is 1000 kg m .)

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

work done = ............................................

(3)
(total 10 marks)

24. (a) energy change

both parts correct [nb 1 mark only] (1) 1
gravitational potential (energy) to kinetic / movement (energy) /
work done
(b) principal of conservation of energy
either (1) (1)
energy can be neither created nor destroyed
or
energy cannot be created/destroyed / total energy is not (1)
lost/gained
merely transformed from one form to another / in a
closed/isolated system (1) 2

ealing, hammersmith and west london college 22

 (c) speed of water
correct substitution into correct formula (1)
correct value with correct unit (1) 2
power = force × velocity
9 8
1.7 × 10 (w) = 3.5 × 10 (n) × v
–1
v = 4.86 m s
–

(d) explanation
not all the energy of the falling water is transferred to the output
power or system is not 100% efficient or water is not brought (1) 1
to rest or friction or some of the energy is transferred to
heat/sound/surroundings.
(e) time
correct value with correct unit. (1) 1
7 × 10 6 (m 3 )
time = 390 m s ( 3 –1
)
= 17 949 s (= 299 min) (= 5 h)
(f) work done
correct substitution into correct formula to find mass of water (1)
identifying
“work done = force x distance moved in direction of force” (1)
correct value with correct unit (1)
mass of water = volume × density 3
6 3 3 –3 9
= 7 × 10 (m ) × 10 (kg m ) (= 6.9 × 10 kg)
work done = force × distance
9 –2
work done = 6.9 × 10 (kg) x 9.81 (ms ) x 500 (m)
13
= 3.43 × 10 j
[10]

25. (a) a car of mass m is travelling in a straight line along a horizontal road at a speed u
when the driver applies the brakes. they exert a constant force f on the car to bring the car
to rest after a distance d.

(i) write down expressions for the initial kinetic energy of the car and the work done
by the brakes in bringing the car to rest.

kinetic energy ..................................................................................................

work done ........................................................................................................

(1)

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 (ii) show that the base units for your expressions for kinetic energy and work done are
the same.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

–l
(b) a car is travelling at 13.4 m s . the driver applies the brakes to decelerate the car at
–2
6.5 m s . show that the car travels about 14 m before coming to rest.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) on another occasion, the same car is travelling at twice the speed. the driver again applies
–2
the brakes and the car decelerates at 6.5 m s . the car travels just over 55 m before
coming to rest. explain why the braking distance has more than doubled. you may be
awarded a mark for the clarity of your answer.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(total 10 marks)

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26. expression for ek and work done / base unit
2
(a) (i) kinetic energy = ½ mu
work done = fd
[must give expressions in terms of the symbols given in the question] (1) 1
–1 2 2 –2
(ii) base units for kinetic energy = (kg (m s ) ) = kg m s (1)
–2 2 –2
base units for work done = kgms .m = kg m s (1)
2 –2 nd
[derivation of kg m s essential for 2 mark to be given] 2
nd
[ignore persistence of ½] [ for 2 mark ecf mgh for work from (a)(i)]
(b) show that the braking distance is almost 14 m
[bald answer scores 0; reverse calculation max 2/3]
either
equating work done and kinetic energy [words or equations] (1)
correct substitution into kinetic energy equation and correct substitution (1)
into work done equation
correct answer [13.8 (m)] to at least 3 sig fig. [no ue] (1)
–1 2 –2
0.5 × m × (13.4 m s ) = m × 6.5 m s × d
0.5 × m × (13.4 ms −1 ) 2
= 13.8 (m)
m × 6.5 ms −2 3
[m may be cancelled in equating formulae step and not seen subsequently]
or
2 2
selecting v = u + 2as or 2 correct equations of motion (1)
correct magnitudes of values substituted (1)
–1 2 –2
[i.e. 0 = (13.4 m s ) + 2((-)6.5 m )s]
correct calculation of answer [13.8 (m)] to at least 3 sig fig. [no ue] (1)
(c) why braking distance has more than doubled
qowc (1)
either
(because speed is doubled and deceleration is unchanged) time (1)
(to be brought to rest) is doubled/increased.
2
(since) distance = speed x time [mark consequent on first] or s = ut + ½ at (1)
the distance is increased by a factor of (about) 4 (1) 4
or
2
recognition that (speed) is the key factor (1)
2 2
reference to v = u + 2as or rearrangement thereof or kinetic energy (1)
[second mark consequent on first]
(hence) distance is increased by a factor of (almost) 4 (1)
or
2 2 –1 –2
do calculation using v = u + 2as and use 26.8 m s and 6.5 m s (1)
some working shown to get answer 55.2 m (1)
(conclusion that) distance is increased by a factor of (almost) 4
[note : unlikely that qowc mark would be awarded with this method] (1)

