MC LC

DANH MC CC CH VIT TT....................................................................................iv DANH MC BNG BIU S .......................................................................................v PHN I: M U.................................................................................................................1 1.1 TNH CP THIT CA TI................................................................................1 1.2 MC TIU NGHIN CU.........................................................................................3 1.3 CCH TIP CN.........................................................................................................4 1.4. I TNG V PHM VI NGHIN CU............................................................4 1.4.1 i tng nghin cu............................................................................................4 1.4.2 Phm vi nghin cu...............................................................................................5 PHN II : C S L LUN V .........................................................................................6 THC TIN CA TI....................................................................................................6 2.1. C S L LUN.......................................................................................................6 2.1.1 Nhu cu l g?........................................................................................................6 2.1.2. Phn loi nhu cu..................................................................................................6 2.1.3. Mt s vn lin quan n tm l ngi tiu dng............................................8 2.1.4. Khi nim v Nng nghip sch v khi nim v rau an ton........................11 2.2. C S THC TIN..................................................................................................15 2.2.1. Thc trng tiu dng rau, qu trn th gii.........................................................15 2.2.2. Thc trng tiu dng rau an ton Vit Nam....................................................16 2.2.3.Cc cng trnh nghin cu lin quan...................................................................17 PHN III: C IM A BN V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU.........................23 3.1 C IM A BN HUYN GIA LM..............................................................23 3.1.1 iu kin t nhin....................................................................................................23 3.1.2 c im kinh t x hi ca huyn Gia Lm.......................................................25 3.2 C IM A BN TH TRN TRU QU......................................................26 3.2.1. c im t nhin...............................................................................................26 3.2.2. Tnh hnh dn s v phn b lao ng trn a bn............................................27 3.3 PHNG PHP NGHIN CU..............................................................................31 3.3.1 Phng php chn im nghin cu....................................................................31 3.3.2 Phng php thu thp thng tin...........................................................................31 3.3.3 Phng php phn tch........................................................................................32 PHN IV:.............................................................................................................................33 KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN....................................................................33 4.1.1. tui ca ch h iu tra.................................................................................33 4.1.2. Trnh hc vn ca ch h iu tra.................................................................34 4.1.3 Tnh trng ngh nghip v hn nhn ca ch h iu tra..................................34 4.3.1. Thc trng nhu cu tiu dng rau an ton ca cc h gia nh iu tra..............37 4.3.2. Cc yu t nh ti nhu cu tiu dng rau an ton ca cc h iu tra................38 4.3.3. Phn tch mi quan h gia mc thu nhp v nhu cu sn sng chi tr cao hn mc bnh thng i vi cc sn phm rau hu c v rau an ton..............................50 i

5.1. KT LUN................................................................................................................54 5.2. MT S KIN NGH...............................................................................................55 TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................................................57

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Li cm n
Trong qu trnh thc hin ti ny nhm nghin cu chng ti ngoi s n lc, phn u bn thn chng ti cn nhn c s quan tm gip ca nhiu tp th v c nhn trong v ngoi trng. Nhn dp ny xin cho nhm nghin cu chng ti gi li cm n chn thnh nht ti cc thy c trong nh trng ni chung v cc thy c trong khoa Kinh t & Pht trin nng thn ni ring tn tnh ging dy v truyn t cho chng ti nhng kinh nghim qu bu. Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n Chng trnh hp tc i hc, trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Hi ng lin i hc php ng - B to iu kin thun li cho chng ti hon thnh ti ny. c bit nhm chng ti xin gi li cm n su sc ti Thy Nguyn Vit ng, C L Th Thanh Loan v Thy Nguyn Quc Onh nhng ngi quan tm, ch bo hng dn nhit tnh nhm chng ti trong sut qu trnh hc tp cng nh nghin cu ti nhm chng ti c th hon thnh ti ny mt cch tt nht. Nhm chng ti cng xin gi li cm n chn thnh nht ti tp th cc h gia nh thuc cc khu vc thn o Nguyn, Kin Thnh, t dn ph Vn Du, Nng Lm, thn An o, Chnh Trung, Bnh Minh thuc a bn Th trn Tru Qu hp tc, gip v to iu kin thun li nht cho chng ti chng ti hon thnh ti ny. Cui cng nhm chng ti xin by t lng bit n su sc nht ti gia nh, bn b v ngi thn ca chng ti, nhng ngi to iu kin cho chng ti hc tp, nghin cu v lun ng vin chng ti trong sut qu trnh thc hin ti va qua. Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n ! H Ni, ngy ThngNm 2011 Thay mt nhm sinh vin Nguyn Cng Hip

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DANH MC CC CH VIT TT RAT WHO FAO : Rau an ton : T chc y t th gii (World Health Organization) : T chc lng thc v nng nghip Lin Hp Quc (Food

and Agriculture Organization) CIRAD pht trin BVTV : Bo v thc vt : Trung tm Hp tc quc t nghin cu nng hc v s

NN&PTNT : Nng Nghip v Pht Trin Nng Thn EU TB CNXH TT Q UBND VN : Lin minh cc nc Chu u (European Union) : Trung Bnh : Ch Ngha X Hi : Th Trn : Quyt nh : y Ban Nhn Dn : Vit Nam ng

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DANH MC BNG BIU S

Biu 1 : C cu h ca th trn Tru Qu nm 2008 Bng 2.1 : Ngng cho php d lng nitrat trong mt s loi rau ( Theo qui nh ca WHO) Bng 2.2 : Hm lng kim loi nng ( Theo quy nh ca WHO) Bng 3.1 : Phn nh gi tr sn xut kinh doanh ca th trn Tru Qu Bng 4.1 : Thng tin v ch h gia nh Bng 4.2 : Bng thng tin thu nhp bnh qun ca cc h Bng 4.3 : loi rau m gia nh hay n nht. Bng 4.4 : Bng tiu ch quan trng quyt nh chn mua rau. Bng 4.5 : Tiu ch quan trng nht la chn ca hng, quy hng bn rau Bng 4.6 : Mc gi sn sng chi tr cao hn cho sn phm rau an ton so vi rau thng Bng 4.7 : Mc gi sn sng chi tr cao hn cho sn phm rau hu c so vi rau thng Bng 4.8 : Quan h gia thu nhp bnh qun u ngi v mc sn sng chi tr cao hn (%) vi sn phm rau an ton Bng 4.9 : Quan h gia thu nhp bnh qun u ngi v mc sn sng chi tr cao hn (%) vi sn phm rau hu c

PHN I: M U
1.1 TNH CP THIT CA TI
Rau l loi thc phm rt cn thit v khng th thay th c trong i sng hng ngy ca con ngi trn khp hnh tinh, cy rau cung cp rt nhiu cht dinh dng cn thit cho s pht trin ca c th con ngi nh cc loi vitamin, cht khong Khi i sng ca ngi dn c nng cao, nhu cu lng thc v cc thc n giu m c bo m th yu cu v sn phm rau xanh khng ch n thun l v s lng m cn yu cu c v cht lng. Tnh hnh v sinh an ton thc phm ang trong tnh trng ng bo ng, hin nay, tnh trng nhim vi sinh vt, ha cht c hi, kim loi nng, thuc bo v thc vt nh hng nghim trng n sc khe cng ng. Theo s liu ca Cc Qun l cht lng V sinh an ton thc phm cho thy, cc v ng c thc phm cho sn phm nng nghip v thy sn l 217 v vi 5.230 ngi mc v 142 ngi cht; Ng c do c nc l 125 v vi 726 ngi mc v 120 ngi cht. c bit t l ng c do rau c qu chim t l cao nguyn nhn do ha cht bo v thc vt, cng do thi quen ca ngi dn hay n cc thc n rau ti sng chnh v th hm lng cht bo v thc vt tn d trong cc loi rau l nguyn nhn gy ra ng c. Ng c thc phm do rau c qu l 168 v vi 3.082 ngi mc v 16 ngi cht; ng c do nm c l 99 v vi 473 ngi mc phi v 81 ngi cht. S liu ca Cc Qun l cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm cng cho thy 86,6% vic ch bin thc phm ch yu l h gia nh, c th, trong chim 86,7% khng t yu cu v iu kin v sinh an ton thc phm ( ch yu v iu kin c s v con ngi )

Thc t hin nay nhu cu v sn phm rau hoa qu ca ngi dn l ngy cng tng, cc sn phm rau, hoa qu c bn trn lan trn th trng m khng c s qun l v kim nh cht lng ca cc nh khoa hc. Cc c s sn xut v tiu th rau an ton xut hin nhng cn mang tnh nh l v cha ph bin mt cch rng ri. v vy vn v sinh an ton thc phm vi mt hng nng sn nht l sn phm rau ang c x hi c bit quan tm. Trc tnh hnh trn, cc a phng sn xut rau an ton cng kh ph bin, c rt nhiu vng sn xut rau an ton theo tiu chun VietGap, nhng c kh nhiu nguyn nhn nh hng ti kh nng tiu dng sn phm ny ca ngi dn, iu nh hng trc tip ti tnh an ton trong sn phm tiu dng ca h v qu trnh bn hng ca cc c s sn xut rau an ton. Tuy nhu cu tiu dng rau an ton ngy cng tng nhng c n 74% lng rau an ton sn xut theo quy trnh an ton phi bn trn th trng, ch 24% bn trong cc ca hng siu th rau an ton. Th trn Tru Qu l mt th trn nh nm pha ng thnh ph H Ni thuc huyn ngoi thnh H Ni, huyn Gia Lm. Vi dn s khong 21053 ngi (ngun: y ban nhn dn th trn Tru Qu), nhu cu tiu dng rau, c, qu hng ngy l rt ln. Hin nay c kh nhiu cc tng lp dn c sng trn a bn do nhu cu tiu dng rau l rt a dng v phc tp, bn cnh vi h thng cung ng cc loi rau, c, qu cha thnh mt h thng cho vic qun l m bo cht lng cho ngi tiu dng ang l mt mi lo ngi v vn v sinh an ton thc phm trn a bn. V vy, trc tnh hnh trn nhm chng ti tin hnh nghin cu ti Nghin nhu cu tiu dng rau an ton trn a bn th trn Tru Qu- Gia Lm- H Ni nhm nghin cu v phn tch cc yu t nh hng ti nhu cu rau an ton ca ngi dn
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trong khu vc v t a ra mt s cc khuyn ngh, gii php cho cc bn lin quan ti vn .

1.2 MC TIU NGHIN CU

1.2.1 Mc tiu tng qut Nghin cu xc nh nhm lm r cc yu t nh hng n vic tiu dng rau an ton trn a bn th trn Tru Qu- Gia Lm- H Ni, t gip chng ti a ra nhng kin ngh, gii php gip ngi dn, chnh quyn a phng v cc doanh nghip a ra nhng phng n tiu dng v tiu th sn phm rau an ton. 1.2.2 Mc tiu c th - H thng ha c s d liu v thc tin v rau an ton cc yu t nh hng n tiu dng rau an ton. - Nghin cu xc nh c im tiu dng sn phm rau an ton v cc yu t nh hng n vic tiu dng rau an ton trn a bn th trn Tru Qu. - a ra cc gii php gip cho cc n v sn xut kinh doanh trn a bn nghin cu hon thin quy trnh sn xut v cht lng chng loi sn phm nhm p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca ngi tiu dng vi rau an ton. Vy vn m chng ta quan tm chnh l ti sao ngi tiu dng khng th tip cn c vi rau an ton v nhng g nh hng ti qu trnh tip cn ca h. ngi dn bit n sn phm rau an ton, v tiu dng l mt vn cn nhiu iu cho cc nh sn xut v cc c quan chc nng quan tm t dn ti thnh lp ti nghin cu ca chng ti.

1.3 CCH TIP CN

Trong qu trnh thc hin ti chng ti a ra hai cch tip cn c bn l: - Tip cn theo nhu cu: da vo nhu cu ca ngi dn trn a bn th trn Tru Qu v s dng cc sn phm rau an ton. - Tip cn c s tham gia: kt hp trn gic c ngi sn xut v ngi tiu dng rau an ton lm r vn v vic xc nh cc yu t nh hng n vic tiu dng rau an ton ca ngi dn trn a bn.

1.4. I TNG V PHM VI NGHIN CU

1.4.1 i tng nghin cu i tng nghin cu l nhng h dn trn a bn th trn Tru Qu nhng ngi ang trc tip s dng cc loi rau trn th trng. Qua nghin cu hnh vi tiu dng ca h v cc yu t nh hng ti hnh vi tiu dng rau ca h trn a bn nghin cu.

