CHNG5: CHNH LU KHONG IEU KHIEN MOT PHA

Phan e cng : 5.1 Gii thieu 5.2 Chnh lu na song ( chnh lu mot xung) 5.2.1 Vi mot tai ien tr 5.2.2 Vi mot tai cam ng (RL) 5.2.3 Vi mot tai cam ng va mot iot (FWD) 5.3 Chnh lu bien ap co iem gia toan song ( chnh lu hai xung) 5.3.1 vi mot tai ien tr 5.3.2 Vi mot tai cam ng (RL) 5.4 Chnh lu cau toan song. 5.4.1 Vi mot tai ien tr 5.4.2 Vi mot tai cam ng (RL) 5.5 Thao luan 5.6 Cac cong thc

Muc ch hoc tap Mo ta qua trnh hoat ong dang song cua chnh lu khong ieu khien na song vi tai ien tr va tai cam ng Giai thch y ngha cua diot FWD Giai thch s khac nhau gia chnh lu na song va toan song Mo ta hoat ong dang song cua mot chnh lu khong ieu khien toan song vi cac tai la ien tr va cam ng Thao luan u iem cua chnh lu toan song so vi chnh lu na song

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5.1 Gii thieu S chnh lu la qua trnh bien oi ien the hay dong ien xoay chieu sang mot chieu. Chnh lu khong ieu khien ch s dung cac diot nh nhng thanh phan chnh lu. ien ap ra mot chieu DC la on nh co o ln bang bien o dao ong cua ien ap vao xoay chieu AC. Tuy nhien dong ra DC la khong thuan tuy- co ngha no bao gom cac thanh phan xoay chieu AC c goi la gn song. e loai tr s gn song nay, mot s loc c a vao sau chnh lu Trong chng nay, chung ta se hoc dong mot pha, day chnh lu khong ieu khien t chnh lu na song n gian dung mot diot n en chnh lu cau u song phc tap dung mot vai diot. Chung ta se gia s rang cac diot c dung co ac iem tieu chuan nh nhau tren hnh 2.3

5.2 Chnh lu na song ( chnh lu mot xung) 5.2.1 Vi mot tai ien tr : Chnh lu na song n gian mach ien ch mot tai ien tr trnh bay tren hnh 5.1a. ien ap nguon la mot song hnh sin vi gia tr cc ai Vm va chu ky T . Trong na chu ky dng, khi o ien ap tai cc dng la dng so vi cc am, diot v tr m, dong ien nay chay qua tai ien tr R. ien ap tai (vo ) theo sau na song sin dng. Trong luc na chu ky am, ien ap cc dng tr thanh am so vi cc am , diot v tr ong. Khi o khong co dong ien chay qua R. ien ap ra (vo ) trnh bay tren hnh 5.1b, cung trnh bay dong ien tai. Chnh lu na song nh vay a thay oi nguon ien AC thanh DC. ien ap ra dao ong mot chieu DC bao gom gn song rong. V vay, dong ien mot dao ong co gii han gia tr thc te khi s dung cho cong suat cao. Con so chu y trong dong ien nay la trung bnh hay ien ap tai va dong ien tai ien ap tai trung bnh cho bi : Vs 2 Vo(avg) = = Vm / = 0,318 Vu1 5.1 ay : Vs = gia tr hieu dung RMS cua ien ap cung cap Vm = Gia tr cc ai cua ien ap cung cap

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Hnh 5.1 Chnh lu na song vi tai ien tr (a) cac dang song cua dong ien

Dang song cua dong ien co hnh dang giong nh dang song ien ap, nh vay quan he ong dang tren cong thc 5.1 cho ra dong ien tai trung bnh : I0 (avg.) = Im / = 0,318 Im 5.2 ay Im = Vm / R Dong ien hieu dung cho bi : IRMS = Im / 2 5.3 Ket qua tren phng trnh 5.3 la ac thu cua dong ien na song dang song. Dang song cua ien ap diot ( hnh 5.1b ) cho thay rang diot phai co kha nang chu c mot ien ap oi chieu bang nh chop cua ien ap nguon.

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ien ap nay c s dung e chon diot thch hp tren mot dong ien a cho. Rai PIV ( hay PRV) oi vi diot c cho bi : Rai PIV : Vm 5.4 Muc ch cua chnh lu la bien oi nguon AC thanh nguon DC. T o chung ta co y tng mot thiet b hoan hao, khong bi mat nang lng khi chnh lu, dong ien li xoay chieu AC au vao vi chu ky u phai bang nang lng dong ien mot chieu DC au ra. Dong ien mot chieu DC ( trung bnh) ra tren tai c cho bi : P0 (avg.) = V0 (avg.) * I0 (avg.) V I V *V = m * m = m2 m *R 2 V = 2m 5.5 *R Dong ien AC au vao cho bi : PAC = VRMS * IRMS VRMS oi vi mot giai oan t ) ti ( na chu ky ) la Vm / 2, Bi v : V I V *V V2 PAC = m * m = m m = m 5.6 2 2 4* R 4R Hieu qua chnh lu c xac nh qua ty so cong suat DC au ra va cong suat AC au vao

