etPd fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fg;gl;l gj;jphpf;iffSk; mtw;iwj; bjhl';fpath;fSk; a'; ,e;jpah (Young

g India) - fhe;jp$p epa{ ,e;jpah (New India) - md;dpbgrd;l; ,e;jpah - ghujpahh; nfrhp/ kuhl;lh - ghyf';fhju jpyfh; ne#dy; bQuhy;l; (National Herald) - $tQh;yhy; neU ,z;obgd;ld;l; (Independent) - nkhjpyhy; neU bg';fhyp (Bengalee) - Rnue;jpuehj;ghdh;$p jp Qpz;L (The Hindu) - Rg;gpukzpa Iah; my;Qpyhy; (Al Hilal) - mg[yfyhk; M!hj; ; etrf;jp/ njrgf;jd; - jpU.tp.f. nghuhl; r\ Rje;jpug; nghuhl;lj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; r\f/ njhw;Wtpj;j ,af;f';fSk; mtw;iw bjhl';fpath;fSk; gpuk;k rkh$k; - uh$h uhk;nkhfd; uha; Mhpa rkh$k; - rthkp jahde;j ru!;tjp gpuhh;jjd rkh$k; - Mj;khuhk; ghz;Lu'; ; rj;anrhjf; rkh$k; - n$hjpgha; g{ny uhkfpU#;zh kp#d; - Rthkp tpntfhde;jh; jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;o - b$duy; My;fhl; / nklk; gpshbtl;!fp ; rka [ tpHpg;gzh;itj;

 jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;oapd; ,e;jpaf; fpis (milahW) - md;dpbgrd;l; ,e;jpah nrth r';fk; (Servents of India Society) nfhghyfpU#;zh nfhfny rhujhrjd;/ fpUghrjd; - gz;oj ukhgha; xsit ,y;yk; - rnfhjhp Rg;gyl;Rkp [ mg;gy;nyh gapw;rp ikak; g[tpapay; nfhs;fs; nfhs;fSf;F Raxsp fpilahJ. nfhs;fs; Rw;Wk; jpir nkw;fpypUe;J fpHf;fhf/ a[nud!;. bts;sp/ nghd;w nfhs;fs; fpHf;fpypUe;J nkw;fhf Rw;Wfpd;wd/ g{kpapd; ,aw;if Jiznfhs; xd;W (re;jpud;). Jizf;nfhs;fns ,y;yhj nfhs;fs; g[jd; kw;Wk; bts;sp. g{kpf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s nfhs; bts;spahFk;. nfhs;fspy; bts;sp gpufhrkhd nfhs;. nfhs;fspy; g[~l;nlh kpfr;rpwpa nfhshft[k; tpahHd; kpfg;bghpa nfhshft[k; cs;sJ. rpfg;g[ nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ brt;thahFk;. ePy nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp.. caph;thH; nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp. kpfg;gpufhrkhd el;rj;jpuk; rph;u!;. g[tp g[tpapd; taJ - 4.6 gpy;ypad; tUl';fs; g[tpapd; mikg;g[ - Ftpe;j ge;J nghd;w mikg;g[ g[tpapd; epyg;gug;g[ 29% Kk; ePhgug;g[ 71% Kk; MFk;. ; g[tp jd;id jhnd xU Kiw Rw;w vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; fhyk; - 23 kzp 56 epkplk;/ 4.69 tpdho MFk;. 5. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa jdpkk; - Mf;rp$d; (46.6%) MFk;. 6. g[tpapd; ruhrhp btg;gepiy - 14 ofphp bry;rpa!;. 7. JUtg; gFjpapy; g[tpapd; rha;t[ - 23 1. 2. 3. 4.

8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

g[tp Nhpaid Rw;Wk; ntfk; - 29.8 fp..kP / ep g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; (mjpfgl;r J}uk;) epfGk; ehs; - $%iy 2 g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; - 152 kpy;ypad; fp..kPllh;fs; ; g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; (Fiwe;j gl;r J}uk;) - epfGk; ehs; - $dthp 2 g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; J}uk; - 147 kpy;ypad; fp.kPllh;fs; MFk; ;

13. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; ,ut[/ gfy; fhy mst[ rk epiy (Equinox) ehl;fs; khh;r; 21/ brg;lk;gh; 21 [ 14. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; nfhil fhy fjph;jpUg;gehs; (Summer solstice) $^d; 21 15. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fpHf;F nkw;F tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs; mr;rnuiffs; vdg;gLk;. 16. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; tlf;F bjw;fhf tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs; jPhffnuiffs; vdg;gLk;. ; ; 17. kpfg;bghpa ml;r nuif g{kj;jpa nuif 18. 231_2 ofphp tl ml;r nuif vd;gJ flf nuif 19. 231_2 ofphp bjd; mr;r nuif vd;gJ kfu nuif 20. ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lf;nfhL bry;Yk; ,lk; - myfhghj; 21. fphpd;tpr; kzp neuj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpa jpl;l neuj;jpw;Fk; cs;s ntWghL 5 kzp neukhFk;. 22. g[tpapd; NH;eJs;s tha[kz;lyj;jpd; cauk 960 fp..kP. ; 23. tha[kz;lyj;jpy; tha[f;fspd; fyg;g[ - iel;u$d; - 78.03%; Mf;rp$d; - 20.99%; fhh;gd;-il-Mf;irL 0.03%; ke;j tha[ffs; - 0.95% ; 24. tha[ kz;lyj;jpy; Ie;J kz;ly';fs; cs;sd. mitahtd 1. onuhngh!;gpah; 2. !;lnuh!;gpah; 3. kPnrh!;gpah; 4. mandh!;gpah; 5. ; vd;n!h!; gpah 25. gUtfhy khw;w';fs; Vw;gLk; tha[ kz;ly mLf;F onuhngh!;gpah; 26. Mfha tpkhd';fs; gwf;f VJthd gFjp - !;onunlh!;gpah; 27. Xnrhd; vd;w tofl;Lk; kz;lyk; mike;Js;s gFjp - !;onuhnlh!;gpah;