1.4.2 Phm vi nghin cu - Phm vi ni dung: Nghin cu nhm phn nh thc trng nhu cu tiu dng rau an ton v xc nh cc yu t nh hng n vic tiu dng rau an ton trn a bn th trn Tru Qu nhm a ra cc gii php gip cho cc n v sn xut kinh doanh trn a bn hon thnh quy trnh sn xut v cht lng chng loi sn phm nhm p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca ngi tiu dng i vi rau an ton. - Phm vi khng gian: ti tp trung nghin cu trn a bn th trn Tru Qu, trng im l mt s cc thn nh o Nguyn, An o, Ca Vit, Chnh Trung, Kin Thnh, Vn Du, Nng Lm. Vic chn a bn nghin cu nh vy m bo c cch nhn tng i tng th v vic chn mu. - Phm vi thi gian: ti ca chng ti c thc hin trong khong thi gian t thng 1/2010- thng 10/2010

PHN II : C S L LUN V THC TIN CA TI

2.1. C S L LUN
2.1.1 Nhu cu l g? Nhu cu l mt khi nim tng i rng, c hiu v khi qut theo nhiu cch khc nhau sau y l mt s khi nim v nhu cu: - Nhu cu l i hi, mong mun, nguyn vng ca con ngi v vt cht v tinh thn tn ti v pht trin. Ty theo trnh nhn thc, mi trng sng c im tm sinh l, mi ngi li c mt nhu cu khc nhau. - Theo philip kotler, chuyn gia marketing hng u th gii: nhu cu l cm gic thiu ht ci g m con ngi cm nhn c. nhu cu con ngi a dng v phc tp. Nhu cu n ung, nhu cu s m p v an ton, nhu cu v ti sn, th lc tnh cm khi nhn thc c nhu cu con ngi s tm cch tm vt g tha mn n. T hnh thnh ln c mun (Nguyn Nguyn C- 2005) - Nhu cu con ngi c hnh thnh trong qu trnh u tranh vi t nhin v u tranh giai cp, nn mang tnh cht x hi v c giai cp. Nhu cu ca con ngi trong x hi: mt mt phn nh nhng iu kin vt cht v tinh thn c trong x hi, mt khc phn nh nguyn vng ca ngi tiu dng, iu cng c ngha l nhu cu gn lin vi tiu dng bi v mi nhu cu c th no ca con ngi u ng thi phn nh kh nng tiu dng, va phn nh nguyn vng tiu dng. 2.1.2. Phn loi nhu cu 2.1.2.1 Phn loi theo ch th bao gm nhu cu x hi v nhu cu c nhn

tch ly.
-

Nhu cu x hi: l nhu cu v m rng sn xut, xy dng c

bn, cng trnh vn ha x hi,d tr v bo him x hi. l nhu cu v Nhu cu c nhn: l nhu cu v bi dng sc lao ng v bi

dng ti nng. chnh l nhu cu tiu dng. Nh vy, mi quan h gia nhu cu x hi v nhu cu c nhn v thc cht l mi quan h tch ly m rng v ci tin sn xut vi tiu dng duy tr v pht trin sc lao ng. Gii quyt tha ng mi quan h ny s to iu kin cho kinh t- x hi pht trin, trn c s m ngy cng ci thin i sng ngi dn. 2.1.2.2 Phn loi theo khch th: bao gm nhu cu vt cht v nhu cu tinh thn - Nhu cu vt cht: l nhu cu bo tn con ngi v mt sinh hc, l nhu cu c tnh cht bm sinh to thnh bn nng t nhin vn c ca con ngi vi bt k x hi no th nhu cu vt cht v nhu cu trc nht v quan trng nht ca con ngi. - Nhu cu tinh thn: nhu cu tinh thn khng phi l bm sinh ca con ngi, n c hnh thnh v pht trin cng vi s pht trin tin b ca loi ngi. Nhu cu tinh thn khng c gii hn c tng ln nhanh chng v ngy cng phong ph c bit l nhu cu v gio dc, vn ha, ngh thut. 2.1.2.3 Phn theo trnh pht trin ca x hi: bao gm nhu cu l tng, nhu cu t c v nhu cu cn thc hin. - Nhu cu l tng: l nhu cu hp l mang tnh cht l thuyt c xc nh cn c vo yu cu v sinh l ca cc la tui, ngh nghip, gii tnh, tn gio nhu cu l tng ch l mt b phn hp l trong tng th nhng mong mun v i hi khng bi bn ca con ngi. Trong i sng x hi s ra tng nhu cu v t liu tha mn n ng thi ra s thiu thn nhu cu v t liu tha mn mt khi nhu cu no ca con ngi c tha mn
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s c nhu cu mi, s xut hin thng xuyn ca nhng nhu cu mi thc y con ngi hot ng. Con ngi s ngng hot ng khi khng c nhu cu na. Hay ni cch khc, th hin mong mun v mt l thuyt ca nhu cu c xc nh trn c s nghin cu khoa hc v mt sinh l ca con ngi. Nhu cu ny khng b gii hn bi kh nng thc hin ca x hi. - Nhu cu t c: l nhu cu hnh thnh trn thc t, l nhu cu b gii hn bi kh nng sn xut v cc iu kin x hi nhu thu nhp, gi c trong tng thi k nht nh. - Nhu cu thc hin: l nhu cu tha mn trn thc t, n c quyt nh bi kh nng thanh ton ca ngi tiu dng v kh nng cung ng hng ha. Khi cung khng cn bng th khi lng v c cu nhu cu thc t v nhu cu thc hin khng trng nhau. Nu cung mt loi hng ha no thp hn nhu cu hng ha th cu thc t s ln hn cu thc hin v to ra nhu cu khng c tho mn, ngc li nu cung mt loi hng ha no cao hn nhu cu hng ha th cu thc t s nh hn cu thc hin v to ra nhu cu c tha mn. 2.1.3. Mt s vn lin quan n tm l ngi tiu dng 2.1.3.1 Hnh vi ca ngi tiu dng l g? Hnh vi ngi tiu dng l khoa hc nghin cu ng c thi hnh vi mua hng hoc khng mua hng ca mt ngi tiu dng. Hnh vi ngi tiu dng bt d v n su trong tm l ph trng ca con ngi trong x hi, mi c nhn trong x hi khng ai ging ai v th hnh thnh ln nhng quyt nh tiu dng khc nhau. 2.1.3.2 Mt s quy lut tm l ca ngi tiu dng - Quy lut tm l th nht: nhu cu v cc hot ng ni chung v cc hot ng sn xut ni ring c mi quan h mt thit tng tc qua li v nh hng ln nhau. Sn xut tt th p ng c nhu cu tt v ngc li. y
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cn th hin mi tng quan gia hnh ng v nhu cu, khng ch tha mn nhu cu tiu dng, hot ng cn lm ny sinh nhng nhu cu tiu dng mi. Mt khi trnh tiu dng ny c tha mn lm ny sinh nhng ham mun trnh cao hn, c cht lng, c vn ha hn. - Quy lut tm l th hai: l tnh kch thch ca nhu cu i vi hot ng ni chung, sn xut ni ring, khng phi bao gi cng nh nhau v bao gi cng ging nhau. Nhu cu tiu dng c p ng gn mc mn nguyn th tnh kch thch ca n cng yu dn ngi ta ch v ch kht khao tiu dng khi i tng tha mn cn mi, cha tht y lng ham mun ca ngi tiu dng cn cao. Ngh thut tha mn tiu dng cn th hin ch trnh t a ra cc mt hng i vi s lng v cht lng nh th no, theo th t no ngi mua khng b nhm chn, v nhu cu vi ci mi, ci tt, ci p bao gi cng c tc ng kch thch i vi hot ng lm ra nhng vt phm tt hn bao gi cng c kch thch lm ra nhng vt phm tt hn. - Quy lut tm l th ba: hot dng ni chung, hot ng sn xut ni ring ca con ngi l khng cng v nhu cu ca con ngi cng bt tn. Con ngi c th pht trin gn lin vi s gia tng hot ng v tng cng nhu cu. Tit ch nhu cu, khng nng cao cht lng cuc sng l km hm pht trin ca x hi do khng khai thc v s dng ht tim nng sng to cn rt phong ph trong mi con ngi. - Quy lut tm l th t: vn nu bt y l x hi cng ng kn th nhu cu cng tr tr v c lp i lp li mi. S tin b ca mt quc gia cn c s giao lu trao i. * Tm li, tm l tiu dng bao hm c nhu cu, th hiu, thi quen, hng th v truyn thng tiu dng. Tm l tiu dng th hin c cht lng sng, mc sng v np sng. Tm l tiu dng v ang hnh thnh pht trin trong x hi. N thc y sn xut pht trin. 2.1.3.3 S hnh thnh tm l ngi tiu dng
9

Vic tiu dng hng ha- dch v cn chu nh hng bi bn yu t tm l: ng c, nhn thc, tri thc, nim tin v thi . - ng c: ti bt k mt thi im nht nh no con ngi cng c nhu cu. Mt s nhu cu c ngun gc sinh hc. Chng ny sinh t nhng trng thi cng thng v tm l nh nhu cu c tha nhn c knh trng hay c gn gi v tinh thn. Hu ht nhng nhu cu c ngun gc t tm l u khng mnh thc y con ngi hnh ng theo chng ngay lp tc, mt nhu cu s tr thnh ng c khi n tng ln n mt mc mnh. Mt ng c hay mt s thi thc l mt nhu cu c sc mnh thi thc ngi ta hnh ng, vic tha mn nhu cu s lm gim bt cm gic cng thng. - Nhn thc: ca mt ngi c ng c lun sn sng hnh ng. Vn ngi c ng c s hnh ng nh th no trong thc t cn chu nh hng t s nhn thc ca ngi v tnh hung lc . C s nhn thc khc nhau v mt tnh hung bi mi ngi chng ta soi xt, t chc v gii thch thng tin theo cch ring ca mnh. Nhn thc l qu trnh thng qua c th tuyn chn, t chc v gi nh thng tin to ra mt bc tranh c ngha v th gii xung quanh. - Tri thc: khi ngi ta hnh ng, h cng ng thi lnh hi c tri thc, tri thc m t nhng thay i trong hnh vi ca c th bt ngun t kinh nghim. Hu ht cc hnh vi ca con ngi u c lnh hi. - Nim tin v thi : thng qua hnh ng v tri thc con ngi s to nn nim tin v thi v hng ha tiu dng. Nim tin s gip con ngi quyt nh tiu dng hng ha dch v. V d hin nay vn chm sc sc khe c quan tm, ng thi xy ra nhiu v ng c thc phm lm cho nhu cu v rau sch tng ln. Tuy nhin ngi dn cn cha c nim tin v ngun cung ng rau an ton.
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2.1.4. Khi nim v Nng nghip sch v khi nim v rau an ton 2.1.4.1 Khi nim v Nng nghip sch Hin nay, trn th gii cng nh Vit Nam c hai quan nim v nng nghip sch, l nng nghip sch tng i v Nng nghip sch tuyt i - Nng nghip sch tuyt i l nng nghip hu c, Nng nghip sinh hc, nn nng nghip ny ngi ta p dng cc bin php hu c v sinh hc, tr li ch canh tc t nhin, khng dng cc loi phn bn ha hc hay thuc bo v thc vt. Cc loi cy trng c sn xut trong nh knh, v cch ly vi cc yu t c hi ca mi trng bn ngoi. Hu nh nn nng nghip ny ch p dng c cc nc pht trin, v h c iu kin v ti chnh u t vn cng nh c s vt cht cho sn xut nng nghip. - Nng nghip sch tng i l nn nng nghip c s kt hp cc bin php thm canh hin i, c bit l cc thnh tu v cng ngh sinh hc, k thut cao vi cc bin php hu c, sinh hc gim thiu ti mc thp nht vic s dng phn bn hu c v thuc bo v thc vt nhm hn ch ti a tc ng xu ca sn xut n mi trng, ng thi cc sn phm sn xut ra c d lng cht ha hc, kim loi nng v c t mc cho php. Nn nng nghip ny hu ht c p dng cc nc ang pht trin. 2.1.4.2 Khi nim rau an ton Rau an ton ( RAT) l khi nim xut hin nc ta trong thi gian gn y trc tnh hnh mt s sn phm rau xanh c tiu th trn th trng gy ng c thc phm cho ngi s dng. Theo t chc y t th gii WHO t chc nng lng v lng thc ca lin hp quc FAO th rau an ton phi m bo cc yu t sau: Rau m bo phm cp cht lng khng b h hi, dp nt, ho, v khng bng ha cht c hi. D lng thuc bo v thc vt hm lng Nitrat v kim loi nng di mc cho php.
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 Rau khng b bnh khng c vi sinh vt gy hi cho con ngi v gia sc. Tiu chun rau an ton ca th gii v ca Vit Nam. Theo cc nh nghin cu, hm lng cc yu t gy nhim trn cc sn phm rau nh hm lng Nitrat kim loi nng ha cht bo v thc vt, vi sinh vt...c th gy hi ti sc khe ngi s dng ty thuc vo mc nhim, do sn phm rau c coi l an ton khi p ng c cc thng s k thut cho php ca c quan gim nh cht lng v mi quc gia u xy dng cc ch tiu ph hp. Tiu chun RAT th gii v Vit Nam Theo cc nh nghin cu hm lng cc yu t gy nhim trn cc sn phm rau nh hm lng nit rt, kim loi nng, ha cht BVTV, vi sinh vt.. c th gy nh hng ti sc khe ca ngi s dng ty thuc vo mc nhim. Do , sn phm rau c xem l an ton khi p ng c cc thng s k thut cho php ca cc c quan gim nh v mi quc gia u xy dng cc ch tiu ph hp. Theo t chc Y t th gii, d lng cho php trong sn phm rau i vi cc yu t nhim nh sau: Bng 2.1 : Ngng cho php d lng nitrat trong mt s loi rau ( Theo qui nh ca WHO) VT: mg/kg sn phm Loi rau D Lng D hu Da b t ngt Mng ty u qu Ng rau Ci bp Xu ho

