Z Transform

Bi ging: X l s tn hiu
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BIN I Z
Ni dung:
5.1 Bin i Z
5.1.1 nh ngha bin i Z
5.1.2 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Z
5.1.3 Gin cc-khng
5.2 Bin i Z ngc
5.2.1 Phng php phn tch thnh chui ly tha
5.2.2 Phng php phn tch thnh phn thc s cp
5.3 Phn tch h thng dng bin i Z
Bi tp
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5.1 Bin i Z:
l php chuyn tn hiu sang min Z thun tin trong phn tch, x l.
bin i Z c vai tr nh php bin i Laplace trong mch tng t.
c dng tnh ton p ng ca h thng LTI, thit k cc b lc,vv...
5.1.1 nh ngha:
Bin i Z ca mt tn hiu ri rc x(n):
X (z) =
x(n) z n
n =
K hiu:
Z
x(n)
X ( z)
hay:
(z: bin phc)
X ( z ) = Z [ x ( n) ]
Vng hi t ca bin i Z (ROC: Region Of Convergence)

ROC l tp hp nhng gi tr ca Z lm cho X(z) c gi tr hu hn.
ROC =
{z
^ | X (z) }
Phi ch r ra khi ni n bin i Z.

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5.1 Bin i Z (tt):

V d 1: Xc nh bin i z ca cc tn hiu sau
ImZ
ROC
a. x(n) = {1,2,5,7,0,1}
b. x(n) = anu(n)
ReZ
c. x(n) = -anu(-n-1)
-1
d. x(n) = anu(n) - bnu(-n-1)
Li gii:
a. T nh ngha:
ROC: z 0; z
X(z) = z2 + 2z + 5 + 7z-1+ z-3 ;

b. Ta c:
X (z) =
x(n) z
n =
a u (n) z
n =
n=0
a z
( a z 1 ) n
n=0
Nu: |az-1|<1 |z|>|a| th:
X (z) =
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1
1 a z 1
ROC: |z| > |a|

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5.1 Bin i Z (tt):

c. Ta c:
X (z) =
x(n) z
n =
a z
n
n =
n=
z = ( a 1 z ) n
n
n =1
Nu: |a-1z|<1 |z|<|a| th:
1
a 1 z
1
X (z) =
1
+
=
=
1 a z 1
1 a 1 z 1 a z 1
d. Ta c:
X (z) =
x(n) z
n =
n=0
Nu |b|<|a|:
n=0
bn z n
zn
n =1
ROC
ROC = {}:
-1
a1
ReZ
ROC : |a|<|z|<|b|:
X (z) =
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ImZ
n =
khng tn ti X(z).
Nu |b|>|a|:
ROC: |z| < |a|
1
1
+
1 a z 1 1 b z 1
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5.1 Bin i Z (tt):

Mt s cp bin i Z thng dng:
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5.1.2 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Z:

a. Tuyn tnh:
x1 ( n ) X 1 ( z )
a1 x1 ( n ) + a 2 x 2 ( n ) a1 X 1 ( z ) + a 2 X 2 ( z ), a1 , a 2
x2 ( n ) X 2 ( z )
V d 2: Tm bin i Z ca tn hiu sau:
x(n) = 3(0.8)n u(n) 5(1.2)n u(n)

p dng tnh cht tuyn tnh:
x1 ( n ) = (0.8) n u ( n ) x2 ( n ) = ( 1.2) n u ( n )
&
a1 = 3
a2 = 5
1
n
(0.8)
(
)
,| z |> 0.8
u
n
1 0.8 z
1
(1.2) n u (n)
,| z |> 1.2
1
1 + 1.2 z
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X(z) =
3
5
,| z |>1.2
1
1
10.8z 1+1.2z
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5.1.2 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Z (tt):