28. g[tp btg;gk; miltij jLf;Fk; gFjp kPnrh!;gpah; 29. bjhiyJ}u jfty; bjhlh;gfSf;F gad;gLk; tha[ kz;lyk; [ mandh!;gpah; 30. tha[kz;lyj;jpd; vy;iyahf bray;gLk; kz;lyk; - vf;n!h!;gpah; ,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs; 1. ,e;jpahtpw;F ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg; vy;iyf;nfhL 2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL 3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; vy;iyf;nfhL cyfk; 1. cyfpy; Mrpah/ Inuhg;gh/ M!;jpnuypah/ tl mbkhpf;fh/ bjd; mbkhpf;fh/ Mg;hpf;fh/ mz;lhh;ofh vdg;gLk; VG fz;l';fs; cs;sd/ 2. fz;l';fspnyna bghpaJ Mrpah. rpwpaJ M!;jpnuypah 3. mz;lhh;of;fh fz;lk; bjd; JUtj;ij Rw;wpYk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 4. mz;lhh;ofh fz;lj;ij jtpu kw;w fz;l';fspy; kdpj thH;fif ; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 5. cyfpy; Inuhg;ght[k/; Mrpaht[k; kf;fs; bjhif brwpe;j fz;l';fshFk;. 6. cyfpd; kf;fs; bjhifapd; 70 tpGf;fhL ,t;tpU fz;l';fspy; thH;fpd;wdh;. 7. cyfpYs;s 191 ehLfs; I.eh. tpy; cWg;gpdh;fsha; cs;sd. jhJg; cyfpd; Kf;fpa jhJg;bghUl;fSk;. tpisbghUl;fSk; tpisbghUl;fs; 1. ug;gh; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs; knyrpah rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd; -

2. gl;L 3. njapiy 4. mhprp 5. fhg;gp jhJbghUl;fs; 6. jfuk; 7. ikfh 8. bgl;nuhypak; 9. j';fk; 10. jhkpuk; cyfpy; kpfg; bghpaitfs; 1. caukhd rpfuk; 2. kpfg;bghpa gdpahW 3. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ 4. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ Tl;lk; 5/ kpfg;bghpa fly; 6. kpfg;bghpa bly;lh 7. kpfg;bghpa ghiytdk; 8. kpfg;bghpa ed;dPh; Vhp 9. kpfg;bghpa cg;gePh; Vhp [

$g;ghd; ,e;jpah rPdh gpnurpy; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs; knyrpah ,e;jpah rt{jp mnugpah bjd; Mg;gphpf;fh rpyp

- vtbu!;l; (8848 kP neghsk;) - rpahr;brd; (,e;jpa ghfp!;jhd; vy;iyg;gFjp) - fphPdyhe;J ; - ,e;njhnd#pah - grpgpf; bgU';fly; - Re;jh;gd; bly;lh (,e;jpah) - rfhuh (tlf;F Mg;hpf;fh) - Rg;gPhpah; Vhp (mbkhpf;fh) - fh!;gpad; fly;

10. kpf ePskhd MW 11. kpf mfykhd MW 12. kpfg;bghpa Rth; 13. kpfg;bghpa ehL 14. kpfg;bghpa tpkhd epiyak;

- iey; - mnkrhd; MW - rPdg;bgU";Rth; - u!;ah - fhypj; kd;dh; gd;dhl;L tpkhd epiyak; (hpahj;) - brf;nfhah - Mrpah - mnugpah

15. caukhd kuk; 16. bghpa fz;lk; 17. bghpa jPgfw;gk;

gd;dhl;L mikg;gfSk; mtw;wpd; jiyikapl';fSk; [ 1. br";rpYit r';fk; 2. rhh;f; 3. nel;nlh (NATO) 4. Mrpatsh;rrp t';fp ; 5. cyft';fp (World Bank) 6. gd;dhl;L epjp (IMF) 7. I.eh. rig 8. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk; 9. a[bd!;nfh (UNESCO) 10. a[dpbrg; (UNICEF) b$dpth (2002) lhf;fh (2002) g[Ubry;!; Kzpyh th#p';ld; th#p';ld; epa{ahh;f; Jp nQf; Ghhp!; epa{ahh;f;

11. cyfth;jjf epWtdk; (WTO) ; 12. cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; (WHO) 13. cyf bjhHpyhsh; epWtdk; (WLO) 14. Inuhg;gpa fHfk; (EC) 15. rh;tnjr mqrf;jp fHfk; (IAEA) 16. Mrpahd; (ASEAN)

b$dpth b$dpth b$dpth g[Ubry;!; tpad;dh $fh;jjh ;