60 90 200 200 200 300 500 500

Loi rau Hnh ty C chua Da chut Khoai ty C rt Hnh l Bu b C tm

D lng 150 150 250 250 400 400 400

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Sp l ( ngun: FAO, 1993)

500 X lch

1500

Bng 2.2: Hm lng kim loi nng ( Theo quy nh ca WHO) Loi kim loi D lng Loi kim loi D lng Ch ( pb) 0,5 Camidi ( Cd) 0,03 Asen ( As) 0,2 Thy ngn ( Hg) 0,02 ng ( Cu) 5,0 Km ( Zn) 10,0 Thic ( Sn) 200,0 Aplatoxin BI 0,005 Paiutin 0,05 (ngun: FAO, 1993) Rau an ton ( RAT) l khi nim c s dng ch cc loi rau c canh tc trn cc din tch dt c thnh phn ha - th nhng c kim sot (nht l kim sot hm lng kim loi nng v cht c hi c ngun gc t phn bn, t cc cht bo v thc vt v cc cht thi sinh hot cn tn ti trong t ai), c sn xut theo nhng quy trnh nht nh ( c bit l quy trnh s dng phn bn thuc tr su v ti nc), v nh vy rau m bo cc tiu chun v sinh an ton thc phm do cc c quan qun l nh nc t ra. Gi l rau an ton v trong qu trnh sn xut rau ngi ta vn s dng phn bn ngun gc v c v cht bo v thc vt, tuy nhin vi liu lng hn ch hn, thi im ph hp hn v ch s dng cc loi thuc bo v thc vt trong danh mc cho php. Trong rau an ton tn ti mt d lng nht nh cc cht c hi, nhng khng n mc nh hng ti sc khe ca con ngi. Theo t chc y t thi gii rau an ton l rau cn phi t c cc tiu chun nghim ngt v d lng thuc BVTV, phn bn, kim loi nng, v vi sinh vt trong rau phi t di mc tiu chun cho php. Nu vi phm mt trong bn tiu chun trn th khng c gi l rau an ton.
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Rau an ton ca Vit Nam c ni ti ch yu phn bit vi rau c canh tc bng cc k thut thng thng, h kim sot trn gc v sinh an ton thc phm. cc nc pht trin vi quy trnh cng ngh sn xut rau chun, vi s dng phn bn, thuc BVTV kim sot c, vn rau an ton v c bn c gii quyt. B NN&PTNT ca Vit Nam a ra cc quy nh v sn xut rau an ton nh sau: Nhng sn phm rau ti bao gm tt c cc loi rau n thn, l, c hoa v qu c cht lng ng nh c tnh ca n, hm lng ha cht v mc nhim cc vi sinh vt gy hi mc tiu chun cho php, bo m an ton cho ngi tiu dng v mi trng th c coi l rau m bo v sinh an ton thc phm gi tt l rau an ton. Cc ch tiu nh gi mc bo m an ton v sinh thc phm ca sn phm rau t ra nh sau V hnh thi: sn phm thu hoch ng thi im, ng yu cu ca tng loi rau, ng chn k thut ( hay thng phm), khng dp nt , h thi, khng ln tp, khng su bnh v c bao gi thch hp V ni cht phi m bo mc quy nh cho php + D lng cc loi ha cht BVTV trong sn phm rau. + Hm lng NO3 tch ly trong sn phm rau. + Hm lng tch ly ca mt s kim loi nng ch yu nh: ch, thy ngn, asen, cadimin, ng + Mc nhim cc loi vi sinh vt gy bnh ( ecoli, sanmollela, trng giun, sn..v.v) Sn phm rau an ton ch c coi l m bo v sinh an ton thc phm, khi hm lng tn d cc ch tiu trn khng vt qu gii hn quy nh.
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Tm li, theo quan im ca nhiu nh khoa hc cho rng: Rau an ton l rau c sn xut theo quy trnh k thut p ng nhu cu sau: - Rau an ton l rau m bo phm cp, cht lng, khng b gy hi, dp nt, ho a - D lng thuc tr su, BVTV hm lng NO3 v hm lng kim loi nng di mc cho php - Khng b su bnh, khng c vi sinh vt gy hi cho ngi v gia sc

2.2. C S THC TIN

2.2.1. Thc trng tiu dng rau, qu trn th gii Hin nay trn th gii rau l mt loi thc phm khng th thiu i vi ngi tiu dng. Ty theo phong tc tp qun ca tng nc n c s dng vi nhiu phng thc khc nhau. cc nc ang pht trin, rau thng nu chn v n nh cc mn n thm hoc n ln vi tht, c hay cc thc n khc. Ti cc nc pht trin, nhu cu rau ti rt cao. Ring i vi mt s nc c ma ng ko di thng phi dng c rau ng lnh nhng s thch ca h vn l rau ti. Mi s loi rau c th ng lnh nh u cc loi..v.v. i vi cc nc chu phi li c kiu s dng rau khc, so vi tnh hnh s dng chung, v d nh trng sn ngoi vic n c h cn dng c l. Mc tiu th rau khc nhau cng ty theo mi quc gia v cn ph thuc vo mc thu nhp, tuy nhin mt s nc cn ph thuc vo tp qun n ung ca ngi dn *EU Theo euromonitor (2004), tng mc tiu th rau bo gm c khoai ty th trng EU t khong 29 triu tn, trong tiu th khoai ty chim > 50% lng rau tiu th v c chua chim khong 10%. c l th trng tiu th rau ti ln nht EU vi lng tiu th khong 5,6 triu tn, tip l Anh , Italia v H lan
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Vi th hiu tiu dng cc sn phm c li cho sc khe, anh c th trng rau qu ch bin ln nht EU, chim 20% tng gi tr ton EU v ng th 3 EU v sn lng tiu th vi 16% ch sau c 21% v italy 17%. Nm 2006, tiu th rau qu ch bin ca anh c sn lng 4,7 triu tn t 6 t ero Italia l nc tiu th rau qu ch bin v bo qun ng thc 3 trong EU. T nm 2001 n nm 2005 tr gi rau qu ch bin v bo qun tng 4%. Tiu th rau qu ch bin v bo qun bnh qun t 84kg/ 1 ngi, cao hn mc bnh qun ca EU 62kg/ 1 ngi * Thi Lan L mt t nc trng rau nhit i v n i, nn chng loi rau ca thi lan rt phong ph. Hin nay c khong trn 100 loi rau c trng nc ny trong c 45 loi c trng ph bin Mc tiu dng rau bnh quan ti thi lan l 53 kg/ ngi/ nm vi cc knh tiu th ch yu trn th trng Loi knh th nht: ngi sn xut . Nhm nng dn t thnh lp ngi bn bun ( ti bng cc/ ngi ch bin/ ngi xut khu - ngi bn bun - ngi bn l - ngi tiu dng) Loi knh th 2 : ngi sn xut - ngi thu gom trn a bn trng rau - th trng bn bun trung tm/ngi bn bun ti bng cc ngi bn l ngi tiu dng 2.2.2. Thc trng tiu dng rau an ton Vit Nam i vi ngi Vit Nam rau l mt loi thc phm khng th thiu trong mi ba n, c th ni y l mt sn phm quen thuc v khng th thiu. Rau an ton l mt sn phm mi, hiu theo mt cch no vi ngi Vit Nam rau an ton thng mang tnh hin i v tnh thng mi cao v gi ca n.

16

Ngi tiu dng thc c cc sn phm rau an ton v tnh quan trng ca sn phm ny i vi sc khe trong tnh hnh sn xut rau khng m bo nht l dn c cc khu vc thnh th. Trong nhng nm gn y nhu cu v sn phm rau an ton trong nc ngy cng gia tng, tuy nhin c mt thc trng v cho rng cng l mt nghch l tn ti t rt lu trong tm tr ngi tiu dng hin nay l rau sn xut khng theo qui trnh, khng c kim sot li bn c nhiu hn so vi rau sch, rau an ton do gi thnh r hn. Ngi tiu dng trong nc hon ton thc c mc nguy hi t sn phm rau khng an ton, v h nh gi cao vic sn xut cc sn phm rau hu c v rau an ton bng vic sn sng chp nhn cc sn phm ny. Tuy nhin c hai l do khin cho th trng rau an ton hin nay Vit Nam ang l mt du hi ln: + Ti khng mua rau an ton v khng bit a ch bn rau an ton + Ti khng mua rau an ton v ti ngh rau an ton cng cha chc m bo an ton. ( O2tv.vn) Hin nay Vit Nam nhiu ngi sn xut rau thc c tm quan trng ca cht lng sm phm i vi ngi tiu dng nn h cng t gic tun th cht ch cc qui nh trong sn xut rau an ton. Nhng lm cch no tt c ngi tiu dng u c tip cn vi rau an ton ang l mt iu m nhiu nh sn xut v cc chuyn gia u ngnh au u suy ngh. 2.2.3.Cc cng trnh nghin cu lin quan Nghin cu ca L Anh Tun, tm hiu h thng th trng tiu th rau qu qun ng a, 2001 Trong nghin cu ny, tc gi da trn thc trng th trng rau qu ca qun phn tch nh hng ca mt s nhn t chnh ti qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin h thng th trng tiu th rau an qu ca qun ng
17

xut mt s bin php v sn xut v tiu th rau qu gp phn hon thin v pht trin th trng. Kt qu nghin cu ny cho thy, cc knh tiu th ca th trng rau qu qun ng a rt phong ph v a dng. Mng li ch ca qun tng i nhiu nhng quy m nh v c s h tng km nn cha p ng c nhu cu ca ngi mua v ngi bn. S lng ngi bn rong ng gy cn tr giao thng, mt v sinh mi trng v mt cng bng i vi nhng quy bn l. Hot ng c knh tiu th cha hiu qu, mang tnh thi v. C nhiu yu t nh hng ti hot ng ca h thng thng tin th trng nht l vn cht lng sn phm. Chnh v vy, nghin cu cho rng qun ng a cn quan tm hn na i vi h thng thng tin th trng tiu th rau qu, c chnh sch h tr khuyn khch cc thnh vin tham gia h thng th trng, pht trin c s h tng v tng cng cng tc qun l, gim st cht lng, t chc kinh doanh. Ban qun l cc ch cn b tr hp l v tr quy hng cho ph hp, tng cng cng tc bo v, qun l v gi gn v sinh. Cc thnh phn tham gia th trng cn c phng php cn c phng hng kinh doanh lu di, nng cao trnh hiu bit v th trng, tng bc m rng quy m kinh doanh. CIRAD, nhn thc ca ngi tiu dng rau H Ni (c chua v rau mung) consumer perception of vegatable (tomatoes and water morning glories) quality in Ha Noi, 2003 Nm 2003, d n SUSPER tin hnh iu trau 500 ngi tiu th ti H Ni v nhng nh gi (nhn thc) ca h v rau qu vng ven (ch yu v c chua v rua mung). Nghin cu tp trung vo nh gi ca ngi tiu th v cht lng sn phm nhp t Trung Quc, Lt t vng ven , sn phm hu c, sn phm an ton (rau qu sch) v cc sn phm bn ti cc siu th. Nghin cu ch ra rng c hai mt ni ln khi a ra nhng nhn xt v cht lng cc sn phm l lin quan ti sc khe con ngi v mu
18