P0( avg .) PAC

5.7

Dang thc te o c gan ung hnh dang cua ien ap au ra. Mot cach ly tng , ien ap DC au ra cua mot may chnh lu la hang so. Trong thc te, cac may chnh lu cung cap dong ra la nhng dang song hnh sin thieu. Dang thc te c xac nh qua ty so RMS ien ap ra vi gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap ra : V Dang thc te (FF) = oRMS 5.8 Vo ( avg .) Gia tr ly tng cua FF la ong nhat. FF la ong nhat neu ien ap ra la mot gia tr DC hang so, e ma VoRMS = Vo (avg.) ien ap ra cua mot may chnh lu bao gom ca hai DC va AC ( gn song ) cau thanh. Tan so va o ln cua ien ap gn song la mot nhan to quan trong trong lc tron cac may chnh lu. Dong gn song tan so cao hn va bien o nho hn, de loc gn song hn trong gii han chap nhan c So xung la ty so gia tan so gn song c ban cua ien ap DC vi tan so ien ap AC cung cap So xung =
tan sogonsongcoban tan songuonAC 5.9

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Thanh phan gn song la ty so gia gia tr RMS cua thanh phan AC vi thanh phan DC He so gn song = I oAC I oDC

Theo ly tng thanh phan gn song nen la 0. Thanh phan gn song co the xac nh bi lan au tm ra cong suat a tieu hao trong tai ien tr R
2 2 2 PL = I RMS R = I DC R + I AC R
2 2 2 Hay : I AC = I RMS I DC

2 2 2 I AC I RMS I DC = 2 2 2 I DC I DC I DC 2 I RMS RF = 2 1 I DC 2 2 I RMS 1 2 I DC

5.10

RF =

Vi du 5.1 : Mot may chnh lu na song tren hnh 5.1a c noi vi nguon ien AC 50V. Neu tai ien tr la 100 , tm a) ien ap tai cc ai b) ien ap tai trung bnh c) Dong ien tai cc ai d) Dong ien tai trung bnh e) Dong ien tai RMS f) Rai PIV cho diot g) Cong suat ra DC (trung bnh) h) Cong suat vao AC i) Tan so may chnh lu j) Dang thanh phan k) So xung l) Thanh phan gn song m) Goc o dan

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Giai ap : a) ien ap tai cc ai Vm = 2 . 50 = 70,7 V b) ien ap tai trung bnh Vo(avg) = 0,318 . Vm = 0,318 * 70,7 = 22,5 V c) Dong tai cc ai Im = Vm / R = 70,7 / 100 = 707 mA d) Dong tai trung bnh : Io(avg) = 0,318 * 0,707 = 225 mA e) Dong tai RMS : IoRMS = Im / 2 = 0,707 / 2 = 353,5 mA PIV Vm = 70,7 V f) Rai PIV cua diot : V2 70, 7 2 g) Cong suat dong DC ra : PDC = 2 m = 2 = 5,1W * R *100 2 Vm 70, 7 2 h) Cong suat dong AC vao : PAC = = = 12,5W 4 R 4*100 p 4 i) Hieu suat chnh lu: = DC = 2 = 0, 405 = 40,5% PAC V V /2 j) He so nh dang: FF = oRMS = m = / 2 = 1,57 Vo ( avg ) Vm / k) So xung : l) He so gn song : m) Goc o dan : p=

tan sogonsongcoban 60 3600 = = =1 tan songuonAC 60 3600

2 I RMS ( I m / 2) 2 1 = 1 = ( / 2) 2 1 = 1, 21 2 2 (Im / ) I DC

RF =

= 1800

V du 5.2 Trong hnh 5.1a, ien ap nguon la 120V vi tai ien tr la 10 . Tm a) Dong tai cc ai b) ien ap tai trung bnh c) Dong tai trung bnh d) Dong tai RMS e) Cong suat at tren tai f) He so cong suat g) Rai PIV cua diot

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Giai ap : Goi gia tr ien ap nguon la a) Dong tai cc ai: b) ien ap tai trung bnh : c) Dong tai trung bnh : d) Dong tai RMS : e) Cong suat at len tai : f ) Cong suat bieu kien : He so cong suat : g) Rai PIV cua diot : Vm = 2 VRMS = 1,414 * 120 = 169,7 V Im = Vm / R = 169,7 / 10 = 16,97 A V0(avg) = 0,318 Vm = 0,318 * 169,7 = 54,0 V I0(avg) = 0,318 Im = 0,318 * 16,97 = 5,4 A IRMS = Im / 2 = 16,97 / 2 = 8,49 A 2 P = I RMS * R = 8,492 * 10 = 720 W S = VRMS * IRMS = 120 * 8,49 = 1018,8 VA P 720 = = 0, 707 o& S 1018,8 PIV Vm = 169,7 V