b. Dch chuyn trong min thi gian ri rc:
x ( n n0 ) z n0 X ( z )
x(n) X ( z )
n
x ( n + n0 ) z 0 X ( z )
n
1
x(n) = u(n + 2)
2
Vit li x(n):
n+2
1
1
x(n) = u(n + 2) = 4 u(n + 2)
2
2
p dng tnh cht trn:
1
,>| z |> 0.5
X(z) = 4z
1
10.5z
2
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c. Vi phn trong min Z:
dX ( z )
x(n) X ( z ) nx(n) z
dz
Vit li x(n):
x (n) = na n u ( n)
x (n) = nx1 (n), x1 (n) = a n u ( n)
p dng cp bin i c bn:
1
x1 (n) = a u ( n) X 1 ( z ) =
, | z |>| a |
1
1 az
n
p dng tnh cht trn:
dX1(z)
d 1
az1
; | z |>| a |
X(z) =z
=z
=
2
1
1
dz
dz 1az (1az )
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d. Tch chp:
x1 ( n ) X 1 ( z )
x ( n ) = x1 ( n ) * x 2 ( n ) x ( z ) = X 1 ( z ) X 2 ( z )
x2 ( n ) X 2 ( z )
chuyn i php tch chp trong min thi gian sang php nhn thng thng
trong min Z thun tin trong phn tch h thng.
V d 5: Tnh tch chp ca hai tn hiu sau:
x1 (n) = {1, 2,1};

Ta c:
x2 (n) = u ( n) u (n 6)
X1(z) = 1- 2z-1 + z-2;
ROC: z 0;
X2(z) = 1+ z-1 + z-2 + z-3 + z-4 + z-5; ROC: z 0;

p dng tnh cht trn:
X(z) = X1(z)X2(z) = (1- 2z-1 + z-2)(1+ z-1 + z-2 + z-3 + z-4 + z-5)
= 1- z-1 - z-6 + z-7
Suy ra:
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x(n) = {1,-1,0,0,0,0,-1,1}
Chng 5
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e. o thi gian:
1
x(n) X ( z) x(n) X ( z )
n
1
x ( n) = u ( n)
3
n
1

y (n) = x ( n) = u (n) = 3n u (n)
t:
3
p dng cp bin i c bn:
1
y ( n) Y ( z ) =
, | z |> 3
1
1 3z
p dng tnh cht trn:
1
; | z |<1/3
X(z) =Y(z ) =
13z
1
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Tm tc mt s tnh cht quan trng ca bin i Z
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5.1.3 Gin cc-khng:

Bin i Z ca cc tn hiu thc v cc h thng LTI thng c dng hu t,
ngha l, ta c th biu din:
N ( z ) A( z z1 )( z z2 )( z z3 )......( z z L )
X ( z) =
=
D ( z ) ( z p1 )( z p2 )( z p3 )......( z pM )
Cc gi tr zi v pi c gi ln lt l cc im khng, cc im cc.
th biu din cc gi tr im cc, im khng trn mt phng phc Z c
gi l gin cc - khng.
ImZ
V d 7: V gin cc khng
1
z
x ( n) = u ( n) X ( z ) =
=
1
z 1
1 z
Ta c:
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z1 = 0 ;
p1 = 1
-1
z1
p1 ReZ
iem khong
iem cc
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5.2 Bin i Z ngc:

bin i tn hiu t min Z tr v min thi gian ri rc, k hiu:
x ( n ) = Z 1 { X ( z )}
5.2.1 Phng php khai trin thnh chui ly tha:
Biu din X(z) thnh dng ly tha sau:
So snh vi nh ngha:
Suy ra, chui tn hiu x(n):
X (z) =
X (z) =
n +=
Cn z n
x(n) z n
n =
x ( n ) = {C n } , n
V d 8: Tm bin i Z ngc ca tn hiu sau:
X (z) =
1
1 1 .5 z
+ 0 .5 z
R O C :| z | > 1
Chia a thc c dng ly tha:
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5.2.1 Phng php khai trin thnh chui ly tha (tt):

