Recap

UMTS Technology and comparison with GSM 2G and 2.5G

Evolution to UMTS UMTS Standards & Specifications Evolution of data services

3G Services and Applications

Circuit Switched Services Packet Switched Services Message Services

Network Architecture, Interfaces & Signaling protocols of UMTS

Network Architecture of UMTS Network elements used within RAN Main functions of RNC, Core, IN IMS Concept Signaling Protocols of UMTS

Agenda
UTRAN functionality and working principle
WCDMA Basics Power, FDD, TDD and Cell Characteristics Scrambling code and channelization code concept. Structure of UMTS air interface, Modulation, Transport, Physical and Logical channels Radio Resource management HSDPA and HSUPA concepts Agenda
1. .. 2. . a) . b) .

Traffic Management in UMTS

Databases used in UMTS Network Subscriber addressing information Identities related to subscriber in UMTS Procedures used to maintain mobility management in the Network. Procedures done when mobile gains access to the network

Transport technologies in UMTS

Concepts of PDH Concepts of SDH IP and ATM Basics

UMTS Functionality & Working Principle

WCDMA Basics

UMTS Radio Path Fundamentals

Radio Path Basics: FDMA
The first generation of the mobile systems used the Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) technique. The radio spectrum is divided into a fixed number of channels on different frequencies and of a fixed bandwidth

UMTS Radio Path Fundamentals

Radio Path Basics: TDMA
As systems evolved from analogue to digital, the same frequency could be shared by many users. This lead to the evolution of 2G mobile systems that used the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technique. In a TDMA mobile system, each channel at a particular frequency is divided into timeslots. As a result, multiple subscribers can use the same frequency to communicate.

UMTS Radio Path Fundamentals

Radio Path Basics: CDMA
CDMA functions are much like our party. The CEO hosting the party is our Base Station (BS) and the guests are the Mobile Stations (MS). The different languages correspond to codes in a CDMA system. The BS can tell the mobiles apart, even though they are transmitting at the same time, by the codes that they use.

UMTS Radio Path Fundamentals

CDMA Technique
The number of subscribers who share the same frequency are limited by:
the number of codes and the amount of interference in the region of coverage called a cell.

The subscriber may use variable bit rates to transfer data. Subscribers need more frequency to transfer data.

CDMA Sequencing
The following two techniques can be used for CDMA sequencing: 1. Frequency Hopping (FH) Sequencing In this technique the
information to be transmitted is located in different parts of the frequency band as a function of time, according to a certain hopping sequence.

2. Direct Sequencing (DS) - In case

of DS, the information to be transferred is spread all over the defined frequency band as a function of time, and it appears similar to background noise. CDMA Sequencing Techniques

UMTS Radio Path Fundamentals - WCDMA

Relationship between Frequency, Power, and Spreading Factor

The block is a variable, its volume is constant, only the sizes of the edges change. Therefore, you can calculate the volume as follows:
Volume of block = L X B X H Here, length is the frequency band which is constant for WCDMA as 5 MHz breadth is the spreading factor and height is the power. The volume of the block is constant before and after transmission of the data.

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

WCDMA uses Direct Sequence spreading. Spreading process is done by directly combining the baseband information to high chip rate binary code. Spreading factors vary from 4 to 512 in FDD UMTS.

Spreading factorsymbol ratebit rate relationship in the uplink direction

Spreading factor value) 256 128 64 32 16 8 Symbol rate (ksymbol/s) 15 30 60 120 240 480 Channel bit rate (kb/s) 15 30 60 120 240 480

960

960

Spreading factorsymbol ratebit rate relationship in the downlink direction

Spreading factor value) 512 256 128 64 32 16 Symbol rate (ksymbol/s) 7.5 7.5 30 60 120 240 Channel bit rate (kb/s) 15 30 60 120 240 480

8
4

480
960

960
1,920

Frequency Division Dupluexing Time Division Duplexing

WCDMA Carrier
The WCDMA Carrier
Bandwidths defined for the WCDMA, 5, 10, and 20 MHz. 5 MHz is the most commonly used bandwidth. 10 and 20 MHz alternatives will provide more capacity, but the occupancies occurring in the desired frequency band set some limits.