m hnh thc v ngoi ca sn phm. Cc sn phm ca Trung Quc lun b nh gi thp trong mi trng hp. Cc sn phm bn ti siu th c nh gi cao nhng c xem l t. Rau hu c v rau sch th c hnh thc khng p v khng to c s tin cy. Ngc li rau ca vng ven c hnh thc tt v to c cho l c cht lng nhng li khng c xem l tt cho sc khe. Nim tin vo cht lng sn phm c to nn hnh nh ngi bn cng nh a im bn sn phm. cui cng, nghin cu a ra mt s xut nng cao kh nng marketing sn phm. Bi Th Gia- 2001: Nhng bin php ch yu nhm pht trin sn xut rau huyn Gia Lm, H Ni. Lun n tin s kinh t, trng i hc nng nghip H Ni. + Tm tt ni dung Rau l loi thc phm khng th thiu trong ba n hng ngy. Rau cn c gi tr kinh t nh xut khu, lm nguyn liu cho ch bin, cung cp thc n cho chn nui. Pht trin sn xut rau cn l tc dng to cng n vic lm v tng thu nhp cho h gia nh. Tuy nhin sn xut rau c ngha ln v mt dinh dng, kinh t, x hi nhng khi chuyn sang nn kinh t th trng, ngnh sn xut rau b th ni t khu sn xut n tm l m rng v thu nhp ca ngi trng rau. V thc hin cc bin php k thut v thiu s ch o ca cc cp cc ngnh nn dn n hin tng lm dng cc ch phm v nhim mi trng, t v nc. y l mt vn quan trng i hi cc c quan chc nng phi c nhng gii php trong thi gian ti sn phm rau ca nc ta snh vi thc phm ca cc nc tin tin v p ng yu cu cht lng ngy cng cao ca ngi tiu dng. Gia lm l mt huyn thuc vnh ai thc phm ca H Ni, cung ng lng rau ln cho thnh ph, nhng sn xut rau cn nhiu vn cn nghin cu v gii quyt:
19

Cht lng rau cha cao, phm cht v an ton km xa tiu chun quc t. Vy gia lm gii quyt nhng vn g nng cao cht lng rau? Vic tiu th rau ca nng dn cn nhiu kh khn, ch tc, gy nhiu thit thi cho ngi trng rau. Vic s dng qu mc khuyn co cc loi pn bn ha hc v thuc bo v thc vt. Kt qu nghin cu ca ti Thc trng pht trin sn xut rau ca huyn + Din tch, nng sut v sn lng rau ca huyn Gia Lm Din tch trng rau ca huyn gia lm trong vng 8 nm tr li y c xu hng tng lin tc, bnh qun mi nm 7%. So vi ton thnh ph, gia lm c din tch gieo trng ng th 2 sau ng anh. Nng sut t 120ta/ha, nm cao nht t 153,3 t/ha. Nng sut rau ca gia lm cha cao v khng n nh + Cht lng rau v cc yu t nh hng Phm cp rau loi A cn thp, chim 60- 70%, loi C chim 13,5%14,3% ty theo loi rau. Rau sn xut cha m bo an ton v sinh thc phm. nguyn nhn l do tc ng nhiu yu t c bit l lm dng thuc su, phn ha hc v khng m bo thi gian cch ly. Phn tch cc yu t nh hng n pht trin sn xut rau huyn gia lm Mc s dng phn m/ n v din tch l kh cao nhng thiu cn i, trong kali cha c coi trng. vic s dng u vo khng hiu qu, nh hng n cht lng rau. Yu t con ngi: trnh hiu bit ca ngi nng dn thp, tuy nhin h c hiu bit nhiu biu hin s dng ng liu lng, cn i v tit kim ging v tn dng lao ng u t chm sc nng sut cao hn nhm h t hiu bit.
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Tiu th sn phm C nhiu hnh thc tiu th rau, mi hnh thc c u v nhc im nht nh. Trong cc hnh thc bn rau hin nay, bn bun ti ch l hnh thc ph bin nht. S bin ng gi rau: gi thp v khng n nh, gi rau u v cao gp hai- ba ln so vi chnh v. Vn sn xut rau an ton Sn xut rau an ton trong thi gian qua tin trin chm nhng bc u em n cho ngi nng dn nhng hiu bit mi v k thut canh tc, mi trng, sc khe cng ng l s khi u cho nn nng nghip sinh thi. Nhng kh khn, hn ch v nhng vn t ra cn gii quyt trong pht trin sn xut rau Gia Lm Tm hiu nhng kh khn ca ngi sn xut rau cho thy: 51% s h thiu vn sn xut, 46% s h cho rng sn xut rau i hi qu nhiu cng lao ng + Kh khn v hn ch - Sn xut rau nh l, sc p v th ha ngy mt mnh m hn i hi nng cao cht lng p ng nhu cu th trng. - Mt bng hiu bit v k thut v thc ca nng dn cn hn ch - An ton thc phm cha bo m - C s vt cht cn thiu - Tiu th sn phm cn kh khn + Hng gii quyt - Sn xut tp trung - Nng cao gi tr cht lng v an ton thc phm - Gii quyt th trng tiu th sn phm - Tng cng chnh sch kinh t v m nh nc
21

Tm li: tnh hnh sn xut rau huyn gia lm pht trin mnh, nhng pht trin theo hnh thc sn xut rau an ton cn nhiu hn ch. Rau v cht lng v an ton thc phm cha cao. V vy, cn c phng thc sn xut rau theo ng quy trnh p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao v m bo sc khe cho ngi tiu dng.

22

PHN III: C IM A BN V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

3.1 C IM A BN HUYN GIA LM 3.1.1 iu kin t nhin 3.1.1.1 V tr a l Huyn Gia Lm nm ca ng pha ng Bc ca th H Ni ni tp trung nhiu mi giao thng quan trng: ng thy c sng Hng, sng ung, ng st, ng b c quc l 5 v quc l 1 ni cc tnh khc v ng hng khng (sn bay Gia Lm) v c gii hn bi Pha ng, ng bc gip tnh Bc Ninh v Bc Giang Pha Nam gip tnh Hng Yn Pha Bc gip huyn ng Anh H Ni Pha ty gip qun Long Bin H Ni Huyn Gia Lm c v tr a l chnh tr quan trng ca th H Ni, c li th v mt i ngoi l trung tm tam gic ca tng trng kinh t H Ni Hi Phng Qung Ninh. Gia Lm l trung tm cu nhiu u mi giao thng quan trng nm dc tuyn giao thng ny. Quan h giao lu vi cc qun huyn trong v ngoi th rt thun li thng qua cc cy cu ln. y l iu kin rt thun li thc y giao lu lin kt mnh m gia cc tnh v cc a phng khc trong nc. Do Gia Lm l mt huyn ngoi thnh nn c thun li cho tiu th sn phm nng nghip ni chung v rau an ton ni ring ca huyn Gia Lm gp rt nhiu thun li cng nh khng thiu nhng kh khn thch thc 3.1.1.2 a hnh

23

Phn ln din tch ca huyn Gia Lm khng phc tp v vng ph cn l ng bng, thp dn t ty xung ng nam theo hng chung ca a hnh thnh ph v cng l theo hng ca dng chy sng Hng Vng ng bng c iu kin bng phng c bi t cu ph sa ca sng Hng b dy ph sa trung bnh 90 120 cm. T huyn c rt nhiu thun li cho pht trin sn xut nng nghip cng nh cho pht trin h tng, dn dng v cng nghip. 3.1.1.3 c im kh hu Kh hu huyn Gia Lm c c tnh ging vi kh hu ca khu vc H Ni, tiu biu cho kh hu bc b vi c im l kh hu nhit i gi ma m v c ma h nng ma nhiu, ma ng lnh ma t. Nm trong vng nhit i quanh nm tip nhn c bc x mt tri rt ri ro v c nhit cao. Nhit trung bnh hng nm l 24,30 C. Do chu nh hng ca bin, huyn Gia Lm c lng ma v m kh ln. m tng i TB hng nm l 80%. Lng ma TB hng nm l 1585,5 mm, mi nm c khong 144 ngy ma c im kh hu huyn Gia Lm r nt nht l s thay i kh hu ca hai ma, ma h v ma ng trong nm. Ma h t thng 4 n thng 9 c c im nng v ma nhiu, gy ngp ng kh khn cho sn xut nng nghip. Ma ng t thng 10 n thng 3 nm sau c c im lnh kh hanh t ma vi gi thnh hnh l gi ng bc, thng 1 l thng c nhit trung bnh thp nht trong nm 17,20C v lng ma trung bnh thp nht l 6,1 mm Hai thng 4 v thng 10 hng nm c coi l thng chuyn tip s bin ng thng kh hu huyn Gia Lm ch yu l do s tranh chp nh hng ca hai ma gi v qu trnh thi tit c bit ca mi ma. V th a bn c nm rt sm c nm rt mun, c nm nng ko di, c nm nhit
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 cao nht ln ti 42,80C ( thng 5 nm 1926) li c nm nhit thp xung ti 2,70C ( thng 1 nm 1995) 3.1.1.4 c im thy vn Huyn Gia Lm thuc khu vc thnh ph H Ni c mng li sng ngi kh dy c vi nhiu sng ln chy qua thuc lu vc Sng Hng pha nam thnh ph, vi cc sng ung v Sng Nhu v lu vc sng Cu pha bc thnh ph, vi sng C L v nhiu sng i, knh mng thot nc. Thnh ph H Ni c nhiu m h t nhin v h thng knh tiu v ti nc nh h by mu, hon kim, Thin quang, thnh cng , th l, vn chng ging v, ngc khnh, h ty..v.v.. Vi iu kin ny thun li cho ti tiu phn trin sn xut nng nghip. Mt khc nu c tn dng tt th s c tim nng cho pht trin du lch. 3.1.2 c im kinh t x hi ca huyn Gia Lm. Gia Lm l mt huyn ngoi thnh H Ni, c v tr a l thun li pht trin cc mt kinh t - vn ho - x hi. Tuy vy huyn Gia Lm hin nay khng cn thit t vn an ton lng thc ln hng u m cn tp trung vo pht trin cng nghip thng mi, dch v, du lch v nng nghip. Gia Lm phi chuyn sang a dng ho sn xut theo c ch th trng, phc v cho nhu cu th H Ni, huyn Gia Lm c nhiu tim nng cn c khai thc, li nm trong khu vc cng nghip H Ni - Hi Phng - Qung Ninh, y l u mi giao thng thun li, lao ng di do, c trnh k thut, c s h tng c nng cp v tng bc c hon thin. Vn trong dn ca huyn Gia Lm u t cho sn xut ln. ng thi huyn Gia Lm c cc khu cng nghip a phng v trung ng vi k thut v trnh t chc cao c u t m rng. Vi nhng iu kin , huyn Gia lm c nhng thun li trong chun dch c cu kinh t nng
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thn theo hng tng dn t trng cng nghip , thng mi ,dch v Ging nh tt c cc ni khc trn min Bc, nng thn Gia lm, ngoi thnh H Ni, cng tri qua nhng bin i su sc di tc ng ca ng li hp tc ho nng nghip so ng v nh nc ch trng v tin hnh trong thi k qu tin ln CNXH, vi nhng thnh cng v nhng tht bi trong qu trnh tng bc i vo con ng lm n tp th. Vi nhng iu kin hin ti huyn Gia Lm ang l mt trong nhng huyn ngoi thnh H Ni c tc pht trin kinh t x hi nhanh chng trong nhng nm ti.