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 or
accurate labelled v-t graphs for both (1)
explanation involving comparison of areas (1)
distance is increased by a factor of (almost) 4 (1)
th
[in all cases give 4 mark if 4 is not mentioned but candidate shows more
than doubled eg “speed is doubled and the time increased, therefore
multiplying these gives more than double.”]
[10]

27. a weightlifter raised a bar of mass of 110 kg through a height of 2.22 m. the bar was then
dropped and fell freely to the floor.

(i) show that the work done in raising the bar was about 2400 j.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) it took 3.0 s to raise the bar. calculate the average power used.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

power = …………………………………….
(2)

(iii) state the principle of conservation of energy.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

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 (iv) describe how the principle of conservation of energy applies to

(1) lifting the bar,

(2) the bar falling to the floor. do not include the impact with the floor.

(1) ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2) ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(v) calculate the speed of the bar at the instant it reaches the floor.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

speed = …………………………………….
(3)
(total 12 marks)

28. (i) work done

use of work done = force × distance (1)
–2
answer given to at least 3 sig fig. [2396 j, 2393 j if 9.8 m s is used, (1) 2
–2
2442 j if g = 10 m s is used. no ue.]
–2
work done = 110 kg × 9.81 m s × 2.22 m
= 2395.6 j
(ii) power exerted
work done
use of power = time or power = f × v (1)
answer: [799 w. 800 w if 2400 j is used and 814 w if 2442 j is 2
used. ecf value from (i)] (1)
2396 J
power = 3s
= 798.6 w

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 (iii) principle of conservation of energy
either
energy can neither be created nor destroyed (1) (1)
or
energy cannot be created/destroyed or total energy is not lost/gained (1)
(merely) transformed from one form to another or in a closed/isolated
system. (1) 2
[simple statement ‘energy is conserved’ gets no marks]
[information that is not contradictory ignore. δq = δu +δ w, with
terms defined acceptable for 1st mark]
(iv) how principle applied to...
lifting the bar: -
chemical energy (in the body of the weightlifter) or work done
(lifting bar) = (gain in) g.p.e. (of bar) (1)
[reference to k.e. is acceptable]
the bar falling: -
transfer from g.p.e. to k.e. (1)
(and that) g.p.e. lost = k.e. gained (1) 3
[‘g.p.e. converted to k.e.’ would get one mark]
[references to sound and thermal energy are ok, but gpe to sound or
thermal energy on its own gets no marks]
(v) speed of bar on reaching the floor
2 2
setting ½ mv = m g h or ½ mv = work done or 2400 j (1)
[ecf their value]
[shown as formulae without substitution or as numbers substituted
into formulae]
correct values substituted (1)
2
[allow this mark if the 110 kg omitted – substitution gives v = (1)
2 –2 2 –2 –2
43.55(6) m s or 44.4 m s if g = 10 m s is used]
–1 –1 –2
answer: [6.6 m s . 6.7 m s if g = 10 m s is used.]
2 –2
½ 110 kg × v = 110 kg × 9.81 m s × 2.22 m or = 2400 j / 2396 j
–1 –1 –2
v = 6.6 m s [6.66 m s if 10 m s used] (1)
or
2 2
selects v = u + 2as or selects 2 relevant equations (1)
correct substitution into equation (1)
–1
answer [6.6 m s ] (1)
2 –2
v = 0. + 2 × 9.81 ms × 2.22m 3
–1
v = 6.6 m s
[12]

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