5.2.2 vi mot tai cam ng (RL) Dong ien na song vi mot tai cam ng (RL) , thc te trnh bay tren hnh 5.2a. Chung ta hay phan tch hoat ong cua mach ien nay a) Nh trong trng hp cua tai ien tr, diot v tr m, trong khi cc dng cua no tr nen dng so vi cc am. ien ap qua tai giong nh na chu ky dng cua nguon AC. b) Trong thi gian nay, nang lng truyen tai t nguon AC va la nang lung tch trong vung t trng ngoai vi phan cam. c) Dong ien i qua bo phan cam khong the thay oi ngay lap tc. Bi v dong ien tang them dan dan cho ti khi no at en gia tr cc ai cua no. Nen nh rang dong ien khong at en nh chot cua no khi ien ap la cc ai. ieu nay la phu hp vi thc te dong ien o chay qua phan cam tre vi ien ap. d) Khi ien ap nguon giam i, dong ien bat au giam dan dan, tr thanh 0 khi tat ca nang lng d tr bi phan cam c phong thch ti dong ien. Vay th dong ien tai tat han oi vi na nho hn toan bo giai oan e) cung mot thi gian, t trng gap lien ket vi phan cam va cam ng mot ien ap oi ngc vi s giam cua ien ap cung cap f) Dong ien cang sm bang 0 , diot la doc ngc. Diot luc o gi nguyen v tr tat oi vi s ngh cua chu ky am. Hnh 5.2b cho thay dang song Trong khoang t 0 en /2 , ien ap nguon vs tang dan t 0 en cc ai dng cua no, trong khi ien ap cam ng tren phan cam vL ngc vi s thay oi cua dong ien qua tai. Trong khoang thi gian /2 en , ien ap nguon giam dan t gia tr cc ai dng en 0 . Cung thi gian nay, ien ap cam ng co oi chieu phan cc ngc vi s giam cua dong ien, o la no hien them diot trc dong ien.

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Hnh 5.2 : chnh lu na song vi tai cam ng (a) bieu o dong ien (b) dang song cua ien ap va dong ien Tai , ien ap nguon oi chieu va tang dan en gia tr cc ai am. Tuy nhien ien ap cam ng ngang qua phan cam van con dng va se duy tr oi chieu dan cua diot cho en khi ien ap cam ng giam en 0, tai iem diot can. Nen nh rang mac du diot la doc ngc , co mot dong ien chay qua diot cho en khi goc = + c at en. o la ket qua cua nang lng tch tr trong t trng la c tr ve nguon. Dang song cua ien ap ngang qua ien tr cung giong nh dang song cua io(vR = io R). S khac nhau gia vR va vo la ien ap ngang qua phan cam ( xem hnh 5.2b) g) Neu chung ta tang tai cam ng L, diot se dan dong ien nhieu lan trong chu ky. Neu chung ta ap dung L e la vo han, dong ien i qua diot se co the tron ven bang phang va v vay lien tuc. Trong tnh trang nay, diot se co the la chu ky u, ien ap ngang qua diot se co the bang 0 va gia tr cua vs va vo se co the bang nhau.

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Dong ien se co the khong hieu chnh dai hn, nh vay dong ien co the la xoay chieu. ieu o khong thc hien c, bi v, dong ien au ra phai la 0 mot thi gian t hn na mot chu ky. ien ap ra trung bnh v vay phu thuoc s lien quan phan cam va ien tr cua tai. Dang song trnh bay tren hnh 5.2b la ve cho trng hp ma ien ap trung bnh ra la khac 0 va dong ien do o la khong lien tuc. Gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap tai c cho bi : V V0( avg ) = m (1 cos ) 5.11 2 = + la goc dan ( phu thuoc vao gia tr cua R va L) 1800 , V0( avg ) 0

3600 ,V0( avg ) 0

Tai cam ng giam ien ap tai trung bnh. Nh rang neu = 1800 th V0(avg) = Vm / ( cong thc 5.1) V I 0( avg ) = m (1 cos ) 5.12 2 R Ap dung oi vi cong suat cao, dong ien mot xung co gii han thc te dung ien ap ra thap va gn song rong trong ien ap DC ra.

5.2.3 Vi mot tai cam ng va diot lp FWD Dong ien tren hnh 5.2 co the thay oi ra ket qua dong ien trnh bay tren hnh 5.3, ma thc te s dung cong suat thap. No van con la chnh lu na song, qua dong ien tai co the chay trong toan bo chu ky iot th hai D2 , c mac song song vi tai, c biet nh la diot lp FWD . Diot nay ngan nga ien ap am xuat hien tren tai, ket qua la no lam tang ien ap trung bnh V0(avg) tren tai, cung nh vay vi dong ien trung bnh. Trong na chu ky am cua ien ap cung cap, FWD dan va chuan b phan xoay chieu oi vi dong ien. Trong khoang thi gian nay FWD dan, diot chnh D1 la doc ngc va ngng dan , va nh the dong ien nguon la bang 0 i vi na giai oan nay. FWD giup ngan nga dong ien tai i ti 0, va nh vay giam bout gn song. Dang song cua ien ap tai la giong nh trong dong na song vi mot tai ien tr. ien ap tai trung bnh la Vm / , cho bi cong thc 5.1 Dang song cua ien ap va dong ien trnh bay trong hnh ve nay cho la tai cam ng ln. Tai cam ng cang ln, dong ien tai cang tr nen bang phang hn.