3.2 C IM A BN TH TRN TRU QU

3.2.1. c im t nhin a. V tr a l: Tru Qu l mt th trn ca huyn Gia Lm ngoi thnh H Ni. Tru Qu nm dc theo quc l 5 cch trung tm H Ni 12 km. Th trn Tru Qu c 734,57 ha din tch t nhin, trong din tch t nng nghip vo khong 297.59 ha, chim 40,51% ton din tch (Ngun: Ban thng k TT Tru Qu, 2008) Tru Qu: Pha ng gip x Ph Th, Dng X Pha Ty gip x ng D v qun Long Bin Pha Nam gip x a Tn Pha Bc gip cc x C Bi, ng X v qun Long Bin. Cch trung tm H Ni khng xa, li nm cnh cc vng sn xut nng nghip ln, Tru Qu l ni c v tr a l thun li, u mi cung cp nhng sn phm nng nghip c cht lng trn a bn v vo ni . Mt khc, Tru Qu cng l mt trong nhng a bn sn xut rau ln bn cnh nhng x bn xunh quanh. Do , vic hnh thnh nhu cu c s dng cc sn
26

phm nng sn an ton, cht lng tt ca ngi dn trn a bn th trn Tru Qu trc tnh trng rau xanh hin nay l iu tt yu. b. c im a hnh, thi tit, kh hu: Tru Qu nm ngoi thnh H Ni, c a hnh tng i bng phng, thch hp cho vic xy dng c s h tng, k thut, li nm gia 2 nhnh sng Hng v sng ung, c ph sa bi p, cht lng t mu m, nc ti y , y chnh l nhng iu kin thun li khng ch cho th trn Tru Qu ni ring m c huyn Gia Lm ni chung. Tru Qu nm trn trong vng kh hu c trng ca vng ng Bc B, nhit i gi ma v cn nhit i, gi ma ng nh hng ch o n kh hu ca vng. Nhit trung bnh ca vng khong 23,5o 24,5o, tuy nhin nhit gia cc ma chnh lch kh ln, v ma lnh, nhit c th xung di 10o, ma nng c th ln n 39,40o ,y va l thun li va l kh khn cho vic pht trin rau xanh v mt mt c th a dng cc loi cy trng, song cng tr thnh iu kin khc nghit cho nng nghip. Lng ma cng chia lm hai ma chnh l ma ma v ma kh, do c h thng cng, knh mng, y , cng thm vic gn cc nhnh sng nn lng ma khng nh hng ln ti vic cp, tiu thot nc ca vng. y l thun li ln cho cc nng h ca vng. 3.2.2. Tnh hnh dn s v phn b lao ng trn a bn Theo thng k ca ban thng k x cho thy trong nhng nm qua dn s th trn Tru Qu bin ng theo xu hng ngy cng tng. Nm 2008 tng s nhn khu l 19892 ngi, s nhn khu phi nng nghip chim s lng ln nht. Do xu hng pht trin ca th trn, trong qu trnh th ha, ngi dn nhn thy sn xut khng mang li hiu qu cao v h chuyn sang u t theo chiu hng c li hn. nng cao thu nhn h c th bn

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hoc cho thu phn t nng nghip v dng vn u t vo cc nghnh ngh, dch v khc nh: Bun bn, xy dng nh tr khc cho sinh vin Tng s h cng tng qua cc nm, h nng nghip c xu hng gim, nm 2006 c 1710 h n nm 2008 ch cn li 1659 h. Cn s h phi nng nghip v h kim tng ch yu cc thn: Vn Du, Thnh Chung, Kin Chung, Nng Lm. iu chng t lao ng trong x ang chuyn dn t nng nghip sang phi nng nghip, mt khc lm cc ngh to cho h c thu nhp n nh v cao hn nhiu so vi lm nng nghip.

Biu 1: C cu h ca th trn Tru Qu nm 2008

Ngun: Ban thng k th trn Tru Qu

3.2.3 Tnh hnh sn xut kinh doanh trn a bn

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Bng 3.1 Phn nh gi tr sn xut kinh doanh ca th trn Tru Qu

Nm 2006 SL CC (%) 94.2 100 12.7 13.48 9.1 71.65 3.1 24.41 0.5 3.94 38 40.34 43.5 46.18 4.85 28.18 10.83 Nm 2007 SL CC (%) 103.6 100 14.73 14.21 9.83 66.73 3.97 26.95 0.93 6.31 43.2 41.69 45.7 44.1 5.28 30.77 11.31 Nm 2008 SL CC (%) 115 100 15.52 13.49 9.97 64.24 4.25 27.38 1.3 8.38 45 39.12 54.5 47.38 5.78 33.58 11.89 So snh (%) 7/6 8/7 110.01 111 115.98 105.4 108.02 101.4 128.06 107.1 186 139.8 113.68 104.2 105.06 119.3 108.9 109.2 104.4

Ch tiu I - Tng gi tr sn xut 1. Nng nghip Ngnh trng trt Ngnh chn nui Ngnh TTTS 2. TTCN - XDCBGTVT 3. TMDV II - Cc ch tiu bnh qun 1. Tng GTSX/ Khu 2. Tng GTSX/ H 3. Tng GTSX/ Lao ng

VT T ng T ng T ng T ng T ng T ng T ng Tr.ng Tr.ng Tr.ng

BQ 110.5 110.6 104.72 117.56 162.89 108.93 112.16

109.5 109.7 109.1 109.2 105.1 104.8

Ngun: Ban thng k th trn Tru Qu

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Qua bng s liu cho thy tng gi tr sn xut ca th trn Tru Qu tng qua cc nm. Trong mc ng gp ca ngnh sn xut nng nghip l thp nht. Do mt phn t nng nghip b thu hi phc v cho lnh vc khc v th ngnh trng trt c xu hng gim nh. Ngnh chn nui c xu hng pht trin khng n nh do nhng nm gn y thng xy ra cc dch bnh ko theo gi tr sn xut kinh doanh ca ngnh ny gim xung. Nhn chung gi tr sn xut ngnh nng nghip ca th trn Tru Qu tng i cao, c c nh vy l do ngi dn th trn chuyn t vic trng la sang trng cc loi cy khc c gi tr hn: Sn xut ging cy n qu, trng rau Ngnh nui trng thy sn mi xut hin, gi tr sn xut ca ngnh ny c tng qua cc nm nhng khng ng k. ng gp ln nht vo tng gi tr sn xut ca th trn Tru Qu phi k n cc ngnh thng mi dch v, tiu th cng nghip, xy dng c bn v giao thng vn ti, hng nm ng gp vo tng gi tr sn xut mt cch ng k v xu hng cn tng trong tng lai. Ngnh thng mi dch v pht trin nht, l kt qu i mi ca cc c quan, cc trung tm v trng hc trn a bn. Mt khc qu trnh th ha lm cho th trn ngy cng pht trin v cn ng lien x c tu b, giao thng thng sut lm cho hot ng kinh doanh, giao lu bun bn gia cc vng d dng hn. Tm li trong nhng nm gn y gi tr sn xut ca th trn tng i cao, i sng ca th trn ngy cng c nng ln. Mc sng cao th nhu cu s dng cc loi hang ha c cht lng ngy cng cao, trong c sn phm nng nghip, ngoi cht lng cao th yu t an ton cng l mt vn quan trng.

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3.3 PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

3.3.1 Phng php chn im nghin cu - Gia Lm l mt trong nhng huyn cung ng rau an ton nhiu cho thnh ph H Ni - Trn a bn th trn Tru Qu c khun vin trng i hc Nng Nghip H Ni, c cc khu cng nghip, c cc ch s c quan nh nc ng trn a bn. y l nhng i tng khch hng c thu nhp tng i n nh. Do trong qu trnh iu tra chng ti khng th thm d ht kin ca tt c cc h gia nh tiu dng rau nn khi thc hin chng ti tnh ton v tin hnh iu tra trn 40 h gia nh cc khu vc hon ton khc nhau trn a bn th trn Tru Qu bao gm cc thn, An o, o Nguyn, Kin Thnh, Nng Lm,Vn Du, Chnh Trung, Bnh Minh. 3.3.2 Phng php thu thp thng tin ti s dng hai phng php thu thp s liu s cp v thu thp s liu th cp. - S liu th cp: L cc s liu cng b bao gm bo, bi bo, lun vn lun n, trn internet vit v vn rau an ton v cc vn lin quan n sn xut v kinh doanh rau an ton. - S liu s cp: + ti s dng phiu iu tra i tng khch hng tiu dng sn phm lin quan n rau, c, qu (v cc phng din nh tn khch hng, tui, a ch, mc thu nhp, khi lng mua, c thng s dng rau an ton hay khng?, nhng phn ng sau khi s dng cc loi rau, c, qu) + Phng vn h gia nh trong a bn th trn Tru Qu.

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3.3.3 Phng php phn tch - Phng php thng k m t, quan st s liu x l m t cc yu t nh hng ti vic tiu th rau an ton trn a bn th trn. - Phng php so snh: mi i tng khch hng c nhng yu t thu nhp, gia nh, v cc iu kin v bn thn khc. V vy dng phng php ny nhm nh gi cc i tng khch hng khc nhau tiu dng rau an ton. - Thng k qua bng s liu, dng phng php x l s liu bng excel.

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PHN IV: KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN

4.1. THC TRNG I SNG CA CC H GIA NH TRN A BN NGHIN CU.
Qu trnh iu tra ca chng ti tp trung vo thu thp thng tin 40 h gia nh khu vc th trn Tru Qu, cc thng tin thu thp t 40 h gia nh ny bao gm cc thng tin c nhn ca ch h v cc thnh vin trong mt h, cc thng tin lin quan n thc trng tiu dng rau hng ngy ca cc h gia nh iu tra. Qua tng hp v phn tch, cho kt qu di y.(ch rng y l cc kt qu phn tch t ch h ca cc h gia nh ni chung qua iu tra) 4.1.1. tui ca ch h iu tra Khi xem xt tnh trng cuc sng ca cc h dn trn a bn th trn ni chung v cc h gia nh ni ring chng ti tin hnh phn tch mt s cc yu t lin quan n bn thn ca tng c nhn. tui l mt yu t quan trng trong cuc sng c nhn ca mi ngi tui nh hng c bit ti sc khe ca mi ngi, kho st vn ny chng ti tin hnh phng vn ngi dn vi mt s cc cu hi trong c lin quan n tnh trng tui ca h. Trn tt c 40 h gia nh c iu tra trn a bn th trn Tru Qu c tng cng 40 ngi c iu tra ( l cc ch h gia nh). Kt qu cho thy vi ch tiu tui t l ngi c tui t 21 ti 61 chim u th hn c vi t l 72,5% y l tui ang trong giai on c kh nng lm vic v c thu nhp, bn cnh nhu cu tiu dng cc sn phm ni chung v sn phm rau ni ring ca h l cao hn so vi ngi cao tui v tr em. nh gi t thc trng ch h ny cho thy rng t l s ngi trn a bn th trn Tru Qu ang lm vic v c thu nhp l kh cao, vic lm n

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nh v mc thu nhp n nh l iu kin cn thit cho nhu cu v rau an ton ca h. 4.1.2. Trnh hc vn ca ch h iu tra Vi s liu iu tra thu thp c, tin hnh phn chia trnh hc vn ca ch h thnh bn bc chng ti a ra mi s nhn xt nh sau: Trnh hc vn ht cp III tng i cao vi 23 ngi hc ht cp III, chim t l 57,5%. Trnh hc vn ht cp II chim 17%, khng c ch h no khng c hc vn. y l mt ch tiu hon ton quan trng n nh hng ln ti thu nhp ca ch h bn cnh cng nh hng ti nhn thc ca h v rau an ton v khng an ton. 4.1.3 Tnh trng ngh nghip v hn nhn ca ch h iu tra Thc trng v vic lm ca 40 h c iu tra cho ta nhn xt nh sau: T l ch h c vic lm vi s liu iu tra l tng i cao vi t l 97,2 % tng ng vi 39 ngi, y l nhng ngi c thu nhp. iu cho thy tng th nhng h iu tra phn ln l nhng ch h c vic lm nhng ch yu l lao ng ph thng vi 13 ngi chim 33,33%. Cho nn p lc v thu nhp l ln hn so vi cc ch h khc.