Li gii:
Chia a thc c dng ly tha:
X (z) =
1
1 1 .5 z 1 + 0 .5 z 2
= 1+
3 1 7 2
z + z + .....
2
4
Khng cho dng
biu thc khp kn
ca x(n)
Suy ra gi tr chui x(n):
3 7
x ( n ) = 1,
,
, ...
2 4
5.2.2 Phng php khai trin thnh cc phn thc s cp:
X (z) =
Biu din X(z) thnh dng sau:
a
k =0
X k (z)
trong : Xk(z) l cc biu thc c bin i Z ngc xk(n) bit.
Lc :
x(n) =
a
k =0
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xk (n )
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5.2.2 Phng php khai trin thnh cc phn thc s cp (tt):

X (z) =
Li gii:
1
1 1 .5 z
+ 0 .5 z
R O C :| z | > 1
a v dng tng cc phn thc s cp:
X (z) =
1
1 1 .5 z 1 + 0 .5 z 2
1
(1 z 1 )(1 0 .5 z 1 )
2
1
=
1 z 1 1 0 .5 z 1
=
Mc khc,p dng cp bin i Z c bn:
(
)
,| Z |> 1
u
n
1 z
,
|
|
|
|
a nu (n)
z
a
>
1
1 az 1
(0.5) n u ( n )
,| z |> 0.5
1
1 0.5 z
Suy ra:
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x(n) = 2u (n) (0.5) n u (n)
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Phng php a v tng cc phn thc s cp:

Gi s X(z) c dng hu t:
N ( z 1 )
X ( z) =
D( z 1 )
Trng hp 1: (bc t s nh hn mu s) xt 2 kh nng

D(z) ch c cc nghim thc n, tc l c th biu din:
N ( z 1 )
N ( z 1 )
=
X ( z) =
1
D( z ) (1 p1 z 1 )(1 p2 z 1 )(1 p3 z 1 ).......
A3
A1
A2
=
+
+
+ ....
1
1
1
1 p1 z
1 p2 z
1 p3 z
trong , cc h s c xc nh nh sau:
Ai = (1 p i z 1 ) X ( z )
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z = pi
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2 2 .0 5 z 1
X (z) =
1 2 .0 5 z 1 + z 2
Biu din thnh tng cc phn thc s cp:
A1
A2
2 2.05 z 1
2 2.05 z 1
X ( z) =
=
=
+
1 2.05 z 1 + z 2 (1 0.8 z 1 )(1 1.25 z 1 ) (1 0.8 z 1 ) (1 1.25 z 1 )
Xc nh cc h s:
A1 = (1 0.8 z ) X ( z )
1
z = 0.8
2 2.05 z 1
=
=1
1
1
1.25
z
z =0.8
2 2.05 z 1
A2 = (1 1.25 z ) X ( z ) z =1.25 =
=1
1
1
0.8
z
z =1.25
Cc bin i Z ngc c th c:
1
(0.8)n u(n) + (1.25)n u(n), | z |>1.25
x(n) = (0.8)n u(n) (1.25)n u(n 1), 1.25 >| z |> 0.8
(0.8)n u(n 1) (1.25)n u(n 1), | z |< 0.8
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D(z) c cc nghim thc bi, tc l c th biu din:
N(z1)
N(z1)
X(z) = 1 =
1
1
1 h
D(z ) (1 pz
)(1
p
z
)...(1
p
z
) ......
1
2
k
A1k
A2k
Ahk
A1
A2
=
+
+
+
+...+
+...
1
1
1
1 2
1 h
1 pz
1 p2z 1 p3z (1 p3z )
(1 p3z )
1
Ai = (1 p i z 1 ) X ( z )
z = pi
;i k
1 dh j
1 h
(1
) X (z)
Ajk =
p
z
k
h j
(h j)! dz
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z= pk
; j =1,..., h
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Trng hp 2: (bc t s bng bc mu s)
N ( z 1 )
N ( z 1 )
=
X ( z) =
1
D( z ) (1 p1 z 1 )(1 p2 z 1 )(1 p3 z 1 ).......
A3
A1
A2
= A0 +
+
+
+ ....
1
1
1
1 p1 z
1 p2 z
1 p3 z
A0 = [ X ( z )]z =0 ; Ai = (1 p i z 1 ) X ( z )
z = pi
V d 10: Tm tt c cc bin i Z ngc c th c ca X(z):
1 + z + 1 0 z 2
X (z) =
0 .2 5 + z 2
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A1
A2
1 + z + 10 z 2 10 + z 1 z 2
X ( z) =
=
=
A
+
+
0
0.25 + z 2
1 0.25 z 2
1 0.5 z 1 1 + 0.5 z 1
Xc nh cc h s:
A0 = [ X ( z ) ]
z =0
10 z 1 z 2
=
=4
2
0.25
z
z =0
A1 = (1 0.5 z 1 ) X ( z )
A2 = (1 + 0.5 z 1 ) X ( z )
Suy ra:
X ( z) = 4 +
z = 0.5
z =0.5
=4
=2
4
2
+
1 0.5 z 1 1 + 0.5 z 1
Cc bin i Z ngc c th c:
4 (n) + 4(0.5)n u(n) + 2(0.5)n u(n); | z |> 0.5