,ul;il bgah;fs; ,ul;ilg; bgah; 1. t';fhsj;jpd; Jauk; 2. ePy kiy 3. bjd;Dyf gphpl;ld; 4. bghw;fjt[ efuk; 5. bghw;nfhapy; efuk; 6. fdt[nfhg[u efuk; 7. muz;kid efuk; 8. mHpah efuk; 9. Inuhg;ghtpd; nghh;f;fsk; 10. ,Uz;l fz;lk; 11. kufjj;jPt[ 12. khlf;fl;ol efuk; 13. jilbra;ag;gl;l efuk; 14. ,e;jpahtpd; g{e;njhl;lk; 15. fz;zPhf; fjt[ ; 16. ,e;jpahtpd; EiHthapy; 17. iey; Mw;wpd; ed;bfhil 18. fU';fy; efuk; Kjy;epiyg; bgah; jhnkhjh; ejp./ nkw;F t';fhsk;/ ,e;jpah ePyfphp Fd;W/ ,e;jpah epa{yhe;J rhd;gpuhd;!p!;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh mkph;jru!;/ ,e;jpah Mf;!nghh;L/ ,';fpyhe;J ; fy;fj;jh/ ,e;jpah nuhkhg[hp bgy;$pak; Mg;gphpf;fh mah;yhe;J epa{ahh;f;/ mbkhpf;fh yhrh/ jpbgj; bg';f~h; ghbgy; kz;lg; gk;gha; vfpg;J mgh;jPd/; !;fhl;yhe;J

19. bghpa bts;is tHp 20. g[dpj g{kp 21. fpuhk;gj; jPt[ [ 22. Kj;Jj; jPt[ 23. kj;jpajiuf; flypd; jpwt[nfhy; 24. buhl;o ehL 25. f';fhU ehL 26. bghw;nfhg[u ehL 27. mjpfhiy mikjp ehL 28. es;sputpy; Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL 29. Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL 30. Mapuk; Vhpfs; bfhz;l ehL 31. bts;isahis ehL 32. Mz;oyPrpd; Kj;J 33. bQh;Fyp!; J}z;fs; 34. ,s";rpfg;g[ efuk; 35. Inuhg;ghtpd; tpisahl;L mu';fk; 36. mugpf;flypd; murp 37. cyfj;jpd; Tiu 38. ,Hpgpwg;ghsh;fspd; Jiztp 39. rPdhtpd; Jauk; 40. tlf;fpd; btdp!; 41. bts;is efuk; 42. bts;isadpd; fy;yiw 43. g[ayof;Fk; efuk; 44. rh;ffiuf; fpz;zk; ; 45. jdpikj;jPt[ 46. Inuhg;ghtpd; nehahsp 47. nfhtpy; efuk;

gpuhl;nt/ epa{ahh;f; ghy!;jPdk; !hd;rpghh; gQ;iud; $pg;uhy;lh; !;fhl;yhe;J M!;jpnuypah gh;kh Bfhhpah ehh;nt $g;ghd; gpd;yhe;J jha;yhe;J fpa{gh $pg;uhy;lh; b$g;g{h; !;tpl;rh;yhe;J bfhr;rpd;/ ,e;jpah ghkPh; md;id bjurh Qth';nQh MW (k";rs; MW) !;lhf;nQhk;/ !;tPld; bgy;fpnuL/ a{nfh!;nytpah fpdp flw;fiu rpfhf;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh fpa{gh ohp!;ld; o epa[th JUf;fp kJiu

,e;jpah miktplk; 1. ekJ ehL Kjd; Kjypy; fpnuf;fh;fshy; ,e;jpah vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ. gujd; Mz;ljhy; ,jw;F ghuk; vd;w bgaUk; cz;L. 2. Mrpah fz;lj;jpd; bjw;Fg; gFjpapy; ,e;jpah mike;Js;sJ. 3. ,e;jpahtpw;F nkw;fpy; mnugpa jPgfw;gKk;/ fpHf;fpy; ,e;njh-rPd jPgfw;gKk; mike;Js;sd. 4. ,e;jpah 84' tl ml;rnuif (Longitude) Kjy; 376' tl ml;rnuif ; ; ; ; tiuapYk;/ 687' fpHf;F jPhffnuif (Latitude) Kjy; 9725' fpHf;F jPhff nuif tiuapYk; gutpa[ssJ. ; 5. 23 tl ml;rnuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;fpwJ. 6. flfnuif ,e;jpahit ,U gFjpfshf gphpf;fpd;wJ. 7. ,e;jpahtpd; gug;g[ Rkhh; 3.3 kpy;ypad; rJufpnyh kPllh; mjhtJ 32/87/263 ; r.fp.kP. MFk;. 8. ,e;jpah tlf;F bjw;fhf 3214 fp.kP. ePsKk;/ fpHf;F nkw;fhf 2933 fp.kP. ePsKk; bfhz;Ls;sJ. 9. ,e;jpa vy;iyapd; ePsk; 15/200 fp.kP ,e;jpa fly; vy;iyapd; ePsk; 7/516/6 fp.kP. 10. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; miltjw;F Kd; M';fpnyah; Ml;rpapd; nghJ 562 rpw;wuRfs; ,Ue;jd. 11. ,e;jpahtpd; 1. tlnkw;nf ghfp!;jhd; kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDk;/ 2. tlf;nf rPdh/ g{l;lhd;/ neghsKk;/ 3. fpHf;fps; kpahd;kh; ehLk;/ 4. nkw;F t';f khepyj;jpw;F fpHf;nf g';fshnj#; Mfpa ehLfs; cs;sd. 12. ,e;jpahtpy; 25 khepy';fSk;/ 7 a{dpad; gpunjr';fSk; cs;sd. (7 a{dpad;fspy; 6-a{dpad; gpunjrKk;/ 1-njrpa jiyefh; gFjp bly;ypa[k; cs;sJ).