34

Bng 4.1 : Thng tin chung v ch h gia nh. Ch tiu S lng T 60 tr ln 6 T 40 60 29 Tui T 20 - 40 5 Di 20 0 Tng 40 Khng bng cp 0 Tiu hc 0 Hc vn THCS 17 THPT 23 Tng 40 Nam 32 Gii tnh N 8 Tng Hn nhn Tng

T l (%) 12 72,5 12,5 0 100 0 0 42,5 57,5 100 50 50

Ngh nghip

Tng

40 100 lp gia nh 40 100 Cha lp gia nh 0 0 40 100 Tht nghip 0 0 Ni tr 1 2,5 LPT 13 32,5 CNVC ngoi cng lp 7 17,5 CNVC nh nc 8 20 Kinh doanh 4 10 Khc 7 17,5 40 100 (Ngun: Kt qu iu tra h gia nh 2010)

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4.2. THC TRNG TIU DNG CC SN PHM RAU HNG NGY CA CC H GIA NH.
Trong thc t nhu cu tiu dng rau ca ngi dn khng hn l nhng g h ni ra m l nhng g h mua v trc tip s dng hng ngy. i su vo nghin cu bng cch thu thp thng tin v cc sn phm rau tiu dng hng ngy chng ti thy rng tt c cc h gia nh u c chung mt s c im quan trng sau trong hnh vi tiu dng cc sn phm rau: + Lng ln rau c tiu th l rau xanh + Cc loi rau thng c s dng l cc loi rau mang tnh ph bin trn a bn v chu nh hng bi yu t ma v + S lng rau mua thng l cho c mt ngy s dng, v khng theo tiu ch cn nng m mua theo m, b, qu... + Ni mua c chn a phn l cc ni thun tin i li. + S chng loi rau tiu dng ca mt h gia nh ni ring v c bn l khng a dng. + Mt yu t rt quan trng l nhng ngi bn rau di ng t ra kh quan trng trong vic cung ng rau cho cc h gia nh, h cung ng mt t l kh cao lng rau cho cc h gia nh hng ngy. + Cc loi rau mang tnh ph bin v gi r c a thch hn so vi cc loi rau khc t v t ph bin. + Gi cc loi rau cc khu vc bn khc nhau l t chnh lch. Thc trng tiu dng rau trn th trng khu vc th trn Tru Qu cho thy y l mt th trng tiu dng ln vi nhu cu tiu dng cc sn phm rau cao, nhu cu tiu dng rau ca cc h tiu dng b chi phi bi nhiu yu t tuy nhin y l mt th trng c nh l t b bin ng v tnh thit yu t cc sn phm rau.

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4.3. THC TRNG NHU CU TIU DNG RAU AN TON CA CC H IU TRA V CC YU T NH HNG TI NHU CU TIU DNG RAU AN TON.
4.3.1. Thc trng nhu cu tiu dng rau an ton ca cc h gia nh iu tra. Trong tng s 40 h c phng vn c 40 h c nhu cu rau an ton chim t l 100%. iu ny cho thy nhu cu tiu dng rau an ton ca cc h dn trn a bn Th trn Tru Qu l rt ln. C th thy rng nhu cu ny hon ton hp l khi thc ca ngi dn ngy cng cao v mc nguy hi ti sc khe do d lng thuc bo v thc vt cc cht ha hc tn ti trong rau khi con ngi s dng. Thc tin iu tra cho thy trong tng s cc h gia nh c phng vn v nh hng ca d lng thuc BVTV gy ti cho con ngi, c 45% kin cho rng nh hng t thuc BVTV gy ti cho con ngi l rt nghim trng, 55% kin cho rng nh hng l nghim trng v khng c kin no cho rng d lng thuc BVTV t nh hng hoc khng gy nh hng g ti con ngi. Nh vy, vic cung ng rau an ton trn a bn th trn Tru Qu l hon ton c kh nng thc hin c, ngi dn u c thc v nhu cu c s dng rau an ton. Mt khc, trn a bn th trn c trng i hc Nng Nghip H Ni, l trng i u trong nhng cng tc pht trin, nghin cu v ng dng cng ngh mi cho lnh vc nng nghip nng thn cho nn ngi dn c nhng k vng v mt th trng rau tt hn cc khu vc khc. y cng chnh l li th cho vic pht trin rau an ton y.

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4.3.2. Cc yu t nh ti nhu cu tiu dng rau an ton ca cc h iu tra. Trong thc t c rt nhiu cc yu t nh hng ti nhu cu rau an ton ca cc khch hng, cc yu t ny c th k n nh : mc thu nhp, nhn thc v sc khe i vi cc sn phm rau an ton, cc yu t v s thch, cc yu t v nh cung ng Trong phm vi nghin cu ca ti chng ti phn tch v ch ra mt s cc yu t c bn nh hng ti nhu cu tiu dng rau an ton ca ngi tiu dng trn a bn, bao gm: Mc thu nhp bnh qun u ngi (i); S thch v cc loi rau tiu dng hng ngy (ii); Tiu ch quan trng v sn phm rau quyt nh chn mua (iii); Tiu ch quan trng dnh cho ca hng/ ngi bn rau quyt nh mua (iiii); Mc sn sng chi tr cao hn cho cc sn phm rau an ton (iiiii) 4.3.2.1. Mc thu nhp bnh qun u ngi: Mt trong nhng yu t kh quan trng quyt nh n bt k hnh vi mua no ca ngi tiu dng cng u cn xt n l mc thu nhp bnh qun u ngi, v mt l thuyt, i vi cc hng ho thng thng, khi thu nhp bnh qun ca mi ngi c ci thin th mc chi tiu i vi hng ho s tng, thu nhp bnh qun gim th mc chi tiu gim, i vi nhng hng ho thit yu th c th khng gy nh hng nhiu. y, chng ta ang xt n s nh hng ca mc thu nhp bnh qun i vi nhu cu s dng sn phm rau an ton, y c th coi l mt loi hng ho xa s i vi nhng ngi tiu dng bi so vi mt bng chung th gi c n cao hn cc loi rau thng thng khc. T , v mt l thuyt th thu nhp bnh qun tng, nhu cu c s dng nhng sn phm rau an ton s tng. phn tch iu ny, trc ht ta s phi phn chia mc thu nhp ca ngi dn thnh cc mc nh gi, phn tch.
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Tng hp li ton b cc phiu iu tra, chng ti nhn thy thu nhp ca cc h trn a bn th trn Tru Qu dao ng trong khong t 0,5 triu n 3,6 triu ng/ngi/thng. T , chng ti s chia lm 5 mc tng ng vi 5 khong thu nhp bnh qun nh bng bn di. Vic phn t ny s c s dng cho nhng phn tch cc yu t nh hng v sau ca bi nghin cu. Bng 4.2 Thng tin v thu nhp bnh qun hng thng ca cc h. Mc thu nhp S h C cu (%) T 0,5 -> 1,12 triu / ngi/ 13 32,50 thng T 1,12 -> 1,74 triu / 16 40,50 ngi/ thng T 1,74 -> 2,36 triu / 6 15,0 ngi/ thng T 2,36 -> 2,98 triu / 3 7,50 ngi/ thng T 2,98 -> 3,60 triu / 2 5,00 ngi/ thng Tng 40 100 (Ngun: Kt qu iu tra h gia nh 2010) Theo quyt nh s 592/Q-UBND v vic ban hnh chun ngho, cn ngho ca H Ni giai on 2009 2013 Theo , chun ngho p dng vi khu vc thnh th l nhng h c mc thu nhp bnh qun t 500.000 ng/ngi/thng tr xung; i vi khu vc nng thn t 330.000 ng/ngi/thng tr xung. V chun cn ngho, ti khu vc thnh th, nhng h c mc thu nhp bnh qun trn 500.000 ng/ngi/thng n 650.000 ng/ngi/thng. Ti nng thn, mc trn l trn 330.000 ng/ngi/thng n 430.000 ng/ngi/thng. Nh vy vi mc thu nhp trn khu vc Th trn Tru Qu c mc thu nhp kh cao.. Nh vy vi mc thu nhp trn khu vc Th trn Tru Qu c mc thu nhp kh cao, khng c h no b ri vo din ngho trong s liu chng ti iu tra. Mc thu nhp

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trung bnh ca mt h cao nht l 42,5% mc thu nhp 1,12 -> 1,74 triu VN/ngi/thng. Qua , ta c th nhn nh vi gi thit l thuyt nh trn rng, nhu cu s dng rau an ton ca a bn l rt c trin vng cho rau an ton. 4.3.2.2. S thch v cc loi rau tiu dng hng ngy. Mt yu t khc chng ti cho rng c th nh hng n vic la chn sn phm rau an ton ca ngi dn trn a bn th trn l s thch tiu dng rau ca h. Thi quen cng s thch ring ca mi h gia nh cng c th nh hng ln n vic lc chn hay khng rau an ton. Mt th d n gin rng h c nhu cu rau an ton, xong li l loi rau m h khng h thch n, hay thm ch ght n th cho d cht lng rau c t cao n u th kh nng tiu dng loi rau l khng cao cht no. Vic phn tch yu t ny c th cho ta bit s thch v thi quen ca h khi s dng rau, ng thi a ra nh hng v sau cho cc loi rau an ton xm nhp vo th trng ny trong tng lai. Bng 4.3 loi rau m gia nh hay n nht. Ch tiu Rau c, qu Rau thn l Rau qua ch bin Rau khc Tng S h C cu % 8 20 28 70 0 0 4 10 40 100 (ngun: Kt qu iu tra h gia nh 2010)

Trong 40 h c phng vn ca Th trn Tru Qu v loi rau m gia nh hay n nht th c ti 70% kin cho rng h n nhiu nht l rau thn l, tuy nhin theo cc nh khoa hc v nhiu bo co nghin cu v an ton ca cc loi rau th rau thn l hin nay c an ton khng cao cho sc khe con ngi s dng nhiu loi thuc BVTV. Cc loi rau qua ch bin v
40

rau khc khng c u thch i vi ngi s dng iu ny phn nh thng qua kin ca 40 h gia nh c phng vn, theo khng c h gia nh la chn cc loi rau ny l rau u thch ca mnh. C th ni rng nhu cu v rau ca cc h gia nh khng a dng, do vic p ng l kh d dng v chng loi. Bng s liu cho thy hin trng la chn s dng rau trn a bn hin ti vn ang l u tin rau thn l, do , cc sn phm an ton khi a vo thi trng ca a bn nn c xu hng tp trung vo loi rau ny, mt khc, bng cng cho thy nhu cu s dng nhng loi rau c qu, c bit l rau qua ch bin cha cao, y l c hi cho rau an ton m ra mt th trng ring, tn dng phn khc th trng ny. 4.3.2.3. Tiu ch quan trng v sn phm rau quyt nh chn mua. Yu t thu nhp l yu t ch quan ca ngi mua rau, tuy nhin nh hng ti hnh vi tiu dng ca cc h cn c cc tiu ch khch quan iu ny th hin chnh c im ca cc sn phm rau m ngi tiu dng c th trc tip cm nhn c hoc bit r v chng. Qua nghin cu c im ca cc sn phm rau, c v nghin cu hnh vi tiu dng ca khch hng chng ti a ra 6 tiu ch nh hng ti quyt nh chn mua rau ca cc h iu tra (Bng 4.4)

41

Bng 4.4 Tiu ch quan trng quyt nh chn mua rau. Ch tiu S h C cu % Hnh thc p 20 38,46 Sn phm thn thin vi mi trng 1 1,92 Bit r thng tin ngun gc 18 34,62 Gi c hp l 9 17,31 Khc 2 3,85 Khng r 2 3,85 (Ngun: Kt qu iu tra h gia nh 2010) Bng 4.4 cho thy tiu ch quan trng nht i vi cc h gia nh c phng vn l Hnh thc p vi t l kin ng l 38,46%. Bn cnh Bit r thng tin ngun gc cng l mt yu t kh quan trng nh hng ti quyt nh chn mua rau ca h ( 34,62%) kin ng . Nh vy, i vi hu ht ngi tiu dng mua rau trn a bn, h hu nh ch trng vo vic mua rau bng quan st bng mt thng, r rng vic nhn nh ny kh c th a n quyt nh chnh xc song y cng l gii php tt nht m ngi tiu dng c th lm la chn. Kt hp vi bit r thng tin ngun gc rau s gip h an tm hn khi s dng. Nhng iu trn cho thy ngi tiu dng trn a bn vn c nhng nghi ngi v cht lng cc loi rau trn th trng v h vn phi a ra nhng nhn nh trc quan nh gi mt sn phm rau m trc ht l m bo cht lng. Qua , c th m rng ra i vi cc sn phm rau an ton. Tt nhin, rau an ton l phi m bo cht lng nhng khng th khng trnh khi s so snh ca ngi tiu dng gia rau an ton v rau thng, m th hin r nt trc nht chnh l nhng g h c th nhn thy c v mt hnh thc, c th bit c ngun gc. Do , rau an ton nu c cung ng ra th trng ny cng phi m bo nhng yu t quan trng trn m ngi tiu dng la chn trong bng iu tra. Tuy nhin vn cn c khng t cc kin cho rng h a thch cc loi rau c gi c hp l, n cho thy h vn cn s nghi ngi v ng tin h b ra c xng ng vi cht lng m rau h mua em li khng. Bn cnh
42

vn c cc kin quyt nh mua rau m khng r v kin khc chim ti 7,7% h vn mua rau m khng r ngun gc xut x ca cc loi rau, c th h vn b phn vn khi cha bit la chn nh th no l hp l. Rau an ton s c th l gii php cho h c thm nh hng c th hn v cht lng hoc cng c th em li thm la chn cho h, t h s d dng hn trong vic la chn loi rau mong mun. 4.3.2.4. Tiu ch quan trng dnh cho ca hng/ ngi bn rau quyt nh mua.
Bn cnh cc yu t nh cht lng, hnh thc ca sn phm, vic la chn ca hng nh th no p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng rau cng l mt yu t c nh hng n quyt nh mua ca h. y cng l mt tiu ch mang tnh

khch quan nh hng ti hnh vi tiu dng ca cc c nhn khi i mua rau. Cc yu t thuc v ca hng/ngi bn theo chng ti l c bit quan trong v trong thc t rau l mt sn phm mang tnh thit yu, qu trnh mua rau mang tnh thng xuyn do s c mt mi quan h cht ch gia ngi bn v ngi mua. Bng 4.5 Tiu ch quan trng nht la chn ca hng, quy hng bn rau Ch tiu Ca hng ngi quen Thun tin cho i li Do ngi khc ch nh gii thiu Thun tin cho i li la chn sn phm Quy rau vi a dng chng loi Khc S h 25 3 1 1 10 40 C cu 62,50% 7,50% 2,50% 2,50% 25,00% 100,00%