x(n) =
n
n
(
n
)
4(0.5)
u
(
n
1)
2(
0.5)
u(n 1); | z |> 0.5
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Trng hp 3: (bc t s ln hn mu s)
Chia t s cho mu s a v dng:
1
N ( z 1 )
R
(
z
)
1
=
+
X ( z) =
Q
(
z
)
D( z 1 )
D( z 1 )
Vic tm bin i Z ngc ca Q(z) l d dng, cn vi a thc cn li

dng trng hp 1.
V d 11: Tm tt c cc bin i Z ngc c th c ca X(z):
6 + z 5
X (z) =
1 0 .2 5 z 2
6 + z 5
6 + 1 6 z 1
1
3
X (z) =
= 16 z 4 z +
2
1 0 .2 5 z
1 0 .2 5 z 2
Xc nh cc h s: (tng t trng hp 1)..
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5.3 Phn tch h thng dng bin i Z:

Xt h thng ri rc c p ng xung h(n). Bin i Z ca p ng xung c
gi l hm truyn (transfer function) ca h thng.
Hm truyn ca h thng ri rc:
+
H (z) =
H(z) thng c
s dng m t
v phn tch h
thng ri rc
h(n) z n
n =
Quan h gia ng vo- ng ra:

H thng
Tn hiu vo
x(n)
X(z)
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ri rc
H
Tn hiu ra
y(n)=h(n)*x(n)
Y(z)=X(z)H(z)
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5.3 Phn tch h thng dng bin i Z (tt):

Tnh n nh v nhn qu:
Nhn qu:
H thng LTI nhn qu: h(n) = 0, n<0.
ROC ca bin i Z ca mt chui nhn qu nm ngoi mt vng trn.
Do vy, h thng LTI nhn qu <=> ROC nm ngoi vng trn c bn knh
ImZ
r.
ROC
n nh:
H thng LTI n nh:
| h(n) | <
n =
| h ( n ) |z
< , | z |= 1
n =
*
p
*p *p
0
*p
-1
ReZ
Do vy, ROC ca H(z) phi cha vng trn n v.
Tm li, mt h thng LTI l nhn qu v n nh nu v ch nu mi

cc ca H(z) u nm trong vng trn n v.
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5.3 Phn tch h thng dng bin i Z (tt):

V d 12: Hm truyn ca mt h thng LTI:
3 4 z 1
H (z) =
1 3 .5 z 1 + 1 .5 z 2
Tm p ng xung khi h thng l nhn qu. Lc ny, h c n nh khng?
Li gii:
Vit li:
3 4 z 1
1
3
=
H (z) =
1 3 .5 z 1 + 1 .5 z 2 1 0 .5 z 1 1 3 z 1
H(z) c hai cc ti z = 1/2 v z = 3. Do , tha iu kin nhn qu th

ROC: |z|>3. p ng xung ca h thng:
n
1
h(n) = u (n) + 2.3n u (n)
2
Lc ny, h thng s khng n nh do ROC khng cha vng trn n v.