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Hnh 5.3 : tai cam ng vi mot diot FWD (a) , s o dong ien (b) kieu dang song vi mot tai cam ng ln

V du 5.3 : Trong dong ien trnh bay tren hnh 5.3, Vs = 240 V va R = 10 . Neu tai ien cam la ln, tm a) ien ap tai trung bnh b) Dong ien tai trung bnh c) Gia tr RMS cua dong ien tai d) Cong suat tieu thu tren tai e) He so gn song f) He so cong suat Giai ap : Vm = 2 ( 240 ) = 339,4 V a) ien ap tai trung bnh : V0(avg) = 0,318 * 339,4 = 108 V

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b) Dong ien tai trung bnh : I0(avg) = 108 / 10 = 10,8 A c) Theo gia tr ln cua tai cam ng , dong ien tai gan nh la khong oi. Gia tr RMS cua dong ien tai v vay bang gia tr trung bnh cua no. 2 d) Cong suat tieu thu tren tai : PL = I RMS R = (10,8)2 *10 = 1166, 4W e) He so gn song :

V (339, 4 / 2) RF = RMS 1 = 1 = 1, 211 108 VDC f)He so cong suat : P 1166, 4 = = 0, 45 S 240*10,8

5.3 Chnh lu bien ap toan song co iem gia ( chnh lu hai xung) Mot pha n, chnh lu na song la rat khong thc te , ien ap ra trung bnh cua no thap, hieu suat kem, va he so gn song cao. Nhng nhc iem nay co the khac phuc bang chnh lu toan song. Chnh lu toan song thng c s dung hn chnh lu na song. Dong ien va ien ap trung bnh cao hn, hieu suat cao hn, va giam he so gn song 5.3.1 Vi mot tai ien tr : Hnh 5.4(a) trnh bay gian o cua chnh lu toan song dung mot may bien ap vi mot thou cap co iem gia. ien ap nguon va tai ien tr la nh nhau trong trng hp na song. Trong chu ky na dng ( hnh 5.4b) diot D1 dan va diot D2 la doc ngc. Dong ien chay qua tai la nguyen nhan ri giam ien dng

Hnh 5.4 Chnh lu toan song iem gia (a) dong ien (b) ng lng dong ien trong na chu ky dng (c) ng lng dong ien trong na chu ky am

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Hnh 5.4 (d) Dang song cua dong ien va ien ap

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Trong na chu ky am (hnh 5.4c) diot D2 dan va D1 la ong. Dong ien chay qua R, duy tr cung nh phan cc oi vi ien ap ngang qua tai (xem hnh 5.4d) . Bi v dang song cua ien ap tai khong thay oi tot hn na chu ky song sin , ket qua la gia tr trung bnh cao hn va he so gn song cao hn. Gia tr trung bnh va RMS giong mot chut vi trng hp na song V0(avg) = (2 Vm ) / = 0,636 Vm Nh rang trung bnh toan song bang hai lan trung bnh na song, ieu nay la hien nhien bi kiem tra hai o th ien ap au. Tng t ien ap tai trung bnh cung cho bi : 0,636V I o ( avg ) = (2 I m ) / = 0, 636 I m = R m 5.14 Dong ien ra RMS cho bi : I o ( avg ) = I m = 0, 707.I m 2
5.15

o th cua ien ap ngang qua diot tren hnh 5.4d cho thay rang moi mot diot phai khong co ien ap ngc bang 2 Vm. Rai PIV oi vi diot c s dung trong dong ien nay c tnh bi : Rai PIV cho diot 2 Vm 5.16 Dong ien trung bnh qua diot la : ID1(avg) = ID2(avg) = I0(avg) / 2 = Im / 5.17 Dong ien RMS qua diot la : IDRMS = Im / 2 5.18 Trung bnh hay cong suat phan phoi tren tai c cho bi : P0(avg) = V0(AVG) * I0(AVG) 2 2Vm 2 I m 4Vm *Vm 4Vm = * = 2 = 5.19 *R 2 *R Cong suat vao AC c cho bi : PAC = VRMS * IRMS 2 Vm I m Vm *Vm Vm = * = = 5.20 2* R 2* R 2 2