,e;jpah Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs; 1. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL bul;fpsg; vy;iyf;nfhL 2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL 3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; vy;iyf;nfhL. ,e;jpah fhyepiy g[tp jdJ mr;rpy; 23 rha;eJ RHy;fpwJ. ; Nhpad; epyeLf;nfhl;od; kPJ khh;r/; brg;lk;gh; khj';fspy; neuhfg; gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ. (,t;tpU khj';fspYk; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; ,';F br';Fj;jhf tpGfpd;wd. flfnuifapy; $^d; khjKk;/ kfu nuifapy; ork;gh; khjKk; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; br';Fj;jhf tpGfpd;wd. ,e;jpah epy eLf;nfhl;ow;F tlf;fpy; 8 tl mlrk; Kjy; 37 tl ml;rk; tiu gutpa[ssJ. ; 23 tl ml;r nuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;Yfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpy; khh;r; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; tiu nfhilf;fhyk; epyt[fpd;wJ. flf nuiff;Fj; bjw;nf cs;s jPgfw;g ,e;jpah epyeLf;nfhl;ow;F mUfpy; mike;jpUg;gjhy;/ ,';F khh;r; khjj;jpypUe;J btg;gk; mjpfhpf;fj; bjhl';Ffpd;wJ. flfnuifapy; $^d; khjj;jpy; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; neuhf tpGfpd;wd. mg;nghJ flfnuiff;F tlf;nfa[ss g[wjPgfw;f ,e;jpahtpy; kpf mjpf ; btg;gk; gjpthfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpy; btg;gg; guty; bjw;fpypUe;J tlf;F nehf;fpr; bry;yr;bry;y mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL kf;nkhfd;

 ,e;jpahtpy; Fsph;fhy btg;gepiy brg;lk;gh; Kjy; gpg;uthp tiu epyt[k; ,e;jpah $^d; Kjy; etk;gh; tiu gUtf; fhw;Wfspdhy; kiHiag; bgWfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpd; nfhilf;fhy kiHfhyk; khh;r; khjk; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; khjk; tiu. ,e;jpahtpd; Fsph;fhy kiHf;fhyk; mf;nlhgh; Kjy; khh;r; khjk; tiu.

,aw;ifj; jhtuKk; kz; tsKk; jhtu tsh;rrpf;F Nhpa xsp/ kiHg;bghHpt[/ kz; Mfpa \d;W ts';fSk; ; Mjhukhf mikfpd;wd. ,e;jpahtpy; ,aw;if jhtuj;ij \d;W bgUk; gphpt[fshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. - kiyj; jhtu';fs; - (Hill Vegetation) - ,iya[jph; jhtu';fs; - (Decidious Vegetation) - ghiytdj; jhtu';fs; (Desert Vegetation) Mz;L KGtJk; gRikahd njhw;wj;Jld; fhzg;gLk; jhtu';fs; gRe;jhtu';fs; (Evergreen Vegetation) vd;W miHf;fpnwhk;. v.fh. vgpd;/ njtjhU/ nuh!;tl/; fU';fhyp [ Rkhh; 1000 kPllh; Kjy; 2500 kPllh; tiuapyhd cauj;jpy; btg;gKk; ; ; kiHa[k; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fkplj;jpy; jhtuk; gRikahf ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy; jdpj;j ku';fSk;/ g[jh;r; brofSk; bfhofSk; fye;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gFjp fyg;gf; fhLfs; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. [ Rkhh; 2500 kPllUf;Fk; nkw;gl;l cau';fspy; btg;gk; kpfkpff; Fiwt[/ gdp ; epiwe;j ,g;gFjpapy; jhtuk; gdpia jh';Ftjw;F Crpnghd;w ,iyfisg; bgw;Ws;sd - ,f;fhL Crpapiyf; fhLfs; (Coniferous forests) vdg;gLfpd;wd. Rkhh; 4000 kPllUf;F nkw;gl;l cauj;jpy; epue;jukhfg; gdp \oapUg;gjhy; ; jhtu';fs; tsh;tjw;F Vw;w NH;epiy ,Ug;gjpy;iy.