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Bi tp:
5.1 (bi 8.1.3 trang 311)
5.2 (bi 8.2.1 trang 312)
5.3 (bi 8.2.2 trang 312)
5.3 (bi 8.2.3 trang 312)
5.4 (bi 8.2.9 trang 313)
5.5 (bi 8.2.11 trang 313)
5.6 (bi 8.3.6 trang 315)
5.7 (bi 8.3.9 trang 315)
5.8 (bi 8.4.1 trang 315)
5.9 (bi 8.5.2 trang 316)
5.10 (bi 8.5.3 trang 316)
5/22/2010
25

Z Transform

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Z Transform

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Bi ging: X l s tn hiu

(z: bin phc)

Vng hi t ca bin i Z (ROC: Region Of Convergence)

Phi ch r ra khi ni n bin i Z.

5.1 Bin i Z (tt):

d. x(n) = anu(n) - bnu(-n-1)

X(z) = z2 + 2z + 5 + 7z-1+ z-3 ;

Nu: |az-1|<1 |z|>|a| th:

ROC: |z| > |a|

5.1 Bin i Z (tt):

Nu: |a-1z|<1 |z|<|a| th:

ROC: |z| < |a|

5.1 Bin i Z (tt):

5.1.2 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Z:

x(n) = 3(0.8)n u(n) 5(1.2)n u(n)

5.1.2 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Z (tt):

p dng tnh cht trn:

5.1.2 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Z (tt):

p dng cp bin i c bn:

p dng tnh cht trn:

x1 (n) = {1, 2,1};

X1(z) = 1- 2z-1 + z-2;

X2(z) = 1+ z-1 + z-2 + z-3 + z-4 + z-5; ROC: z 0;

5.1.2 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Z (tt):

5.1.2 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Z (tt):

5.1.3 Gin cc-khng:

5.2 Bin i Z ngc:

Biu din X(z) thnh dng ly tha sau:

Suy ra, chui tn hiu x(n):

Chia a thc c dng ly tha:

5.2.1 Phng php khai trin thnh chui ly tha (tt):

Suy ra gi tr chui x(n):

5.2.2 Phng php khai trin thnh cc phn thc s cp:

Biu din X(z) thnh dng sau:

trong : Xk(z) l cc biu thc c bin i Z ngc xk(n) bit.

5.2.2 Phng php khai trin thnh cc phn thc s cp (tt):

a v dng tng cc phn thc s cp:

Mc khc,p dng cp bin i Z c bn:

x(n) = 2u (n) (0.5) n u (n)

Phng php a v tng cc phn thc s cp:

Trng hp 1: (bc t s nh hn mu s) xt 2 kh nng

V d 9: Tm bin i Z ngc ca tn hiu sau:

(0.8)n u(n) + (1.25)n u(n), | z |>1.25

Phng php a v tng cc phn thc s cp:

Phng php a v tng cc phn thc s cp:

V d 10: Tm tt c cc bin i Z ngc c th c ca X(z):

Biu din thnh tng cc phn thc s cp:

4 (n) + 4(0.5)n u(n) + 2(0.5)n u(n); | z |> 0.5

Phng php a v tng cc phn thc s cp:

Vic tm bin i Z ngc ca Q(z) l d dng, cn vi a thc cn li

5.3 Phn tch h thng dng bin i Z:

Quan h gia ng vo- ng ra:

5.3 Phn tch h thng dng bin i Z (tt):

H thng LTI nhn qu: h(n) = 0, n<0.

ROC ca bin i Z ca mt chui nhn qu nm ngoi mt vng trn.

H thng LTI n nh:

Do vy, ROC ca H(z) phi cha vng trn n v.

Tm li, mt h thng LTI l nhn qu v n nh nu v ch nu mi

5.3 Phn tch h thng dng bin i Z (tt):

H(z) c hai cc ti z = 1/2 v z = 3. Do , tha iu kin nhn qu th

Lc ny, h thng s khng n nh do ROC khng cha vng trn n v.

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