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V du 5.4 : Chnh lu toan song trnh bay tren hnh 5.4a, c cung cap t nguon 120 V, 60 Hz. Neu tai ien tr la 10 . Tm a) Dong ien tai cc ai b) ien ap tai trung bnh c) Dong ien tai trung bnh d) Dong ien trung bnh diot e) Gia tr RMS cua donh ien tai f) Cong suat tren tai g) Dai PIV cua diot h) Tan so gn song Giai ap : ien ap nh : Vm = 2 (120) = 169,7 V a) Dong ien tai cc ai Im = Vm / R = 169,7 / 10 = 16,97 A b) ien ap tai trung bnh V0(avg) = 0,636 Vm = 0,636 * 169,7 = 108 V c) Dong ien tai trung bnh I0(avg) = 0,636 * 16,97 = 10,8 A d) Dong ien trung bnh diot ID1(avg) = ID2(avg) = I0(avg) / 2 = 10,8 / 2 = 5,4 A e) Gia tr RMS cua dong ien tai I0RMS = Im / 2 = 16,97 / 1,414 = 12 A f) Cong suat tren tai I2 R = 122 * 10 = 1440 W g) Dai PIV cua diot = 2 Vm = 339,4 V h) T khi hai chu ky dong ra xuat hien oi vi moi mot chu ky cua dong vao Tan so gn song = 2 * tan so dong vao = 2 * 60 = 120 Hz -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V du 5.5 : Chnh lu toan song trnh bay tren hnh 5.4a, c cung cap t nguon 120 V, 60 Hz. Neu tai ien tr la 10 . Tm a) ien ap tai trung bnh b) Dong ien tai cc ai c) Dong ien tai trung bnh d) Gia tr RMS cua donh ien tai e) Rai PIV oi vi diot f) Cong suat trung bnh phan phoi tren tai g) Cong suat vao AC h) Hieu suat cua may chnh lu
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i) He so dang j) So xung k) He so gn song l) Goc dan m) He so cong suat Giai ap : ien ap nh : Vm = 2 (50) = 70,7 V a) ien ap tai trung bnh : V0(avg) = 0,636 Vm = 0,636 * 70,7 = 45 V b) Dong tai cc ai : Im = Vm / R = 70,7 / 100 = 707 mA c) Dong tai trungbnh : I0(avg) = 0,636 * 0,707 = 450 mA d) Dong tai RMS: I0RMS = Im / 2 = 0,707 / 1,414 = 500 mA e) Rai PIV cho diot : PIV 2 Vm = 141,4 V f) Cong suat trung bnh phan phoi tren tai: 4V 2 4(70, 7) 2 P0(avg) = 2 m = 2 = 20, 25W * R *100 Vm2 70, 7 2 g) Cong suat vao AC : PAC = = = 25W 2 R 2*100 P V2 2R 8 h) Hieu suat chnh lu : = avg = 4 2 m * 2 = 2 = 0,81 = 81% * R Vm PAC V 50 i) He so hnh dang : FF = 0( RMS ) = = 1,11 V0( avg ) 45 j) So xung : p =
tan .so.gon.song .co.ban = 120 / 60 = 3600 /1800 = 2 tan .so.nguon. AC RF =
2 I RMS 0, 52 1 = 1 = 0, 484 2 I DC 0, 452

k) He so gn song : l) Goc dan :

= 1800
m) He so cong suat :

PF =

(Vm / )( I 0( avg ) / 2) (Vm / 2 2)( I 0( avg ) / 2)

= 2 / = 0, 64

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5.3.2 Vi mot tai cam ng RL Them mot bo phan cam ng cung vi mot tai ien ch lam thay oi dang song cua ien ap va dong ien, nh trnh bay phan 5.2.2. Nen nh rang dong ien tai tiep tuc chay mot giai oan cua thi gian sau khi diot doc ngc, va ket qua la lam giam bien o cua ien ap rat rung bnh. Hnh 5.5 trnh bay chnh lu toan song co iem gia vi mot tai cam ng va dang song cua dong ien va ien ap tong hp cua no. Nh co the thay tren hnh 5.5b Hnh 5.5 : Chnh lu co iem gia vi mot tai cam ng (a) s o dong ien (b) dang song cua dong ien va ien ap

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Dong ien tai at cc ai khi ien ap nguon Vs bang 0. Khi Vs tang dan o ln trong khoang thi gian t ) en / 2 , khi Vs at en cc ai , dong ien tai la nho nhat. Trong khoang thi gian gia /2 va , nay ien ap nguon giam dan o ln, ien ap cam ng ngang qua phan cam oi ngc vi s giam dan cua dong ien tai bi c them ien ap nguon. V vay dong ien tai tang dan en mot gia tr cc ai khi vs = 0 . Qua trnh tiep tuc vi moi na chu ky cua chnh lu song sin. Dong ien tai khong bao gi giam en 0 t luc nang lc d tr trong t trng duy tr cho dong ien chay Cong thc la nh nhau oi vi chnh lu iem gia vi mot tai ien tr. Gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap tai la : V0(avg) = (2 Vm) / = 0,636 Vm 5.21 Hnh 5.6 Dang song cua dong ien oi vi mot tai cam ng cao