Principles of Radio Duplex: FDD

UMTS FDD mode makes use of Frequency Division Duplexing

In the case of UMTS in Europe:

The Uplink band is between 1.92 and 1.98GHz The Downlink band is between 2.11 and 2.17GHz The Uplink/Downlink Separation is 190MHz

Downlink and Uplink Bandwidth in FDD

Frequency Division Duplexing

. . . . .

190 MHz

1.92 GHZ

1.98 GHZ

. . . . .

2.11 GHZ

2.17 GHZ

UMTS UPLINK

UMTS DOWNLINK

1.8 GHZ

1.85 GHZ

1.9 GHZ

1.95 GHZ

2.0 GHZ

2.05 GHZ

2.1 GHZ

2.15 GHZ

2.2 GHZ

FDD Air Interface

Parameter
Multiple Access Scheme Duplex Method Chip Rate Carrier Spacing Frame Length Slot per Frame No. of Chips/Slot Inter-Cell Synchronization Spreading Factor Uplink SF Downlink SF User Data Rate FDD 3.84 Mcps 5 Mhz 10 ms 15 2560 Chips(max.2560 bits) None Variable ( 4-512) 4-256 4-512 8->384 Kbps

Value
Direct Sequence CDMA

Principles of Radio Duplex: TDD

TDD supports variable asymmetry, which allows operators to decide the capacity that they want to allot to downlink versus uplink servers.

This improves the effectiveness of the available spectrum resources because data traffic patterns tend to heavily favor downlink.

Downlink and Uplink Bandwidth in TDD

Advantages of UMTS TDD

3. UMTS TDD improves spectral 1. UMTS TDD Solutions provide efficiency with the help of its N=1 enhanced performance by frequency reuse standard. This supporting peak downlink sector standard allows network capacities of up to 12Mbps. operators to deploy a network that Even the average capacities per uses multiple towers using only sector provided by UMTS TDD one 5 MHz RF channel for a 3.84 are thrice as high when Mcps (Mega Chip per second) compared to other commercial system or one 10 MHz channel mobile platforms. for a 7.68 Mcps system. 4. UMTS TDD subscribers also 2. UMTS TDD solutions are cost benefit from better connectivity effective when compared to within the network footprint while other technologies and these they are mobile and traveling at a costs will reduce further when speed more than 120 km/hr. this globally accepted standard UMTS TDD supports Tower-tois produced at a higher scale. tower handoff as well as networkto-network roaming.

Spreading, Scrambling & Channelization

Spreading in WCDMA
Spreading means increasing the signal bandwidth

Spreading includes two operations:

Channelization (increases signal bandwidth) - using orthogonal codes Scrambling (does not affect the signal bandwidth) using pseudo noise codes

Channelization code (SF)

Scrambling Code

Data

Bit rate

Chip rate

Chip rate

Channelization Codes
Channelization codes are orthogonal codes These are based on Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) They are of length 4 - 512 chips long (1.04-133.34s) depending on the channel and required bit rate of the service. Channelization codes are used for channel separation both in uplink and downlink direction. In DL, it can separate different users within one cell/sector. Channelization codes have different spreading factor values and therefore different symbol rates. The channelization code length is one symbol.

Channelization Code Tree

ch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1) ch,2,0 = (1,1) ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) ch,1,0 = (1) ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) ch,2,1 = (1,-1) ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

SF = 1

SF = 2

SF = 4

Scrambling Code
In the scrambling process the code sequence is multiplied with a pseudorandom scrambling code. Only one primary scrambling code is allocated for a cell. The scrambling code can be a long code or a short code
Code period is of 10 ms Gold Code with 10 ms period or short code S(2) code

In the downlink, scrambling codes are used to reduce the inter-base station interference In the downlink direction, always long scrambling codes are used. In the uplink direction, there are millions of scrambling codes available. All uplink channels may use either short or long scrambling codes
Long codes are used if the base station uses the RAKE receiver.