 f';if ejpf;fHpKfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rJg;gepyj;jhtu';fs; Re;jutdk; vd [ miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd. fhLfs; mHpe;J tUtjhy; ek; ehl;oy; Mz;LnjhWk; 1.5 kpy;ypad; vf;nlh; epy';fs; tPzhfp tUfpd;wd. nluh?dpy; tdj;Jiw Muha;rrp epWtdk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ; 1950-Kjy; Mz;L njhWk; ehbl';fpYk; kuk; eLtpHh $^iy-Mf!;L khj';fspy; eilbgw;W tUfpd;wJ. Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw mjpf tsh;rrpa[k; brHpg;gk; ,y;yhj fhLfisj; jpUj;jk; ; [ bra;ak; bghUl;L/ ey;y ,dj;ijr; nrh;ej ehl;Lr; brofis cw;gj;jp bra;ak; [ ; [ jpl;lbkhd;iw fhl;L ,yhfhtpdh; mnef khtl;l';fspy; mKyhf;fp tUfpd;wdh;. ,k;Kiw Fkhpg;gaph; Kiw MFk;. Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw jpl;lj;jpd; go epykpy;yh ViHfSf;F fhl;oyhfh epy';fs; rpy Mz;LfSf;F khj;jpuk; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gLk;. Fj;jif vLg;gth;fs; Fkhjhh;fs; vdg;gLth;. fhl;L kz;qf;F vU ,l ntz;oa mtrpakpy;iy. tz;lykz; <uj;ij jh';Fk; jpwd;bfhz;lJ. brk;kz; - cUkhwpa ghiwfspy; cs;s ,Uk;g[ Mf;irL kz;zpw;Fr; bre;epwj;ij mspg;gjhy; brk;kz; rptg;g[ epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jf;fhz gPlg{kpapd; fhzg;gLfpwJ. tlnkw;Fg; gFjpapy; fhpry;kz; mjpf mstpy;

,e;jpahtpd; bkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 20 tpGf;fhL epyg;gug;g[ kz;zhpg;gpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. kz; tsk; ghJfhf;f gaph;rRHw;rp Kiwiaf; ifahSjy; ntz;Lk;. ;

,e;jpah tptrha cw;gj;jp

gaph; 1. czt[ gaph;fs; 1. bey; 2. nfhJik 3. fk;g[ 4. nrhsk; 5. nfH;tuF 6. gUg;g[ tiffs; 2. gzg;gaph;fs; 1. fUk;g[ 2. g[ifapiy 3. gUj;jp 4. rzy; 5. epyf;fliy 6. nj';fha; 7. kpsF 8. Vyf;fha; 9. ,";rp 10. gl;L 3. njhl;lg;gaph;fs; 1. njapiy 2. ug;gh; 3. fh@@`gp

tpisa[kplk; f';if/ gpuk;kg[jjpuh rkbtsp/ nkw;F ; t';fhsk;/ jkpH;ehL/ gPfhh;/ Me;jpuh g";rhg;/ Qhpahdh. cj;jpugpunjrk; kfhuh#;ouh/ cj;jpugpunjrk; fh;ehlfh/ Me;jpuh uh$!;jhd;/ F$uhj;/

khfuh#;ouh/ Me;jpuh/ fh;ehlfh/ F$uhj; jkpH;ehL/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/

uh$!;jhd;/ g";rhg;/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/ gPfhh; cj;jpugpunjrk;/ Me;jpuh kfhuh#;ouh/ F$uhj;/ nkw;F t';fhsk;/ F$uhj; nfush nfusk; nkw;F bjhlh;rrp kiyg; gFjpfs;/ ; nfusk; fh;ehlfh M!;!hk; nfush fh;ehlfh

,e;jpah fdpktsk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;tsk; m. ,Uk;g[ jhJk;/ ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpYk; 1. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; fdpk';fis \d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk; mit 1. cnyhff; fdpk';fs; 2. cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; 3. vhpbghUs; fdpk';fs; MFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh/ nkw;F t';fhsk; Kjypa khepy';fspy; mjpf mstpy; cnyhfj; fdpk';fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU ehl;od; bjhHpyf tsh;rrpf;F ,d;wpaikahj fdpkk; - ,Uk;gj;jhJt[k/; ; [ kh';fdPRk;. ,Uk;gk/; kh';fsPRk; - gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l/; xhprh kw;Wk; nkw;F t';fhsj;jpYk; [ mjpfkhf fpilf;fpd;wd. ,Uk;gpd; Kf;fpa jhJf;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; - khf;idl;/ nQkill;/ ypnkhidl;/ rpl;liul; ikf;fh/ Rz;zhk;gffy; nghd;wit cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; MFk;. [ ; ikf;fht[k; Rz;zhk;gf;fy;Yk; bjhHpyf tsh;rrpf;F cjt[fpd;wd. [ ; xhprhtpy; ,Ug;gjjhJ bgUk;ghyhf fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - fpnahd;$hh;/ jhy;brh; [ ; ka{h; f";r; fh;ehlfj;jpy; ,Uk;gjjhJ fpilf;Fk; ,lk; Fj;hpKf; [ ; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,Uk;gjjhJtpd; ,Ug;g[ cyf ,Ug;gpy; - 4y; xU [ ; g';F ,Uk;g[ v`F cw;gj;jpf;F \yg; bghUl;fshf ,Uk;gj; jhJ epyf;fhpa[k; [ njit/ ,ijj;jtpu kh';fdPR/ Rz;zhk;gffy;/ nlhyikl; nghd;w [ ; fdpk';fSk; njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; bghpa mstpy; ,Uk;g[ v`Fj; bjhHpw;rhiy nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; $hk;b#l;g{hpy; $hk;b#l;$p neth$p lhl;lh vDk; bjhHpy; mjpguhy; 1907y; Jt';fg;gl;lJ. 12. bghf;fhnuh/ Jh;fhg{h;/ gpyha;/ +h;nfyh/ $hk;b#l;g{h;/ gj;uhtjp// nryk;/ tprhfg;gl;odk;/ nQh!;ngl; vDkpl';fspy; ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpyf';fs; bray;gLfpd;wd. 13. $hk;b#l;$p ,Uk;g[ Miyf;F njitahd ePuhdJ brhh;znuhfh Mw;wpypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wJ. M. epyf;fhp 1. epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah tfpf;Fk; ,lk; - 4tJ ,lk; 2. epyf;fhpapd; Kf;fpakhd ehd;F tiffs; - Md;jjpuirl;/ kpl;L kpd!; ; ypf;idl;/ gPl; 3. $hh;fz;oy; cs;s epyf;fhpapd; Ru';f';fs; - $hhpah/ bgf;fhnuh fphpf; fuz;g{h; 4. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - uhzpf";r; 5. kj;jpa gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - re;jh g";rntyp 6. Me;jpug;gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - rp';fnuzp 7. bea;ntypapy; fhzg;gLk; epyf;fhp jhJ ypf;idl; jhJ ,. bgl;nuhypak; 1. ,e;jpahtpy; kpf gHikahd vz;bza; tay; - jpf;gha; 2. m!;!hkpy; fhzg;gLk; vz;bza; tay;fs; jpf;gha;/ ef;nuhoah bkhuhd;/ rpg;rfh;/ Uj;urhfh; 3. F$uhj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kpf Kf;fpa vz;bza; tay; - M';fny!;th; vz;bza; tay; 4. kuhl;oa khepyj;jpy; vz;bza; vLf;Fk; ,lk; - ghk;ngiQ 5. jkpH;ehl;oy; bgl;nuhypak; ,Ug;gjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s gFjpfs; - fhnthp bly;lhg; gFjpfs;