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Gia tr trung bnh cua dong ien tai la : 2V V I 0( avg ) = m = 0, 636 m 5.22 R R Neu tai cam ng la u ln, dong ien tai gan nh khong oi, giong nh trnh bay tren hnh 5.6 Gia tr RMS cua dong ien tai la : I0(RMS) = I0(avg) = V0(avg) / R 5.23 I ID(RMS) = 0( avg ) 5.24 2 V du 5.6 : Chnh lu toan song trnh bay tren hnh 5.5a, nguon ien cung ng la 115 V. Neu tai ien tr la 100 , tm : a) ien ap ra DC b) Dong ien tai trung bnh c) Cong suat phan phoi tren tai d) Cong suat vao AC e) Hieu suat chnh lu f) He so gn song g) He so hnh dang Giai ap : ien ap nh la : a) ien ap ra DC la : V0(avg) = 0,636 Vm

Vm =

2 (115) = 162,6 V

= 0,636 * 162,6 = 103,4 V

b) Dong ien tai trung bnh la : I0(avg) = 103,4 / 100 = 1,03 A c) Cong suat phan phoi tren tai : PL = V0(avg) * I0(avg) = 103,4 * 1,03 = 107 W d) Cong suat au vao AC: 2 Vm 162, 62 PAC = VRMS * IRMS = = = 132, 2W 2 R 2*100 e) Hieu suat chnh lu : P 107 = L = = 0,81 = 81% PAC 132, 2

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f) He so gn song :

V RF = RMS 1 = Vdc g) He so hnh dang: VRMS 115 = FF = V0( avg ) 103, 4

115 103, 4 1 = 0, 48

= 1,11

5.4 Chnh lu cau toan song 5.4.1 Vi mot tai ien tr Chnh lu toan song cung co the at c bi chnh lu cau nh trnh bay tren hnh 5.7. Chnh lu toan song cau nay s dung bon diot. Trong na chu ky dng cua ien ap nguon (hnh 5.8a, diot D2 va D3 la doc ngc do vay co the thay the bang mot nut ong. Dong ien tai chay qua trong giai oan nay i qua D2 va tai R sau o i qua D3 va tr ve nguon. Nguyen do nay la mot ien ap dng ri ngang qua R Hnh 5.7 Mach ien chnh lu cau toan song

Hnh 5.8b cho thay dong ien cau toan song trong na chu ky am cua ien ap nguon. Bay gi diot D1 va D4 la doc ngc va v the co the c thay the bang mot nut ong. Dong ien tai bay gi i ngang qua D4 va qua R , sau o qua D1 en nguon. ng i cua dong ien qua R la co hng cung nh trc, bi v co s ri giam ien dng ngang qua R trong ca hai na chu ky . Nh vay, chnh lu cau toan song muc ch la dong ien tai chay trong ca hai na chu ky. Hnh 5.9 trnh bay nhng dang song thch hp. Gia tr trung bnh va RMS cua ien ap va dong ien la tng t nh vi trng hp chnh lu toan song co iem gia. Tuy nhien dang song cua ien ap ngang qua diot trenhnh 5.9 cho thay rang moi mot diot phai chu c mot ien ap ngc bang Vm

140

Hnh 5.8 Chnh lu cau (a) na chu ky dng (b) na chu ky am.

Hnh 5.9 Nhng dang song cua chnh lu cau

141

Rai PIV oi vi diot Vm Bi v co hai ng dan cho dong ien tai, dong ien diot trung bnh ch la mot na cua dong ien tai trung bnh ID(avg) = Iavg / 2

V du 5.7: Chnh lu cau toan song tren hnh 5.7, c cung cap bi nguon 120V . Neu ien tr tai la 10,8 , tm : a) ien ap tai nh b) ien ap DC ngang qua tai c) Dong ien tai DC d) Dong ien trung bnh trong moi mot diot e) Cong suat ra trung bnh f) Hieu suat chnh lu g) He so gn song h) He so cong suat Giai ap : a) ien ap nh : Vm = 2 VRMS = 1,414 * 120 = 170 V b) ien ap DC ngang qua tai : V0(avg) = 0,636 * 170 = 108 V c) Dong ien tai DC I0(avg) = 108 / 10,8 = 10 A d) dong ien trung bnh trong moi diot : t luc cac diot mang dong tai tren cac na chu ky xoay chieu ID(avg) = I0(avg) / 2 = 10 / 2 = 5 A e) Cong suat ra trung bnh : P0(avg) = V0(avg) * I 0(avg) = 108 * 10 = 1080 W f) Hieu suat chnh lu : = 8 / 2 = 0,81 = 81% g) He so dang :

V 120 RF = RMS 1 = 1 = 0, 482 108 VDC h) He so cong suat P V0( avg ) * I 0( avg ) 108*10 PF = = = = 0, 9 S VRMS * I RMS 120 *10