Scrambling and Channelization Codes

Codes Channelization code Scrambling code

Usage

Uplink: Separation of physical data and control channels from the same terminal Downlink: Separation of downlink dedicated user channels Variable (depends on the user allocation)

Uplink: Separation of terminals Downlink: Separation of sectors (cell) Fixed Uplink: Several millions Downlink: 512

Length

Number Depends on the spreading of codes factor (SF)

Scrambling and Channelization Codes

Difference between the Channelization and Scrambling codes

Rake Receiver
In WCDMA, the terminal employs a RAKE receiver to handle Multipath propagation. The RAKE consists of receivers, adjustable-by-system delay functionality, code generator, and gain and phase tuning equipment.

Rake Receiver
Simplified Block Diagram of the RAKE Receiver

UMTS Air Interface

UMTS Air Interface Overview

Preparing the Data and Signaling for the UMTS Air Interface (Uu)

DS-WCDMA-FDD Frame
One basic frame is divided into 15 slots, with each slot measuring 2/3 ms in length. The frame length is 10 ms. This timing structure is mainly required for the synchronization Signal arrangements does not impact the Channelization Every WCDMA frame is numbered by the System Frame Number (SFN) according to the 3GPP specifications. This has been done to ensure the inter-operability between GSM and WCDMA.

Air Interface: Chip and Symbol

Chip
A chip is a bit of the code signal used for signal multiplication. The chip rate used in WCDMA is 3.84Mcps This leads to a carrier bandwidth of approximately 5MHz This chip rate can be generated simply from existing GSM clock rates The size of one chip in time is 1 / 3 840 000 seconds

Symbol
A symbol is a data unit transmitted over the Air Interface. In the downlink transmission, each symbol represents two bits. Bits can be represented as a tuple (x1, y2). In the tuple, x1 and y2 each represent one bit.

WCDMA Channels

Channel Organization in UMTS

UMTS Air Interface Channel Structure

There are three types of channels across the air interface and access stratum that we are interested in: Logical Channels
Between the RLC and MAC layers

Transport Channels
Between the MAC and Physical layers

Physical Channels
Between Physical Layers at the Node-B and UE

Major Logical Channels

Control Channels
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel PCCH Paging Control Channel CCCH Common Control Channel DCCH Dedicated Control Channel

Traffic Channels
DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel CTCH Common Traffic Channel

Logical Control Channels

The Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Its a downlink channel for broadcasting system control information

The Paging Control Channel (PCCH)

Its a downlink channel that transfers paging information

The Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Its a bi-directional channel transmitting control information between UEs and the UTRAN

The Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

Its a point-to-point bidirectional channel transmitting control information between a specific UE and the UTRAN

Logical Traffic Channels

The Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
Its a point-to-point channel dedicated to a single UE for the transfer of user Information

The Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)

Its a point-to-point unidirectional channel for transfer of user information to a group of UEs

Major Transport Channels

Common Control Channels
BCH Broadcast Channel FACH Forward Access Channel PCH Paging Channel RACH Random Access Channel CPCH Common Packet Channel

Dedicated Channels
DCH Dedicated Channel DSCH Downlink Shared Channel

Common Transport Channels

The Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Its a cell-wide channel that is used to broadcast system and cell-specific information. The BCH is always transmitted over the entire cell with a low fixed bit rate.

The Forward Access Channel (FACH)

Its a downlink channel that is used to carry control information to a UE when the system knows the location cell of the UE. May also carry short user packets.

The Paging Channel (PCH)

Its a cell-wide channel that is used to carry control information to a UE when the system does not know the location cell of the UE

The Random Access Channel (RACH)

Its an uplink control channel from the UE. May also carry short user packets

The Common Packet Channel (CPCH)

Its a contention based uplink channel used for transmission of burst data traffic.

Dedicated Transport Channels

The Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
Its a downlink channel shared by several UEs carrying dedicated control or traffic data.

The Dedicated Channel (DCH)

Its a channel dedicated to one UE used in uplink or downlink.