43

(Ngun: Kt qu iu tra h gia nh 2010) Bng 4.5 biu th 6 yu t pht sinh t ca hng ngi bn nh hng ti quyt nh mua ca ngi tiu dng. C 2 yu t nh hng ln nht l Ca hng ngi quen v Quy rau vi a dng chng loi trong ca hng ngi quen c bit c cc h quan tm vi 62,50% kin la chn. iu ny c th c l gii rng h t thay i mi trng mua ca mnh v cng cho thy s gn b ca h vi cc ni bn m h thch hoc tin tng. Bn cnh vn c lng ln ngi la chn quy bn hng vi a dng chng loi vi 10 ngi chim 25%, iu ny cho thy s a dng chng loi cng c ngi tiu dng ch . Nhng yu t c ngi tiu dng ra la chn nhiu nht a chng ta n nhn nh rng: nhng ngi mua rau lun ch trng n vic la chn nhng ca hng rau m h mua s dng rau nhiu ln v h c th cht lng rau nhiu ln, cht lng c m bo, ca hng cng c t c nh to nn nim tin cho h, thng qua mi quan h , h cng bit c nhng tiu ch m h nh gi cao trn nh l ngun gc, la chn d dng hnh thc rau. Cng vi , vic ca hng a dng chng loi s gip h tit kim c thi gian v thun tin cho i li hn v do ngi khc ch nh chim 12,5% . Tm li, mt ca hng p ng tt nhu cu ca ngi dn trn a bn theo nh gi t l c uy tn, gy nim tin cho ngi tiu dng ng thi a dng ha nhiu loi sn phm. Nhng yu t ny khng ch quan trng i vi ca hng bn rau thng m n cng l yu t c bn i vi ca hng bn rau ni chung v c th s l rau an ton ni ring trong tng lai. 4.3.2.5. Mc sn sng chi tr cao hn cho cc sn phm rau an ton v rau hu c. Trong thc t nhu cu ca con ngi l v hn tuy nhin h li b rng buc bi ngn sch c hn ca mnh
44

 phn tch s dng buc ca thu nhp i vi kh nng sn sng chi tr ca cc h gia nh i vi cc sn phm rau an ton, rau hu c mt khi n c bn trn th trng ca khu vc th trn Tru Qu, chng ti tin hnh iu tra mc sn sng chi tr ca h cho cc sn phm ny. a, i vi cc sn phm l rau an ton. C 5 mc sn sng chi tr cao hn cho sn phm rau an ton so vi rau thng do chng ti thit k sn phng vn h tiu dng rau l : - Mc tr cao hn 0% cho sn phm RAT - Mc tr cao hn 0 - 5% cho sn phm RAT - Mc tr cao hn 5 - 10% cho sn phm RAT - Mc tr cao hn 10 - 15% cho sn phm RAT - Mc tr cao hn 15 - 20% cho sn phm RAT - Mc tr cao hn 20% cho sn phm RAT Thng thng vi cc sn phm tiu dng thit yu trn th trng cc khch hng lun mun mua vi mc gi r nht c th, trong trng hp ny vi cc sn phm rau an ton chng ta s xem hnh vi ca cc khch hng ra sao thng qua vic a ra mc gi cho h sn sng tr c th mua c sn phm. Bng 4.6 Mc gi sn sng chi tr cao hn cho sn phm rau an ton so vi rau thng Mc cao hn n v tnh S h 0 0-5 5 10 10 15 15 20 >20 % % % % % % C cu %

0 0 12 30 9 22,5 9 22,5 8 20 2 5 (Ngun: Kt qu iu tra h gia nh 2010)

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Biu 2: C cu sn sng chi tr cao hn cho sn phm rau an ton ca cc h iu tra

Biu c cu sn sng chi tr cao hn cho sn phm rau an ton ca cc h iu tra
35.00% 30.00% 25.00% C cu(%) 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 0 - 5% 5 10% 10 15% 15 20% >20% 5.00% 30.00%

22.50%

22.50% 20.00%

C cu

Mc sn sng chi tr cao hn

(Ngun: Kt qu iu tra h gia nh 2010) Bng 4.6 phn nh mc sn sng chi tr cao hn cho rau an ton so vi rau thng ca cc h tiu dng c phng vn. Ln hn 20% so vi gi rau thng l mc gi tham kho chng ti a ra thm d kin ca 40 h tiu dng. Kt qu cho thy c 30,0% s h chp nhn tr gi cao hn 0 5% so vi rau thng c tiu dng sn phm rau an ton. Bn cnh c khong 65% s h sn sng tr mc gi cao hn rau thng trong khong t 5 20%. y l tn hiu rt ng mng v hnh vi ny khng ch th hin thc ca ngi tiu dng v mc nguy
46

hi ca rau thng ngy m nhu cu ca h bin thnh cu thc s. c bit khng c h no tr tr gi rau an ton bng vi mc rau thng v c 5% h chp nhn tr gi vi sn phm rau an ton cao hn rau thng vi mc > 20%, th hin s nhn thc ngy cng cao ca ngi tiu dng v sn phm rau an ton, h c thc v v sc khe ca mnh khi sn sng chi tr cao hn c c sn phm an ton cho bn thn. Biu 2 th hin mi quan h gia mc sn sng chi tr cao hn cho sn phm rau an ton vi c cu trn tng s cc h iu tra. Nhn vo th nu mc sn sng chi tr cng tng th t l s h la chn cng gim, th hin xu th bin ng tt yu ca nhu cu khi c s thay i v gi. b, i vi cc sn phm rau hu c. Cng nh rau an ton rau hu c mang tnh an ton rt cao cho ngi s dng tuy nhin vi c th quy trnh sn xut v kim nh nghim ngt rau hu c c gi cao hn so vi rau an ton, di y chng ti kim nh nhu cu v rau hu c ca cc h tiu dng bng h thng cc thang o . o mc sn lng chi tr cho sn phm rau hu c ca cc h tiu dng chng ti a ra 6 mc sn lng chi tr cho sn phm rau hu c so vi rau thng bao gm: - Mc tr cao hn 0% cho sn phm rau hu c - Mc tr cao hn 0 - 10% cho sn phm rau hu c - Mc tr cao hn 10 20% cho sn phm rau hu c - Mc tr cao hn 20 - 30% cho sn phm rau hu c - Mc tr cao hn 30 - 40% cho sn phm rau hu c - Mc tr cao hn 40% cho sn phm rau hu c Di y l kt qu thu c t qu trnh iu tra 40 h gia nh:

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Bng 4.7 Mc gi sn sng chi tr cao hn cho sn phm rau hu c so vi rau thng Mc sn lng chi tr cao hn 0 0- 10 10- 20 20- 30 30 40 >40 n v tnh % % % % % % S h C cu %

0 0 11 27,5 9 22,5 8 20 6 15 6 15 (Ngun: Kt qu iu tra h gia nh 2010)

Biu 3: C cu sn sng chi tr cao hn cho sn phm rau hu c ca cc h iu tra

Biu c cu sn sng chi tr cao hn cho sn phm rau hu c ca cc h iu tra
30.00% 25.00% C cu (%) 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0% 0- 10% 10 - 20% 20- 30% 30 40% >40% 27.50% 22.50% 20.00% 15.00% 15.00%

C cu %

Mc sn sng chi tr cao hn

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(Ngun: Kt qu iu tra h gia nh 2010) Bng 4.7 cho bit mc sn sng chi tr cao hn ca h tiu dng rau cho sn phm rau hu c, kt qu tng hp cho thy trong s 40 h khng c h no la chn mc tr gi cho cc sn phm rau hu c bng vi mc rau thng, iu ny cho thy nhn thc ca ngi dn v cc sn phm rau hu c, h sn sng chi tr cao hn c cc sn phm an ton. C th: c 11 h sn sng tr mc gi cao hn t 0- 10% chim t l 27,5% cao nht trong s cc kin, sau l mc sn sng tr cao hn 10- 40% so vi mc rau thng vi kin la chn ca 23 h tiu dng chim t l 57,5%. Ngoi ra c 15% s h chp nhn tr vi sn phm rau hu c cao hn rau thng ti hn 40%. C mt nhn nh rng c th mt b phn ngi dn cn m h v khi nim rau hu c tuy nhin vi sn phm rau an ton l nn tng h hon ton n nhn sn phm rau hu c, mc d gi ca n l khng r trn th trng. Phn tch cng cho thy rng t l cc kin la chn sn sng tr mc gi cao c th c tiu dng sn phm rau an ton v rau hu c, n th hin a s cc h dn mun s dng cc sn phm rau tt cho sc khe ca mnh v h sn sng chi tr mc gi cao khuyn khch cc nh sn xut em bn cc sn phm rau an ton ny trn th trng mt cch t tin hn. T cc phn tch nu trn cho thy rng c mt t l kh cao cc kin la chn sn sng tr mc gi cao c th c tiu dng sn phm rau an ton hoc rau hu c, cng phi thy rng th trn Tru Qu c nhu cu tiu dng rau an ton rt ln, kt qu phn tch c th ha nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng bng vic sn lng tr gi cao tiu dng cc sn phm ny. nh gi biu 3: Biu ny phn nh v mi quan h gia mc sn sng chi tr cao hn cho sn phm rau hu c ca cc h iu tra, khi i vo so snh vi mc sn sng chi tr cho sn phm rau an ton th hin biu 2 th ta thy i vi rau hu c cng phn nh mt xu th chung l mc sn
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sng chi tr gim khi gi rau hu c tng ln, tun theo quy lut cung cu ca nn kinh t.

4.3.3. Phn tch mi quan h gia mc thu nhp v nhu cu sn sng chi tr cao hn mc bnh thng i vi cc sn phm rau hu c v rau an ton. 4.3.3.1. Mi quan h gia mc thu nhp v nhu cu sn sng chi tr cao hn mc bnh thng i vi cc sn phm rau an ton. Tin hnh so snh gia hai ch tiu l mc thu nhp vi nhu cu chi tr cao hn mc bnh thng i vi cc sn phm rau an ton. Bng 4.8 Quan h gia thu nhp bnh qun u ngi v mc sn sng chi tr cao hn (%) vi sn phm rau an ton Mc tr cao hn (%) 0 0-5 5- 10 10- 15 15-20 >20 Tng S h 0 12 9 9 8 2 40 T 0,5 -> 1,12 triu /ngi/ thng x 5 3 2 3 x 13 T 1,12 T 1,74 T 2,36 -> -> 1,74 -> 2,36 2,98 triu triu triu /ngi/ /ngi/th /ngi/ thng ng thng T 2,98 -> 3,60 triu / ngi/ thng

x x x x 4 3 x x 4 1 1 x 5 2 x x 3 x 2 x x x x 2 16 6 3 2 (Ngun: Kt qu iu tra h gia nh 2010) T bng s liu trn cho chng ta nhn xt nh sau: Trong khong thu nhp bnh qun t 0,5 n 1,12 triu, h la chn

mc chi tr cao hn rau thng t 0 10% , khng c h no trong khon thu nhp ny la chn mc chi tr cao hn 20%.