<. gpwjhJf;fs; 1. mYkpdpaj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa jhJthd ghf;irl; $hh;fz;oy; uh";rp kw;Wk; ghf;irl; fpilf;Fkplk; $gy;g{h;/ gpyh!;g{h; ghyhf;fhl;. 2. ,e;jpahtpy; ituk; fpilf;Fkplk; kj;jpa gpunjrk;. 3. fh;ehlfj;jpy; j';fk; btl;obaLf;fg;gLk; ,l';fs; - nfhyhh; j';f tay;/ Ql;o j';ftay; 4. Jj;jehfk; ,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - ,uh$!;jhdpYs;s $hth; kw;Wk; gd;$h#p c. gpwbjhHpy;fs; 1. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; rpj;ju";rd; vDkplj;jpy; kpd; bjhlh; tz;o v";rpd;fSk;/ thuzhrpapy; Ory; v";rpd;fSk;/ jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;idiar; rhh;ej bguk;g{hpy; bjhlh; tz;o bgl;ofSk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ; 2. me;jkhd; jPtpy; Mrpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa kuk; mWf;Fk; Miy bray;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. 3. nkw;Fj; bjhlh;rrp kiyapy; ug;gh; ku';fs; mjpfkhf tsh;fpd;wd. ; mjidbahl;o ug;gh; bghUl;fs; jahhpf;Fk; bjhHpyf';fs; jPgfw;g ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 4. kj;jpagpunjrj;jpd; negh efhpy; mr;Rf; fhfpj Miy mike;Js;sJ. 5. Kk;igapy; gUj;jp bert[ bjhHpw;rhiyfs; kpf mjpfk; mJ ,e;jpahtpd; khd;br!;lh; vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. 6. nfhak;gjJ}h; jkpH;ehl;od; khd;br!;lh; vd tH';fg;gLfpd;wd. [ ; 7. nkw;F t';fj;jpy; rzy; kpFjpahfg; gapuhtjhy; rzy; berthiyfs; QPfsp ejpf;fiuapy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ; nghf;Ftuj;J 1. rhiy nghf;Ftuj;J 1850y; ly;yt[rp fhyj;jpy; fy;fj;jh oy;yp beL";rhiy mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

2. fpuhz;l; ou'; rhiy b#h;#h Nhp (1540-45) vd;gtuhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 3. ,e;jpahtpnyna ePskhd njrpa beL";rhiy bg';f~h; Kjy; fd;dpahFkhp tiu bry;fpwJ. 1. ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J 1. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J Vg;uy; 16/ 1853 ,y; ghk;ng jhdh ,ilna tplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ePsk; 32 fp.kP 2. Kjy; kpd;rhu ,uapy; - Deccan Queen (Kalyan to Pune) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. ,e;jpahtpd; mjpntf uapy; - rjhg;jp vf;!gpu!; (140 Km/Hr) ; ghjhs uapy; cs;s ,lk; - fy;fj;jh gwf;Fk; uapy; _ kho ,uapy; - brd;id Kjy; y!; tiu ,e;jpa uapy;nt Jiw Mrpahtpnyna kpfg;bghpaJ. cyfstpy; mjpf CHpah;fs; bfhz;lJ ,e;jpa ,uapy;nt mfy uapy; ghij ePsk; - 1.676 kP. kPllh; nf$; ePsk; 1.00 kP ;