Major Physical Channels for UMTS

Common Control Channels
P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channels (DL) S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channels (DL) P-SCH Primary Synchronization Channel (DL) S-SCH Secondary Synchronization Channel (DL) CPICH Common Pilot Channel (DL) AICH Acquisition Indicator Channel (DL) PICH Paging Indicator Channel (DL) PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (DL) PRACH Physical Random Access Channel (UL) PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel (UL) AP-AICH Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (DL) CD/CA-ICH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel (DL)

Major Physical Channels for UMTS

Dedicated Channels
DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DL & UL) DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DL & UL)

Common Physical Channels for UMTS

The Primary-Common Control Physical Channels (P-CCPCH)
It is used to carry broadcast information across the cell

The Secondary-Common Control Physical Channels (S-CCPCH)

It is used to carry paging and forward access information across the cell

The Primary-Synchronization Channel (P-SCH)

It is used during cell search to provide timing information

The Secondary-Synchronization Channel (S-SCH)

It is used during cell search to provide information about the primary scrambling codes in use in the cell

how to get synchron ised?

The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

It is used to provide the phase reference for downlink channels

Common Physical Channels for UMTS

The Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
It is used to acknowledge random access requests

The Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

It is used to enable discontinuous reception of the SCPCCH

The Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

It carries traffic to one or more users

The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

Its a contention based channel used for random access and to transmit small packets of information

The Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)

Its an extension to the RACH used to carry larger packets of information on the uplink

The Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH)

It is used to indicate the reception of a preamble signature for Random Access

The Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel (CD/CAICH)

It is used to indicate collisions and channel assignment for packet access

Dedicated Channels
The Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
It is used to carry user information

The Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)

It is used to carry dedicated control information regarding its associated DCHs

FDD-mode: Logical and Transport Channel DL

Logical Channels (content)

BCCH
Broadcast Control Channel, (system information)

Transport Channels BCH

Broadcast Channel,

PCCH
Paging Control Channel (paging & notification)

PCH
Paging Channel

CCCH
Common Control Channel (control information without RRC connection)

FACH
Forward Access Channel

common transport channels

DSCH DCCH
Dedicated Control Channel (power control, TFI, etc.) Downlink Shared Channel

DCH
DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Channel (user data) Dedicated Channel

dedicated transport channels

FDD-mode: Logical and Transport Channel UL

Logical Channels (content)

CCCH
Common Control Channel (control information without RRC connection)

Transport Channels RACH

Random AccessChannel

CPCH

common transport channels

DCCH
Dedicated Control Channel (power control, TFI, etc.)

Common Packet Channel

DCH DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Channel (user data)
Dedicated Channel

dedicated transport channels

DS-WCDMA-FDD Channels

HSDPA & HSUPA

High Speed Downlink Packet Access

HSDPA is the first evolutionary step for the 3GPP WCDMA architecture

It is specified in the Release 5 of the 3GPP standards.

HSDPA enhances the peak download data rate from the current 384 kbps up to a theoretical maximum downloading peak rate of 14.4 Mbps. In RAS05 the maximum supported peak downloading rate is 1.8 Mbps.

The increase in the downlink data rate and the actual cell throughput are due to three main factors:
adaptive modulation and coding fast scheduling fast retransmission.

High Speed Downlink Packet Access

The introduction of HSDPA to the 3G network mainly affects the Radio Access Network, which consists of the Base Station (BTS), the RNC, and the UE. The basic functionality of HSDPA

High Speed Downlink Packet Access

The Data Rate in HSDPA

High Speed Downlink Packet Access

Adaptive Modulation in HSDPA

High Speed Downlink Packet Access

Hybrid Automatic Retransmission Quest

High Speed Uplink Packet Access

High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) defines a new radio interface for the uplink communication. HSUPA was introduced in Release 6. HSUPA is also known as FDD Enhanced uplink or E-DCH. Following key features are introduced with HSUPA to achieve this:
A new dedicated uplink channel Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH) Introduction of HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Retransmission request ) Fast Node B Scheduling in uplink - introduction of MAC Support of Macro diversity ( Soft Handover) Shorter TTI of 2 ms

High Speed Uplink Packet Access

Benefits of the HSUPA The user data rates, the delay properties, the cell throughput and the cell coverage are important properties that partly characterize the efficiency of the mobile network system. The HSUPA is designed to improve all these properties and thus enable improved user experience that brings added value for end users and network operators. The coverage gain is between 0.5 and 1.5 decibels. In the HSUPA, the half rate, three to- four ratio rate and four-to-four ratio coding rates are defined by the 3GPP specifications.