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Trong khong thu nhp bnh qun t 1,12 n 1,74 triu, cc h cng ch yu la chn khong cao hn t 0 n 15%, cao hn nhm trn, tuy nhin, vn cha c h no la chn mc tr cao nht l trn 20%. Trong khong thu nhp trung bnh t 1,74 n 2,36 triu, cc h cng la chn ch yu mc cao hn t 0 n 15% Trong khong thu nhp trung bnh t 2,36 n 2,98 triu, cc h la chn mc 5 n 10% v 15 n 20% Trong khong thu nhp trung bnh t 2,98 n 3,60 triu, cc h u la chn mc chi tr cao nht trn 20% C th ni rng hu ht cc h iu tra u sn sng chi tr cao hn cho cc sn phm rau an ton t 5 20%. N khng ch phn nh mi quan h t l thun gia thu nhp v kh nng sn sng chi tr m phn tch ch ra hin trng nhu cu tiu dng rau an ton ca cc h ti u thng qua s liu ca cc h iu tra. T nhng phn tch trn cho ta nhn xt mt cch trc quan l mc thu nhp bnh qun c s nh hng ti mc sn lng tri tr cho sn phm rau an ton. Vi nhng nhm ngi c mc thu nhp bnh qun khng phi l cao ch khong t 1,00- 2,00 triu ng trn mt thng h chp nhn chi tr cho rau an ton cao hn, nhng h vn phi xem xt n mc thu nhp ca mnh cho nn vic chp nhn mc chi tr cao hn cng nhiu mc khc nhau v ch yu h chp nhn vi nhng mc t 5- 20%. Vi nhng nhm ngi c mc thu nhp bnh qun hng thng cao hn h thng chp nhn gi cao hn, h c th chp nhn chi tr gi cao hn 20% c th c tiu dng sn phm rau an ton 4.3.3.2. Mi quan h gia mc thu nhp v nhu cu sn sng chi tr cao hn mc bnh thng i vi cc sn phm rau hu c Tin hnh so snh gia hai ch tiu l mc thu nhp vi nhu cu chi tr cao hn mc bnh thng i vi cc sn phm rau hu c.
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Bng 4.9 Quan h gia thu nhp bnh qun u ngi v mc sn sng chi tr cao hn (%) vi sn phm rau hu c T 1,12 -> 1,74 triu / ngi/ thng x 4 3 3 4 2 16 T 1,74 -> 2,36 triu / ngi/ thng T 2,36 -> 2,98 triu / ngi/ thng

Mc tr cao hn (%) 0 0-10 10- 20 20-30 30-40 >40 Tng 0 11 9 8 6 6 40 S h

T 0,5 -> 1,12 triu / ngi/ thng x 5 1 5 1 1 13

T 2,98 -> 3,60 triu / ngi/ thng

x x x 2 x x 3 2 x x 1 x x x 1 1 x 1 6 3 2 (Ngun: Kt qu iu tra h gia nh 2010)

T bng trn, ta thy: Trong khong thu nhp bnh qun t 0,5 n 1,12 triu, h la chn mc chi tr cao hn rau thng t 0 10% v 20 30%, c rt t h trong khon thu nhp ny la chn mc chi tr cao hn mc ny. cho thy nhng h c thu nhp thp, h vn sn sng chi tr cao hn sn phm rau thng nhng vic thu nhp bnh qun ca h khng cao chnh v th mc sn sng chi tr s c phn hn ch. Trong khong thu nhp bnh qun t 1,12 n 1,74 triu, cc h cng ch yu la chn khong cao hn t 10 n 40%, cao hn mc thu nhp trung bnh ca khong thu nhp trn, cng mt s h la chn mc tr cao hn 40%, mc thu nhp ca cc h gia nh tng ln cho nn mc sn sng chi tr ca cc h ny cao hn vi mc sn sng chi tr ca cc h c thu nhp t 0,5 -> 1,12 triu / ngi/ thng. Cho thy khi mc thu nhp bnh qun ca ngi dn tng ln th mc sn lng chi tr cho sn phm rau hu c cng tng, h
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s bt phi tnh ton hn khi la chn sn phm hu c c li v sc khe cho bn thn v ngi thn trong gia nh. Trong khong thu nhp trung bnh t 1,74 n 2,36 triu, cc h cng la chn ch yu mc cao hn t 0 n 20%, Trong khong thu nhp trung bnh t 2,36 n 2,98 triu, cc h ch yu la chn mc 10 n 30% Trong khong thu nhp trung bnh t 2,98 n 3,60 triu, cc h u la chn mc chi tr cao t 30 n 40% v trn 40%, y l nhng h c mc thu nhp cao hn c nn vic sn sng chi tr vi mc gi cao hn 40% v trn 40% so vi rau thng c s dng rau hu c cng khng lm h phi bn khon nhiu v so vi mc thu nhp ca h vic phi tr thm mt s tin khng phi l ln m c th m bo sc khe ca bn thn v nhng ngi trong gia nh th hc s vui lng chp nhn mc gi . Qua nhng phn tch trn, ta cao th nhn thy, mc d mt hng rau hu c cha xut hin trn th trng hin nay nhng trong qu trnh iu tra v gii thch v sn phm hu c ngi dn cng c nhng nhn thc c bn ban u v rau hu c v c nhng mc chp nhn gi bao nhiu c tiu dng rau hu c nu trn th trng c sn phm ny. Theo iu tra cho thy thu nhp bnh qun ca cc h iu tra c nh hng n vic sn sng chi tr cao hn s dng rau hu c. S nh hng ny c th nhn thy r rng cc mc thu nhp thp v thu nhp cao, c ngha l c s chnh lch v thu nhp ln, nhng h thu nhp bnh qun thp ch yu la chn mc cao hn 0 n 10, mt s la chn 20 n 30%, trong khi , nhng h c thu nhp cao sn sng la chn mc cao t 40% tr ln c s dng sn phm rau hu c. y cng l c hi m rng v pht trin th trng rau hu c trn a bn, trc ht l nhm vo i tng c thu nhp cao ri tin dn n nhng nhm c thu nhp thp hn trn a bn th trn Tru Qu trong thi gian ti.
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PHN V: KT LUN V MT S KIN NGH

5.1. KT LUN
Rau l mt sn phm thit yu vi i sng ca con ngi n cn tr nn cn thit hn khi l sn phm rau an ton bi v cc sn phm ny nh hng trc tip ti sc khe ca ngi s dng. Nghin cu bng cch iu tra trc tip cho thy nhu cu tiu dng cc sn phm rau an ton trn a bn th trn Tru Qu l rt ln. iu ny cho thy rau an ton ang l mt sn phm hin ang rt c a chung trn th trng khu vc H Ni ni chung v khu vc th trn Tru Qu ni ring. Nghin cu cc yu t nh hng ti nhu cu tiu dng rau, qu cho thy c rt nhiu yu t nh hng ti quyt nh tiu dng sn phm rau, qu ca ngi dn th trn Tru Qu, mt s cc yu t nh hng kh mnh nh yu t v s thch, yu t v ca hng ngi bn. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh phn tch cho thy cc yu t nh hng ti nhu cu rau an ton l khng r rng, nhu cu v sn phm rau an ton l kh cao v t chu nh hng bi cc y\u t nh nh hng ti sn phm rau bnh thng. Do hn ch v thi gian v cn thiu kinh nghim trong nghin cu thc tin trong qu trnh thc hin ti khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, xong y cng l kt qu ca s c gng v phn u khng ngng ca nhm chng ti. Nhm xin c nhn nhng kin nh gi, gp kin ca thy c gio ca cc c nhn quan tm ti vn m chng ti ang nghin cu ti ny ca chng ti c hon thin hn.

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5.2. MT S KIN NGH

Trc thc trng nhu cu tiu dng rau an ton trn a bn th trn Tru Qu v cc yu t nh hng ti nhu cu tiu dng rau an ton ca ngi tiu dng trn a bn chng ti xin a ra mt s kin ngh sau: - Cn sm b xung v hon thin h thng t chc qun l cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm i vi cc mt hng thc phm ni chung v cc sn phm rau, c, qu ni ring. Xy dng cc h thng gim st, kim sot trt tr vic bun bn v tiu th cc loi sn phm rau, c, qu khng r ngun gc xut x. - Cn khuyn co c bit hn na ti ngi tiu dng v mc nguy hi ca vic tiu dng cc sn phm rau cha qua kim nh khng an ton trn th trng hin nay. - i vi cc doanh nghip, cc c s sn xut mun tham gia cung ng cc sn phm rau an ton trn th trng cn nm bt r nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng trn a bn c bit l cc yu t nh hng ti hnh vi tiu dng ca h t c cc chnh sch bn hng ph hp va c li cho chnh c s sn xut, va c li cho khch hng. - Trn a bn th trn Tru Qu, t thc trng ca qu trnh nghin cu cc doanh nghip v cc c s sn xut mun tham gia vo th trng ny cn: Trc ht cn phi xy dng mt h thng sn xut v cung ng rau sch, rau an ton hon chnh, p ng k vng ca ngi tiu dng v tin cy, gi c hp l. Mng li cung cp t khu sn xut n khu tiu th cn c mt quy chun nht nh m bo cho sn phm rau l an ton. c bit phi ly c lng tin ca khch hng.

55

V chng loi sn phm; vi c im tm l ngi tiu dng ca a phng nn tp trung cung cp cc loi rau thn l, cc loi rau c, qu nhm p ng th hiu ca ngi dn trong vng. V mt hnh thc sn phm: nn tp trung vo ch tiu an ton ca sn phm v cung cp thng tin ngun gc ca sn phm rau mt cch r rng cho ngi tiu dng khi cung ng sn phm trn th trng, ngoi ra v mt hnh thc ca sn phm cng nn ch trng n khu vn chuyn bo qun gip sn phm p ng c th hiu ca khch hng v mt hnh thc, v gi c cng nn cn i hp l trong cc khu c th bn sn phm vi gi c hp l nht. Thng xuyn c nhng bui gii thiu tip xc vi khch hng nhm tng kh nng nhn thc ca ngi tiu dng v sn phm rau to c s kt ni gia nhng nh cung ng rau an ton vi ngi dn a phng nhm y mnh vic tiu dng sn phm rau an ton v cc sn phm thc phm sch ni chung Ngay trong cc ch, cc ca hng cn c v tr c nh, em li s quen thuc cho khch hng ng thi tng uy tn ca ca hng.

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TI LIU THAM KHO Mette Wier and Carmen Calverley. Oct 2002. Market potential for organic foods in Europe. Source: http://orgprints.org/100/ Phm Vn Chng, Gordon Rogers, Phm Hng Cng. 2008. Mi lin kt gia nghin cu, sn xut v tiu th sn phm m bo sn phm rau qu an ton, cht lng cao cho ngi tiu dng. Bi Th Gia. 2001. Nhng bin php ch yu nhm pht trin sn xut rau huyn Gia Lm, H Ni. Lun n tin s kinh t, trng i hc nng nghip H Ni. Ng Th Nhun. 2003. Thc trng sn xut v tiu th rau an ton x Vn Hi, huyn ng Anh, thnh ph H Ni. Tp ch KHKT Nng Nghip, Tp 1, s 2/2003. Nguyn Th Ngc n. 2007. nh gi hin trng nhim ch (Pb) trong rau xanh thnh ph H Ch Minh (TP.HCM). Tp ch pht trin KHCN, Tp 10, s 07-2007. TS. Trn Th Ba. 2008. Chui cung ng rau ng bng sng Cu Long theo hng GAP. Trn Khc Thi. 2007. Sn xut rau an ton Vit Nam Hin trng v gii php k thut. Din n khuyn nng & cng ngh v Rau an ton: thc trng v gii php Nghin cu ca Axis. 2005. Chui gi tr rau qu Cn Th. Metro Cash & Carry Vietnam Ltd, GTZ and Ministry of Trade of Socialist Republic of Vietnam Phm Vn D, o Quang Hng v L Thanh Tng. 2008. Tnh hnh sn xut rau an ton v nh hng pht trin n 2010 cc tnh pha nam. Trong hi ngh Sn xut rau an ton v nh hng pht trin n nm 2010 cc tnh pha nam ngy 7/5/2008 ti Lt. Trang 198 217.
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