10. FWfpa uapy; ghij 0.762 _ 0.672 M 11. ,uapy; jl';fis mikj;J guhkhpg;gJ bryt[ kpf;fjhFk;. 12. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 4000 fp.kP. ePs ,uapy; jl';fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; 1130 fp.kP. ePsk; kPllh; nf$; kw;Wk; 2870 fp.kP ePsk; gpuhl;nf$; ; 13. bjd;df ,uapy;nt jkpH;ehL/ nfush/ fh;ehlfk;/ bjd; Me;jpuh gFjpfis ,izf;fpwJ. 14. bjd;df ,uapy;ntapd; jiyikafk; - brd;id ,e;jpa ,uapy;nt kz;ly';fs; 1. bjw;F ,uapy;nt brd;id 3. fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh 2. nkw;F ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (rh;rnfl;) ; 4. tlf;F ,uapy;nt jpy;yp

5. kj;jpa ,uapy;nt Kk;ig (tp.o) 6. tlfpHf;F ,uapy;nt nfhuf;g{h;

(rpth$p blh;kpd!;) 7. tlnkw;F ,uapy;nt b$a;g{h; 9. tl kj;jpa ,uapy;nt myfhghj; 11. bjd;nkw;F ,uapy;nt - bg';f~h; 8. tlfpHf;F vy;iyg;gFjp ,uapy;nt bfsQhj;jp 10. bjd; kj;jpa ,uapy;nt brfe;jpuhghj; 12. bjd; fpHf;F ,uapy;nt fy;fj;jh

2. tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J 1. 1931 Mk; Mz;L b$.Mh;.o lhl;lh mth;fshy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J (gk;gha; - fuhr;rp) ,af;fg;gl;lJ. 2. ,e;jpad; Vh;iyd;!; cs;ehl;L tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F 1953y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 3. Vh; ,e;jpah 1953y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J btsp ehLfSf;F tpkhd nrit g[hpfpwJ. 4. rh;tnjr tpkhd epiya';fs; rpy fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit m. Rgh!; re;jpungh!; tpkhd jsk; - fy;fj;jh (lk;lk;) M. $tfh;yhy; neU tpkhd jsk; - Kk;gha; (rhe;jfU!;) ,. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rh;tnjr tpkhs jsk; - g[Jjpy;yp (ghyk;) <. ,uh$hrhd;!p tpkhd jsk; - jpUtde;jg[uk; 5. jkpHfj;jpYs;s kw;w cs;ehl;L tpkhd epiya';fs; brd;id/ jpUr;rp/ nfhak;gjJ}h;/ kJiu. [ ; 3. ePhtHp nghf;Ftuj;J ; 1. ePhtHpfs; kpf bkJthd nghf;Ftuj;J MFk;. ,it ,Utifg;gLk;. ; 1. cs;ehl;L ePhtHpg; nghf;Ftuj;J ; 2. fly; ePh; tHpg;nghf;Ftuj;J

2. ,e;jpa fg;gy; fHfk; (Shipping Corporation of India) SCI 1961y; 3. 4. 5. 6. mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy; 13 bghpa JiwKf';fs; cs;sd. ,e;jpa flw;fiuapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 7500 fp.kP. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 1000 fp.kP. ePs flw;fiua[ssJ ; jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;id/ J}j;Jf;Fo Mfpa bghpa JiwKf';fSk; flY}h;/ ehfgl;odk;/ kz;lgk;/ ,uhnk!;tuk;/ fd;dpahFkhp/ Fsr;ry;/ fPHf;fiu Mfpa vG rpwpwa JiwKf';fSk; cs;sJ. ; brd;id - |y';fh ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ. brd;id rp';fg;g{h; ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ. cyfpd; kpf gHikahd my;yJ Kjy; JiwKfk; nyhj;jy;. ,J rpe;Jbtsp kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpaJ. nrhHkz;lyf; flw;fiuf;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk; gf;fp';Qhk; fhy;tha; jkpHfj;J kuf;fhzk; Kjy; Me;jpuhtpd; bge;jf";rk; tiu 400 fp.kP. ePsk; bfhz;lJ. 1900f;F Kd; ,f;fhy;tha; ePhtHp nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F gad;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jJ. ;

7. 8. 9. 10.

11.

,e;jpa JiwKf';fs; nkw;Ffiu JiwKfk; fpHf;Ffiu JiwKfk;) -

1. fhz;lyh F$uhj; - thpapy;yh 1. Qhy;oah nkw;F t';fhsk; (Mw;W 2. gk;gha; - kfhuh#;ouk; - ,aw;if 2. fy;fj;jh nkw;F t';fhsk; JiwKfk; (Mw;Wj;JiwKfk;/ ituj;JiwKfk;) 3. etnrth kfhuh#;ouk; ($tfh;yhy; 3. neU JiwKfk;) ,aw;if JiwKfk; 4. kh;knfhth nfhth ghujPg; xhprh JiwKfk;)

(kh';fdPR

,Uk;g[ 4. tprhfg;gl;odk; - Me;jpug;gpunjrk; lhy;gpd; neh!; ,aw;if JiwKfk;. mjpfkhf Vw;WkjpahFk; JiwKfk; 5. k';f~h; - fh;ehlfh 5. brd;id jkpH;ehL braw;if