Introduction to High Speed Uplink Packet Access

Transmission in HSUPA

UMTS Traffic Management

Databases Used in Traffic Management

Temporary subscriber identities

UMTS Traffic Bearer Classes

Characteristics of a Bearer
The following figure describes the Network Bearer:

The following figure explains data and speech is routed through the bearer:

Characteristics of a Bearer
Managing the Bearer Through The Network The UMTS network is responsible for establishing a flexible bearer for subscriber data transport between the Mobile Terminal (MT) and the external networks. The following figure explains the QoS management in the control plane:

Types of bearer
A bearer has different parameters, such as variable data rates, protection and delay. The bearer is dependent on the service required. RNC makes the decision about bearer

Transmission over the network

Bearer Transmission in the Network

The above figure demonstrates this transmission through the use of pipes between elements in the network

Characteristics of a Network Bearer

The type of the bearer is reserved and the way it is routed through the network depends on the subscriber's service need. To better understand this concept, consider two examples:
Voice Traffic Internet Connection

Characteristics of a Bearer
Managing the Bearer over UTRAN The following figure shows how the different RABs are received by the RNC and combined together to form a single RRC connection:

Management of the radio bearer

Mobile has a single RRC

3G MSC RNC

3G SGSN RNC

RNC

Management of the radio bearer

As the subscriber moves a second connection is made for a cell on the same site (softer handover)

3G MSC RNC

3G SGSN RNC

RNC

Management of the radio bearer

As the mobile continues then the first link is dropped, and a second cell is added from another site (soft handover)

3G MSC RNC

3G SGSN RNC RNC

NOTE: Those BTS with an active connection are known to be part of the active set.

Management of the radio bearer

As the mobile continues then the second link is dropped, and a second cell is added from another RNC. A soft handover is possible as the Iur interface exists.

3G MSC RNC

3G SGSN RNC

RNC

The RNC is known as the serving (S-RNC) and the new RNC is the drift (D-RNC). Note that the Iu connection is still from the S-RNC.

Management of the radio bearer

As the mobile continues, the third connection is dropped. The S-RNC has no active connection's itself, so the Iu-RRC connection is moved to the D-RNC.

3G MSC RNC

3G SGSN RNC RNC

Management of the radio bearer

Finally, the mobile is now in area where the forth connection is dropped and the new site selected is under another RNC. The S-RNC does not have an Iur interface to the target RNC, so the core network is used to assist in the handover.

3G MSC RNC

3G SGSN RNC RNC

Procedures in UMTS Networks

Basic model of UMTS network transactions

Paging RRC Connection Setup Transaction Reasoning Authentication and Security Transaction Setup & Radio Access Bearer Allocation Transaction Transaction Clearing & Radio Access Bearer Release RRC Connection Release
Radio network (Control Plane) System Network (Control Plane)
Radio network (Control Plane) Radio network (Control Plane) System Network (Control Plane) Radio network (Control Plane) System Network (Control Plane) Radio network (Control Plane) System Network (Control Plane) Radio network (Control Plane) System Network (Control Plane) Radio network (Control Plane) System Network (Control Plane) Radio network (Control Plane)

Paging Procedure
Paging Type 1 is used by CN domains. Paging those UEs who are in idle mode (no RRC connection). Paging Type 2 is used for paging those UEs who are in cell dedicated channel (RRC connected).