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V du 5.8 : Chnh lu cau toan song tren hnh 5.7, c cung cap bi nguon ien 120V, 60 Hz. Neu tai ien tr la 10 , tm : a) ien ap tai trung bnh b) Dong ien tai cc ai c) Dong ien tai trung bnh d) Dong ien tai RMS e) Cong suat tren tai f) Rai PIV cho cac diot g) Dong ien diot trung bnh h) Tan so gn song Giai ap : ien ap tai nh la : Vm = 2 VRMS = 1,414 * 120 = 170 V a) ien ap tai trung bnh : V0(avg) = 0,636 * 170 = 108 V Vm 170 b) Dong ien tai cc ai : Im = = = 17 A R 10 c) Dong ien tai trung bnh : I 0(avg) = 0,636 * 17 = 10,8 A d) Dong ien tai RMS : IRMS = 17 2 = 12 A 2 e) Cong suat tren tai : P = I RMS R = 122 *10 = 1440W f) Rai PIV cho cac diot : PIV Vm = 170 V g) Dong diot trung bnh : ID(vag) = I0(avg) /2 = 10,8 / 2 = 5,4 A h) T hai chu ky cua au ra xay ra cho moi mot chu ky cua au vao, Tan so gn song = 2 * tan so cua AC vao = 2 * 60 = 120 Hz

V du 5.9: Chnh lu cau toan song tren hnh 5.7, c cung cap bi mot nguon 50V, neu ien tr tai la 100 , tm : a) ien ap trung bnh ngang qua tai b) Dong ien tai trung bnh c) Dong ien RMS d) So xung e) Goc dan f) Rai PIV cho diot g) He so hnh dang h) He so gn song Giai ap : ien ap tai nh la : Vm = 2 VRMS = 1,414 * 50 = 70,7 V a) ien ap trung bnh ngang qua tai : V0(avg) = 0,636 * 70,7 = 45 V b) Dong ien tai trung bnh : I0(avg) = 45 / 100 = 0,45 A

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c) Dong RMS: d) So xung : e) Goc dan : f) Rai PIV : g) He so hnh dang : h) He so gn song :

IRMS =

Im V = m = 0, 5 A 2 2R

p = 2 = 1800 PIV = Vm = 70,7 V VRMS 50 FF = = = 1,11 V0( avg ) 45 RF =

VRMS 50 1 = 1 = 0, 483 45 VDC

5.4.2 Vi mot tai ien cam RL Them mot cuon cam cung loai vi mot ien tr lam thay oi dang song cua ien ap va dong ien. Hnh 5.10 cho thay mot chnh lu cau vi mot tai ien cam. Hay them mot cuon cam L o chng bang R . Dong ien tai khong oi lau hn cua na song sin, nhng dong ien trung bnh con cc tnh nh cong thc 5.22 2 I m 2Vm I0(avg) = = R ng dong ien khong la ham so sin ma gan nh la mot song vuong. Hnh 5.11 trnh bay dang song cua ien ap va dong ien. Hnh 5.10 Chnh lu cau dong ien (s o xoay chieu) vi tai cam ng

Neu chung ta tang dan tai cam ng cho en khi no ln hn R , gn song ngang qua tai tr nen nho. Neu chung ta them vo han tai cam ng , dong ien tai tr nen khong oi va cach chay cua dong ien nh nhng dang song tren hnh 5.12. Diot D2 va D3 dan dong tai khong oi tren na chu ky dng, trong diot D1 va D4 lam viec nh vay tren na chu ky am. Dong ien nguon c cho bi : Is = i3 - i1 = i2 - i4 5.27

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Dau cho khong phai la mot song sin, dong nguon AC la mot dang song xoay chieu co hnh dang ch nhat. Tai la luon luon noi tieo vi nguon, nhng s noi tiep la ao ngc tren na chu ky xoay chieu. ien ap ra V0 la mot dang song chnh lu toan song. Gia tr trung bnh cua no co the c xac nh t : V0(avg) = VL(avg) + VR(avg) 5.28 Hnh 5.11: Dang song oi vi hnh 5.10 ( L=R)

Hnh 5.12: Dang song oi vi hnh 5.10 ( L ? R )

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 ay VR la ien ap ngang qua ien tr va VL la ien ap ngang qua phan cam. Trong qua trnh hoat ong VL(avg) ien ap trung bnh ngang qua phan cam , phai bang 0, v vay : 5.29 VR(avg) = V0(avg) = (2Vm) / = 0,636 Vm ien ap tai trung bnh la giong nh oi vi trng hp ien tr. Dong ien tai trung bnh co the c xac nh t : I0(avg) = VR(avg) / R = 0,636 ( Vm / R ) 5.30 T nay dong ien tai bay gi ve ban chat la khong oi, gia tr RMS, cc ai va trung bnh cua no la nh nhau : IRMS = I0(max) = I0(avg) 5.31 T nay cac diot trong cau dan tren na chu ky xoay chieu, dong ien trung bnh trong moi mot diot la : ID(avg) = I0(avg) / 2 5.32 Va dong ien RMS trong moi mot diot la : I 0( avg ) ID(RMS) = 5.33 2 V du 5.10: Mot chnh lu cau toan song vi mot tai RL noi tiep vi mot nguon 120V. Neu tai ien tr la 10 va L ? R, tm : a) ien ap tai trung bnh b) Dong ien tai trung bnh c) Dong ien tai cc ai d) Gia tr RMS cua dong tai e) Dong trung bnh tren moi diot f) Dong RMS trong moi diot g) Cong suat at tren tai Giai ap : ien ap tai nh la Vm = 2 VRMS = 1,414 * 120 = 170 V a) Dong ien tai trung bnh : V0(avg) = 0,636 * 170 = 108 V b) Dong ien tai trung bnh V0(avg) / R = 108 / 10 = 10,8 A c) Dong tai cc ai = dong tai trung bnh = 10,8 A d) Gia tr RMS dong tai = dong tai trung bnh = 10,8 A e) Dong trung bnh trong moi diot : ID(avg) = I0(avg) / 2 = 10,8 / 2 = 5,4 A I 10,8 f) Dong RMS trong moi diot id(RMS) = 0( avg ) = = 7, 6 A 2 2 2 g) Cong suat tren tai : I RMS R = 10,82 *10 = 1167W