JiwKfk;/ kpfg;gHikahd JiwKfk; 6. bfhr;rpd; nfush (,aw;if 6. vz;q}h; - jkpH;ehL 7. J}j;Jf;Fo jkpH;ehL (Kj;J JiwKfk;) JiwKfk;) (eWkz JiwKfk;)

Kf;fpakhd ruzhya';fs; bgah; 2. Qrhhpghf; njrpa g{';fh 3. fph;fhLfs; 4. lhf;!pfhk; ruzhyak; 5. bghpahh; ruzhyak; 6. $yjhghu ruzhyak; 7. u';fdjpl;L ruzhyak; 8. #pt;ghp njrpa g{';fh [ 9. g[tnd#;th; ruzhyak; 10. rpkpyp ghy; 11. guj;g{h; ruzhyak; 12. KJkiy/ Midkiy ruzhyak; 13. ntle;jh';fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak; 14. re;jpugpugh ruzhyak; 15. fhh;ngl; njrpa g{';fh ,Uf;Fkplk; gPfhh; F$uhj; fh#;kPh; nfush nkw;F t';fhsk; fh;ehlfh kj;jpa gpunjrk; Xhp!;!h Xhp!;!h (g[yp) gwitfs; jkpH;ehL jkpH;ehL cj;jpug;gpunjrk; cj;jpug;gpunjrk;

1. fh!pu';fh kw;Wk; khd!; (fhl;blUik) m!;!hk;

ejpf;fiuapy;; mike;Js;s ,e;jpa efu';fs; iuapy

efuk; Mf;uh myfhghj; mnahj;jpah gf;hpehj; fy;fj;jh oy;yp Qhpj;thh; yf;ndh kJiu ehrpf; ghl;dh |efh; Nuj; jpUr;rp jpUbey;ntyp thuzhrp tp$athlh $gy;g{h; iQjuhghj; th#p';ld; ghhP!; yhTh; epa{ahh;f; ah';fd; bgh;ypd;

ejpfs; aKid f';if/ aKid/ jphpntzp r';fkk; rua[ f';if QPfsp ; aKid f';if nfhkjp itif nfhjhthp f';if $Pyk; jgjp fhnthp jhkpuguzp f';if fpU#;zh eh;kjh kpa{rp nghbybkf; rPbad; utp Ql;rd; Iuhtjp !;gPh; ru!;tjp/ my;yJ

bfa;nuh ,yz;ld; fpakhd ; Kf;fpakhd ePhghrd jpl;l';fs; 1. QpuhFl; cyfpd;

iey; njk;!;

- kfhejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xhprh khepyk;. ,J kpf ePskhd mizahFk;

2. gf;uhe';fy; - Qhpahdh/ g";rhg; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa gy;nehf;Fj; jpl;lk;. rl;by$; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. 3. jhnkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F jpl.;lk; khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk; 4. ehfh;$pd rhfh; khepyk;) nkw;F t';f khepyk; kw;Wk; gPfhh;

- fpU#;zh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ (Me;jpu

5. guk;gpf;Fsk; MhpahW jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL kw;Wk; nfush khepy';fspd; Tl;Lj;jpl;lk; 6. uhk; f';fh - f';ifapd; Jiz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. cj;jpu gpunjr khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ. 7. guhf;fh - nkw;F t';f khepyk; ejpahd uhk; f';fh kPJ

8. rk;gy; - kj;jpa gpunjrk; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk; (,J uhzh gpujhg; rhfh;/ fhe;jp rhfh; kw;Wk; $tQh;rhfh; Mfpa jpl;l';fspd; Tl;lhFk;)

9. fhf;ughuh - Nuj; khtl;lj;jpy; F$uhj; khepyj;jpy; fhf;ughuh vd;w ,lj;jpy; jgjp ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ 10. nfhrp - gPfhhpy; cs;sJ khepy';fspd; Tl;L

11. J';fgj;jpuh - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh Kaw;rpahy; J';fgj;jpuh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kf;fpakhd mdy; kpd; jpl;l';fs; 1. vz;q}h; mdy; kpd; epiyak; 2. nfhh;gh bjh;ky; gth; 3. rhj;g{uh bjh;ky; gth; 4. bea;ntyp bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; 5. Krhg;g{h; bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; 6. nfhjFz;lk; Kf;fpa ePhkpd; jpl;l';fs; ; m. ,Lf;fp iQl;nuh vyf;lhpf; g[uhuf;l; ; M. rghpfphp g[uh$f;l; - nfush - nfush - jkpH;ehL - kj;jpa gpunj#;

- kj;jpa gpunj#; / uh$!jhd; - jkpH;ehL - gPfhh; - Me;jpuh ;

,. Ruhtjp iQl;nuh vyf;lhpf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh ; <. rptrKj;jpuk; iQl;nuhl vyf;lhpf; g[uh$f;l; ; - fh;ehlfh

c. ryhy; iQl;nuh vyf;lhpf; g[uh$f;l; ; C. nkl;?h; jpl;lk; v. kr;Fz;l; jpl;lk; V. |iryk; I. Qpird; rhfh;

- $k;K fh#;kPh; - jkpH;ehL - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; xhprh - Me;jpu khepyk; - Me;jpuh