Paging Type 1

Paging Type 2

RRC Connection Setup Procedure

When a UE needs network service, it triggers RRC connection setup procedure. The UE sends RRC Connection Request (in message part of PRACH) from the cell where it camps. RNC decides to set up RRC connection in dedicated channel (DCH) or common channels. The UE sends RRC Connection Setup Complete to the RNC.

Transaction setup with RAB allocation

Simplified Bearer Establishment for a Call It includes RAB Assignment and RAB Release Request procedure. RAB allocation is the first step where the different nature of CN domains has to be taken into account.

Circuit Switch Domain

Packet Switch Domain

RRM Procedure Soft Handover

Soft Hand Over - link addition

RRM Procedure Soft Handover

Soft Hand Over - link deletion

CS Inter System Hand Over (ISHO) from the UTRAN to the GERAN
3GPP specifications define HO between two radio accesses to be a mandatory requirement of the system.

MM Procedure
UE performs cell update when:
Cell reselection. Periodic cell update. Uplink data transmission. Paging response. Re-entering the service area.

The RNC maintains the registration of the current URA for each UE. URA consists of a number of cells belonging to either one RNC or several RNCs.

Cell update

URA update

Routing area update to the CN PS domain

The UEs latest RA differs from the one stored in the USIM, the UE initiates a Routing Area Update (RAU) transaction.

Packet data transferuplink and downlink

While moving UE has to first carry out cell update and ensure that SRNC has the valid location information.

IMS registration procedure

The objective of IMS registration is to register and authorize an IMS user. Identities used in IMS are:
User private identity. User public identity Home Network Domain The IP address allocated for the UE in the visited network.

IMS session establishment

Consider UE A is on the move and the GPRS connection terminates at the home network GGSN). UE B is located in the home network. Fig. shows a signaling diagram of UE A contacting UE B. IMS Session establishment starts with a SIP invite request.

User Authentication
The UE and the network authenticate each other by sending the MM authentication request message. UE responds with an MM authentication response message.

Transport Technologies in UMTS

PDH

PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

PDH employs PCM multiplexing techniques

PDH is one of the most widely used transmission techniques

The basic rate of data transfer in Europe consists of 32 multiplexed base PCM channels offering 2 Mbps (E-1) Coaxial cable, optical fibre and radio links are applied for PDH at rates over 2Mbps 3 different multiplexing standards exist in PDH technology:
1) European Standard: E1s 2) North American: T1s 3) Japanese: JT1s

PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

PDH Multiplexing : 3 Standards
Japanese Standard
5.

397200 Kbit/s
X4

North American Standard

European Standard 564992 Kbit/s

X4

4.

97728Kbit/s
X3

274176 Kbit/s
X3
X6

139264 Kbit/s
X4

3.

32064 Kbit/s
X7

44736 Kbit/s

34368 Kbit/s
X4

X5

2. Order primary rate

6312 Kbit/s
X4

X3

8448 Kbit/s
X4

1544 Kbit/s
X 24

2048 Kbit/s
X 30

64 Kbit/s

PDH Multiplexing
Non standard

Carrier Equipment
E4 - 140 MB

EOW Supervisory

Carrier Equipment 4th Order Mux

Non standard

E4 - 140 MB

4th Order Mux

E3 - 34 MB

E3 - 34 MB

3rd Order Mux

E2 - 8 MB

3rd Order Mux

E2 - 8 MB

2nd Order Mux

E1 - 2 MB Through channels

2nd Order Mux

E1 - 2 MB

Primary Mux

Primary Mux

Dropped Channels

Dropped Channels

PDH Limitations
Inability to identify individual channels in a higher-order bit stream Insufficient capacity for network management Most PDH network management is proprietary

There is no standardised definition of PDH bit rates greater than 140 Mbit/s
There are different hierarchies in use around the world. Specialized interface equipment is required to interwork between two hierarchies.

SDH

Why SDH?
Provides solution to PDH Problems

First world standard in digital format with optical Interface standardized

Simple drop and insert of traffic channels (direct access to lower level systems without synchronization) Simpler multiplexing (low SDH level can be directly identified from higher SDH level) Allows mixing of SDH and PDH systems Backward and forward compatibility: Backward compatibility to existing PDH, Forward compatibility to future B-ISDN, etc.