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5.5 thao luan : 5.1 nh ngha chnh lu 5.2 Phac hoc s o mot chnh lu na song va giai thch hoat ong cua no 5.3 Mot may chnh lu na song co ien ap vao trung bnh 120V. Tm rai PIV yeu cau cho diot 5.4 Mot chnh lu na song co ien ap nguon 120 V. Neu ien tr tai la 20 tm : a) ien ap tai trung bnh b) Dong diot cc ai c) Dong diot trung bnh d) Rai PIV cho diot e) cong suat tai trung bnh f) he so gn song g) he so dang 5.5 Chnh lu na song vi mot tai cam ng va FWD co ien ap vao 120V, mot tai ien tr 5 va mot tai cam ng 20 mH. Tm a) ien ap tai trung bnh b) Dong tai trung bnh c) Dai ien ap va dong diot 5.6 u iem chnh cua chnh lu toan song so vi chnh lu na song la g ? 5.7 Trong mot chnh lu toan song co iem gia, Vs = 208 V , va ien tr tai R = 100 , tm : a) ien ap tai cc ai b) ien ap tai trung bnh c) Dong diot cc ai d) Dong diot trung bnh e) Rai PIV cho diot f) Gia tr RMS cua ien ap ra g) He so gn song 5.8 Bien ap cung cap cho chnh lu toan song co iem gia t mot nguon 400 V . Neu ien tr tai R = 500 va L = 1 H. Tm : a) ien ap tai trung bnh b) ien ap tai trung bnh c) Dong diot cc ai d) Cong suat phan phoi tren tai e) Rai PIV cho diot 5.9 Cho mot chnh lu toan song mot pha vi mot tai RL , ien ap ngang qua cuon th cap la 400 V. Neu tai ien tr la 100 . Tm : a) ien ap tai trung bnh b) ien ap tai RMS c) Dong diot cc ai
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d) Dong diot trung bnh e) Rai PIV cho diot 5.10 Phac hoa dang song au vao cua hnh 5.7 tat ca cac diot ngc 5.11 Trong mot chnh lu cau toan song, Vs = 240 V , va tai ien tr R = 10 . Tm : a) ien ap tai trung bnh b) Dong tai trung bnh c) Dong tai RMS d) Dong diot trung bnh e) Cong suat ra trung bnh f) Rai PIV cho diot 5.12 Phac hoa dang song au ra cua hnh 5.13. Tm ien ap ra trung bnh, va rai PIV cho diot Hnh 5.13: cho cau 5.12

5.6 Cac cong thc : V0(avg) = 0,318 Vm I0(avg) = Im / I0RMS = Im / 2 PIV Vm 2 Vm P0(avg) = 2 *R 2 Vm PAC = 4R P = avg PAC

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

5.6 5.7

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FF =

V0 RMS V0( avg )

tan .so.gon.song .co.ban tan .so.nguon. AC

5.8 5.9 5.10

5.11

So xung = RF = V0(avg) I0(avg) = =

2 I RMS 2 I DC 1

Vm (1 cos ) 2

Vm (1 cos ) 2 R V0(avg) = (2Vm ) / = 0,636 Vm I0(avg) = ( 2 Im ) / = 0,636 Im = 0,636 Vm / R Im I0(RMS) = = 0,707 Im 2 PIV 2 Vm ID1avg = ID2avg = I0avg / 2 = Im / ID(RMS) = Im / 2 2 4Vm P0(avg) = 2 *R 2 Vm PAC = 2R V0(avg) = (2Vm ) / = 0,636 Vm 2Vm V I0(avg) = = 0, 636 m R R IRMS = I0(avg) = V0(avg) / R I 0( avg ) ID(RMS) = 2 PIV Vm ID(avg) = I0(avg) / 2 Is = i3 - i1 = i2 - i4 V0(avg) = VL(avg) + VR(avg) VR(avg) = V0(avg) = (2Vm ) / I0(avg) = VR(avg) / R IRMS = I0(nax) = I0(avg) ID(avg) = I0(avg) / 2 I 0( avg ) ID(RMS) = 2

5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33

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