STM-1 Frame
270 columns (byte)
9 261

RSOH

9 rows (bytes)

P
AU Pointer

O
MSOH

Payload VC-4

2430 bytes/frame 8 bit/byte 8000 frame/s = 155.52 Mbit/s transmitted from top to bottom and left to right

STM-1 Frame Structure and SOH

9 bytes 261 b ytes

R SO H

9 row s

A U P TR STM-1 PAYLOAD M SOH

S ec tion O verhead

A1 B1 D1

A1

A1

B2 B2 D4 D7 D10 S1 Z1

B2

Z1

A2 A2 A2 J0 E1 F1 D2 D3 AU Pointer(s) K1 K2 D5 D6 D8 D9 D11 D12 Z2 Z2 M1 E2

: bytes reserved for national use

RSOH

MSOH

SDH Hierarchy Formation

SDH Synchronization & Timing Distribution

SDH Synchronization & Timing Distribution

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Clock Supply Hierarchy

ATM Basics

Contents
Synchronous and Asynchronous Multiplexing Network Transfer Mode ATM Technology ATM Cell ATM in 3G Networks ATM Connections ATM Switching

Synchronous and Asynchronous Multiplexing

B C

Synchronous Multiplexing

Asynchronous Multiplexing

Network Transfer Modes

Synchronous Transfer Mode Packet Transfer Mode Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Synchronous Transfer Mode

Derived from TDM technology Divides the physical bandwidth into logical timeslots Circuit switched networks (voice and leased lines)

Synchronous Transfer Mode

Benefits:
Fixed and guaranteed bandwidth Low and fixed delay Less delay variation (jitter)

Drawbacks:
Waste of physical bandwidth in data networks No over-subscription in the service provider network Inflexible bandwidth, not ideal for burst traffic

Maximum number of connection equals maximum number of timeslots Ideal for uncompressed voice networks

Packet Transfer Mode

X.25 or Frame Relay technology A DLCI identifies each virtual connection

( DLCI : Destination Link Control ID)

Packet Transfer Mode

Benefits:
Less waste of physical bandwidth in data networks Over-subscription in the service provider network is possible Guaranteed bandwidth is possible (CIR) Committed Information Rate.

Drawbacks:
No guarantees for delay and jitter

Ideal for data networks with less demand of the quality of service Variable length and delivery of packets Flexible bandwidth

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

A compromise for voice, data, and video QoS defined/negotiated when the initial connection is made Asynchronous on layer 2 of the OSI reference model Compromise of STM and PTM
Voice Video Data

ATM cells
48-octet Payload

ATM 53-octet cells are switched in hardware

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Benefits:
Over-subscription in the service provider network possible Guaranteed bandwidth, delay and jitter are possible Proven technology

Drawbacks:
Most applications are based on IP instead of ATM A lot of overhead for IP over ATM Complicated protocol architecture

Implemented in voice and data networks Transport layer in 3G networks

What is ATM?
ATM = Asynchronous Transfer Mode Fast packet switching and multiplexing technology (cell-based ) Support the universe of services
voice, video and data traffic

Provides quality of service guarantee and reliability Offers "bandwidth on demand" Connection-oriented, no error correction for user traffic
error correction for user traffic is handled by the end user the advantages are increased speed of switching and elimination of associated delay

Utilises statistical multiplexing

less bandwidth can be reserved than if bandwidth reservation would be based on the peak rate of the connections. transmission cost saving is achieved

Why is ATM used as transport network in 3G?

ATM provides efficient support for transmission of voice, data, and video ATM provides QoS guarantee and reliability ATM utilises statistical multiplexing, so less bandwidth can be reserved transmission cost saving are considerable ATM supports the soft handover functionality

ATM Cell
Header contains routing and error control information Payload carries the actual user information, either voice, data or video

53 bytes Header 5 bytes Payload 48 bytes

ATM interfaces in 3G network

ATM is employed

Iub
Uu UE

Iu-CS RNC NNI MGW

A MSC

B PSTN

BS UNI

Iur NNI
UNI BS RNC UNI BS SGSN GGSN IP network Iu-PS NNI

Gn

Gi

UNI NNI

User Network Interface Network Node Interface

ATM Cell
Provides local functions, such as identifying multiple stations that share a single ATM interface The 1st bit - indicates whether the cell contains user data or control data The 2nd bit - indicates congestion

3 2 VPI VCI

5 VPI

3 2

GFC VPI Header (5 bytes) VCI HEC VCI

VPI VCI

VCI

PT

CLP

VCI HEC Payload

PT

CLP

Payload (48 bytes)

Payload

User Network Interface (UNI)

GFC VPI VCI Generic Flow Control Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Channel Identifier PT CLP HEC

Network Node Interface (NNI)

Indicates two levels of priority for ATM cells, CLP=1 should be discarded in preference to cells with the CLP=0

Payload Type Cell Loss Priority Header Error Control

ATM Cell Header

GFC provides local functions. VPI indicates the virtual path over which the cell should be routed. VCI identifies a virtual channel over which the cell is to travel. PT discriminates between a cell carrying management information or one, which is carrying user information. CLP indicates two levels of priority for ATM cells. HEC checks for an error and corrects the contents of the header by using a CRC algorithm.

Coding of the PT field in ATM header

PT code
000 001 010 011

Interpretation
User data cell No congestion More data to come User data cell No congestion Last cell User data cell Congestion More data to come User data cell Congestion Last cell

100 101
110 111

Virtual Channel Segment OAM flow F5 Virtual channel end to end OAM flow F5
Resource Management Cell Reserved

ATM Virtual Path (VP) and Virtual Channel (VC)

ATM Layer 5 bytes
HEADER

48 bytes
PAYLOAD

ATM cell (53 bytes)

ATM Cell Virtual Channel (VC)

Virtual Path (VP)

Transmission path

Advantages of Virtual Path Connections

Simplified network architecture Increased network performance and reliability
The network deals with fewer, aggregated entities

Segregation of traffic
A form of priority control can be implemented by segregating traffic types requiring different quality of service (QoS)

Reduced processing and short connection setup time

New VCCs can be established by executing simple control functions at the end points of the VPC; no call processing is required at transit nodes
it can decrease the connection setup delay

Enhanced network services

The user may define closed user groups or closed networks of VC bundles.

Virtual channel and virtual path switching

VC switch
Port

Port
VCI 9 VCI 10

VPI 3 VP switch

VPI 36 VPI 8

VCI 15 VCI 26

VCI 9 VCI 10

VPI 23

VPI 9
Port

VCI 9 VCI 10

ATM cross-connect (AXC)

VC1/VP1 THROUGH-CONNECTED IN AXC2 BTS 1 VC1 / VP1 AXC BTS 2 VC2 / VP2 AXC VC1 / VP1 BTS 3 VC3 / VP3 AXC AXC BTS 4 VC3, VC4 / VP4 Standalone AXC ATM switch RNC

BTS 5 VC3, VC4, VC5, VC6 / VP7 VC5 / VP5 AXC AXC / ATM switch BTS 6 VC6 / VP6 AXC VC/VP CROSSCONNECTION TABLE VC3/VP4 <-> VC3/VP 7 VC4/VP4 <-> VC4/VP 7 VC5/VP5 <-> VC5/VP 7 VC6/VP6 <-> VC6/VP 7

Statistical Multiplexing Gain

Required bandwidth

Peak cell rate of traffic type 1 Peak cell rate of traffic type 2 Peak cell rate of traffic type 3

Statistical multiplexing gain

Statistical multiplexing

Deterministic multiplexing

Most of the traffic sources send For a group of bursty connections, bursty traffic and with a high less bandwidth can be reserved probability all the sources do not than if bandwidth reservation simultaneously transmit at their would be based on the peak rate peak rate of the connections One of the proposed advantages of ATM is that statistical multiplexing gain can be utilized

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